00:00:18.487 --> 00:00:21.490
 [ NARRATOR ]:
 THE AVERAGE NORTH AMERICAN

00:00:21.490 --> 00:00:22.992
 IS 5’8" TALL,

00:00:22.991 --> 00:00:25.494
 HAS 123 MILLION CALORIES
RESERVE FAT,

00:00:25.494 --> 00:00:27.997
AND A BRAIN THAT WEIGHS
 ALMOST THREE POUNDS.

00:00:30.499 --> 00:00:33.002
 THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY

00:00:33.001 --> 00:00:35.504
HAS A WINGSPAN
 OF 11 CENTIMETRES,

00:00:35.504 --> 00:00:37.506
 WEIGHS APPROXIMATELY
 HALF A GRAM,

00:00:37.506 --> 00:00:41.010
AND HAS A BRAIN
THE SIZE OF A PINHEAD.

00:00:41.009 --> 00:00:44.513
 IF ONE OF US
WERE TO FLY TO MEXICO,

00:00:44.513 --> 00:00:46.015
 WE WOULD JUMP ON A JET PLANE,

00:00:46.014 --> 00:00:49.518
 USE UP ALMOST 19,000 GALLONS
 OF JET FUEL,

00:00:49.518 --> 00:00:53.022
 BE GUIDED BY
 OVER 160 WEATHER STATIONS,

00:00:53.021 --> 00:00:57.025
2,000 TRACKING DEVICES,
 AND HUNDREDS OF COMPUTERS.

00:00:58.527 --> 00:01:00.029
 THE MONARCH
 WILL ALSO FLY TO MEXICO,

00:01:00.529 --> 00:01:03.032
 BUT WITH NO MAP, NO GUIDE,

00:01:03.031 --> 00:01:06.034
NOT EVEN THE COLLECTIVE MEMORY
 OF ITS ANCESTORS

00:01:06.034 --> 00:01:08.537
 TO SHOW IT THE WAY.

00:01:13.542 --> 00:01:16.545
 WE WOULD FLY
 AT 928 KILOMETRES AN HOUR,

00:01:16.545 --> 00:01:19.048
 THROUGH RAIN, SLEET,
 OR EVEN SNOW,

00:01:19.047 --> 00:01:22.050
 ARRIVING IN MEXICO
 IN A LITTLE OVER FIVE HOURS,

00:01:22.050 --> 00:01:24.553
 AND MORE THAN
 4,000 KILOMETRES LATER--

00:01:24.553 --> 00:01:26.555
 IN MANY WAYS,

00:01:26.555 --> 00:01:30.559
 A MIRACULOUS ACHIEVEMENT
OF TECHNOLOGY.

00:01:30.559 --> 00:01:33.562
 THE BUTTERFLY, ALL ALONE,

00:01:33.562 --> 00:01:35.564
 WITH WINGS
 AS THIN AS A MAPLE LEAF,

00:01:35.564 --> 00:01:39.068
 WILL FLY AT AN AVERAGE SPEED
 OF 12 KILOMETRES AN HOUR.

00:01:41.069 --> 00:01:44.072
 FOR WEEKS, IT WILL BRAVE
 WINDS AND SEVERE WEATHER

00:01:44.072 --> 00:01:46.074
 TO FIND ITS WAY SOUTHWEST.

00:01:48.577 --> 00:01:50.079
 IT IS AN EPIC JOURNEY

00:01:50.078 --> 00:01:52.080
 THAT WILL TAKE IT ACROSS
 THE GREAT LAKES,

00:01:52.080 --> 00:01:55.584
 ALL OF THE UNITED STATES,
 AND HALF OF MEXICO,

00:01:55.584 --> 00:02:01.590
TO FIND AN EXACT PATCH OF FOREST
DEEP IN THE MOUNTAINS OF MEXICO.

00:02:01.590 --> 00:02:03.592
IF IT SURVIVES,

00:02:03.592 --> 00:02:04.593
 IT WILL JOIN
 MILLIONS OF OTHERS

00:02:05.093 --> 00:02:06.595
 TO EARN ITS NAME--

00:02:06.595 --> 00:02:10.099
 THE MONARCH,
 A BUTTERFLY BEYOND BORDERS.

00:02:29.618 --> 00:02:33.122
 THE SOUND
 OF A MILLION BUTTERFLY WINGS.

00:02:37.626 --> 00:02:39.128
 EVERY WINTER,

00:02:39.127 --> 00:02:41.129
MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS
OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES

00:02:41.129 --> 00:02:43.131
 TRANSFORM THIS PATCH
 OF MEXICAN FOREST

00:02:43.131 --> 00:02:45.634
 INTO A SPECTACULAR
SURREAL VISION

00:02:46.134 --> 00:02:48.136
 OF ORANGE AND BLACK.

00:02:50.138 --> 00:02:53.642
 CLUSTERED TOGETHER IN ROOSTS
 ON THE BARK AND BRANCHES

00:02:53.642 --> 00:02:55.644
 OF THESE OYAMEL FIR TREES,

00:02:55.644 --> 00:02:58.147
 THE MICRO-CLIMATE
 OF THIS PARTICULAR FOREST

00:02:58.146 --> 00:03:00.649
 OFFERS THE PRECISE HUMIDITY
AND TEMPERATURE

00:03:00.649 --> 00:03:03.652
THAT THE MONARCHS NEED
TO SURVIVE THE WINTER.

00:03:06.154 --> 00:03:08.657
 NONE OF THESE BUTTERFLIES
HAVE BEEN HERE BEFORE.

00:03:09.157 --> 00:03:14.162
 HOW DID THEY GET HERE
 TO THIS EXACT SPOT?

00:03:17.165 --> 00:03:20.669
WE KNOW HOW TO BUILD JET PLANES
AND FLY THEM ON GLOBAL JOURNEYS,

00:03:20.669 --> 00:03:22.171
 BUT WE HAVEN’T YET DISCOVERED

00:03:22.170 --> 00:03:25.674
 THE SECRET
 OF THE MONARCH’S MIGRATION.

00:03:25.674 --> 00:03:28.677
 IT IS THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY
 OF VOYAGES,

00:03:28.677 --> 00:03:31.680
 THE MOST MYSTERIOUS
OF LIFECYCLES.

