WEBVTT

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Fact.

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On this map, each dot
stands for a million people.

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In 1492, world population
was only 1/2 billion.

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Today, it's 5 and 1/2 billion.

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[CRYING]

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Women will have to
[INAUDIBLE], and they

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will pay for it either
with their own lives

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or with the lives
of their children.

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If these problems are not
addressed in this decade,

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then what you're going
to see is a world

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which will be in a
continuing state of conflict,

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and you'll see a world in
which maybe the whole survival

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of our planet will
then be at stake.

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Two fruit flies--
one male, one female.

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This culture bottle
will be their home,

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and this mixture of cornmeal
and syrup will be their food.

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The growth of the population
of fruit flies in the bottle

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will be plotted on a graph.

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On the 20th day, the
population is up to 158.

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By the 30th day, there are
no live flies in the bottle.

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As the food supply
and the environment

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became contaminated,
the population of fruit

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flies at first leveled off
in a state of equilibrium.

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Finally, the fruit flies
died-- all of them.

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I say that the
power of population

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is definitely greater than
the power in the earth

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to produce subsistence for man.

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The world cannot cope.

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We cannot go on this way.

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Why?

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Well, I find an easier way to
look at is think of an analogy.

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Just pretend that this last chug
there is full a lovely culture

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medium for bacteria.

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And you put in the bottle
of that, a bacillus,

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a bug which is capable of
dividing once a second.

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And the question is how long
will it take to fill the jar?

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How long does it
take to fill the jar?

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Two more seconds.

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Is that all?

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So you see, as you watch,
if they're all dividing once

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a second, the 24 hours worth,
which is only a quarter,

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becomes 1/2 jar
full, full jar full.

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And then they're
flowing over the top.

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Population, when unchecked,
increases in a geometric ratio.

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Subsistence increases only
in an arithmetic ratio.

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And the point is if you're one
of the bugs in there talking

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to your mate to
have a coffee, you

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could easily say, what's all
the talk about a population

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problem?

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We've got 3/4 of our jar full.

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But in fact, in cosmic terms,
we've got two seconds left,

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you see?

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We're going to use
up the whole jar.

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In a world that's having such
trouble feeding the people

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already here, it's not
going to be easy setting

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the table for an extra billion.

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A man who is born into a world
already possessed if he cannot

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get subsistence
from his parents,

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and if the society do
not want his labor,

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has no right to the smallest
portion of food, and in fact,

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has no business
to be where he is.

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At nature's mighty feast, there
is no vacant cover for him.

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She tells him to be gone, and
will execute her own orders.

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The Reverend Thomas
Malthus, writing

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at the time of the
Industrial Revolution,

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is considered the father
of population theory.

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It was a time of great
social and economic upheaval

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in Britain.

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Mechanized industry was
replacing small scale crafts.

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Common lands were
being privatized.

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Thousands lost their
rights of access to land

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and were forced to
migrate into the growing

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cities in search of work.

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Malthus argued that the poor
created their own poverty

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by breeding beyond the
available food supply.

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Famine and disease
acted as natural checks,

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and social welfare,
like poor relief,

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only increased misery by
encouraging reproduction

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among the poor.

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As the 19th century
progressed, his ideas

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attracted an
influential following.

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To the honorable
lords of the treasury,

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from C.R. Baird, Esquire, 1839.

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We look upon the radical evils
of the highlands of Scotland

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to consist in its
overpopulation,

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and have great doubts,
whether with all

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the agricultural
improvements, they

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can ever be made to
support their actually

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existing population.

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It is quite certain that
until the surplus people find

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an outlet in some
direction or other,

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the population and
distress will increase,

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with accelerated
momentum, until checked

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by the melancholy agency
of famine and disease.

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Amongst those whose poverty was
being blamed on overpopulation

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were the cottars and crofters
of the highlands of Scotland.

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By the 1840s, famine in the
highlands was widespread,

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and the landlords claimed they
could no longer provide relief.

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If the cause was
overpopulation, it

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was argued the only humane
remedy was migration.

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In just 15 years,
close to 60,000 people

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left the Western islands
alone, bound for the colonies.

