A model of community supported agriculture in the midst of suburban sprawl.
Global Gardener: Cool Climates
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- Transcript
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BILL MOLLISON is a practical visionary. For three decades he has traveled the globe spreading the word about permaculture, the method of sustainable agriculture that he devised. Permaculture weaves together microclimate, annual and perennial plants, animals, soils, water management and human needs into intricately connected productive communities. Mollison has proved that even in the most difficult conditions permaculture empowers people to turn wastelands into food forests.
'(Permaculture) involves caring for the whole system of earth and spaces, devising model systems with much design drawn from nature, with the end result being a system that's ecologically sound and economically profitable...Mollison provides practical and motivating information for just about anyone interested in gardening, sustainable lifestyles, and similar topics...Recommended.' Rachel Lohafer, Instructional Technology Center Media Library, Iowa State University, MC Journal
'A lively and informative two hour video that will be greatly appreciated by gardeners, farmers, horticulturists, and agriculturists.' Midwest Book Review
'Highly recommended.' Video Rating Guide for Libraries
Citation
Main credits
Gailey, Tony (Producer)
Russell, Julian (Producer)
Mollison, B. C (Narrator)
Other credits
Editor, Simon Dibbs; music, Andrew Garton and Nick Jeanes.
Distributor subjects
Agriculture; Anthropology; Architecture; Biology; Environment; Food And Nutrition; Gardening; Geography; Humanities; Land Use; Regional Planning; Sociology; Sustainable AgricultureKeywords
WEBVTT
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[music]
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Permaculture really starts with an ethic.
Earth care,
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that’s care of the whole
systems of Earth and species.
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So, we actually devise model systems.
Much of design is drawn from nature.
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The end result that we aim
for is to produce a system
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that’s ecologically sound and
economically profitable.
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It can get as sophisticated
or as simple as you like.
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[music]
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Tasmania, if you find anybody else on a
beach, you just can’t find another beach.
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\"Oh, daddy was the keeper
of the Eddystone light.
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Played with a mermaid every night.
They had children: one, two, three.
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A porpoise, and a herring, and the other
was me. Yo ho ho, the wind blows free.
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Oh for a life on the rolling sea!
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I was born in Stanley, in Tasmania,
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63 years ago. It’s a cold climate.
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And all my ancestors had
come from cold climates.
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And it was there that I developed the ideas that became
permaculture. It was there that I built the first models.
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And from there that I
teach around the world.
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[music]
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I’d been working for a quite long time in the
rainforests of Tasmania. And I slowly began to realize
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that their production could be far higher
than that of any system that we had devised,
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and it was from there that permaculture grew.
It’s putting the knowledge of the relationships
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between the plants and the animals into the
situation of farming or food production.
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[music]
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By 1978, the gardens that we’d
constructed had given us confidence
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that we could create forest
systems which were gardens.
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So, I published a book
then and three since.
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And then I started to teach in
‘81, that’s just 10 years ago.
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And now those teachers are in their fifth generation, they’re
the students of my students of my students and so on.
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I often sit here at home thinking of them.
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And just occasionally, I decide to go
and have a look at what they’re doing.
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I think I’ll do that now and see you later.
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[music]
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We’re in the San Juan Islands,
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not far from the Canadian border. And these
islands were heavily glaciated not so long ago
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in a (inaudible). So,
they’re very bare on top.
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Often they’re made up of
granites, unlike the mainland.
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And they have lakes and valleys
and typical glacial landscapes.
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I wanna have a look at some of
the action on the San Juan.
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One of my students was Joe Bullock.
He’s been developing a forest garden.
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Hi, Bill. Hey. I’m good. It’s about six years
ago you and your boys bought this area.
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About six years. When was I here, five years
ago? I think four or five, something like that.
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Now things have changed. And… And you’ve had a
long battle to find out what to do that works.
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Still finding out, I think. We’re fortunate
to be here on a fine summer’s day.
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But here, in winter, it can get very cold.
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And heat is an invaluable resource. It’s nice job. Joe
has wisely combined his kitchen with a greenhouse.
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It not only heats his
house, but provides him
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with winter food. Yeah, yeah.
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But Joe has developed other techniques to make the
greatest use of the scarce heat resource of this area.
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[sil.]
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We’ve got a palm tree growing here. And if you just
look at it, you might not think anything strange
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about that, but actually palm trees
aren’t too common around here.