00:03:43.191 --> 00:03:46.194
EACH TIME WE THINK WE’VE SOLVED
 ONE OF NATURE’S MYSTERIES,

00:03:46.194 --> 00:03:48.697
WE SEEM TO HAVE
 A THOUSAND MORE QUESTIONS.

00:03:51.199 --> 00:03:54.703
 WHAT CAN THIS TINY INSECT
 TELL US ABOUT A SPECIES,

00:03:54.703 --> 00:03:59.708
 ABOUT ADAPTATION AND CHANGE,
 ABOUT LIFE ITSELF?

00:04:00.709 --> 00:04:04.713
BUT THE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION
IS WILL THERE BE TIME--

00:04:04.713 --> 00:04:09.718
 TIME TO SOLVE THESE QUESTIONS
 BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE?

00:04:09.718 --> 00:04:11.720
 HERE IS THIS MARVELLOUSLY
 ABUNDANT INSECT,

00:04:11.720 --> 00:04:15.724
 AND FOR MANY REASONS,
 IT’S BEING BESIEGED.

00:04:15.724 --> 00:04:18.227
 IT’S BEING BESIEGED
BECAUSE OF THE FOREST IN MEXICO,

00:04:18.226 --> 00:04:20.228
 IT’S BEING BESIEGED
BECAUSE OF DESTRUCTION

00:04:20.228 --> 00:04:22.230
 OF THE CATERPILLAR’S
 FOOD PLANTS,

00:04:22.230 --> 00:04:23.732
AND THE ADULT’S NECTAR SOURCES.

00:04:24.232 --> 00:04:26.234
 IT’S A VERY COMMON INSECT,

00:04:26.234 --> 00:04:28.236
 AND IN MANY WAYS,

00:04:28.236 --> 00:04:31.239
 LIKE THE CANARY IN THE MINE,

00:04:31.239 --> 00:04:32.741
 IF THE MONARCH FALLS,

00:04:32.741 --> 00:04:36.745
 THEN WE MIGHT HAVE
 MAJOR ECOSYSTEM COLLAPSE

00:04:36.745 --> 00:04:38.747
 IN ALL DIRECTIONS.

00:04:39.247 --> 00:04:42.751
 HERE’S A GENERALIST SPECIES
 THAT IS ABLE TO REBOUND,

00:04:43.251 --> 00:04:45.253
 TOLERATE FREEZING IN MEXICO,

00:04:45.253 --> 00:04:48.757
TOLERATE THE LAMBASTING
 OF ITS NECTAR SOURCES

00:04:48.757 --> 00:04:50.259
BY HERBICIDES,

00:04:50.258 --> 00:04:53.261
TOLERATE HUGE SPRAYING
OF INSECTICIDES

00:04:53.261 --> 00:04:56.264
ACROSS
 MANY MAJOR BREEDING AREAS.

00:04:56.264 --> 00:05:00.769
IF, IN FACT, THIS INSECT GOES,

00:05:00.769 --> 00:05:03.272
 WE MAY SEE A MAJOR TOPPLING

00:05:03.271 --> 00:05:06.274
 OF HUNDREDS OF OTHER SPECIES
GOING WITH IT.

00:05:09.277 --> 00:05:10.278
 [ NARRATOR ]:
 DR. LINCOLN BROWER

00:05:10.278 --> 00:05:12.280
 WAS ONCE EXPELLED FROM SCHOOL

00:05:12.280 --> 00:05:15.283
 FOR PLAYING HOOKEY
IN ORDER TO CATCH BUTTERFLIES.

00:05:15.283 --> 00:05:18.787
TODAY, HE IS A LEADING AUTHORITY
 ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE MONARCH

00:05:18.787 --> 00:05:21.290
AT SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE,
 VIRGINIA.

00:05:21.289 --> 00:05:23.291
[ DR. BROWER ]:
 THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY

00:05:23.291 --> 00:05:26.294
 IS THE MOST COMMON BUTTERFLY
IN THE WORLD, PROBABLY.

00:05:26.294 --> 00:05:29.297
 IT EVOLVED IN SOUTH AMERICA,
 WE BELIEVE,

00:05:29.798 --> 00:05:32.301
 AND FROM CENTRAL AMERICA,
 AND MEXICO,

00:05:32.300 --> 00:05:34.803
 INVADED THE UNITED STATES
 AND CANADA.

00:05:34.803 --> 00:05:38.807
BUT THE MONARCH
 IS THE ONLY BUTTERFLY

00:05:38.807 --> 00:05:40.309
 IN ITS SUB-FAMILY,

00:05:40.308 --> 00:05:43.812
 AND, REALLY, ONE OF
THE FEW BUTTERFLIES IN THE WORLD

00:05:43.812 --> 00:05:46.815
THAT IS ABLE TO EXPLODE
 OUT OF THE TROPICS

00:05:47.315 --> 00:05:48.316
 INTO THE TEMPERATE ZONE,

00:05:48.316 --> 00:05:50.819
 WHICH IS
 THE MOST COMPLEX MIGRATION

00:05:50.819 --> 00:05:51.820
OF ANY INSECT,

00:05:52.320 --> 00:05:53.822
 OF ANY INVERTEBRATE
 IN THE WHOLE WORLD,

00:05:54.322 --> 00:05:55.824
 IT’S SO BIRDLIKE.

00:05:58.326 --> 00:05:59.828
 [ NARRATOR ]:
TODAY IN NORTH AMERICA,

00:05:59.828 --> 00:06:02.331
 THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
 DIVIDE THE MONARCH

00:06:02.330 --> 00:06:07.335
 INTO TWO DISTINCT POPULATIONS
AND MIGRATORY PATTERNS.

00:06:07.335 --> 00:06:09.838
THE WESTERN POPULATION
 STAYS IN CALIFORNIA

00:06:09.838 --> 00:06:14.343
 AND OVERWINTERS ON THE COAST.

00:06:14.342 --> 00:06:17.846
THE EASTERN POPULATION MIGRATES
 FROM AS FAR NORTH AS CANADA,

00:06:17.846 --> 00:06:19.348
THROUGH THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S.,

00:06:19.347 --> 00:06:21.850
TO THE MEXICAN
OVERWINTERING RESERVES.

