00:00:00.917 --> 00:00:04.129
(swooshing, gentle music)

00:00:16.224 --> 00:00:20.979
(gentle, heartfelt music)

00:00:21.062 --> 00:00:25.024
(street sounds)

00:00:38.621 --> 00:00:40.331
- [Nadien Chu] If
there is one thing

00:00:40.415 --> 00:00:43.168
we learned from the Coronavirus
pandemic, it is this,

00:00:43.251 --> 00:00:45.086
we are all connected.

00:00:46.963 --> 00:00:50.925
The world was at risk,
and millions were dying.

00:00:51.009 --> 00:00:52.969
But at last, collectively,

00:00:53.052 --> 00:00:55.764
we found the tools
to save ourselves,

00:00:56.514 --> 00:00:59.309
and we have to do it again.

00:00:59.392 --> 00:01:01.561
This is not the time
to be complacent.

00:01:02.854 --> 00:01:05.398
As an even greater health
risk is on the rise,

00:01:06.149 --> 00:01:09.569
antibiotics are failing.

00:01:09.652 --> 00:01:12.864
If we don't find alternatives
now, we will return to a world

00:01:12.947 --> 00:01:17.202
before antibiotics when
millions of humans died

00:01:17.285 --> 00:01:19.412
of simple infections.

00:01:22.457 --> 00:01:26.753
Ben Chan, world-renowned
scientist at Yale University,

00:01:26.836 --> 00:01:29.088
is convinced that a tiny
virus that you can find

00:01:29.172 --> 00:01:33.885
in bacteria contaminated
waters will save humankind.

00:01:55.782 --> 00:01:58.618
- Hey, Martin.
- Hey.

00:01:58.701 --> 00:01:59.651
- Hi.

00:01:59.702 --> 00:02:00.829
- Hey. (indistinct).

00:02:00.912 --> 00:02:02.372
- Good to see you guys again.

00:02:02.455 --> 00:02:04.874
- You can wear this
lab coat as well.

00:02:04.958 --> 00:02:06.084
- So you want me to?

00:02:06.167 --> 00:02:07.017
I'm okay without it, but...

00:02:07.019 --> 00:02:08.795
- Just wait.

00:02:08.878 --> 00:02:10.213
- You want me to?

00:02:10.296 --> 00:02:11.246
- Yeah.

00:02:11.256 --> 00:02:12.799
- It's the regulations. Okay.

00:02:12.882 --> 00:02:14.217
- How do you usually
collect your samples?

00:02:14.300 --> 00:02:16.344
- Hand sanitizer
and a little scooper.

00:02:21.140 --> 00:02:23.476
- [Nadien Chu] Trillions
of microorganisms live

00:02:23.560 --> 00:02:25.520
in and around us.

00:02:26.688 --> 00:02:28.982
Among them, the most
significant source

00:02:29.065 --> 00:02:32.193
of genetic diversity
are bacteriophages,

00:02:32.277 --> 00:02:34.821
or phages for short.

00:02:36.072 --> 00:02:39.701
These tiny viruses
infect and kill bacteria.

00:02:40.869 --> 00:02:43.580
Harmless to humans, they
operate by injecting

00:02:43.663 --> 00:02:46.708
their genetic material
into bacterial cells

00:02:46.791 --> 00:02:48.960
where they replicate
exponentially

00:02:49.043 --> 00:02:51.880
and cause bacteria
to burst open.

00:02:53.673 --> 00:02:56.342
Although they are the most
abundant entity on earth,

00:02:56.426 --> 00:02:58.636
we know very little

00:02:58.720 --> 00:03:01.097
about these nanoscopic
killing machines.

00:03:03.182 --> 00:03:04.267
Every day,

00:03:04.350 --> 00:03:07.312
they kill 40% of
bacteria on our planet.

00:03:08.438 --> 00:03:11.774
They keep bacteria in balance.

00:03:13.026 --> 00:03:16.571
Without them, we would
not be able to exist.

00:03:20.283 --> 00:03:24.203
(water streaming)

00:03:25.413 --> 00:03:27.790
- We should have brought
the gumboots, right?

00:03:27.874 --> 00:03:28.824
- Right.

00:03:31.044 --> 00:03:31.977
- [Martin] Yeah.

00:03:31.979 --> 00:03:34.172
- [Ben Chan] I'm
right behind you.

00:03:34.255 --> 00:03:35.298
- [Researcher] All
right, I think for me,

00:03:35.381 --> 00:03:36.883
my shoes are very appropriate.

00:03:36.966 --> 00:03:38.635
- [Ben Chan] I think
people don't appreciate

00:03:38.718 --> 00:03:40.720
that this can be a extreme
sport over here, huh?

00:03:41.429 --> 00:03:42.972
- [Martin] Mm-hmm (affirmative).

00:03:43.056 --> 00:03:44.891
- [Ben Chan] You have to
be interested in sewage

00:03:44.974 --> 00:03:47.644
and sort of gross stuff
if you're interested

00:03:47.727 --> 00:03:50.772
in bacteria that
cause human diseases,

00:03:50.855 --> 00:03:52.732
because wherever
those bacteria are,

00:03:52.815 --> 00:03:55.902
that's where we're gonna find
the phages that can kill them.

00:03:58.154 --> 00:03:59.238
Hello.

00:03:59.322 --> 00:04:00.907
For any bacteria
that's out there,

00:04:00.990 --> 00:04:02.408
there is a bacteriophage.

00:04:02.492 --> 00:04:04.869
It's just, if we want to
try and use it as a therapy,

00:04:04.953 --> 00:04:06.746
our goal is try and
find the right one

00:04:06.829 --> 00:04:08.623
for the right bacteria.

00:04:08.706 --> 00:04:10.166
- [Researcher] From this side?

00:04:10.249 --> 00:04:11.793
- Even just there,
it's probably okay,

00:04:11.876 --> 00:04:13.044
'cause it's all sort
of scooping together,

00:04:13.127 --> 00:04:14.712
and there's like
a, I don't know,

00:04:14.796 --> 00:04:16.381
a dead something
in the water there.

00:04:16.464 --> 00:04:17.924
It's one of my favorite
parts of the job,

00:04:18.007 --> 00:04:20.218
because we're always
finding new phages.

00:04:20.301 --> 00:04:23.137
We've never found
the same phage twice.

00:04:23.221 --> 00:04:26.599
With every new phage is a
new potential treatment.

00:04:27.684 --> 00:04:29.185
Yeah. Lots of
protein in the water.

00:04:29.268 --> 00:04:32.063
Yeah. I mean, that'd be
great to sample from.

00:04:33.690 --> 00:04:35.024
- A woman there.

00:04:35.108 --> 00:04:37.026
She was asking me what
they have done wrong.

00:04:37.110 --> 00:04:39.028
You know, they think
it's the government.

00:04:39.112 --> 00:04:40.571
- Yeah, exactly. Right.

00:04:40.655 --> 00:04:42.573
- Yeah, that's what
she was asking me.

00:04:42.657 --> 00:04:44.617
- That's why I usually don't
wear like this kind of stuff,

00:04:44.701 --> 00:04:45.910
because they're like
like, "Why are you here?

00:04:45.994 --> 00:04:46.944
Like, what are you
studying? Is that..."

00:04:46.953 --> 00:04:48.413
- Yeah.
- Yeah.

00:04:48.496 --> 00:04:50.581
- [Researcher] So I think
they are with the police.

00:04:50.665 --> 00:04:51.615
- Yeah.

00:04:53.501 --> 00:04:57.338
(gentle music)

00:05:08.933 --> 00:05:11.060
- Klebsiella. (indistinct)

00:05:11.144 --> 00:05:12.478
- We also have E. Coli, yeah.

00:05:12.562 --> 00:05:14.689
- And what's 51127? Oh, ST.

00:05:14.772 --> 00:05:16.607
- ST. Yes.

00:05:16.691 --> 00:05:18.443
That's Acinetobacter strain.

00:05:18.526 --> 00:05:20.820
Nice.

00:05:21.946 --> 00:05:24.699
Phage therapy has
potential to produce

00:05:24.782 --> 00:05:27.368
some pretty dramatic changes

00:05:27.452 --> 00:05:29.245
in the way we treat infections

00:05:29.328 --> 00:05:30.955
and the way we produce
pharmaceuticals.

00:05:31.039 --> 00:05:32.623
- [Scientist] PA one.

00:05:32.707 --> 00:05:33.916
- [Ben Chan] A handful
of companies develop

00:05:35.126 --> 00:05:36.753
all of the antibiotics
that are available.

00:05:36.836 --> 00:05:38.755
Where phages, because of the
lack of intellectual property,

00:05:38.838 --> 00:05:41.799
they're open for anybody to use.

00:05:43.676 --> 00:05:48.264
Phages can be produced for
fraction of a penny for a dose.

00:05:48.347 --> 00:05:51.142
Dedicated labs all around
the world could create

00:05:51.225 --> 00:05:54.020
phage products, and
they're no longer dependent

00:05:54.103 --> 00:05:55.730
on these large companies.

00:05:56.939 --> 00:05:58.483
- Drum rolls.

00:06:00.610 --> 00:06:01.560
- Yeah.

00:06:03.071 --> 00:06:04.697
- So start by organizing them.

00:06:04.781 --> 00:06:05.907
- Yeah.

00:06:05.990 --> 00:06:09.160
- We had two E. Colis,
two klebsiellas.

00:06:09.243 --> 00:06:10.828
- [Ben Chan] These are me.

00:06:10.912 --> 00:06:12.163
- [Researcher] Yeah. These are-

00:06:12.246 --> 00:06:12.971
- [Ben Chan] Yeah, (Ben groans)
I think you might have won.

00:06:12.973 --> 00:06:14.457
I got like 12.