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It was not until
some 30 years later,

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when tensions between the
crofters and the landowners

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erupted in bitter confrontations
that anyone bothered

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to ask the crofters
themselves to explain

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the causes of their poverty.

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Hearing an escalation
of the unrest,

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the British parliament
dispatched a commission

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of inquiry to the highlands.

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Calling at over 100
small townships,

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the Napier commission
heard depositions

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from thousands of witnesses.

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Do you want the title again?

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Yes.

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This commission
has as its object

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to investigate the
causes of destitution

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in the highlands of
Scotland, as well as

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to suggest possible remedies.

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Would you have the goodness to
state what is your occupation?

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A crofter.

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And have you been freely
elected by the people

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to be their delegate?

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I have.

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Then will you have
the goodness to state

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what are the grievances
and the hardships,

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if any, of which you complain?

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The principal thing
we complain of

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is our poverty and what
has caused our poverty.

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The smallness of our holdings,
the poor quality of the land.

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The way in which the poor
crofters are huddled together.

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That is the cause
of our poverty.

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The principal hardship, I see,
is that the people cannot take

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a crop out of the ground.

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The ground will not
yield a crop to them.

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We and our fathers have
been cruelly [INAUDIBLE]

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like wasps out of
[INAUDIBLE], and forced out

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onto the barren rocks
of the sea shore.

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But we had in many cases to
carry the earths in our back

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to form a patch of land.

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The land that our
forefathers lived on

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is now under sheep and deer,
and turning into moss and bog.

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While we are hardened
together in small townships

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on the shore, every good piece
of land was taken from us.

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And we were planted on
every spot for which

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no other use could be found.

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Our places were crowded first
when the neighboring townships

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were cleared.

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One time, there were just about
20 crofters in this district,

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before the general evictions.

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Now, there are 80.

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When these 20 crofters
occupied the place,

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they were all very comfortable.

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But on the letting of the land
three years later, my father

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only got 1/4 of the
holding he previously had.

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You see here that the best
part of the [INAUDIBLE] grazing

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is occupied by a few tax men.

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Would you mention the
names of some of these tax?

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The place where I was born on
the other side of the country

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is under sheep now,
by a nonresident.

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There are now [? two families ?]
where there were once 24 croft.

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And what became of
the 24 crofters?

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They were sent away to America,
the whole of them, except one,

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and my father.

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Can you name any other places?

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[INAUDIBLE],
[INAUDIBLE], [INAUDIBLE].

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Who possesses [INAUDIBLE]?

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[INAUDIBLE], the
place in [INAUDIBLE].

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[INAUDIBLE]?

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[INAUDIBLE]

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And who has [INAUDIBLE]?

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The [INAUDIBLE] has it.

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We have first to
complain of the taking

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away from us, the use of our
hill pasture and commons.

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In 1841, there were 7,500
acres of undivided common,

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and the people from
time immemorial

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had the privilege of
grazing and pasturing

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their cattle, sheep,
horses, and pigs

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without payment of any kind.

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All this has been
taken away from us

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and appropriated by the
proprietor for his own use,

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or for letting.

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It is an old belief, handed
down from our forefathers,

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that we had the right to
use those hill pastures

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and commons, and we ask
that some explanation

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be got of how so great
an amount property has

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been taken from the body of
the people to the use of one.

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This talk of the commonty
belonging to the people

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is absurd.

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It belongs by right to the
various proprietors who

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have divided it between them.

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The people have as
much right to my common

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as I have to their clothes.

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The land is mine, and their
hats and coats are theirs.

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There's over 5 billion
people on earth right now.

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Did you know that?

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But suppose there
were another planet

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with just as many
people, and they

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said that over the next 40
years, all 5 billion of them

00:21:36.050 --> 00:21:38.160
were coming over
here to live with us.

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Imagine what that would do
to our resources, our living

00:21:40.640 --> 00:21:43.300
conditions, unemployment,
the environment.

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And it's true.

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They're coming.

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Not from another
planet-- from this one.

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US population's
growing so fast it

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can double during
the next 40 years,

00:21:53.900 --> 00:21:57.602
creating immense hunger,
unemployment, civil unrest,

00:21:57.602 --> 00:21:59.760
and environmental destruction.