00:06:31.359 --> 00:06:33.361
AUTUMN
 AT POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK

00:06:33.361 --> 00:06:34.863
 IN ONTARIO.

00:06:36.364 --> 00:06:37.866
HERE ON THE SHORES OF LAKE ERIE,

00:06:37.866 --> 00:06:40.869
MIGRATING BIRDS AND BUTTERFLIES
 GATHER IN THE FALL

00:06:40.869 --> 00:06:43.872
 BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO CROSS
 THE GREAT LAKES.

00:06:44.372 --> 00:06:47.375
 IT’S A POPULAR PLACE
 TO VIEW MIGRATION.

00:06:53.381 --> 00:06:54.883
 TAMMY DOBBIE
IS A PARKS CANADA GUIDE

00:06:54.883 --> 00:06:57.386
 WHO PROVIDES INFORMATION
 ABOUT THE MONARCH,

00:06:57.385 --> 00:07:00.388
 AS WELL AS HELPING VISITORS
TO SPOT THE BUTTERFLIES

00:07:00.388 --> 00:07:01.890
AS THEY MIGRATE SOUTH.

00:07:01.890 --> 00:07:04.393
MONARCHS ARE KIND OF FUNNELLED
INTO POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK,

00:07:04.893 --> 00:07:06.395
 BECAUSE OF THE GREAT LAKES,
MOSTLY.

00:07:06.394 --> 00:07:08.396
 MONARCHS COMING FROM
 CENTRAL ONTARIO,

00:07:08.396 --> 00:07:10.398
 OR EASTERN ONTARIO,
 OR NORTHERN ONTARIO,

00:07:10.398 --> 00:07:12.901
ALL START TO HEAD SOUTH
TOWARD MEXICO,

00:07:12.901 --> 00:07:14.903
 AND EVENTUALLY ENCOUNTER
 THE GREAT LAKES,

00:07:14.903 --> 00:07:16.405
AND IF THE FOLLOW THE SHORELINE,

00:07:16.404 --> 00:07:18.907
THEY EVENTUALLY END UP
IN POINT PELEE,

00:07:18.907 --> 00:07:20.409
 AND THEN,
WHEN THEY GET DOWN TO THE TIP,

00:07:20.408 --> 00:07:22.911
 REALIZE THAT THIS IS
 A PLACE TO CROSS,

00:07:22.911 --> 00:07:24.413
 AND WILL WAIT HERE
 UNTIL THE PROPER CONDITIONS

00:07:24.913 --> 00:07:26.915
 TO CROSS THE LAKE.

00:07:28.917 --> 00:07:31.420
 MONARCHS DON’T WANT TO CROSS
 LARGE BODIES OF WATER

00:07:31.419 --> 00:07:32.420
 BECAUSE IF YOU GET TIRED,

00:07:32.921 --> 00:07:34.423
 OR A WIND WHIPS UP
IN THE MIDDLE,

00:07:34.422 --> 00:07:36.424
YOU’RE IN BIG TROUBLE.

00:07:42.430 --> 00:07:45.433
[ NARRATOR ]: A MONARCH
IS NO MATCH FOR AN AUTUMN WIND.

00:07:47.435 --> 00:07:49.437
 A THIN SPIT OF SAND
 IS THE LAST REFUGE

00:07:49.437 --> 00:07:51.439
 FOR THESE MONARCHS,

00:07:51.439 --> 00:07:54.943
WHICH MUST WAIT FOR STORM FRONTS
 TO PASS.

00:07:56.945 --> 00:07:58.947
 OCTOBER WINDS CAN BE FIERCE,

00:07:58.947 --> 00:08:00.449
 AND THE DAYS
 ARE GETTING SHORTER.

00:08:00.448 --> 00:08:02.450
I CAN SEE AT LEAST SIX OR SEVEN

00:08:02.450 --> 00:08:04.953
 THAT ARE WAY OUT
 JUST IN THE DISTANCE.

00:08:04.953 --> 00:08:06.455
THEY’RE GETTING BLOWN OUT HERE,

00:08:06.454 --> 00:08:08.957
 AND THEN THEY’RE COMING BACK
 MUCH FURTHER NORTH,

00:08:08.957 --> 00:08:11.460
BUT THEY’RE NOT
 MAKING IT VERY FAR

00:08:11.459 --> 00:08:13.461
 BEFORE THEY DECIDE THAT...

00:08:13.461 --> 00:08:15.463
 IT JUST WASN’T A GOOD IDEA.

00:08:29.477 --> 00:08:31.479
 [ NARRATOR ]:
EVEN IF IT SURVIVES THE WEATHER,

00:08:31.479 --> 00:08:32.981
 THIS TINY BUTTERFLY

00:08:32.981 --> 00:08:36.985
 WILL STILL FACE A FUTURE
OF UNCERTAINTY.

00:08:49.998 --> 00:08:52.501
 THE WEATHER IS NOW TOO COLD
 FOR THESE MONARCHS

00:08:52.500 --> 00:08:54.502
 TO REACH SEXUAL MATURITY.

00:08:56.004 --> 00:09:00.509
 THE LIFECYCLE OF A MONARCH
 IS USUALLY JUST ONE MONTH,

00:09:00.508 --> 00:09:02.510
 BUT THIS FALL GENERATION

00:09:02.510 --> 00:09:05.013
 WILL LIVE LONG ENOUGH
 TO FLY TO MEXICO,

00:09:05.013 --> 00:09:09.518
 AND SURVIVE AN ASTONISHING
 EIGHT MONTHS.

00:09:09.517 --> 00:09:11.019
 AFTER MATING,
 THEY WILL FLY NORTH,

00:09:11.019 --> 00:09:16.024
 AS FAR AS TEXAS,
 PERHAPS EVEN FURTHER.

00:09:16.524 --> 00:09:18.526
 LATER GENERATIONS
 WILL FLY NORTHEAST,

00:09:18.526 --> 00:09:21.029
MATING, REPRODUCING, AND DYING,

00:09:21.029 --> 00:09:24.032
 UNTIL AS MANY
AS FOUR BREEDING CYCLES LATER,

00:09:24.032 --> 00:09:26.535
 THEY REACH CANADA.