00:06:14.540 --> 00:06:15.541
- I got a lot.

00:06:15.625 --> 00:06:17.126
- More than 12?

00:06:17.210 --> 00:06:18.377
- More than 12.

00:06:19.212 --> 00:06:20.630
Too many to count.

00:06:20.713 --> 00:06:21.798
- You won.

00:06:21.881 --> 00:06:22.840
- Yeah.

00:06:22.924 --> 00:06:24.634
- Congratulations.
(all laughing0

00:06:24.717 --> 00:06:25.885
-[Researcher] Oh that was
awesome.

00:06:25.968 --> 00:06:26.928
- Yeah.

00:06:27.011 --> 00:06:28.054
- [Ben Chan] You got
lots of good ones.

00:06:28.137 --> 00:06:29.514
- Acinetobacter.
- [Ben Chan] Yeah.

00:06:29.597 --> 00:06:30.932
- Yeah.
- [Ben Chan] With a nice halo.

00:06:31.933 --> 00:06:34.227
- [Martin] It would be interesting
to check out cholera.

00:06:34.310 --> 00:06:36.145
- [Ben Chan] There's a
cholera outbreak in Kibera?

00:06:36.229 --> 00:06:37.230
- [Martin] Yes.

00:06:37.313 --> 00:06:38.773
- If you have strains, we
should definitely screen

00:06:38.856 --> 00:06:39.857
the samples on it,

00:06:39.941 --> 00:06:42.235
and if not, then we'll
make it work somehow.

00:06:46.864 --> 00:06:49.033
(gentle music)

00:06:49.117 --> 00:06:50.785
- [Nadien Chu] How can
you not get infected

00:06:50.868 --> 00:06:53.704
by cholera in
places like Kibera?

00:06:53.788 --> 00:06:56.666
Access to vaccination
is limited.

00:06:57.750 --> 00:07:00.211
Clean water and sanitation
are a rare commodity

00:07:00.294 --> 00:07:02.088
you must pay for.

00:07:03.798 --> 00:07:05.800
Healthcare facilities
are overcrowded.

00:07:05.883 --> 00:07:11.264
Medications are often not
available and very expensive.

00:07:13.599 --> 00:07:17.854
Most patients can't afford to
use antibiotics as prescribed.

00:07:19.397 --> 00:07:24.235
What is available is often an
expired product disposed of

00:07:24.318 --> 00:07:27.280
by western countries
and exported here.

00:07:29.073 --> 00:07:32.368
The misuse and overuse
of antibiotics have led

00:07:32.451 --> 00:07:35.997
bacteria to mutate
into superbugs.

00:07:38.541 --> 00:07:42.879
In a post-antibiotic world,
all of our scientific advances,

00:07:42.962 --> 00:07:48.467
organ transplantation and
chemotherapy will be erased.

00:07:51.429 --> 00:07:52.680
The World Health
Organization estimates

00:07:52.763 --> 00:07:57.310
that antimicrobial resistance
was directly responsible

00:07:57.393 --> 00:08:02.064
for 1.27 million
global deaths in 2019

00:08:02.148 --> 00:08:05.860
and contributed to almost
5 million deaths.

00:08:07.153 --> 00:08:09.864
We knew about these risks
right from the start

00:08:09.947 --> 00:08:12.783
of penicillin, but
with antibiotics being

00:08:12.867 --> 00:08:15.870
the wonder drug that
saved millions of lives,

00:08:15.953 --> 00:08:19.707
we ignored the danger of
multi-drug resistance.

00:08:30.801 --> 00:08:32.845
Phage research is
thriving worldwide

00:08:32.929 --> 00:08:37.266
and has led to many
international collaborations.

00:08:38.935 --> 00:08:40.561
Tobi Nagel, founder

00:08:40.645 --> 00:08:43.356
of the NGO Phages for
Global Health has come

00:08:43.439 --> 00:08:46.609
to Nairobi to help
advance phage therapy.

00:08:46.692 --> 00:08:48.569
- I had spent 15 years working

00:08:48.653 --> 00:08:51.280
in the drug development
field making drugs

00:08:51.364 --> 00:08:53.574
that typically cost
a billion dollars

00:08:53.658 --> 00:08:55.159
and maybe take 10 years to make.

00:08:56.369 --> 00:08:57.995
But on the side, I
was always consulting

00:08:58.079 --> 00:09:00.164
in developing countries.

00:09:00.248 --> 00:09:02.583
And these countries
typically get the drugs,

00:09:02.667 --> 00:09:05.127
say for Covid, or
for other things,

00:09:05.211 --> 00:09:07.129
after industrialized nations do.

00:09:07.755 --> 00:09:09.298
We wanna reverse that.

00:09:09.382 --> 00:09:11.425
We want to have local
drug development.

00:09:12.718 --> 00:09:14.971
Even with all the measures
we're putting in place,

00:09:15.054 --> 00:09:18.015
we are going back to a
pre-antibiotic world.

00:09:18.099 --> 00:09:21.018
It's a matter of how quickly
we can stem the tide.

00:09:21.102 --> 00:09:23.938
- [Minmin Yen] Lillian,
this campus is beautiful.

00:09:24.021 --> 00:09:25.564
- It is very beautiful.
It really is.

00:09:25.648 --> 00:09:26.539
- [Lillian] You know,
the campus was designed

00:09:26.541 --> 00:09:27.566
by the Japanese.

00:09:27.650 --> 00:09:28.520
They sponsored this campus.

00:09:28.522 --> 00:09:30.861
- [Dr. Tobi Nagel] Yeah.

00:09:30.945 --> 00:09:32.154
- So this is the Center
for Microbiology Research.

00:09:32.238 --> 00:09:33.698
- [Dr. Tobi Nagel] Great.

00:09:33.781 --> 00:09:35.366
- So this is where we
live. They're our hosts.

00:09:35.449 --> 00:09:36.575
- [Dr. Tobi Nagel] Great.

00:09:36.659 --> 00:09:38.536
- Thank you. Thank you, Eric.

00:09:44.750 --> 00:09:45.700
- [Lillian]
Are your people here?

00:09:45.751 --> 00:09:47.962
- Yeah. Yeah, they're here.

00:09:48.045 --> 00:09:49.588
- So welcome to our
microbiology lab.

00:09:49.672 --> 00:09:51.716
Our bacteriophage team are here.

00:09:51.799 --> 00:09:53.092
So guys, I told you our
visitors are coming,

00:09:53.175 --> 00:09:54.844
and here they are live.

00:09:54.927 --> 00:09:57.013
This is Dr. Tobi
Nagel, who's the CEO

00:09:57.096 --> 00:09:58.889
of PHAGES for Global Health.

00:09:58.973 --> 00:10:04.312
And then Dr. Minmin
Yen is the CEO as well

00:10:05.229 --> 00:10:06.439
of PhagePro.

00:10:06.522 --> 00:10:07.898
And then, Dr. Ben, as
you've heard, is a clinician

00:10:07.982 --> 00:10:09.859
from Yale University in the US.

00:10:09.942 --> 00:10:12.278
He has just told us he's treated

00:10:12.361 --> 00:10:13.696
between 70 and 100
patients using phages.

00:10:13.779 --> 00:10:18.034
So he's really here to
show us that it's possible.

00:10:18.117 --> 00:10:21.746
It's not witchcraft. (laughing)

00:10:21.829 --> 00:10:24.206
- It's to see if
it's able to rise.

00:10:24.290 --> 00:10:26.167
- [Lillian] Antimicrobial
resistance is probably

00:10:26.250 --> 00:10:29.628
the biggest global health
threat that mankind will face.

00:10:29.712 --> 00:10:32.590
For COVID, I think in 2019,
three million people died,

00:10:32.673 --> 00:10:34.842
and it brought the
world to a standstill.

00:10:34.925 --> 00:10:37.803
Now, what will we do if 10
million people die in a year?

00:10:37.887 --> 00:10:41.766
The bulk of those deaths will
happen in Sub-Saharan Africa.

00:10:41.849 --> 00:10:45.227
We don't always have access
to the latest medicines.

00:10:45.311 --> 00:10:47.897
We don't have access
to the latest vaccines.

00:10:47.980 --> 00:10:50.983
So even a mildly multi-drug
resistant infection could mean

00:10:51.067 --> 00:10:53.486
death to many patients.

00:10:54.612 --> 00:10:56.739
So we started a project
looking at bacteriophages,

00:10:56.822 --> 00:11:00.034
viruses that could kill these
multi-drug resistant bacteria,

00:11:00.117 --> 00:11:02.703
just from our environment.

00:11:03.454 --> 00:11:04.955
So we really have an opportunity

00:11:05.039 --> 00:11:10.586
to pit biology against biology,
genetics against genetics.

00:11:13.214 --> 00:11:15.591
- Do you find it
difficult to get any

00:11:15.674 --> 00:11:17.218
of the reagents
that you need, or?

00:11:17.301 --> 00:11:19.720
- Supplies is a major major issue here.
- Right.

00:11:19.804 --> 00:11:21.222
Even though we
can import things,

00:11:21.305 --> 00:11:25.017
our costs are three times maybe
what it would be in Europe

00:11:25.101 --> 00:11:27.395
or the US where you're
close to the vendors,

00:11:27.478 --> 00:11:28.979
and you don't have
these markups.

00:11:29.063 --> 00:11:30.648
- Simple syringe filters,

00:11:30.731 --> 00:11:32.483
they cost tenfold more
here than in the US.

00:11:32.566 --> 00:11:33.692
- Yes.
- Yes, they do.

00:11:33.776 --> 00:11:34.902
- [Lillian] Easily.