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And we do get quite cold. We’re just a few miles from the
Canadian border, and we can get some really cold winds
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and heavy snowfalls in
the winter occasionally.
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What I’d like to demonstrate here is,
a lot of people think of rocky land
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is being nonagricultural land, but actually
one thing that rocky land also has
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in great abundance is accumulation of heat. And
in a relatively cool summer climate like this,
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heat is often one of the most
precious commodities to the grower of
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many, many things. So, I think, people
in England and Scotland have long known
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this by planting things up against rock walls,
but you have land with rocky outcropping
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and one might consider placing a heat
lowing species close to the rocks
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in order to benefit from the
additional heat they would receive.
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[sil.]
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How to say? Joe and his brother Sam are putting
the 30-acre orchid, which will eventually
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become a food forest.
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As orchid plants can be expensive, Joe and his brothers have come
up with some good ideas to use plants that already really exist.
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We’re in the midst of a native crabapple.
Look at here, that’s Malus fusca.
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It has big reins all over the
northwest of the United States.
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Normally, it’s not considered to have much value to most
people, although it was utilized by the Native Americans.
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However, I found that you can
graft the smaller trees.
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This tree is growing in a rocky dry ridge and has never
received any care from us except for the initial graft.
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As you can see, it’s healed up really nice. Now there’s a
quite difference in these two foliages of these two types.
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And if you look at it, the smaller leaf here with a cut edge,
would be typical of the wild tree. And this bigger border leave
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is the grafted apple tree.
Its thriving, in this year,
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for the first time, it has some fruit on
it. This variety is call Irish peach.
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And what’s even better,
they’re really good.
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I do this with a native
species we have here,
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but it could probably be done with any
type of wild apple occurring anywhere.
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Developing such complex
property can be a lot of work.
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We have to fertilize and weed and mulch. So
they’ve employed a large labor force to help.
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Hah, a duck tractor. The
duck do the job a tractor,
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and they’re digging, fertilizing, and weeding. And
not only that, the brothers enjoy the ducklings.
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Bill thought that chicken tractoring
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would be the way to go with some of these
wet fertile fast growing bottomlands.
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And we did a little with chickens, but we’ve
come with the conclusion that ducks are…
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are just a lot nicer animals to be around, nicer personality
so… Chickens are good, because they starch things up,
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but in terms of being around one
or the other, we prefer ducks.
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And another good thing about ducks is, if
they do escape they’re not quite as voracious
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when they get into the garden. And
they quickly find your mulch. So…
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Yeah, they’re most lively. Yeah. Ducks are real fun to watching
their families and way they cohabitate with each other. Yeah.
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[sil.]
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Poultry ducks and geese can be
an important part of any design.
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About 30 miles away from Joe’s place, in this
headed valley, I visited a farming nursery
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where geese were employed by an old
friend of mine, Anne Schwartz.
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These are white Chinese geese. Yeah. And they
eat all the grass species, they eat legumes,
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they eat chickweed. As a matter of
fact, I couldn’t farm without them.
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You mean you eat them. Sometimes.
Right about this time of the year,
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but I don’t wanna feed them all winter long.
So, mainly they’re used here for weeding?
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I have an acre and a half of potatoes, and they
did all my weeding for me and the potatoes.
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Right. Field is spotless. They did a really
wonderful job. We mulch all the beds
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with the compost. And then the geese come
in and eat all the other grasses and weeds.
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And every once in a while all come in with a
mower, but by and large the geese eat everything.
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But they’re your main workers? Absolutely.
In your vineyard?
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In my… In the nursery stock, in the
raspberries, potatoes, strawberries.
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And I use a very portable fence and so where
ever I want the geese, I just herd them around.
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Ann also train her dogs
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to get rid of the overgrown zucchinis, which
are a problem for all home gardeners.
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But most permaculture farmers, Ann’s is producing far more
than she can use, so she has joined other local growers,
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who have adapted a good strategy
to sell their surplus product.
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Cascadian Farm buys
strawberries and raspberries,
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and several other kinds of
fruits from probably better than
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60 growers at this point.
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Hi Simon. Simon, are you here? Yeah, Anne.
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Hi. How are you today? It’s great! I’ve got
18 flats and about 350 pounds for you today.
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Great, come on up! Cascadians always try
to pay a good bonus for organic food.