00:09:26.534 --> 00:09:27.535
 BY THEN,
 IT WILL BE AUTUMN AGAIN,

00:09:28.036 --> 00:09:30.038
 AND CHANGES
 IN LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE

00:09:30.038 --> 00:09:33.041
 WILL TRIGGER THE MONARCHS
 TO GO SOUTH,

00:09:33.041 --> 00:09:35.544
 BUT HOW DO THEY KNOW
 WHERE TO GO?

00:09:35.543 --> 00:09:37.545
 BASICALLY,
WE DON’T KNOW VERY MUCH

00:09:37.545 --> 00:09:40.048
ABOUT HOW MONARCHS FIGURE OUT--

00:09:40.048 --> 00:09:41.550
 NUMBER ONE,
 HOW TO GET TO MEXICO,

00:09:41.549 --> 00:09:43.551
SEEING AS THE MONARCHS
THAT ARE LEAVING HERE,

00:09:43.551 --> 00:09:44.052
 FROM POINT PELEE,

00:09:44.552 --> 00:09:45.553
 WERE BORN IN CANADA--

00:09:45.553 --> 00:09:46.554
THEY’VE NEVER BEEN TO MEXICO--

00:09:47.055 --> 00:09:48.557
 HOW THEY GET THERE
 IN THE LONG TERM,

00:09:48.556 --> 00:09:50.558
 KNOWING IN THE LONG TERM
 HOW TO GET TO MEXICO,

00:09:50.558 --> 00:09:53.561
 AND JUST INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS

00:09:53.561 --> 00:09:55.563
 ABOUT WHEN TO FLY
 ACROSS THE LAKE,

00:09:55.563 --> 00:09:56.564
 WHEN NOT TO,

00:09:56.564 --> 00:09:58.066
 THOSE KIND OF DECISIONS--

00:09:58.066 --> 00:10:00.068
 NOBODY HAS REALLY
COME UP WITH ANY IDEAS

00:10:00.068 --> 00:10:01.570
 ABOUT HOW MONARCHS
ACTUALLY THINK.

00:10:01.569 --> 00:10:04.572
WE WISH, HERE AT PELEE,
 WE KNEW HOW MONARCHS THOUGHT,

00:10:04.572 --> 00:10:06.574
 BECAUSE IF WE COULD
GET INSIDE THEIR LITTLE BRAINS,

00:10:07.075 --> 00:10:09.077
THEN WE’D BE ABLE TO GIVE PEOPLE
 A MUCH BETTER IDEA

00:10:09.077 --> 00:10:10.579
 ABOUT WHEN
TO COME AND VISIT THEM,

00:10:10.578 --> 00:10:12.080
 AND WHERE TO LOOK
 IN THE PARK, TOO,

00:10:12.080 --> 00:10:13.081
 THAT CAN BE TRICKY.

00:10:14.582 --> 00:10:17.585
[ NARRATOR ]: HOW MONARCHS THINK
 PUZZLED DR. FRED URQUHART

00:10:17.585 --> 00:10:21.089
 AS LONG AGO AS 1937
WHEN HE WAS JUST A BOY,

00:10:21.089 --> 00:10:22.591
 LONG BEFORE HE BECAME

00:10:22.590 --> 00:10:26.094
 PROFESSOR EMERITUS
 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.

00:10:26.094 --> 00:10:29.097
 [ DR. URQUHART ]:
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?

00:10:29.097 --> 00:10:31.099
 MONKEY CURIOSITY.

00:10:31.599 --> 00:10:34.602
IN OTHER WORDS, YOU SAY "WHY?"

00:10:34.602 --> 00:10:37.105
YOU SAY
 WHAT I DID AS A LITTLE KID,

00:10:37.605 --> 00:10:39.107
 "WHERE DO BUTTERFLIES GO?"

00:10:39.107 --> 00:10:42.110
 NOW, THAT’S THE QUESTION,
 "WHERE DO THEY GO?"

00:10:42.110 --> 00:10:43.612
 WELL, IF YOU’RE GOING
 TO FOLLOW THAT UP,

00:10:43.611 --> 00:10:46.114
 WHICH I DID,
 AND ALONG WITH NORAH,

00:10:46.114 --> 00:10:48.116
 WE FOUND OUT.

00:10:48.116 --> 00:10:50.619
AND I’VE OFTEN THOUGHT
OF A LITTLE BOY DOWN IN MEXICO,

00:10:50.618 --> 00:10:53.621
 MAYBE THE LITTLE BOY
 THAT WAS WITH US DOWN THERE

00:10:53.621 --> 00:10:55.123
LOOKING UP AT THE TREES
 AND SAYING,

00:10:55.123 --> 00:10:58.627
 "WHERE DID THESE BUTTERFLIES
 COME FROM?"

00:10:58.626 --> 00:11:01.629
SO WE TOLD HIM,
 "THEY COME FROM CANADA."

00:11:10.138 --> 00:11:11.640
 [ NARRATOR ]:
WHILE THE LOCAL PEOPLE

00:11:11.639 --> 00:11:13.641
 HAVE ALWAYS KNOWN
 ABOUT THESE BUTTERFLIES,

00:11:13.641 --> 00:11:15.143
 IT WASN’T UNTIL 1975

00:11:15.143 --> 00:11:18.146
 THAT FRED AND NORAH URQUHART
 AND THEIR VOLUNTEERS

00:11:18.146 --> 00:11:21.149
 DISCOVERED THAT THIS WAS
WHERE THE EASTERN MONARCHS WENT

00:11:21.149 --> 00:11:23.151
IN THE WINTER.

00:11:23.151 --> 00:11:24.653
 [ DR. URQUHART ]: SO HERE ARE
ALL THESE BUTTERFLIES,

00:11:24.652 --> 00:11:25.653
THESE LITTLE THINGS...