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The irony is millions
of people want to limit

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the size of their families.

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They don't have the means.

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Helping them is
probably our only chance

00:22:07.820 --> 00:22:10.510
of preventing catastrophe
for all of us.

00:22:10.510 --> 00:22:12.580
The Population
Institute is working

00:22:12.580 --> 00:22:14.520
to make solving the
population crisis

00:22:14.520 --> 00:22:15.690
an international priority.

00:22:28.850 --> 00:22:32.090
The US economy will require
large and increasing amounts

00:22:32.090 --> 00:22:34.220
of minerals from
abroad, especially

00:22:34.220 --> 00:22:36.140
from the less
developed countries.

00:22:36.140 --> 00:22:38.880
That fact gives the
US enhanced interest

00:22:38.880 --> 00:22:41.510
in the political, economic,
and social stability

00:22:41.510 --> 00:22:43.460
of the supplying countries.

00:22:43.460 --> 00:22:45.920
Wherever a lessening
of population pressures

00:22:45.920 --> 00:22:49.080
can increase the prospects
for such stability,

00:22:49.080 --> 00:22:51.020
population policy
becomes relevant

00:22:51.020 --> 00:22:54.420
to the economic interests
of the United States.

00:22:54.420 --> 00:22:58.300
From implications of worldwide
population growth for US

00:22:58.300 --> 00:23:02.370
security and overseas
interests, 1974,

00:23:02.370 --> 00:23:06.600
a study prepared by Henry
Kissinger and Brent Scowcroft

00:23:06.600 --> 00:23:08.310
for President Nixon.

00:23:35.080 --> 00:23:38.110
When you see someone
sick, you must help him.

00:23:38.110 --> 00:23:39.760
Advanced public
health methods have

00:23:39.760 --> 00:23:41.680
been introduced in
underdeveloped countries

00:23:41.680 --> 00:23:42.830
like India.

00:23:42.830 --> 00:23:47.490
Death rates go down, resulting
in an increase in population.

00:23:47.490 --> 00:23:51.750
And unless the food supply is
increased at the same time,

00:23:51.750 --> 00:23:54.451
the result of that
is starvation.

00:23:54.451 --> 00:23:57.980
But the same scientific skills
which preserve and lengthen

00:23:57.980 --> 00:24:01.520
human life also contribute
to the population increase,

00:24:01.520 --> 00:24:04.130
until the day comes
when limiting factors

00:24:04.130 --> 00:24:07.000
of the environment, either
natural or man made,

00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:10.660
must cause the curve to turn.

00:24:10.660 --> 00:24:13.720
For the West, India is
the one serious answer

00:24:13.720 --> 00:24:15.600
in Asia to the
threat of Chairman

00:24:15.600 --> 00:24:18.930
Mao, the last bastion
against a communist solution

00:24:18.930 --> 00:24:22.006
to mass deprivation.

00:24:22.006 --> 00:24:24.520
Pan Am Airport, New Delhi.

00:24:24.520 --> 00:24:26.990
India extends an
unsteady welcome

00:24:26.990 --> 00:24:29.670
to a very important visitor.

00:24:29.670 --> 00:24:33.080
The President of the World
Bank, Robert Strange McNamara,

00:24:33.080 --> 00:24:35.940
and his wife have come
to India on a one week

00:24:35.940 --> 00:24:38.120
fact finding mission.

00:24:38.120 --> 00:24:40.670
The Indian finance
minister, Morarji Desai,

00:24:40.670 --> 00:24:43.105
and the American
ambassador, Chester Bowles.

00:24:47.120 --> 00:24:49.130
In March of this
year, McNamara was

00:24:49.130 --> 00:24:52.910
appointed President of the
World Bank by President Johnson.

00:24:52.910 --> 00:24:55.720
The World Bank, an associate
of the United Nations,

00:24:55.720 --> 00:24:57.670
was created in 1944.

00:24:57.670 --> 00:25:02.166
Its job is raising capital to
help underdeveloped nation.