00:11:38.781 --> 00:11:41.450
(dramatic music)

00:11:41.534 --> 00:11:43.452
- [Nadien Chu] The
100s of phages isolated

00:11:43.536 --> 00:11:45.246
at KEMRI are shared

00:11:45.329 --> 00:11:47.456
with the Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research

00:11:47.540 --> 00:11:49.667
in Bethesda, Maryland.

00:11:50.876 --> 00:11:54.088
Mikeljon Nikolich is
the lead researcher.

00:11:56.549 --> 00:11:59.218
- So this is our freezer room.

00:11:59.301 --> 00:12:03.013
You know, we keep all of our
bacterial stocks in here.

00:12:03.097 --> 00:12:07.476
We're now storing our
phages at minus 80 as well.

00:12:07.560 --> 00:12:11.063
We have our frozen phage stocks.

00:12:11.147 --> 00:12:13.524
Some of these are frozen samples

00:12:13.607 --> 00:12:15.735
that we receive from
our overseas labs.

00:12:15.818 --> 00:12:17.236
So we keep a copy
at four degrees,

00:12:17.319 --> 00:12:19.113
and we keep a
frozen copy as well.

00:12:22.867 --> 00:12:24.869
I worked in vaccine research

00:12:24.952 --> 00:12:28.164
for about a decade
working in bio defense

00:12:28.247 --> 00:12:30.249
after the fall of
the Soviet Union,

00:12:30.332 --> 00:12:34.086
trying to focus on
counter proliferation

00:12:34.170 --> 00:12:36.547
of agents of mass
destruction, bio-warfare,

00:12:36.630 --> 00:12:39.216
bio-terrorism agents.

00:12:40.468 --> 00:12:42.428
Going all the way
back to the beginning

00:12:42.511 --> 00:12:43.679
of our engagement in Iraq,

00:12:43.762 --> 00:12:47.850
we had infections with
multi-drug resistant pathogens,

00:12:47.933 --> 00:12:51.353
and these led to loss
of limb or loss of life.

00:12:53.147 --> 00:12:55.733
The mission of my
team is to develop

00:12:55.816 --> 00:12:58.944
off-the-shelf
antimicrobial products.

00:12:59.028 --> 00:13:01.864
In order to do that,
we really need to have

00:13:01.947 --> 00:13:04.116
a diversity of phages.

00:13:04.200 --> 00:13:07.953
We started in 2020 establishing
the global networks,

00:13:08.037 --> 00:13:11.790
working with our lab in
Kenya, our lab in Bangkok,

00:13:11.874 --> 00:13:13.292
and our lab in Tbilisi.

00:13:13.375 --> 00:13:15.211
Already we're
finding phages that

00:13:15.294 --> 00:13:18.506
we were not able to collect
in all the years here.

00:13:20.716 --> 00:13:23.552
(gentle music)

00:13:23.636 --> 00:13:25.346
- [Nadien Chu] One of the
Walter Reed Institute's

00:13:25.429 --> 00:13:28.015
main partnerships
in phage therapy is

00:13:28.098 --> 00:13:30.476
with the Eliava
Institute in Tbilisi

00:13:30.559 --> 00:13:33.187
in the former Soviet
Republic of Georgia.

00:13:34.355 --> 00:13:36.106
Over the years, the
institute has played

00:13:36.190 --> 00:13:38.692
a significant role
in advancing research

00:13:38.776 --> 00:13:40.444
on bacteriophages.

00:13:40.986 --> 00:13:44.865
Eliava has the most extensive
bacteriophage collection

00:13:44.949 --> 00:13:46.992
in the world.

00:13:48.160 --> 00:13:51.163
The collection hosts
over 1000 phages active

00:13:51.247 --> 00:13:55.918
against human plant and
animal bacterial pathogens.

00:13:57.002 --> 00:13:59.338
Despite the rise of antibiotics,

00:13:59.421 --> 00:14:03.050
the institute continued
its work on phage therapy.

00:14:03.133 --> 00:14:04.718
It is one of the few places

00:14:04.802 --> 00:14:07.638
where you can buy
phages over the counter.

00:14:09.473 --> 00:14:11.433
Patients from all over the world

00:14:11.517 --> 00:14:12.977
with serious
bacterial infections,

00:14:13.060 --> 00:14:18.482
especially those that are
resistant to antibiotics make

00:14:18.566 --> 00:14:22.695
the long trip to Eliava
to receive phage therapy.

00:14:25.072 --> 00:14:27.741
(uplifting music)

00:14:27.825 --> 00:14:29.076
Bacteria have been growing

00:14:29.159 --> 00:14:32.955
and multiplying for
almost 4 billion years,

00:14:33.038 --> 00:14:35.624
since life first
emerged on Earth.

00:14:36.208 --> 00:14:40.045
There are more bacteria in
our bodies than human cells.

00:14:41.171 --> 00:14:43.007
Many of them are beneficial,

00:14:43.090 --> 00:14:46.093
keeping our
microbiome in balance.

00:14:48.220 --> 00:14:51.765
Antibiotics disrupt the
balance of the microbiome

00:14:51.849 --> 00:14:54.977
by killing almost all
bacteria they encounter,

00:14:55.060 --> 00:14:58.439
both beneficial and harmful.

00:15:00.274 --> 00:15:04.153
To survive these
attacks, bacteria evolve,

00:15:04.236 --> 00:15:06.947
become more resistant
to antibiotics

00:15:07.031 --> 00:15:10.075
and become
hyper-virulent superbugs.

00:15:11.452 --> 00:15:15.706
Even our last resort antibiotics
have started to fail.

00:15:24.214 --> 00:15:26.342
Gaithersburg, Maryland
has emerged as a microhub

00:15:26.425 --> 00:15:29.428
for phage research.

00:15:29.511 --> 00:15:31.847
One of the leading
biopharma companies is

00:15:31.930 --> 00:15:34.767
Adaptive Phage Therapeutics.

00:15:34.850 --> 00:15:39.355
The Walter Reed Army Institute
provides many of its phages.

00:15:39.438 --> 00:15:43.025
CEO Greg Merrill
shows us around.

00:15:43.108 --> 00:15:45.152
- Here we are in the
executive offices

00:15:45.235 --> 00:15:46.445
of Adaptive Phage Therapeutics,

00:15:46.528 --> 00:15:48.197
and one of the things
that we've done is

00:15:48.280 --> 00:15:51.992
a cartoon illustration of
the lifecycle of phage.

00:15:52.076 --> 00:15:57.414
You can see a phage binds to
the surface of the bacteria,

00:15:58.666 --> 00:16:03.587
and here we see the DNA in
the phage being injected

00:16:05.339 --> 00:16:06.590
into the bacteria.

00:16:06.674 --> 00:16:10.719
And here, the phage are being
assembled inside the bacteria.

00:16:10.803 --> 00:16:14.807
And finally, the
phage is able to lyse

00:16:14.890 --> 00:16:19.728
the bacteria and release the
phage into the environment.

00:16:19.812 --> 00:16:22.564
And now, the phage is floating
around the environment

00:16:22.648 --> 00:16:26.527
just like at the beginning
of this lytic cycle.

00:16:32.991 --> 00:16:37.746
Phage presents a wonderful
opportunity to leverage

00:16:37.830 --> 00:16:39.456
nature's bacterial killer.

00:16:39.540 --> 00:16:43.335
Phage are the most prolific
killers of bacteria on earth.

00:16:43.419 --> 00:16:45.796
So what you're seeing
here is a Petri dish

00:16:45.879 --> 00:16:48.298
and where we're able to find
phage from the environment

00:16:48.382 --> 00:16:50.175
that's able to
kill the bacteria,

00:16:50.259 --> 00:16:53.220
those phage will create
these clear circles

00:16:53.303 --> 00:16:56.515
that's really a zone of
death of the bacteria.

00:16:56.598 --> 00:16:59.017
We're then able to
harvest the phage

00:16:59.101 --> 00:17:01.437
that's able to
kill the bacteria.

00:17:02.563 --> 00:17:06.316
- [Nadien Chu] APT applies
cutting edge automation

00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:10.028
to the virtually infinite
supply of phages in nature.

00:17:10.112 --> 00:17:12.990
Its business model is
a bit like Coca-Cola's.

00:17:13.824 --> 00:17:15.492
It patents its phage bank,

00:17:15.576 --> 00:17:17.911
and then leases vending
machines stocked

00:17:17.995 --> 00:17:22.291
with those APT phages to
hospitals around the country.

00:17:23.500 --> 00:17:25.252
- [Greg Merrill] One of the big
challenges in getting

00:17:25.335 --> 00:17:27.671
the financial support
for phage therapy is

00:17:27.755 --> 00:17:31.175
that historically
antibiotics have been

00:17:31.258 --> 00:17:33.260
a failed business model.

00:17:33.343 --> 00:17:36.221
That failure stems from the
very basic biological fact

00:17:36.305 --> 00:17:38.348
that bacteria evolve resistance.

00:17:38.432 --> 00:17:40.726
That's driven a lot of
new antibiotic companies

00:17:40.809 --> 00:17:42.269
into bankruptcy.

00:17:43.061 --> 00:17:45.022
What we're doing with
phage completely turns

00:17:45.105 --> 00:17:47.107
that on its head.

00:17:47.191 --> 00:17:49.401
We can train the
phage by exposing it

00:17:49.485 --> 00:17:51.737
to the bacteria
over and over again

00:17:51.820 --> 00:17:53.739
until we start to
see a phage evolve

00:17:53.822 --> 00:17:55.282
that can kill that bacteria.

00:17:55.365 --> 00:17:58.327
That's still essentially
a relatively fast process.

00:17:58.410 --> 00:18:01.580
That new phage is manufactured
put into the collection,

00:18:01.663 --> 00:18:04.166
and now we've covered
that bacteria.