00:11:25.653 --> 00:11:29.157
 LIKE LITTLE LEAVES
ON THE BRANCH,

00:11:29.157 --> 00:11:32.160
 AND THE BRANCH LEANING OVER
 WITH THE WEIGHT OF THEM,

00:11:32.160 --> 00:11:34.162
AND ALL OF THE SUDDEN,
 THE BRANCH CRACKS,

00:11:34.162 --> 00:11:35.163
AND DOWN THEY ALL FALL,

00:11:35.163 --> 00:11:36.665
 THE BRANCH FALLS,

00:11:36.664 --> 00:11:38.166
 AND THE BUTTERFLIES
 ARE ALL OVER US,

00:11:38.166 --> 00:11:43.171
AND RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF IT,
 OF THIS MESS OF BUTTERFLIES,

00:11:43.171 --> 00:11:45.674
HERE IS ONE WITH A LITTLE TICKET
 ON ITS WING,

00:11:45.673 --> 00:11:48.176
 AND THAT WAS
 THE FIRST DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE

00:11:48.176 --> 00:11:54.182
 THAT THEY FLEW FROM SOMEWHERE
 IN NORTH AMERICA DOWN THERE.

00:11:54.182 --> 00:11:57.686
 NOW, THAT IS TO ME
 DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE.

00:11:57.685 --> 00:12:00.688
THAT ISN’T ANY HEARSAY,
 THAT’S PROOF.

00:12:11.199 --> 00:12:13.201
[ NARRATOR ]: DON DAVIS
 LEARNED FROM DR. URQUHART

00:12:13.201 --> 00:12:15.704
THAT TAGGING A CREATURE
 WITH PAPER-THIN WINGS

00:12:15.703 --> 00:12:18.706
 REQUIRES SKILL AND PATIENCE.

00:12:18.706 --> 00:12:19.707
 [ DAVID ]:
 THE PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM

00:12:19.707 --> 00:12:22.210
 WAS TO DISCOVER--

00:12:22.210 --> 00:12:23.712
FIND OUT WHERE
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLIES

00:12:23.711 --> 00:12:25.213
 WENT IN THE WINTER-TIME.

00:12:25.213 --> 00:12:28.216
 IT TOOK A GREAT DEAL OF WORK
 AND MANY, MANY YEARS

00:12:28.216 --> 00:12:30.719
 TO DEVISE A METHOD,
 AN EFFECTIVE METHOD,

00:12:30.718 --> 00:12:33.721
 FOR TAGGING THE BUTTERFLY.

00:12:33.721 --> 00:12:35.223
 MANY EARLIER EFFORTS FAILED,

00:12:35.723 --> 00:12:37.725
 BECAUSE THE TAG, FOR EXAMPLE,

00:12:37.725 --> 00:12:40.228
WOULD FAIL TO HAVE INSTRUCTIONS
AS TO WHAT THE FINDER SHOULD DO

00:12:40.228 --> 00:12:41.229
 IF IT WAS DISCOVERED.

00:12:41.229 --> 00:12:43.732
BECAUSE IT’S AN INSECT

00:12:43.731 --> 00:12:45.733
 AND THE SKELETON
 IS ON THE OUTSIDE,

00:12:45.733 --> 00:12:47.735
YOU CAN EASILY HOLD IT
 WITHOUT DAMAGING IT.

00:12:47.735 --> 00:12:50.738
IN ORDER FOR THE TAG TO ADHERE,

00:12:50.738 --> 00:12:52.240
YOU MUST REMOVE
 SOME OF THE SCALES

00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:54.242
 ON THE FRONT LEADING EDGE
 OF THE WING.

00:12:54.242 --> 00:12:57.245
 THAT REVEALS A CLEAR MEMBRANE
 TO WHICH THE TAG WILL ADHERE.

00:12:57.745 --> 00:13:00.748
IF YOU DIDN’T REMOVE THE SCALES,
THE TAG WOULD SIMPLY FALL OFF.

00:13:00.748 --> 00:13:03.751
 WHAT YOU MUST THEN DO
 IS FOLD THE TAG IN HALF,

00:13:03.751 --> 00:13:05.253
 AND PLACE IT OVER

00:13:05.253 --> 00:13:08.757
THE FRONT LEADING EDGE
 OF THE WING.

00:13:08.756 --> 00:13:10.258
 IN THAT POSITION,

00:13:10.258 --> 00:13:12.761
 THE TAG DOES NOT INTERFERE
WITH THE FLIGHT OF THE BUTTERFLY

00:13:12.760 --> 00:13:14.762
 AND ADDS ONLY ABOUT
 1/40 ADDITIONAL WEIGHT TO IT.

00:13:14.762 --> 00:13:16.764
 ONCE YOU’VE COMPLETED
 TAGGING IT,

00:13:16.764 --> 00:13:19.267
 YOU CAN RELEASE IT.

00:13:19.267 --> 00:13:22.270
 OCCASIONALLY, IT SITS STILL,
 BUT THERE IT GOES.

00:13:27.775 --> 00:13:29.277
 [ NARRATOR ]:
THE MONARCH’S MIGRATION

00:13:29.777 --> 00:13:32.780
CONTINUES TO CAPTIVATE
SCIENTISTS AND LAYPEOPLE ALIKE.

00:13:33.281 --> 00:13:35.784
 NEW INFORMATION COMES
 FROM SCORES OF VOLUNTEERS

00:13:36.284 --> 00:13:37.285
 ALL OVER THE WORLD,

00:13:37.785 --> 00:13:39.787
 WHO ARE AS CURIOUS
AND PASSIONATE ABOUT THIS INSECT

00:13:40.288 --> 00:13:42.290
 AS DR. CHIP TAYLOR
 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS.

00:13:42.790 --> 00:13:44.792
[ DR. TAYLOR ]: WE HAVE
 A CONTINENTAL-WIDE PHENOMENA.

00:13:44.792 --> 00:13:47.795
 THESE BUTTERFLIES
 BY THE HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS

00:13:47.795 --> 00:13:49.297
 ARE SWEEPING ACROSS
THE CONTINENT.

00:13:49.797 --> 00:13:53.801
WE NEED EYES AND EARS EVERYWHERE

00:13:53.801 --> 00:13:57.305
TO TRY TO PICK UP THE BASIC DATA
 ABOUT THIS PHENOMENA,

00:13:57.305 --> 00:13:59.808
 AND IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND
 THE WHOLE PROCESS,

00:13:59.807 --> 00:14:03.811
 WE NEED MORE THAN
 JUST A COUPLE OF RESEARCHERS.