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And they’ve been more than willing to work with small
growers, learning how best to meet the market.
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No… No, the… the quality is
good and the flavor is good.
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Can never get enough pickers,
but what else is new.
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So, it’s been very beneficial to advance
the profitability of small farms,
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but everything is packed and labeled
under the Cascadian Farm label.
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[music]
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These are (inaudible)
far north forests here,
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just below the high northern
latitude of 45 degrees,
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but just north of the oaks on the coast and
just south of the purely coniferous forest.
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It’s noticeable here, as
it is with all forest
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that the forest depends on a
fallen forest to grow it so,
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so that every log and every stump
here, many of them are cutoff stumps,
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have cedar trees growing them and berry
bushes. And all these forests are the same,
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no matter whether they are
northern or southern latitude.
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And then the main foods out of this forest for people
and for a lot of animals are sugars which is stored in
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maples and the saps of many of the
deciduous in trees and fungi.
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And they’re at least 40 species of fungi.
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This one looks at would
make you hallucinate,
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but at least 40 edible species of fungi throughout the forest.
So, you find many of the animals are full of fungi in the winter
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and it goes to people, who eat fungi in the winter.
And the Indians cleared house in this forest
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and cultivated nettles. And from nettles they made
a very fine silky cloth and they also ate that.
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The nettle was a green vegetable.
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[music]
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We’re in England, in
Shropshire, on Roman bank,
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and it’s autumn, or early winter really.
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And we’ve come to meet Robert Hart, who’s developed
a forest garden here over the last few years.
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[sil.]
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Hello Robert. Pleased to meet you. After a long
time. Yes, after a very long time, nearly 12 years.
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We’ll have a look at this garden.
Right, go ahead. You gonna see it.
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This garden is one of the oldest examples in Europe of
how to go about consciously designing a forest garden.
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So, this is my favorite fruit actually.
This one here? I consider this is as nice
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as any tropical fruit. This
is a universal pollinator.
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It’s a golden hornet crab. Umm… Crab. Which
will pollinate any kind of an ordinary apple.
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Umm… Great, that’s a useful thing. A
very useful thing indeed. Yes. Yes.
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Production of the temperate areas, because of this
soft light, isn’t much greater than the tropics.
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Is it? It is, and the day length
is much longer, as you’d realize.
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A cool area forest with clearings has
a very complex series of levels,
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and this garden imitates that very well.
And that’s basically, you know,
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the structure of the whole system. How many levels do you think
then? I reckon there are seven layers. There’s the high tree layer
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of trees that require light.
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This is an old pear tree
that was plated 30 year ago,
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so that constitutes the canopy.
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Then there is the low tree layer, that
is an apple on dwarfing rootstock,
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a shade tolerant apple. Then there is a
shrub layer. This is a redcurrant bush.
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Then this is the herbaceous
layer, comprising apple mint.
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And this is the ground cover layer,
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that is a strawberry-raspberry,
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a plant that spreads horizontally. Then
there is the root layer, comprising plants
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that are grown for their roots alone.
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And then there is a vertical layer
of climbers, like raspberries
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and loganberries.
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Many of the herbs are fragrant herbs.
Everyone knows that lavender,
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for instance, wards off clothes moths
and it’s reasonable to suppose
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that aromatic herbs of that
kind also ward off pests
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and diseases from neighboring plants.
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Yeah, that’s great, isn’t it? I mean, you get quite a lot of stuff in
total. These gardens show the efficiency and stability of a forest,
00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:19.999
but with much better than the
production of a monoculture farm.
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[music]
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They’re between the tropics and
the temperate areas. They use
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the same sort of principles both ways.
Absolutely, yes, yes.
00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:40.000
[music]
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The woods are lonely, dark and deep,
00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.999
and I have promises to keep and
miles to go before I sleep.
00:15:55.000 --> 00:15:59.999
The woods may appear dark and deep, but
they are, in fact, harvesting sunlight.
00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:04.999
They are the great reserves of the sun’s energy
on earth converting it to timber and to leaves,
00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:09.999
which become nutrients for the soil.
00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:14.999
It’s a feature of cold climate
and every winter life dies.
00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:19.999
The leaves fall from the trees
00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:24.999
and into the soil or at least stop growth.
And the soil will retain
00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.999
the carbon from the leaves
for up to 5,000 years.