00:18:05.417 --> 00:18:07.544
So we're always able
to expand the coverage

00:18:07.628 --> 00:18:10.506
of our phage collection.

00:18:12.674 --> 00:18:15.219
- [Nadien Chu] High
tech has its price.

00:18:15.302 --> 00:18:19.014
APT estimates that a treatment
with their phages will cost

00:18:19.097 --> 00:18:24.436
around $20,000, a
profitable business model.

00:18:25.020 --> 00:18:26.688
Recently, APT has merged

00:18:26.772 --> 00:18:31.777
with Israeli biotech firm
BiomX for $50 million.

00:18:32.027 --> 00:18:35.405
- We are currently
receiving between one

00:18:35.489 --> 00:18:38.909
to two requests every
day for emergency

00:18:38.992 --> 00:18:40.119
or compassionate
use of the phage.

00:18:40.202 --> 00:18:44.581
Phage therapy is not
currently approved by our FDA,

00:18:44.665 --> 00:18:46.750
It's gonna still
take a few years

00:18:46.834 --> 00:18:48.877
before we're able to get

00:18:48.961 --> 00:18:51.296
the regulatory allowances
to start selling this

00:18:51.380 --> 00:18:53.131
at a large scale.

00:18:54.258 --> 00:18:56.760
(gentle music)

00:19:04.768 --> 00:19:07.479
- [Nadien Chu] New Haven
in Connecticut is the home

00:19:07.563 --> 00:19:11.233
of the prestigious Ivy
League Yale University.

00:19:11.316 --> 00:19:13.777
Presidents have
gone to school here,

00:19:13.861 --> 00:19:17.197
including George W.
Bush and Bill Clinton.

00:19:18.699 --> 00:19:20.909
(uplifting music)

00:19:26.790 --> 00:19:29.084
Looking for new phages
is an integral part

00:19:29.168 --> 00:19:30.878
of Ben's research.

00:19:32.254 --> 00:19:33.922
At this sewage
plant in New Haven,

00:19:34.006 --> 00:19:37.384
he found the phage
that targets MRSA,

00:19:37.467 --> 00:19:40.637
a super bug that most
commonly attacks the lungs

00:19:40.721 --> 00:19:43.390
and airways of cystic
fibrosis patients.

00:20:06.204 --> 00:20:10.125
I think biology was always
in the cards for me.

00:20:10.208 --> 00:20:13.086
One of the parents in my
first grade class brought

00:20:13.170 --> 00:20:16.381
in a microscope and got a see
microbes for the first time,

00:20:16.465 --> 00:20:18.342
and it was like mind blowing.

00:20:18.425 --> 00:20:20.302
It still is mind blowing.

00:20:21.595 --> 00:20:25.098
The possibility that maybe
something I do somewhere

00:20:25.182 --> 00:20:27.643
in the lab could
eventually help somebody,

00:20:27.726 --> 00:20:30.520
that's the main driver
for me, I think.

00:20:32.439 --> 00:20:37.235
Like I don't know that we
directly could manufacture

00:20:37.319 --> 00:20:40.489
enough phage to help
millions of people,

00:20:40.572 --> 00:20:42.574
but I think the ideas
and the concepts

00:20:42.658 --> 00:20:45.911
that we establish
could be industrialized

00:20:45.994 --> 00:20:48.205
and really have a larger impact.

00:20:49.414 --> 00:20:51.416
- [Nadien Chu] Yale is one
of the leading institutions

00:20:51.500 --> 00:20:53.794
for phage therapy and research.

00:20:54.836 --> 00:20:56.463
The center has
successfully treated

00:20:56.546 --> 00:20:59.341
about 100 patients
through compassionate use

00:20:59.424 --> 00:21:01.176
and clinical trials.

00:21:02.469 --> 00:21:04.721
- [Ben Chan] We treat a lot of
prosthetic joint infections.

00:21:04.805 --> 00:21:06.848
Individuals come to us as
of a last chance to try

00:21:06.932 --> 00:21:09.226
and save their limb
from amputation.

00:21:09.309 --> 00:21:13.730
Had really solid
success, nearly 100%.

00:21:14.898 --> 00:21:16.817
We're testing
bacteria phage therapy

00:21:16.900 --> 00:21:19.152
in people that have
cystic fibrosis.

00:21:20.320 --> 00:21:22.114
Compassionately, they
work really well,

00:21:22.197 --> 00:21:25.117
99.9% of bacteria killed.

00:21:35.168 --> 00:21:36.795
- [Nadien Chu] After
years of waiting,

00:21:36.878 --> 00:21:40.090
cystic fibrosis patient,
Maggie, finally got approved

00:21:40.173 --> 00:21:42.426
for compassionate
phage treatment.

00:21:42.843 --> 00:21:47.389
Superbug MRSA infects her
lungs and airways, making it

00:21:47.472 --> 00:21:49.599
nearly impossible to breathe.

00:21:51.351 --> 00:21:54.104
Let's hope that Ben's super
phage will do the job.

00:21:54.187 --> 00:21:55.137
(indistinct)

00:21:55.188 --> 00:21:57.024
- Okay.

00:21:57.107 --> 00:21:58.316
(Maggie coughing)

00:21:58.400 --> 00:22:00.569
I've been getting to know you

00:22:00.652 --> 00:22:02.571
through your sputum,
like over time.

00:22:02.654 --> 00:22:03.504
(all laughing)

00:22:03.506 --> 00:22:04.338
And text. Of course.

00:22:04.339 --> 00:22:05.365
- I love that.

00:22:05.449 --> 00:22:06.278
- So there's like, there's
more meaningful stuff.

00:22:06.280 --> 00:22:07.108
- Thank you.

00:22:07.159 --> 00:22:10.829
Pardon my reach. May I?

00:22:10.912 --> 00:22:12.122
Thanks.

00:22:12.205 --> 00:22:13.749
- So this phage
particularly was effective

00:22:13.832 --> 00:22:14.875
against your strain.

00:22:14.958 --> 00:22:16.376
We pulled it out of sewage,

00:22:16.460 --> 00:22:18.545
and we found a lot of
cool resensitization

00:22:18.628 --> 00:22:21.048
to antibiotics when it
became resistant to it.

00:22:21.131 --> 00:22:23.258
So hopefully that happens here,

00:22:23.342 --> 00:22:25.385
but obviously we have no idea.

00:22:25.469 --> 00:22:26.887
Right?
- Yeah.

00:22:26.970 --> 00:22:28.513
- 'Cause you're
like at the edge of,

00:22:28.597 --> 00:22:29.446
of what we know.

00:22:29.448 --> 00:22:31.892
- Before we do phage therapy

00:22:31.975 --> 00:22:34.144
through this
compassionate-use mechanism,

00:22:34.227 --> 00:22:36.438
we're always making
sure that you feel

00:22:36.521 --> 00:22:38.315
that you're informed of
the risks and benefits.

00:22:38.398 --> 00:22:40.901
This is really just an
experimental therapy

00:22:40.984 --> 00:22:43.361
that we're adding into
your clinical care,

00:22:43.445 --> 00:22:45.947
because the FDA feels
it's appropriate given

00:22:46.031 --> 00:22:48.450
the resistance to antibiotics.

00:22:48.533 --> 00:22:50.494
- Should she alternate
her breathing

00:22:50.577 --> 00:22:52.037
in between her
nose and her mouth?

00:22:52.120 --> 00:22:54.790
- We just have to make contact
with the phage and the bacteria.

00:22:54.873 --> 00:22:57.626
So you know-
- [Maggie] Let them meet.

00:22:57.709 --> 00:22:59.669
- Yeah. The really deep
breath, the better.

00:23:05.133 --> 00:23:06.802
- [Clinician] Deep breaths.

00:23:06.885 --> 00:23:08.345
- [Ben Chan] Yeah. Deep
and slow, and there you go.

00:23:08.428 --> 00:23:09.378
(Maggie coughing)

00:23:09.429 --> 00:23:10.722
- [Clinician] Perfect.

00:23:10.806 --> 00:23:11.932
- Yeah. Agree.

00:23:12.015 --> 00:23:13.433
- Beautiful.

00:23:13.517 --> 00:23:15.268
- [Maggie's Mom] How fast
does it start working?

00:23:15.352 --> 00:23:16.978
- 14 days after you start,

00:23:17.062 --> 00:23:22.734
and that's when we anticipate
seeing a large change.

00:23:22.818 --> 00:23:24.402
- So maybe you'll be
sleeping in 14 days.

00:23:24.486 --> 00:23:26.571
You'll cough less,
you'll feel less fatigue.

00:23:27.280 --> 00:23:29.157
I know. It's a wish and a dream.

00:23:29.241 --> 00:23:31.326
(indistinct)

00:23:31.409 --> 00:23:33.036
- [Maggie's Mom]
You're always so calm.

00:23:34.996 --> 00:23:35.888
- Are we doing this?

00:23:35.890 --> 00:23:36.781
- Yeah.

00:23:36.832 --> 00:23:38.125
- Thank you so much.

00:23:38.208 --> 00:23:39.918
- [Maggie] I mean you
guys are helping me.

00:23:40.001 --> 00:23:40.951
- [Maggie's Mom] I'm so
attached to you, so thank you.

00:23:41.002 --> 00:23:42.129
- Yeah. Anytime.

00:23:42.212 --> 00:23:43.255
- I rely on you
so much. So good.

00:23:43.338 --> 00:23:44.673
- Feel free to reach out.

00:23:44.756 --> 00:23:46.508
- I know. Appreciate
you so much.

00:23:46.591 --> 00:23:47.968
- [Ben Chan] Yeah. Of course.

00:23:48.051 --> 00:23:49.219
- [Maggie's Mom] Thank you.