00:14:05.313 --> 00:14:06.815
 [ NARRATOR ]: SINCE 1937,

00:14:06.814 --> 00:14:09.317
 WHEN URQUHART BEGAN
HIS BUTTERFLY RESEARCH,

00:14:09.317 --> 00:14:11.820
 VOLUNTEERS HAVE CONTINUED
 TO PLAY A VITAL ROLE.

00:14:12.320 --> 00:14:15.824
 THE MIGRATION IS NOW TRACKED
ALL OVER NORTH AMERICA

00:14:15.823 --> 00:14:18.326
BY PEOPLE EXCHANGING INFORMATION
 ON THE INTERNET.

00:14:19.327 --> 00:14:20.829
 WE’LL BE ABLE
 TO USE THIS

00:14:20.828 --> 00:14:22.330
FOR THE NEW WEBPAGE.

00:14:22.330 --> 00:14:24.332
THAT WILL MAKE
A NICE TRANSPARENCY

00:14:24.332 --> 00:14:26.334
IF IT’S DULLED DOWN
A LITTLE BIT.

00:14:26.334 --> 00:14:28.837
[ DR. TAYLOR ]: ONE WAY
 THAT PEOPLE CAN GET INVOLVED

00:14:28.836 --> 00:14:30.838
 IS SIMPLY TO HOME IN
ON OUR WEBSITE,

00:14:30.838 --> 00:14:32.340
 SEE WHAT WE HAVE TO OFFER,

00:14:32.340 --> 00:14:34.342
LOOK AT
THE STUDENT SCIENTIST PROJECTS

00:14:34.342 --> 00:14:35.844
 THAT WE HAVE THERE,

00:14:35.843 --> 00:14:38.846
AND PICK OUT ONE THAT THEY THINK
THEY’D LIKE TO PARTICIPATE IN,

00:14:38.846 --> 00:14:40.848
AND THEY CAN CONTRIBUTE
 ORIGINAL DATA TO A PROJECT,

00:14:40.848 --> 00:14:42.350
 WHICH WILL HELP US LEARN

00:14:42.350 --> 00:14:44.853
 A GOOD DEAL MORE
 ABOUT THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY.

00:14:44.852 --> 00:14:48.856
[ NARRATOR ]: ACROSS THE BORDER,
IN A SASKAHEWAN LAB,

00:14:48.856 --> 00:14:52.360
SCIENTISTS ARE WORKING
 ON A GROUND-BREAKING PROJECT.

00:14:52.360 --> 00:14:54.863
 THIS HYDROGEN ISOTOPE STUDY

00:14:54.862 --> 00:14:56.864
 MEASURES LEVELS OF DEUTERIUM
 IN MONARCH WINGS.

00:14:59.367 --> 00:15:01.870
 SPECIMENS ARE SENT IN
BY VOLUNTEERS,

00:15:01.869 --> 00:15:04.872
 COORDINATED IN PART
 BY CHIP TAYLOR IN KANSAS.

00:15:04.872 --> 00:15:07.375
THIS WILL HELP IDENTIFY
THE ORIGINS OF MONARCHS

00:15:07.375 --> 00:15:08.877
THAT GATHER IN MEXICO,

00:15:08.876 --> 00:15:10.878
 AND WILL ULTIMATELY

00:15:10.878 --> 00:15:13.881
ENCOURAGE CONSERVATION EFFORTS
IN ALL THREE COUNTRIES.

00:15:25.893 --> 00:15:28.896
BUTTERFLIES AND PLANTS
HAVE EVOLVED TOGETHER,

00:15:28.896 --> 00:15:30.898
 THERE’S NO DOUBT OF THAT.

00:15:30.898 --> 00:15:32.900
 BUTTERFLIES POLLINATE PLANTS,

00:15:32.900 --> 00:15:36.404
 THE PLANTS PROVIDE NECTAR
 FOR THE BUTTERFLIES.

00:15:36.404 --> 00:15:38.406
 NOW, THE MONARCH IS A MEMBER

00:15:38.406 --> 00:15:42.410
OF THE SUB-FAMILY OF 157 SPECIES
OF BUTTERFLIES,

00:15:42.410 --> 00:15:44.913
 AND ALL OF THESE BUTTERFLIES

00:15:44.912 --> 00:15:46.914
 ARE CALLED
"MILKWEED BUTTERFLIES"

00:15:46.914 --> 00:15:50.418
 BECAUSE THEY’RE ASSOCIATED
 WITH LATEX-PRODUCING PLANTS

00:15:50.418 --> 00:15:52.921
MOSTLY IN THE MILKWEED FAMILY.

00:15:54.422 --> 00:15:58.426
[ NARRATOR ]: THIS IS PARADISE--
 MILKWEED PARADISE.

00:15:58.426 --> 00:16:00.929
 IT MAY LOOK LIKE
 A DERELICT FIELD,

00:16:00.928 --> 00:16:03.931
BUT IT’S ACTUALLY A PERFECT HOME
FOR THE MILKWEED PLANT,

00:16:04.432 --> 00:16:07.435
 AND ALSO FOR THE MONARCH.

00:16:07.435 --> 00:16:10.438
 GROWING WILD
IN ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL AREAS

00:16:10.438 --> 00:16:11.940
 AND ALONG HIGHWAYS,

00:16:11.939 --> 00:16:13.941
 MILKWEED PREFERS
DISTURBED LAND,

00:16:13.941 --> 00:16:16.444
AND QUICKLY TAKES OVER.

00:16:16.944 --> 00:16:19.447
 IT’S A COMMON PLANT
 WITH AN UNCOMMON FEATURE--

00:16:19.447 --> 00:16:20.448
 IT’S TOXIC--

00:16:20.448 --> 00:16:21.950
 AND SO IT PLAYS A KEY ROLE

00:16:22.450 --> 00:16:24.953
IN THE SURVIVAL
 AND INGENIOUS BIOLOGY

00:16:24.952 --> 00:16:28.456
OF THE MONARCH.

00:16:28.456 --> 00:16:30.959
MILKWEED GETS ITS NAME
 FROM THE THICK, WHITE LIQUID

00:16:30.958 --> 00:16:33.461
 THAT APPEARS
 WHEN THE STEM IS BROKEN.