00:25:02.166 --> 00:25:05.115
And in my opinion, the
defense of the west

00:25:05.115 --> 00:25:07.410
is adequate today in
financial terms, at least,

00:25:07.410 --> 00:25:09.540
and additional
expenditures would not

00:25:09.540 --> 00:25:12.370
provide additional
security, at least not

00:25:12.370 --> 00:25:14.360
additional expenditures
on defense.

00:25:14.360 --> 00:25:16.310
Additional security
in the long run

00:25:16.310 --> 00:25:19.960
will be provided by additional
expenditures on economic aid.

00:25:25.830 --> 00:25:28.820
Fortunately, India has chosen,
at least in my judgment,

00:25:28.820 --> 00:25:30.400
the proper course
of development.

00:25:30.400 --> 00:25:32.210
It's emphasizing agriculture.

00:25:32.210 --> 00:25:35.200
And equally fortunate,
it's making that decision

00:25:35.200 --> 00:25:40.050
at a time when the agricultural
revolution is just beginning.

00:25:40.050 --> 00:25:43.170
For 20 years, the Rockefeller
and the Ford Foundations

00:25:43.170 --> 00:25:48.530
have carried on research in
rice and wheat production,

00:25:48.530 --> 00:25:51.140
endeavoring to increase
the productivity of seed.

00:25:51.140 --> 00:25:53.520
And that research
has yielded miracles.

00:27:38.720 --> 00:27:42.660
The Green Revolution miracle
had an expensive price tag.

00:27:42.660 --> 00:27:45.385
India could only afford to pay
the bills of seed corporations

00:27:45.385 --> 00:27:49.230
and chemical companies
with international aid.

00:27:49.230 --> 00:27:51.325
Subsidies were then passed
on by the government

00:27:51.325 --> 00:27:55.480
to rich and middle level farmers
who benefited from growing cash

00:27:55.480 --> 00:27:56.814
crops like rice and wheat.

00:28:00.766 --> 00:28:04.930
But how much more will you
receive per acre in IR8

00:28:04.930 --> 00:28:06.540
than you will in
the old variety?

00:28:06.540 --> 00:28:07.040
Yes.

00:28:07.040 --> 00:28:12.250
In comparison of that value, I
get there about 40 to 50 month,

00:28:12.250 --> 00:28:13.440
[INAUDIBLE].

00:28:13.440 --> 00:28:16.340
I take [INAUDIBLE] 100 month--

00:28:16.340 --> 00:28:17.830
From the IR8 to the new rice.

00:28:17.830 --> 00:28:19.830
And how much from the old rice?

00:28:19.830 --> 00:28:20.752
Only 25.

00:28:20.752 --> 00:28:21.674
Maximum 25.

00:28:21.674 --> 00:28:23.720
So you have 100%
increase, approximately?

00:28:23.720 --> 00:28:24.520
Certainly sir.

00:29:51.160 --> 00:29:52.930
Small and marginal
farmers make up half

00:29:52.930 --> 00:29:56.460
of India's agricultural
population.

00:29:56.460 --> 00:30:00.400
They have been excluded from
the Green Revolution miracle.

00:30:00.400 --> 00:30:05.460
They grow rain-fed crops,
like millet, bajra, and jowar.

00:30:05.460 --> 00:30:08.320
These crops do not qualify
for any government support

00:30:08.320 --> 00:30:11.070
or security in times
of crop failure.

00:30:11.070 --> 00:30:15.395
As a result of this, every
year, large areas of arable land

00:30:15.395 --> 00:30:17.900
are abandoned and lie fallow.

00:30:17.900 --> 00:30:20.760
Farmers have ended
up as consumers only,

00:30:20.760 --> 00:30:23.026
dependent on the ration
chops for their survival.

00:30:25.990 --> 00:30:28.260
The system of
improvement pointed out

00:30:28.260 --> 00:30:31.940
for this remote district was to
convert the mountainous regions

00:30:31.940 --> 00:30:34.740
into sheep walks and to
remove the inhabitants

00:30:34.740 --> 00:30:38.710
to the arable land on the coast
and in the valleys by the sea.