00:23:50.720 --> 00:23:52.806
- [Nadien Chu] After a
few rounds of treatment,

00:23:52.889 --> 00:23:55.058
the phages break
down the superbug,

00:23:55.142 --> 00:23:58.103
which can now be treated
with antibiotics.

00:23:58.812 --> 00:24:01.022
With the infection finally gone,

00:24:01.106 --> 00:24:03.358
Maggie graduated from university

00:24:03.441 --> 00:24:06.027
with a degree in communications.

00:24:08.029 --> 00:24:11.616
(upbeat music)

00:24:36.474 --> 00:24:39.436
- [Nadien Chu] Uganda is one of

00:24:39.519 --> 00:24:42.022
the most biodiverse
countries in the world.

00:24:43.982 --> 00:24:47.402
Its capital, Kampala, is a
hub for academic discourse

00:24:47.485 --> 00:24:50.030
and has one of Africa's oldest

00:24:50.113 --> 00:24:52.657
and most prestigious
universities.

00:24:55.076 --> 00:24:58.371
Makerere University plays
a pivotal role in educating

00:24:58.455 --> 00:25:03.835
and training the next generation
of leaders and innovators.

00:25:05.795 --> 00:25:08.798
(researchers chatting)

00:25:08.882 --> 00:25:10.926
- It is not 15, my dear.

00:25:11.009 --> 00:25:13.428
It is, this is
15, isn't it? Yes.

00:25:13.512 --> 00:25:15.263
Zero, these are
two decimal points.

00:25:15.347 --> 00:25:18.558
You multiply by 100
by 100, you get 1500.

00:25:18.642 --> 00:25:20.060
- [Student] Yeah.

00:25:20.143 --> 00:25:21.394
- Yeah?

00:25:22.520 --> 00:25:24.314
- [Nadien Chu] Professor
Jesca Nakavuma is

00:25:24.397 --> 00:25:27.859
the leading researcher for
phage therapy in Uganda.

00:25:29.277 --> 00:25:31.529
She founded Phage Team Uganda.

00:25:31.613 --> 00:25:33.907
Working with
undergraduate students,

00:25:33.990 --> 00:25:36.785
she's searching for
solutions to combat AMR

00:25:36.868 --> 00:25:40.413
for human health, animal
health and food safety.

00:25:41.831 --> 00:25:44.459
For phages, we have our
specific requirements.

00:25:44.543 --> 00:25:46.544
Don't do the experiment once.

00:25:46.628 --> 00:25:48.546
You repeat thrice.

00:25:48.630 --> 00:25:49.923
The undergraduate students,

00:25:50.006 --> 00:25:51.591
they want to finish
their research,

00:25:51.675 --> 00:25:54.344
and we find ourselves, we
cannot publish that work

00:25:54.427 --> 00:25:58.431
until we redo it ourselves,
which is a waste of resources.

00:25:58.515 --> 00:26:02.602
And you know, we are resource
poor, so don't just do

00:26:02.686 --> 00:26:07.732
research in order to get
this immediate award.

00:26:07.816 --> 00:26:11.444
Let us not be shortsighted.
We look at a larger picture.

00:26:17.158 --> 00:26:21.204
Growing up, you could hear
of death in your village,

00:26:21.288 --> 00:26:25.834
maybe one person and a
very old guy or lady dying.

00:26:26.835 --> 00:26:28.878
But it is very
common these days,

00:26:28.962 --> 00:26:30.714
to the extent that
the young kids

00:26:30.797 --> 00:26:33.758
no longer fear dead bodies.

00:26:34.801 --> 00:26:38.805
We need to have a solution
as soon as possible,

00:26:38.888 --> 00:26:40.557
maybe as soon as yesterday.

00:26:49.941 --> 00:26:52.402
- Because I was told
they are bureaucracies.

00:26:52.485 --> 00:26:53.528
- Yeah, true.
- Involved.

00:26:53.611 --> 00:26:55.238
- [Nadien Chu] Professor
Ritah Nakayinga is also part

00:26:55.322 --> 00:26:58.074
of Phage Team Uganda.

00:26:58.158 --> 00:27:01.286
She visits the sewage plant
in Kampala with her colleagues

00:27:01.369 --> 00:27:03.288
for another phage hunt.

00:27:04.414 --> 00:27:06.916
- I thought you were talking
the other side, Abraham.

00:27:07.000 --> 00:27:08.126
(indistinct)

00:27:08.209 --> 00:27:09.101
- The other side?

00:27:09.103 --> 00:27:09.956
- It was here.

00:27:09.958 --> 00:27:10.769
It was here.

00:27:10.771 --> 00:27:11.629
I remember because we

00:27:11.713 --> 00:27:15.300
and Abraham don't fall.

00:27:15.383 --> 00:27:16.468
- No, I won't.

00:27:16.551 --> 00:27:18.428
(all laughing)

00:27:18.511 --> 00:27:20.305
-There in the middle.

00:27:20.388 --> 00:27:23.558
In the middle, that
is where you will find.

00:27:34.819 --> 00:27:40.867
We started in 2020, a project
that was funded by UNESCO

00:27:40.950 --> 00:27:42.619
for us to more hunt for phages

00:27:42.702 --> 00:27:48.166
that could kill bacteria
that infects the banana.

00:27:48.249 --> 00:27:51.419
And the banana being a staple
food crop here in our country,

00:27:51.503 --> 00:27:53.046
have you tried
the banana though?

00:27:53.129 --> 00:27:54.041
Matoke?

00:27:54.043 --> 00:27:55.340
(laughing)

00:27:55.423 --> 00:27:56.841
But most people say it's flat.

00:27:56.925 --> 00:27:57.884
It has a flat taste.

00:27:57.967 --> 00:28:00.345
It's plain, but
for us it has also

00:28:00.428 --> 00:28:02.430
cultural connotations to it.

00:28:04.057 --> 00:28:06.726
Current methods that
are being used to manage

00:28:06.810 --> 00:28:09.562
the disease are
still ineffective.

00:28:09.646 --> 00:28:11.773
So they still use antibiotics,

00:28:11.856 --> 00:28:14.234
they use copper-based
biopesticides.

00:28:15.151 --> 00:28:17.445
They use agricultural
practices by,

00:28:17.529 --> 00:28:21.658
you know, cutting the
plant or burning the plant

00:28:21.741 --> 00:28:23.201
or burying the plant.

00:28:23.284 --> 00:28:24.744
But they seem ineffective,

00:28:24.828 --> 00:28:26.788
because we keep getting
all these outbreaks,

00:28:26.871 --> 00:28:29.666
continuous outbreaks
of the disease.

00:28:29.749 --> 00:28:32.085
So now we are thinking,
we thought, okay,

00:28:32.168 --> 00:28:34.629
maybe it's best to
try an alternative,

00:28:34.712 --> 00:28:37.048
which is the phage technology.

00:28:37.132 --> 00:28:39.342
What we bring over
here to our incubators.

00:28:41.386 --> 00:28:43.680
So this is the phage

00:28:43.763 --> 00:28:47.225
in what we call an
enrichment solution.

00:28:47.308 --> 00:28:49.144
The sewage is enriched,

00:28:49.227 --> 00:28:50.979
so that the bacteria can grow,

00:28:51.062 --> 00:28:53.565
and then the phage is
able to infect them

00:28:53.648 --> 00:28:55.900
and produce as many
phages as possible.

00:28:57.026 --> 00:29:00.613
Here is a nice little phage.

00:29:00.697 --> 00:29:03.825
The head, and that is the tail.

00:29:03.908 --> 00:29:06.077
The first one has come
from the sewage plant.

00:29:06.161 --> 00:29:07.662
It is a superhero to us,

00:29:07.745 --> 00:29:11.291
because it's the first phage
that our lab has identified,

00:29:11.374 --> 00:29:12.917
and it's excites us.

00:29:13.001 --> 00:29:14.461
I mean, it's the first time

00:29:14.544 --> 00:29:16.296
we get to see how
a phage looks like.

00:29:16.379 --> 00:29:17.964
It's the first time we would see

00:29:18.047 --> 00:29:19.674
what a genome of a
phage looks like.

00:29:19.757 --> 00:29:23.970
But it only kills four
strains out of 26.

00:29:24.053 --> 00:29:26.306
So that means that
because of that,

00:29:26.389 --> 00:29:28.558
we have to keep on looking

00:29:28.641 --> 00:29:31.186
for that superhero who can kill

00:29:31.269 --> 00:29:33.521
as many, 26 and beyond strains.

00:29:33.605 --> 00:29:35.732
And if we can get that, boom.

00:29:35.815 --> 00:29:36.858
We'll have hit the gold.

00:29:36.941 --> 00:29:38.193
(laughing)

00:29:38.276 --> 00:29:39.694
Yes.

00:29:45.283 --> 00:29:49.537
There are plans to build
a phage bank at Makerere.

00:29:49.621 --> 00:29:53.458
Most phages need to be
stored at minus 80 degrees.

00:29:53.541 --> 00:29:57.462
Constant power outages seem
to make that impossible,

00:29:57.545 --> 00:30:00.924
but the scientists here
don't give up that easily.

00:30:01.007 --> 00:30:03.092
There is always a way.

00:30:03.843 --> 00:30:05.011
- So come in.

00:30:05.094 --> 00:30:06.596
As you can see,

00:30:06.679 --> 00:30:07.847
all these facilities
have restricted entrance

00:30:07.931 --> 00:30:10.433
and restricted exit.

00:30:10.517 --> 00:30:15.104
So it actually caters for
both safety and security.

00:30:20.652 --> 00:30:22.070
- There is a lot of
quality assurance

00:30:22.153 --> 00:30:23.696
that is done in a biorepository.