00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:34.999
So, when we clear forests
in those climates,
00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:39.999
we have inherited a tremendous
amount of humus in the soil.
00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:44.999
And that’s the reason why
agriculture has to concentrate on
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the humus in the soil in those areas.
00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:54.999
I came from traditional farming families and
we’d cared for soils for over 200 years.
00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:59.999
But in the period from 1950 to 1990,
most of those soils were destroyed.
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In 1951, I saw the first chainsaw.
00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:09.999
In 1953, we saw the modern tractor arrive.
00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:14.999
By 1954, many farmers were pouring phosphate all over their
fields. We didn’t have to worry about the soil anymore.
00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:19.999
We were in charge of fertility. In
the 50’s, therefore we declared war
00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:24.999
on the soil. We were using just that equipment
we would have used had we gone to war,
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heavy machinery, crawler tractors,
biocides, poison gas, the lot.
00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:34.999
And I’d like to take you to meet somebody
00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:39.999
who still uses natural systems to create
soils. I’ve known him for 40 years
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and he didn’t start out rich. Bert
Farquhar has a huge property.
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By looking after soils, wherever
he farms, he’s become wealthy.
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You get a 1,000 pound weight of sheep
or cattle above an acre of ground
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and you get about 2,000 pound weight of live animals
underneath it. Yeah, I think it’s worms anyway here.
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Yeah, we’ll give a dig at that.
00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:09.999
Is this the right one? This is what I’d
like… Yes. This is alibophorus calliginosa.
00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:14.999
That’s right, yes. The worms, of
course do enrich the soil enormously.
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You can get up to 70% increased production
on new soil or an average of 25%
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on an old soil, and that’s enormous.
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That’s… That’s huge production, it is. While farmers all around Bert spend
a fortune on fertilizers and equipment, Bert never followed that road.
00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:34.999
He’s always been an organic farmer and
he’s always used natural methods.
00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:39.999
And Bert has adopted some simple methods to spread
worms to the less fertile parts of his property.
00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:44.999
Yes, I think. We’ll put then in this area.
00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:49.999
You always put the grass down on top of the
other grass, right. So… So as that will rot
00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:54.999
and give the worms a good chance.
All right.
00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:59.999
And then you have to put about a
square meter of lime dolomite over it.
00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:04.999
All around.
00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:09.999
All round it. So, that does… It
does the (inaudible), all right.
00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:14.999
So, you put them every 10 meters apart. Right. In seven years
the whole paddock will be completely covered at the rate of
00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:19.999
four millions an acre. The difference
between a good and a bad farmer
00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:24.999
is really applied observation. Someone who
merely powers their way through the situation
00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.999
is not as clever, nor will they
end up as well off as somebody
00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.999
who closely observes the inter-relationship
between trees, animals, and plants.
00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
We have some, I think, it must
be nearly 50 billion worms
00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
working, you know, seven days a week,
00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
24 hours a day without any overtime and
no holiday pay or anything like this,
00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
all working for nothing. So, that’s
pretty good if you get 50 billion people
00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
or workers working for your for nothing,
well, you’re going pretty well. They…
00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
The worms enjoy it and…
and so everyone is happy.
00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
[music]
00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
This is a high plateau of Tasmania where
you come in winter to see a wallaby.
00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
This is where many of us when we were young,
came up here in the winter for game hunting.
00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
And, well, you can’t be a vegetarian,
you’ve got to be a carnivore.
00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
And it’s a terrible climate. And I’m
really pleased, I’m living in the tropics.
00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
Conserving energy is
essential in cold climates,
00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
and we need to pay particular
attention to that in our design.
00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
Well, it’s the cold day. It’s cold spring
day in southern Australia, in Victoria,
00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
David Holmgren’s place. He’s just right
in his lawn. He’s still a friend of mine,
00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
despite the fact he’s got a lawn.
00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
And he’s built this really excellent energy efficient house. It was
designed is at least as much without architecture, it is about gardens.
00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
Not a lot in the garden
at the end of winter,
00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
but there is still a
plentiful supply of carrots,
00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
and always something to make a salad and a
soup. And it’s integrated garden and house,
00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
and it’s a low energy house.
Made out of mud, mud brick.
00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
Well, it is a bitterly cold day and it
feels frosty and it’s time to go in to
00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
a warm solar heated home.
00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
Yes, it is a lot warmer in here.