00:30:38.710 --> 00:30:41.940
It has now been acted
upon for several years,

00:30:41.940 --> 00:30:43.800
and its beneficial
effects are already

00:30:43.800 --> 00:30:46.080
felt to an extent hardly
to have been looked

00:30:46.080 --> 00:30:47.775
for in so short a period.

00:30:47.775 --> 00:30:50.200
The mountains and pastures
have been partly led

00:30:50.200 --> 00:30:52.820
to some enterprising individuals
from the southern part

00:30:52.820 --> 00:30:55.930
of the country, and partly
to substantial tenants

00:30:55.930 --> 00:30:57.500
from the north of England.

00:30:57.500 --> 00:30:59.440
We'll have with a
superior knowledge

00:30:59.440 --> 00:31:02.320
of the management of sheep
introduced to the improved

00:31:02.320 --> 00:31:04.700
breed of Cheviots,
which has added much

00:31:04.700 --> 00:31:06.530
to the importance
of this district.

00:31:06.530 --> 00:31:09.800
A large supply of wool
is now annually exported.

00:31:09.800 --> 00:31:13.270
The demand for this raw material
by the English manufacturers

00:31:13.270 --> 00:31:14.800
has enabled the
highland proprietor

00:31:14.800 --> 00:31:18.220
to let his lands for quadruple
the amount they ever before

00:31:18.220 --> 00:31:19.390
produced to him.

00:31:19.390 --> 00:31:21.670
There is a scarcity
of hill grazings.

00:31:21.670 --> 00:31:23.910
So milk and butter are scarce.

00:31:23.910 --> 00:31:25.920
We give our children
tea and [INAUDIBLE]

00:31:25.920 --> 00:31:28.840
now to make up for
the loss of milk.

00:31:28.840 --> 00:31:31.600
I was the father of a family
before I could distinguish

00:31:31.600 --> 00:31:32.830
between tea and coffee.

00:31:32.830 --> 00:31:35.430
Now, the children can
tell the difference

00:31:35.430 --> 00:31:37.290
before they are
four years of age.

00:31:37.290 --> 00:31:41.470
When you were young, were a meal
and other commoditties dearer

00:31:41.470 --> 00:31:42.930
or cheaper than they are now?

00:31:42.930 --> 00:31:45.600
A meal was a lot dearer
then than it is now.

00:31:45.600 --> 00:31:48.080
But no meal was
imported at that time.

00:31:48.080 --> 00:31:49.530
There was no need for it.

00:31:49.530 --> 00:31:52.040
The men were planting
the land then.

00:31:52.040 --> 00:31:53.650
Now, they must fish.

00:31:53.650 --> 00:31:55.240
When the men were
planting the land,

00:31:55.240 --> 00:31:56.890
there was as much
growing to them

00:31:56.890 --> 00:31:58.850
as could support them in meals.

00:31:58.850 --> 00:32:00.770
But is there more
money circulating now

00:32:00.770 --> 00:32:02.970
in consequence of the
increase in fishing?

00:32:02.970 --> 00:32:04.660
Money is scarcer to them.

00:32:04.660 --> 00:32:06.070
They make more money.

00:32:06.070 --> 00:32:10.340
But they give it away for a meal
and other means of livelihood.

00:32:10.340 --> 00:32:12.567
We could not keep
ourselves alive,

00:32:12.567 --> 00:32:14.150
were it not that we
have young men who

00:32:14.150 --> 00:32:16.195
go to the hearing
fishing in England,

00:32:16.195 --> 00:32:18.640
or on the east
coast of Scotland,

00:32:18.640 --> 00:32:22.130
or to labor in the large
[INAUDIBLE] in the south.

00:32:22.130 --> 00:32:25.930
And they send home money to pay
for the meal we require over

00:32:25.930 --> 00:32:28.195
and above what we can
raise from our crops.

00:32:31.320 --> 00:32:32.969
Well, I wouldn't
fail to emphasize

00:32:32.969 --> 00:32:34.510
that there is a
moral obligation, one

00:32:34.510 --> 00:32:36.770
human being to another.

00:32:36.770 --> 00:32:39.460
We all accept that in
our Western societies,

00:32:39.460 --> 00:32:44.200
where the rich nations will help
the poorer nations, recognizing

00:32:44.200 --> 00:32:45.840
their moral
responsibility to do so.