00:30:23.780 --> 00:30:27.408
As you can see, even the
nature of the cables,

00:30:27.492 --> 00:30:28.868
the power is tapped from above

00:30:28.952 --> 00:30:29.911
because these
things defrost a lot

00:30:29.994 --> 00:30:32.622
and they release a lot of water.

00:30:32.705 --> 00:30:36.042
So you can easily create an
accident in the biorepository.

00:30:36.125 --> 00:30:37.794
There is a system
that can alarm.

00:30:37.877 --> 00:30:39.796
It SMSs you.

00:30:39.879 --> 00:30:42.006
It texts you, wherever you are,

00:30:43.091 --> 00:30:44.133
that the temperatures
are fluctuating

00:30:44.217 --> 00:30:45.343
or there is a power problem.

00:30:45.426 --> 00:30:48.137
Some people think biorepository
are very dangerous,

00:30:48.221 --> 00:30:49.847
but they're not dangerous
if they're being

00:30:49.931 --> 00:30:52.308
handled by professionals.

00:30:54.769 --> 00:30:57.480
(jovial music)

00:31:24.007 --> 00:31:25.550
- [Nadien Chu]
Foodborne infections are

00:31:25.633 --> 00:31:27.343
a significant
health problem.

00:31:28.845 --> 00:31:31.264
A recent report
indicates that 11%

00:31:31.347 --> 00:31:35.101
of food borne pathogens are
resistant to antibiotics,

00:31:35.184 --> 00:31:38.813
and 36% are
multi-drug resistant.

00:31:59.542 --> 00:32:01.085
- [Nadien Chu] In
neighboring Kenya,

00:32:01.169 --> 00:32:03.296
Phage therapy is already
in clinical trials

00:32:03.379 --> 00:32:07.133
at the International
Livestock Research Institute

00:32:07.216 --> 00:32:08.468
in Nairobi.

00:32:10.219 --> 00:32:13.848
This is urgent research as 60%

00:32:13.931 --> 00:32:16.934
of all mammals worldwide
are livestock.

00:32:18.019 --> 00:32:22.231
Raised to feed mostly one
species, humans.

00:32:27.612 --> 00:32:30.406
The overuse of antibiotics
in livestock has reached

00:32:30.490 --> 00:32:32.325
alarming levels.

00:32:35.244 --> 00:32:36.204
In an international partnership

00:32:36.287 --> 00:32:39.582
with Laval University in Canada,

00:32:39.666 --> 00:32:42.919
Angela Makumi and her
team are conducting

00:32:43.002 --> 00:32:47.090
a clinical trial using
phage cocktails to treat

00:32:47.173 --> 00:32:49.676
salmonella-infected chicken.

00:32:59.602 --> 00:33:03.314
- In short, as a molecular
biologist, microbiologist,

00:33:03.398 --> 00:33:06.776
I studied a lot on
phages, over 12 years.

00:33:12.073 --> 00:33:14.951
(birds chirping)

00:33:15.451 --> 00:33:18.913
So first of all, we infected
them with salmonella.

00:33:18.996 --> 00:33:20.623
We watched how the salmonella
is reducing over time

00:33:20.707 --> 00:33:23.209
after different intervals
of phage treatment.

00:33:23.751 --> 00:33:25.211
Now, we put it in water,

00:33:25.294 --> 00:33:27.463
and then we let them drink.

00:33:28.256 --> 00:33:29.674
- Lift them to the water.

00:33:29.757 --> 00:33:30.717
400.

00:33:32.301 --> 00:33:35.221
- [Angela] It's not
salmonella for chicken.

00:33:35.304 --> 00:33:36.305
It's salmonella
zoonotic for humans.

00:33:36.389 --> 00:33:39.642
And so it won't make
the chickens very sick,

00:33:39.726 --> 00:33:42.270
just to reduce the
amount of salmonella

00:33:42.353 --> 00:33:44.605
that gets into the environment

00:33:44.689 --> 00:33:46.274
or gets into the
slaughterhouse by using phages.

00:33:46.357 --> 00:33:48.985
- We can bring another chick.

00:33:51.195 --> 00:33:52.780
(birds chirping)

00:33:52.864 --> 00:33:53.814
All right.

00:33:56.200 --> 00:33:58.870
Contaminated. I'm contaminated.

00:33:58.953 --> 00:34:00.872
(laughing)

00:34:04.500 --> 00:34:08.171
- [Researcher] Sorry.

00:34:08.254 --> 00:34:10.298
- [Angela] Okay, I'll not
be there when it flies.

00:34:10.381 --> 00:34:11.549
(all laughing)

00:34:11.632 --> 00:34:13.634
He's afraid of chicken.

00:34:14.927 --> 00:34:16.888
(birds chirping)

00:34:20.099 --> 00:34:23.936
- [Angela] It's not only a problem
for developing countries.

00:34:24.020 --> 00:34:25.813
Very soon, it's gonna be
a problem for livestock.

00:34:25.897 --> 00:34:28.941
It's gonna be in
the environment.

00:34:29.025 --> 00:34:31.027
It's gonna also
be in the humans.

00:34:38.075 --> 00:34:41.037
- [Nadien Chu] In collaboration
with this biotech firm,

00:34:41.120 --> 00:34:43.247
salmonella phages are
added to the phages

00:34:43.331 --> 00:34:46.626
from ILRI in
Kenya for the chicken cocktail.

00:34:48.878 --> 00:34:51.297
- And we dehydrate the
bacteriophage to make them

00:34:51.380 --> 00:34:53.841
into a very concentrated powder.

00:34:54.926 --> 00:34:57.845
You can add one
gram of this powder

00:34:57.929 --> 00:35:01.182
in one ton of feed, and that
will still be efficient.

00:35:02.683 --> 00:35:03.893
(machine whirring)

00:35:03.976 --> 00:35:04.926
- There's the powder,

00:35:04.977 --> 00:35:07.021
so we've spread out
it, so we added LYSET

00:35:07.104 --> 00:35:09.106
that we added some
protective agents in there,

00:35:09.190 --> 00:35:10.858
so some sugar, some proteins.

00:35:10.942 --> 00:35:12.568
They're still active
in this powder

00:35:12.652 --> 00:35:14.195
after the spreading process.

00:35:15.112 --> 00:35:16.531
- [Director] You
could make a lemonade.

00:35:16.614 --> 00:35:18.491
- Yes. I could.

00:35:18.574 --> 00:35:19.826
Lemonade with phages.

00:35:19.909 --> 00:35:21.327
(laughing)

00:35:22.495 --> 00:35:25.373
Prevention is key in
that livestock industry.

00:35:25.456 --> 00:35:29.585
85% of the antibiotics
produced worldwide are used

00:35:29.669 --> 00:35:32.046
in the livestock industry.

00:35:32.129 --> 00:35:35.466
Only 15% are used
to treat human.

00:35:35.550 --> 00:35:37.718
When there's a strain
that is problematic

00:35:37.802 --> 00:35:40.263
in the livestock industry,

00:35:40.346 --> 00:35:43.724
it's 95% resistant
to antibiotics.

00:35:45.935 --> 00:35:50.606
So we need to move away
from using antibiotics

00:35:50.690 --> 00:35:52.733
as a preventive treatment.

00:35:52.817 --> 00:35:54.235
- [Director]
If we don't have to,

00:35:54.318 --> 00:35:55.736
we have to start now.

00:35:55.820 --> 00:35:57.905
- Yeah. We should have
started 10 years ago.

00:36:04.370 --> 00:36:05.580
- [Nadien Chu] What
looks like an experiment

00:36:05.663 --> 00:36:09.917
in its infancy at this startup
in Quebec City has reached

00:36:10.001 --> 00:36:12.169
another dimension in
Columbia, Maryland

00:36:12.253 --> 00:36:15.923
at the biotech firm, Intralytix.

00:36:17.091 --> 00:36:19.468
Intralytix specializes
in the development

00:36:19.552 --> 00:36:22.388
and production of
bacteriophage products

00:36:22.471 --> 00:36:25.266
for food safety
and human health.

00:36:26.475 --> 00:36:28.436
Several of their
commercialized products target

00:36:28.519 --> 00:36:31.480
foodborne pathogens
such as listeria,

00:36:31.564 --> 00:36:34.066
salmonella, and E. coli.

00:36:34.817 --> 00:36:37.194
-[Sandro] We have a 1500
liter fermentor.

00:36:37.278 --> 00:36:40.531
We typically use it at about
1000 liter operating volume.

00:36:40.615 --> 00:36:43.868
We end up with maybe
50 to 100 liter

00:36:43.951 --> 00:36:47.330
or highly concentrated,
very pure pharmaceutically

00:36:47.413 --> 00:36:49.790
or food grade acceptable buffer

00:36:49.874 --> 00:36:53.961
that will go into the storage
until we are ready to mix

00:36:54.045 --> 00:36:56.255
and formulate the
final cocktail.

00:36:56.339 --> 00:36:58.883
It is a fermentation
process. Yeah, like a beer.

00:36:58.966 --> 00:37:00.301
You're making a beer, right.

00:37:00.384 --> 00:37:02.595
I was born and grew up in
a country called Georgia

00:37:02.678 --> 00:37:04.388
where phages are commonly used.

00:37:04.472 --> 00:37:07.141
Almost everybody I
knew have taken them.

00:37:07.224 --> 00:37:09.518
You can't imagine the
push backs we experienced

00:37:09.602 --> 00:37:11.312
when we formed the company.

00:37:11.395 --> 00:37:13.648
Nobody knew if we
could patent phages

00:37:13.731 --> 00:37:18.110
or this technology to have
some commercial success.

00:37:19.737 --> 00:37:21.656
We were the first
company in the world

00:37:21.739 --> 00:37:22.949
to receive
FDA approval

00:37:23.032 --> 00:37:24.659
for food safety product.