00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
I’ll take off my jacket, I think.
00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
Normally you use a solar energy to heat the
house but you can also use it for cooling.
00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
The way the cupboard works is that
it draws the air in from under
00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
the floor where the air is just
the temperature of the earth
00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
all year round and it drafts
through the wire baskets
00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
and out through a flow pipe in the roof,
00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
that’s ideal for dairy products,
ideal for most of fruit
00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
and vegetables, which means you don’t really
need a fridge, all I need a very small fridge.
00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
And of course, that’s very
significant in terms of CFCs
00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
that are attacking the ozone layer.
When I came to designing
00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
for a climate like this, I had to think fairly carefully
given the amount of cloudy and very cold weather.
00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
We’ve got the glazing that
allows the sun in and the
00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
grade mass is really the most
important element in that design.
00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
The thermal mass at the walls is very
important to store the heat for the periods
00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
when there isn’t sun. The sun on the
wall is at medium width at the moment
00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
and in the summer it’s reduced to nothing.
Whereas in the winter, it’s a very wide band
00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
of light falling on the wall.
00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
An energy efficient house like David’s is not only
cheap to run, but creates very little pollution.
00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
So, every way we can save or recycle
energy is very important in what we do.
00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
All the systems we inhabit require
energy, whether it’s just a house
00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
or a farm or a town. And the only
question is can we conserve enough energy
00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
over the lifetime of the system?
00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
And can we give enough yield to offset the
energy that we use to establish that system?
00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
So we go and see a farm in Germany where methods
of recycling energy are being developed,
00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
and where even the financial
systems are being
00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
slowly made recyclable.
00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
This is a sun house, and
this sun house near Munich.
00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
And it’ll be on this and the adjoining
properties that we’ll look at the work of
00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
the (inaudible). And mainly
interest here is that everything
00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
produced on the property, the meat,
the wheat, is processed here
00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
and turned in to a variety of products. That’s the
farm whose main interest is to try to integrate
00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
the chain from production to market.
00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
Greens from the field, clover
and later on (inaudible)
00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
and fresh grasses are fed to the
pigs and they also (inaudible).
00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
Then the waste from the pigs is
scraped down and falls into this pit
00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
and there are cables here that carry it
along. Most of it goes into tanks for biogas,
00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
which can be used for processing the meats and
the sludge can be taken out to grow clover.
00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
So you can set up a sort of cycle system.
00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
[sil.]
00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
Now there is a so called,
00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
flow forms. They’re developed by the
(inaudible) Institute in England.
00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
And they (inaudible) to oxygenate
polluted water systems.
00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
Here we have water polluted
with solids runoff.
00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
And by running it through these
complicated oxygenation systems,
00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
we can raise the oxygen level,
make it suitable for fish
00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
or make it more suitable for
cleaning it to take to forests
00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
or pastures. By using these quite
beautiful and functional art form,
00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
we can turn polluted water
into trout, and also create a
00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
pleasant environment to contemplate.
00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
By grouping the butchery, the bakery, the
cheese-making and a restaurant on the property,
00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
(inaudible) further saved a lot of costs.
00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
But Karl not only saves costs,
he also saves pollution.
00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
Pollution is just unused waste.
00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
[sil.]
00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
The foundation sells
directly to the consumer.
00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
Food produced on the farm is 30% more
expensive than it is in the supermarket.
00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
But when you buy food from the supermarket,
you don’t pay for the pollution
00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
that’s caused in its production.
00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
It’s an education to people
to come to the farm,
00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
see the healthy farm all around them
and the clean processing systems.
00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
They can then appreciate they’re buying
a food that hasn’t damaged the earth.
00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:48.000
[sil.]
00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
There’s a great variety of vegetables
and cheese being packaged here
00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
in small lots, which go to
about 40 families in Munich,
00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
distributed by the housewives in Munich.
And so, by directly marketing
00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
from the farm and then setting up
this local distribution system,
00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
the farm closes off the cycle
from production to distribution.
00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
[music]
00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
Linking the city to the farm is one strategy
by which people can make sure of good food.
00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
But next we will go right in to the cities and
see how they can do that in the city itself.
00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:40.000
[music]
Distributor: Bullfrog Films
Length: 28 minutes
Date: 1996
Genre: Expository
Language: English
Grade: 7-12, College, Adult
Color/BW:
Closed Captioning: Available
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