00:32:45.840 --> 00:32:47.770
But I don't put the
case [INAUDIBLE]

00:32:47.770 --> 00:32:50.560
just solely on a moral basis.

00:32:50.560 --> 00:32:54.110
In a very crass way, there's
an economic advantage.

00:32:54.110 --> 00:32:56.160
Ultimately, these will
be tremendous markets.

00:33:02.480 --> 00:33:06.540
In 1991, India, like other
debt-ridden countries,

00:33:06.540 --> 00:33:10.430
accepted a loan from the
International Monetary Fund.

00:33:10.430 --> 00:33:14.150
India had to agree to open its
economy to foreign investment

00:33:14.150 --> 00:33:17.430
as part of a program of
structural adjustments.

00:33:17.430 --> 00:33:20.720
These programs typically
require that countries

00:33:20.720 --> 00:33:24.460
devalue their currency,
privatize industry,

00:33:24.460 --> 00:33:29.240
increase exports, freeze
wages, raise food prices,

00:33:29.240 --> 00:33:32.480
and slash social services.

00:33:32.480 --> 00:33:35.450
Shortly after the IMF
agreement was signed,

00:33:35.450 --> 00:33:40.875
US aid announced that it was
planning to spend $325 million

00:33:40.875 --> 00:33:45.285
to help reduce population growth
in one Indian state alone.

00:34:14.139 --> 00:34:17.409
What effect, do you believe, had
been produced on the population

00:34:17.409 --> 00:34:19.830
by the different mode
of farming since 1800,

00:34:19.830 --> 00:34:23.719
from through the small, black
cattle farms into large ones,

00:34:23.719 --> 00:34:26.250
and applying the land
to sheep grazing?

00:34:26.250 --> 00:34:28.840
A great effect had taken
place from this change,

00:34:28.840 --> 00:34:32.620
one that tended to improve
the population of those areas.

00:34:32.620 --> 00:34:35.681
The poor people had to
be got rid of before any

00:34:35.681 --> 00:34:37.305
of the considerable
tracts of land that

00:34:37.305 --> 00:34:40.110
were rented in small farms
could be thrown into large ones.

00:34:40.110 --> 00:34:43.320
Do you consider it an
improvement to them,

00:34:43.320 --> 00:34:44.750
getting rid of them?

00:34:44.750 --> 00:34:45.470
Yes.

00:34:45.470 --> 00:34:46.150
No.

00:34:46.150 --> 00:34:49.345
What I'm saying in the speech
is that the population explosion

00:34:49.345 --> 00:34:50.940
is standing in the
way of development.

00:34:50.940 --> 00:34:53.920
It's absolutely
impossible for the world,

00:34:53.920 --> 00:34:57.550
with its limited resources,
to provide enough capital

00:34:57.550 --> 00:35:00.340
to maintain even the current
margin of subsistence,

00:35:00.340 --> 00:35:03.100
because it's
inconceivable that we

00:35:03.100 --> 00:35:07.340
can provide a minimum standard
to live under those conditions.

00:35:07.340 --> 00:35:09.665
There isn't enough capital
in the world to permit it.

00:35:16.940 --> 00:35:20.625
In 1851, a form of planned
integration for the highlands

00:35:20.625 --> 00:35:23.239
of Scotland was evolved.

00:35:23.239 --> 00:35:24.905
The government gave
financial assistance

00:35:24.905 --> 00:35:27.044
to immigration societies.

00:35:27.044 --> 00:35:31.850
At the same time, responsibility
for welfare, like poor relief,

00:35:31.850 --> 00:35:33.500
was shifted onto
local authorities

00:35:33.500 --> 00:35:35.876
who did not have the funds.

00:35:35.876 --> 00:35:39.060
This had the desired effect
of starving the highlanders

00:35:39.060 --> 00:35:40.000
into submission.

00:35:43.381 --> 00:35:46.920
When the people went away, the
landlord paid their passage.

00:35:46.920 --> 00:35:50.550
He was giving money to
some to induce them to go.

00:35:50.550 --> 00:35:53.120
He may even have been giving
them a little clothes.