00:37:24.742 --> 00:37:26.285
Made news all over the world,

00:37:26.369 --> 00:37:29.872
because FDA allows
viruses to be put in food.

00:37:32.416 --> 00:37:34.043
It's 100% natural.

00:37:34.126 --> 00:37:35.920
It's environmentally friendly.

00:37:36.003 --> 00:37:38.673
Most of our products are
also certified kosher,

00:37:38.756 --> 00:37:40.132
halal, and organic.

00:37:41.342 --> 00:37:43.344
I feel like we are having

00:37:43.427 --> 00:37:46.097
some significant
impact on human lives.

00:37:55.690 --> 00:37:57.817
- [Nadien Chu]
Despite FDA approval.

00:37:57.900 --> 00:38:00.778
Many companies like
this dog food producer,

00:38:00.861 --> 00:38:03.364
prefer to remain anonymous.

00:38:04.782 --> 00:38:07.535
They fear repercussions if
they openly admit to using

00:38:07.618 --> 00:38:09.870
viruses in their products.

00:38:11.038 --> 00:38:13.541
- This particular bottle
here has SalmoFresh.

00:38:13.624 --> 00:38:16.210
That's where they
spray onto the meat

00:38:16.293 --> 00:38:19.755
millions and millions
of little phages.

00:38:45.031 --> 00:38:47.950
(heartfelt music)

00:39:05.468 --> 00:39:09.221
- [Nadien Chu] Lake Victoria
is the largest lake in Africa,

00:39:09.305 --> 00:39:11.599
and a vital source of livelihood

00:39:11.682 --> 00:39:13.851
for millions of
people in the region.

00:39:18.606 --> 00:39:21.650
However, the lake's fish
stocks have declined

00:39:21.734 --> 00:39:25.446
due to overfishing,
pollution, invasive species,

00:39:25.529 --> 00:39:28.032
and climate change.

00:39:30.076 --> 00:39:34.622
(ambient voices)

00:39:39.543 --> 00:39:42.046
To protect the declining stock,

00:39:42.129 --> 00:39:44.632
fish licenses are expensive.

00:39:46.842 --> 00:39:49.470
Those who can't afford
them fish illegally.

00:39:50.763 --> 00:39:54.350
But most days the locals
are not successful.

00:39:56.977 --> 00:40:01.273
To satisfy the increasing
demand of a growing population,

00:40:01.357 --> 00:40:04.902
aquaculture is seen
as a viable solution.

00:40:06.946 --> 00:40:10.908
Now more fish are
grown in fish cages,

00:40:12.076 --> 00:40:14.620
but the environmental
impact is immense.

00:40:15.788 --> 00:40:18.374
High density farming
causes an increased risk

00:40:18.457 --> 00:40:21.502
of disease transmission
among farmed fish.

00:40:22.711 --> 00:40:25.589
The use of antibiotics
in the feed is high

00:40:25.673 --> 00:40:29.718
and many pathogens are
now multi-drug resistant.

00:40:39.603 --> 00:40:42.898
Fish farmer, Thomas
Missisoke is part

00:40:42.982 --> 00:40:45.317
of ongoing research
into phage therapy

00:40:45.401 --> 00:40:48.362
for salmonella infections.

00:40:48.445 --> 00:40:50.114
These are my nurseries, nursing.

00:40:52.324 --> 00:40:53.284
- [Ritah Nakayinga]
All the runoffs.

00:40:53.367 --> 00:40:54.317
- [Thomas]
All the run.

00:40:54.326 --> 00:40:55.369
And this water come from

00:40:55.452 --> 00:40:57.371
about two kilometers
away from here.

00:40:57.454 --> 00:40:59.290
So I'm in the middle
of the valley,

00:40:59.373 --> 00:41:02.126
yet I've got a license
for fish farming.

00:41:03.878 --> 00:41:06.547
- (foreign language),
what we are going to do is

00:41:06.630 --> 00:41:10.384
we shall need the pond sediment
after collecting the fish.

00:41:10.467 --> 00:41:12.219
- How are you going to
get a split in the fish?

00:41:12.303 --> 00:41:16.307
You don't have a net,
a seine net?

00:41:16.390 --> 00:41:18.267
-[Ritah] He doesn't have.

00:41:18.350 --> 00:41:22.313
Some farmers use chicken waste,

00:41:22.396 --> 00:41:24.481
and this and that and that.

00:41:24.565 --> 00:41:26.567
But in chicken waste,
there are some residues

00:41:27.401 --> 00:41:29.486
of medicine and everything.

00:41:29.570 --> 00:41:32.865
So, which is harmful
to what? To people.

00:41:32.948 --> 00:41:38.037
But me, I want to make
it as safe as possible.

00:41:38.787 --> 00:41:40.039
I don't want poison people.

00:41:40.122 --> 00:41:42.583
I want to keep people alive.

00:41:42.666 --> 00:41:43.959
Why I'm bothering scientists?

00:41:44.043 --> 00:41:46.212
Because I read.
I go for seminar,

00:41:46.295 --> 00:41:48.422
but I'm not a scientist.

00:41:48.505 --> 00:41:50.424
- [Ritah Nakayinga] (foreign
language) is there a fish here?

00:41:50.507 --> 00:41:51.884
- Yeah, very many.

00:41:51.967 --> 00:41:53.886
- Because these ones
are reproducing.

00:41:53.969 --> 00:41:55.179
- [Thomas]
Uh-huh (affirmative).

00:41:55.262 --> 00:41:56.212
- Okay.

00:41:56.263 --> 00:41:57.806
- Have you seen any
fish dead recently?

00:41:57.890 --> 00:41:59.892
Any fish floating
dead? Something?

00:41:59.975 --> 00:42:01.518
- No. I can't allow with that.

00:42:01.602 --> 00:42:02.978
(all laughing)

00:42:03.062 --> 00:42:05.272
- But if they die, they die.

00:42:05.356 --> 00:42:07.983
- If you see any, anything
that is misbehaving,

00:42:08.067 --> 00:42:09.944
I would like to
take a look on it.

00:42:10.945 --> 00:42:13.072
- [Thomas] Okay.

00:42:24.959 --> 00:42:27.670
- [Nadien Chu] Only nine
kilometers from the city center,

00:42:27.753 --> 00:42:31.840
the Nairobi National Park is
home to many wild animals.

00:42:32.424 --> 00:42:34.385
(upbeat music)

00:42:34.468 --> 00:42:38.847
Kenya is one of the most
popular safari destinations

00:42:38.931 --> 00:42:42.893
in the world, attracting
millions of visitors each year.

00:42:46.897 --> 00:42:50.567
Safari tourism supports the
conservation of wildlife,

00:42:50.651 --> 00:42:52.736
and their dwindling habitat.

00:42:55.489 --> 00:42:57.449
This is an essential investment,

00:42:57.533 --> 00:43:01.787
since humans destroyed
83% of wild mammals.

00:43:15.718 --> 00:43:20.389
However, safari tourism
also has its downsides.

00:43:23.684 --> 00:43:27.062
Bwindi Impenetrable
Forest in Uganda is

00:43:27.146 --> 00:43:29.940
one of Africa's
oldest ecosystems.

00:43:31.650 --> 00:43:33.235
It is home to half

00:43:33.319 --> 00:43:36.071
of the world's endangered
mountain gorillas.

00:43:37.948 --> 00:43:41.869
Wildlife conservation is
taken very seriously here.

00:43:42.619 --> 00:43:43.620
There are many local, national

00:43:43.704 --> 00:43:46.540
and international
collaborations to protect

00:43:46.623 --> 00:43:49.293
the endangered primates.

00:43:50.627 --> 00:43:55.632
Nelson Bukamba is a wildlife
veterinarian in Bwindi.

00:43:56.800 --> 00:43:58.844
Concerned with the
potential threat

00:43:58.927 --> 00:44:02.973
of antimicrobial resistant and
infections in wild gorillas,

00:44:03.057 --> 00:44:06.935
he started his preliminary
research into phage therapy.

00:44:09.938 --> 00:44:12.399
- Salmonella is a
very hardy organism,

00:44:12.483 --> 00:44:14.985
very resilient in
the environment.

00:44:16.153 --> 00:44:19.490
It has been reported to
cause a severe diarrhea

00:44:19.573 --> 00:44:21.492
in both humans and gorillas.

00:44:21.575 --> 00:44:23.619
And there have been
cases of gorillas

00:44:23.702 --> 00:44:26.622
that have died from
salmonellosis from zoos.

00:44:27.706 --> 00:44:28.639
Gorillas are not
going to be looking

00:44:28.641 --> 00:44:31.377
for antibiotics from
many shop around,

00:44:31.460 --> 00:44:33.545
but how they get to have this?

00:44:33.629 --> 00:44:35.089
In Bwindi, we have

00:44:35.172 --> 00:44:37.383
over 20 mountain gorilla
groups surrounded

00:44:37.466 --> 00:44:42.137
by rural peri-urban areas.

00:44:42.638 --> 00:44:46.517
Mini towns that are cropping
up because of tourism.

00:44:47.810 --> 00:44:51.188
We have rivers crossing through
the park, coming all the way

00:44:51.271 --> 00:44:54.441
from communities of which
gorillas drink from this water.

00:44:54.525 --> 00:44:58.946
We have baboons around
Bwindi, trying to run away

00:44:59.029 --> 00:45:01.448
with food stuffs
from people's homes.

00:45:01.532 --> 00:45:03.867
And they go back
into the forest.

00:45:06.787 --> 00:45:10.416
Every day, someone travels
across the globe to come

00:45:10.499 --> 00:45:12.584
down to Bwindi.

00:45:12.668 --> 00:45:14.962
That increases the chances

00:45:15.045 --> 00:45:17.548
of introducing
antimicrobial-resistant strains

00:45:17.631 --> 00:45:19.758
into the area.