00:16:33.961 --> 00:16:35.963
 THE SAP CONTAINS
 CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES,

00:16:35.963 --> 00:16:41.469
 POISONOUS TO ANIMALS,
BUT NOT TO THE MONARCH.

00:16:41.469 --> 00:16:42.470
 PREDATORS RECOGNIZE

00:16:42.970 --> 00:16:43.971
 THE MONARCH’S
 BRIGHT ORANGE COLOUR,

00:16:43.971 --> 00:16:45.473
 AND LEARN NOT TO EAT IT.

00:16:45.473 --> 00:16:48.977
[ DR. BROWER ]:
 SO THE MONARCH STANDS OUT,

00:16:48.976 --> 00:16:51.479
 AND, IN FACT,
 IT’S ADVERTISING THE FACT

00:16:51.479 --> 00:16:53.982
 AT IT’S
 A HIGHLY POISONOUS BUTTERFLY,

00:16:53.981 --> 00:16:57.985
AND THE WAY IT DERIVES
 THIS POISONOUS CHARACTERISTIC

00:16:57.985 --> 00:16:59.987
 IS THROUGH EATING
THESE MILKWEED PLANTS,

00:16:59.987 --> 00:17:02.490
 WHICH IN TURN ARE POISONOUS,

00:17:02.490 --> 00:17:03.992
 AND IT TURNS OUT

00:17:03.991 --> 00:17:06.494
 THAT THE MONARCH
ACTUALLY ABSORBS THESE POISONS

00:17:06.494 --> 00:17:08.997
 IN ITS BODY AS A CATERPILLAR,

00:17:08.996 --> 00:17:10.998
FROM CHEWING THEM IN THE LEAVES,

00:17:10.998 --> 00:17:12.500
 AND ABSORBS THEM
 FROM THE LEAVES IN ITS GUT.

00:17:12.500 --> 00:17:14.502
IT GOES INTO THE BODY,
 AND IT’S STORED,

00:17:14.502 --> 00:17:16.004
CARRIED THROUGH
 THE CHRYSALIS STAGE

00:17:16.003 --> 00:17:18.005
 TO THE ADULT,

00:17:18.005 --> 00:17:21.008
 AND THE BUTTERFLIES END UP
 BEING EXTREMELY POISONOUS

00:17:21.008 --> 00:17:24.011
 TO BIRDS AND OTHER PREDATORS
 THAT MIGHT EAT THEM.

00:17:32.019 --> 00:17:34.021
 [ NARRATOR ]:
THIS YOUNG LABORATORY BLUEJAY,

00:17:34.021 --> 00:17:36.023
 WHICH HAS NEVER EATEN
 A MONARCH BEFORE,

00:17:36.023 --> 00:17:39.527
 WILL QUICKLY LEARN
 FROM THE EXPERIENCE.

00:17:39.527 --> 00:17:41.529
 12 MINUTES LATER, IT VOMITS,

00:17:41.529 --> 00:17:45.033
 AND WILL BE VERY CAREFUL
 TO AVOID THEM IN THE FUTURE.

00:17:50.037 --> 00:17:52.039
 THE COURTSHIP RITUALS
AND SEXUAL PREFERENCES,

00:17:52.039 --> 00:17:54.542
NOT TO MENTION ANATOMY
OF THE MONARCH,

00:17:55.042 --> 00:17:56.544
 ARE ALSO UNIQUE.

00:17:56.544 --> 00:18:01.049
 THE SUB-FAMILY, DENEANE,
 TO WHICH MONARCHS BELONG,

00:18:01.048 --> 00:18:04.552
 ALL HAVE SPECIALIZED PARTS
CALLED "HAIR PENCILS--"

00:18:04.552 --> 00:18:07.055
 TWO TINY
 FEATHER-DUSTER-LIKE ORGANS

00:18:07.054 --> 00:18:08.556
 FOUND ONLY IN THE MALES.

00:18:09.056 --> 00:18:12.560
THESE TWO BLACK POUCHES
 ARE LOCATED ON THE HIND WINGS

00:18:12.560 --> 00:18:14.062
 AND PRODUCE PHEROMONES--

00:18:14.562 --> 00:18:16.064
 CHEMICALS THAT EMIT
 A UNIQUE SCENT---

00:18:16.063 --> 00:18:19.567
 IRRESISTIBLE
 IF YOU’RE A MONARCH.

00:18:20.067 --> 00:18:21.569
 [ DR. BROWER ]: PHEROMONES,

00:18:21.569 --> 00:18:24.572
 CHEMICALS WHICH ARE
 SOCIAL CHEMICALS

00:18:24.572 --> 00:18:26.074
 THAT ARE USED IN COURTSHIP

00:18:26.073 --> 00:18:28.576
AND OTHER SORTS OF INTERACTIONS
 BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS

00:18:28.576 --> 00:18:31.079
 WITHIN A SPECIES.

00:18:33.080 --> 00:18:35.583
 AND THE MALE
 SEES A FEMALE FLYING,

00:18:35.583 --> 00:18:38.086
 AND HE TAKES OFF AFTER HER,

00:18:38.586 --> 00:18:40.088
 AND, EVENTUALLY,

00:18:40.087 --> 00:18:42.590
 AFTER PURSUING HER
 IN A VIOLENT AERIAL FLIGHT

00:18:42.590 --> 00:18:46.094
THAT MAY GO ON
FOR UP TO A COUPLE OF MINUTES,

00:18:46.093 --> 00:18:48.095
 THE MALE
 WILL OVERTAKE THE FEMALE

00:18:48.095 --> 00:18:51.599
 AND HE WILL THEN PROTRUDE
 THESE HAIR PENCILS,

00:18:51.599 --> 00:18:55.603
 AND WAVE THEM BACK AND FORTH
 OVER THE FEMALE’S ANTENNAE,

00:18:55.603 --> 00:18:58.106
 AND HE’S TRANSFERRING
 LITTLE PARTCLES

00:18:58.105 --> 00:19:00.608
 THAT CONTAIN
THIS PERFUMED PHEROMONE SCENT,

00:19:01.108 --> 00:19:04.612
 AND THAT INDUCES THE FEMALE
 TO ALIGHT,

00:19:04.612 --> 00:19:05.613
 SO SHE FLIES DOWN,

00:19:06.113 --> 00:19:07.615
HE FLIES DOWN WITH HER,

00:19:07.615 --> 00:19:10.118
 AND THEN HE COUPLES.