00:35:53.120 --> 00:35:56.710
But it was not in his mind
to do them much good at all.

00:35:56.710 --> 00:35:59.180
He didn't care where
they went to, as long

00:35:59.180 --> 00:36:00.485
as they left his estate.

00:36:05.650 --> 00:36:07.980
The system of improvements
proposed for India

00:36:07.980 --> 00:36:09.960
by the Ford and
Rockefeller Foundations

00:36:09.960 --> 00:36:13.670
and the World Bank did not
stop at the Green Revolution.

00:36:13.670 --> 00:36:15.870
At the same time,
the Indian government

00:36:15.870 --> 00:36:17.775
was to set up a family
planning program

00:36:17.775 --> 00:36:22.525
for which they supplied money,
advisors, and contraceptives.

00:36:22.525 --> 00:36:25.460
In the drive to bring
down the birth rate,

00:36:25.460 --> 00:36:27.990
Indira Gandhi's government
allowed local officials

00:36:27.990 --> 00:36:30.705
to withhold salaries,
deny food rations,

00:36:30.705 --> 00:36:33.080
and use threats
and physical force

00:36:33.080 --> 00:36:37.435
to compel people to submit to
the sterilization programs.

00:36:37.435 --> 00:36:42.410
In the last six months of
1976, over 6 million people

00:36:42.410 --> 00:36:45.220
were sterilized.

00:36:45.220 --> 00:36:47.992
Mrs. Gandhi lost
the next election.

00:36:47.992 --> 00:36:51.750
But the cohesive system of
targets, quarters, and cashing

00:36:51.750 --> 00:36:55.900
centers set in place by the US
advisors operate even today.

00:37:22.792 --> 00:37:25.780
[MOANING]

00:37:39.800 --> 00:37:42.790
Every year, half a million
women in the world's poorest

00:37:42.790 --> 00:37:45.120
countries die because
of complications

00:37:45.120 --> 00:37:49.850
from getting pregnant too soon,
too often, or too many times.

00:37:49.850 --> 00:37:53.660
500 million women want
and need family planning,

00:37:53.660 --> 00:37:55.972
but can't get the
information or the means.

00:39:39.754 --> 00:39:42.270
Surely, a woman's
most fundamental right

00:39:42.270 --> 00:39:44.880
is not to be trapped in an
endless cycle of pregnancy

00:39:44.880 --> 00:39:47.310
and birth that
endangers her health

00:39:47.310 --> 00:39:49.200
and that of her
children, and ruins

00:39:49.200 --> 00:39:50.665
any hope for a better life.

00:39:50.665 --> 00:39:53.650
By helping women control
the size of their families,

00:39:53.650 --> 00:39:56.330
we help them control
their own lives,

00:39:56.330 --> 00:39:58.390
and we slow down the
runway population

00:39:58.390 --> 00:39:59.600
growth that threatens us all.

00:41:06.650 --> 00:41:10.020
Over the last 40 years,
allocations for the family

00:41:10.020 --> 00:41:12.730
planning program have
been steadily increasing

00:41:12.730 --> 00:41:14.960
so that now, it accounts
for close to half

00:41:14.960 --> 00:41:16.690
of the health budget.

00:41:16.690 --> 00:41:19.550
Over the same period,
however, the total amount

00:41:19.550 --> 00:41:22.996
spent on health has stagnated
at 4% of central government

00:41:22.996 --> 00:41:24.770
expenditure.

00:41:24.770 --> 00:41:27.400
This increased funding
for family planning

00:41:27.400 --> 00:41:29.560
has been achieved at
the cost of cutting back

00:41:29.560 --> 00:41:34.250
on critical programs for
the control of tuberculosis,

00:41:34.250 --> 00:41:36.625
leprosy, malaria,
and child health.

00:44:19.240 --> 00:44:22.220
If the government offered
facilitates for immigration,

00:44:22.220 --> 00:44:24.010
would they find any
persons disposed

00:44:24.010 --> 00:44:28.030
to avail themselves of these?

00:44:28.030 --> 00:44:31.010
The proposal of
immigration is most hateful

00:44:31.010 --> 00:44:33.180
to the feelings of the people.