00:45:21.718 --> 00:45:24.430
The gorillas, we
have now about 1000

00:45:24.513 --> 00:45:26.432
individuals in the whole world.

00:45:26.723 --> 00:45:31.103
Any single threat, any
single risk of disease,

00:45:31.186 --> 00:45:34.231
of infection, can be devastating
to such a population.

00:45:35.816 --> 00:45:39.069
The wildlife populations,
the human populations,

00:45:39.736 --> 00:45:41.655
and the livestock and the
environment itself as a whole.

00:45:41.738 --> 00:45:43.490
Everything is connected.

00:45:43.574 --> 00:45:45.909
(upbeat music)

00:45:46.577 --> 00:45:47.578
Wild populations,

00:45:47.661 --> 00:45:49.538
most of its survival is
going to be determined

00:45:49.621 --> 00:45:52.624
by our lifestyles as humans.

00:45:53.709 --> 00:45:55.502
- [Nadien Chu] Mountain
gorillas are closely related

00:45:55.586 --> 00:46:01.884
to humans, sharing
98.4% of the same DNA.

00:46:04.386 --> 00:46:07.931
This makes them highly
susceptible to human diseases.

00:46:10.267 --> 00:46:13.145
Once, humans killed
them with machetes.

00:46:13.228 --> 00:46:15.606
Soon, we only have to get
close to the gorillas,

00:46:15.689 --> 00:46:20.277
and our relatives might
die of a simple infection.

00:46:38.420 --> 00:46:40.130
We are back in Kenya.

00:46:40.214 --> 00:46:42.633
The Institute for Primate
Research is hosting

00:46:42.716 --> 00:46:45.594
a symposium on phage research.

00:46:46.803 --> 00:46:51.016
Some stakeholders in public
health will also be there.

00:46:51.099 --> 00:46:54.394
Can they be convinced to
support this new medicine?

00:46:58.982 --> 00:47:01.568
-[Tobi] We're hoping that
KEMRI will become a uh,

00:47:01.652 --> 00:47:05.239
have a national phage bank,
a collection of phages

00:47:05.322 --> 00:47:07.449
that could be quickly
deployed in an outbreak.

00:47:07.533 --> 00:47:09.952
What I'm gonna talk about
today is sharing information

00:47:10.035 --> 00:47:11.453
from regulatory agencies,

00:47:11.537 --> 00:47:12.913
so that they can start thinking

00:47:12.996 --> 00:47:15.499
about how do you
wanna regulate phages.

00:47:15.582 --> 00:47:18.794
- Thank you for having
risen up to give us

00:47:18.877 --> 00:47:20.128
a very interesting talk.

00:47:20.212 --> 00:47:24.341
Africa and the world
is rising up to AMR.

00:47:25.551 --> 00:47:28.095
The only hope is now the
phages, meaning this is

00:47:28.178 --> 00:47:30.597
where we are going.

00:47:32.057 --> 00:47:33.767
- [Dr. Tobi Nagel] Yeah.

00:47:33.850 --> 00:47:35.894
- Last time we had the phage
meeting was around the-

00:47:35.978 --> 00:47:36.928
- 2018.
- July.

00:47:36.979 --> 00:47:38.230
- In June or July.

00:47:38.313 --> 00:47:39.690
Yeah.
- July.

00:47:39.773 --> 00:47:42.776
- Talking about the
future of bacteriophages.

00:47:42.859 --> 00:47:44.987
- [Dr. Tobi Nagel]
Yeah, exactly. Exactly.

00:47:45.070 --> 00:47:46.780
But from this small
lab, you see here,

00:47:46.863 --> 00:47:49.324
we have come up with
many publications.

00:47:49.408 --> 00:47:51.785
And from the same lab,
we are hoping to come

00:47:51.868 --> 00:47:53.704
with a commercial
phage product.

00:47:53.787 --> 00:47:55.330
This is our research team.

00:47:55.414 --> 00:47:56.873
Most of the students
who are trained there

00:47:56.957 --> 00:47:58.584
during the phage
training program.

00:47:58.667 --> 00:48:00.294
- [Dr. Tobi Nagel] Yeah. Yeah.

00:48:00.377 --> 00:48:01.461
- That Tobi was leading.

00:48:01.545 --> 00:48:03.171
So Tobi, we are always grateful.

00:48:03.255 --> 00:48:05.048
We hope you are planning
to bring another one.

00:48:05.132 --> 00:48:06.133
- I am.

00:48:06.216 --> 00:48:07.801
- 'Cause we really
want to expand this program.

00:48:07.884 --> 00:48:11.179
- Yes. And very soon you'll
see patients being treated.

00:48:11.263 --> 00:48:12.222
- Yeah.
- Thank you.

00:48:12.306 --> 00:48:13.515
- I actually think
there's a possibility

00:48:13.599 --> 00:48:14.725
the first patient
might be treated

00:48:14.808 --> 00:48:15.892
by the end of the year,

00:48:15.976 --> 00:48:17.394
based on our meetings with
the regulators yesterday.

00:48:17.477 --> 00:48:18.478
- Yeah. Yeah.

00:48:18.562 --> 00:48:20.397
And we hope to be
the first in Kenya.

00:48:20.480 --> 00:48:22.482
- In Kenya and in Africa.
- Yeah.

00:48:22.566 --> 00:48:23.734
- Yeah. At large.
- Africa.

00:48:23.817 --> 00:48:25.485
So it will be an example.

00:48:25.569 --> 00:48:27.904
And Ben here promised to
come and help.

00:48:27.988 --> 00:48:30.198
We shall move it from
here to the patient.

00:48:30.282 --> 00:48:32.034
That is all we want to do.

00:48:32.117 --> 00:48:33.744
- And how many
phages do you think

00:48:33.827 --> 00:48:36.121
your team has isolated
in total so far?

00:48:36.204 --> 00:48:38.665
- Approximately 120 phages.

00:48:38.749 --> 00:48:41.084
So we are looking forward
to compassionate use,

00:48:41.168 --> 00:48:43.962
because the phages that we do
have, they are very important.

00:48:44.046 --> 00:48:45.088
- [Ben Chan] Looks like, yeah.

00:48:45.172 --> 00:48:46.506
- Most potent in host strains,

00:48:46.590 --> 00:48:48.425
and then again in size
when we look at the lysis

00:48:48.508 --> 00:48:50.719
or the plaque size,
a very vibrant phage

00:48:50.802 --> 00:48:53.472
that maybe one plaque can
actually lyse the whole plate.

00:48:53.555 --> 00:48:54.681
- [Dr. Tobi Nagel] Interesting.

00:48:54.765 --> 00:48:56.141
- Yes.

00:48:57.100 --> 00:48:58.935
- [Nadien Chu] And
then, the great news.

00:48:59.019 --> 00:49:01.104
(chatter)

00:49:01.188 --> 00:49:02.981
- [Nadien Chu] Ben and Jillani
have won approval to add

00:49:03.065 --> 00:49:06.985
phages to the water supply
in Kilifi, Kenya to prevent

00:49:07.069 --> 00:49:08.019
bacterial outbreaks.

00:49:08.028 --> 00:49:10.280
It's so exciting for me

00:49:10.364 --> 00:49:13.200
that it's a project
developed in Kenya.

00:49:13.283 --> 00:49:14.701
You guys are leading the way.

00:49:14.785 --> 00:49:15.786
- Yeah.
- For sure.

00:49:15.869 --> 00:49:17.120
You're not depending
on some stupid company

00:49:17.204 --> 00:49:19.456
from New York or like, you know,

00:49:19.539 --> 00:49:20.666
from the England or something.

00:49:20.749 --> 00:49:22.084
You guys are doing it.

00:49:22.167 --> 00:49:23.794
You're making it,
right, in Kenya.

00:49:23.877 --> 00:49:25.379
It's the first one, I
heard, from yesterday.

00:49:25.462 --> 00:49:26.412
- In essence,

00:49:26.463 --> 00:49:27.413
and there's so much
that we can do,

00:49:27.464 --> 00:49:28.414
including the
vaccine development

00:49:28.465 --> 00:49:29.335
from the phages.

00:49:29.337 --> 00:49:30.676
So that is the thing.

00:49:30.759 --> 00:49:31.629
- Yeah.

00:49:31.631 --> 00:49:32.636
- We can't wait.

00:49:32.719 --> 00:49:33.610
- Yeah. Yeah.

00:49:33.612 --> 00:49:34.403
- For it to happen.

00:49:34.405 --> 00:49:35.514
And when we deliver that,

00:49:37.307 --> 00:49:38.809
nothing stops us
from doing anything.

00:49:38.892 --> 00:49:40.102
- Yeah.

00:49:40.185 --> 00:49:44.356
- Our phages are able to lyse
bacteria from outside Kenya.

00:49:44.439 --> 00:49:45.372
- Yeah.

00:49:45.374 --> 00:49:46.692
- With that
efficiency about 100%.

00:49:46.775 --> 00:49:47.901
- Yeah.

00:49:47.984 --> 00:49:50.487
- So we are going to export
it instead of importing it.

00:49:50.570 --> 00:49:51.482
- Yeah.

00:49:51.484 --> 00:49:52.698
- I think as we go on,

00:49:52.781 --> 00:49:56.284
we will simply just wake up
from our beds, go sample,

00:49:56.368 --> 00:49:59.162
see the bacteria, and fish
the phages from the library,

00:49:59.246 --> 00:50:00.914
and we are able to do it.

00:50:02.416 --> 00:50:08.422
(upbeat music)

00:50:38.243 --> 00:50:42.038
(upbeat music continues)

00:51:08.482 --> 00:51:12.235
(upbeat music continues)

00:52:03.119 --> 00:52:05.247
(gentle music)