00:44:33.180 --> 00:44:35.490
It is only 30 years
since an immigrant ship

00:44:35.490 --> 00:44:39.240
was brought to Lochmaddy, on a
boat of which 12 or 14 families

00:44:39.240 --> 00:44:40.930
from the district
in which I reside

00:44:40.930 --> 00:44:44.790
were prevailed upon, or forced
to embark for Australia.

00:44:44.790 --> 00:44:47.680
They were sorry to
leave, like lambs

00:44:47.680 --> 00:44:49.750
separated from their mothers.

00:44:49.750 --> 00:44:53.070
They were weeping, and
wailing, and lamenting,

00:44:53.070 --> 00:44:55.700
taking handfuls of
grass that was growing

00:44:55.700 --> 00:44:59.020
over the graves of the
families in the church yard

00:44:59.020 --> 00:45:01.326
as remembrances
of their kindred.

00:45:05.530 --> 00:45:07.210
The passage was a
most disastrous one

00:45:07.210 --> 00:45:10.050
to the wretched
immigrants, most of whom

00:45:10.050 --> 00:45:13.635
became victims of deadly
epidemics, smallpox, cholera,

00:45:13.635 --> 00:45:15.510
and typhoid.

00:45:15.510 --> 00:45:17.900
Some of them died and
were thrown overboard.

00:45:17.900 --> 00:45:22.340
Others landed in Ireland, where
a number of them are buried.

00:45:22.340 --> 00:45:24.910
The survivors were sent
over in different batches

00:45:24.910 --> 00:45:25.980
as they recovered.

00:45:25.980 --> 00:45:28.800
With families who had
broken up, some of them

00:45:28.800 --> 00:45:30.990
never to meet again.

00:45:30.990 --> 00:45:33.010
Signed by 32 crofters.

00:45:47.724 --> 00:45:50.490
You have stated that your
grievances are confined

00:45:50.490 --> 00:45:52.570
to man, which has
been exhausted,

00:45:52.570 --> 00:45:54.520
and which no longer
produces a crop.

00:45:54.520 --> 00:45:57.590
You do not see
immigration as a remedy.

00:45:57.590 --> 00:45:59.885
Can you suggest in
general terms any measure

00:45:59.885 --> 00:46:02.240
which the landlord
or any other parties

00:46:02.240 --> 00:46:04.740
could take in order to
improve your situation?

00:46:04.740 --> 00:46:07.335
It is easy to answer that.

00:46:07.335 --> 00:46:09.126
Just give us land out
of the plenty of land

00:46:09.126 --> 00:46:10.720
that is about for cultivation.

00:46:10.720 --> 00:46:12.360
Can you suggest no other remedy?

00:46:12.360 --> 00:46:15.160
That is the principal
remedy that I see.

00:46:15.160 --> 00:46:17.700
Unless we can get
that, the poverty

00:46:17.700 --> 00:46:19.878
will not be out the
Isle of Skye forever.

00:46:26.360 --> 00:46:29.010
The Napier Commission
did not recommended

00:46:29.010 --> 00:46:31.090
a redistribution of the land.

00:46:31.090 --> 00:46:33.660
It did state that
security of tenure

00:46:33.660 --> 00:46:35.780
should be given
to those crofters

00:46:35.780 --> 00:46:38.590
paying a rent of at
least 6 pounds a year.

00:46:38.590 --> 00:46:42.260
The bulk of crofters paid rents
of less than 4 pounds a year,

00:46:42.260 --> 00:46:44.950
and so were excluded
from this measure.

00:46:44.950 --> 00:46:48.332
As for the thousands of cottars,
those with no land at all,

00:46:48.332 --> 00:46:52.300
it was suggested that they
be recorded on estate books.

00:46:52.300 --> 00:46:55.430
Pending the time when
remedies could be introduced,

00:46:55.430 --> 00:46:57.950
which would gradually
transfer and disperse

00:46:57.950 --> 00:46:59.111
this class of people.

00:48:06.570 --> 00:48:10.280
Lasting solutions to problems
of the environment and poverty

00:48:10.280 --> 00:48:15.180
can be found if we can
resolve population issues.