00:19:19.126 --> 00:19:22.129
 IN MEXICO, THERE ARE
SOME BIZARRE MATING BEHAVIOURS.

00:19:22.630 --> 00:19:24.132
 THE MAJOR REASON FOR THIS

00:19:24.131 --> 00:19:29.136
 IS BECAUSE IT’S STILL COLD
 INSIDE THAT FOREST.

00:19:29.136 --> 00:19:31.639
 THEY LOSE THEIR BODY HEAT
SO FAST

00:19:31.639 --> 00:19:33.641
 THAT THEY DROP BELOW
 FLIGHT THRESHOLD,

00:19:33.641 --> 00:19:36.644
 SO THEY WILL CRAWL UP TREES
OR CRAWL UP VEGETATION,

00:19:36.644 --> 00:19:38.646
THEY’LL CRAWL TO A SUNNY SPOT,

00:19:38.646 --> 00:19:40.648
 AND WE KNOW,

00:19:40.648 --> 00:19:42.150
FROM MEASURING
 THEIR BODY TEMPERATURES,

00:19:42.149 --> 00:19:44.652
 THAT WITHIN ABOUT 30 SECONDS,

00:19:44.652 --> 00:19:46.154
 IF THEY OPEN THEIR WINGS
 TO THE SUN,

00:19:46.153 --> 00:19:48.656
 THEY CAN WARM THEIR BODIES
TO FLIGHT TEMPERATURE.

00:19:49.156 --> 00:19:50.157
 WITHIN A COUPLE OF MINUTES,

00:19:50.157 --> 00:19:53.160
 THEY’RE READY TO GO
 FULL-STEAM AHEAD.

00:20:00.668 --> 00:20:03.171
THEY STAY MATED
 FOR ABOUT TWO OR THREE HOURS

00:20:03.170 --> 00:20:04.171
 IF IT’S THE DAY,

00:20:04.171 --> 00:20:05.172
 OR OVERNIGHT.

00:20:05.673 --> 00:20:08.676
 AND IT TURNS OUT
 THAT A FEMALE MONARCH

00:20:09.176 --> 00:20:11.679
 CAN BE MATED
 UP TO AS MANY AS 15 TIMES

00:20:11.679 --> 00:20:14.682
IN THE COURSE OF HER LIFETIME.

00:20:18.686 --> 00:20:20.188
 [ NARRATOR ]: AFTER MATING,

00:20:20.187 --> 00:20:21.188
 THE FEMALE MONARCH

00:20:21.188 --> 00:20:22.690
WILL SEARCH FRANTICALLY
 FOR MILKWEED

00:20:22.690 --> 00:20:24.692
 ON WHICH TO LAY HER EGGS.

00:20:28.696 --> 00:20:31.199
SHE WILL LAY AS MANY AS 400 EGGS

00:20:31.198 --> 00:20:33.200
 ON THE UNDERSIDE
 OF MILKWEED LEAVES,

00:20:33.200 --> 00:20:35.202
 EACH ONE CAREFULLY PLACED

00:20:35.202 --> 00:20:39.206
TO HELP ENSURE
 THE SURVIVAL OF THE LARVAE.

00:20:44.712 --> 00:20:46.714
 UNDER NORMAL TEMPERATURES,

00:20:46.714 --> 00:20:50.718
 THESE EGGS WILL TAKE
THREE OR FOUR DAYS TO DEVELOP.

00:20:51.218 --> 00:20:53.721
A CATERPILLAR OF ABOUT
 TWO MILLIMETRES LONG HATCHES.

00:20:57.725 --> 00:21:01.729
IT SHEDS ITS OLD SKIN,
 FORMS A NEW ONE,

00:21:01.729 --> 00:21:04.232
 EATS, AND EATS SOME MORE.

00:21:04.231 --> 00:21:07.735
 THIS IS THE FIRST INSTAR,
 OR STAGE, OF LARVA,

00:21:08.235 --> 00:21:11.739
 WHICH LIVES ON THE MILKWEED
FOR THREE OR FOUR DAYS.

00:21:11.739 --> 00:21:16.744
 IT GROWS INTO THE SECOND,
AND THE THIRD,

00:21:16.744 --> 00:21:20.748
AND THE FOURTH,

00:21:20.748 --> 00:21:23.251
 AND, FINALLY, THE FIFTH--

00:21:23.751 --> 00:21:25.753
A BRILLIANTLY DESIGNED
EATING MACHINE

00:21:25.753 --> 00:21:29.757
 WEIGHING IN AT 3,000 TIMES
 ITS OWN BIRTH WEIGHT.

00:21:34.261 --> 00:21:36.764
[ DR. BROWER ]: TOWARDS THE END
 OF THE FIFTH INSTAR,

00:21:36.764 --> 00:21:39.267
THE LARVAE STOP EATING,

00:21:39.266 --> 00:21:41.268
 AND THEY EVACUATE THEIR GUTS,

00:21:41.268 --> 00:21:45.773
 AND THEY THEN GO USUALLY
 TO THE UNDERSIDE OF A LEAF,

00:21:46.273 --> 00:21:51.779
 AND THE LARVA SPINS
 A SILK DISC TO THE LEAF,

00:21:51.779 --> 00:21:54.282
AND THEN IN THE CENTRE
 OF THAT DISC,

00:21:54.281 --> 00:21:57.284
 IT SPINS
 A BEAUTIFUL LITTLE SILK PAD.

00:21:57.284 --> 00:22:03.791
 NOW, THE LARVA TURNS AROUND
 AND ANCHORS ITS HIND LEGS,

00:22:03.791 --> 00:22:05.793
 WHICH HAVE
 THESE LITTLE HOOKS IN THEM

00:22:05.793 --> 00:22:07.795
 IN THAT SILK PAD.

00:22:07.795 --> 00:22:10.298
 THE LARVA THEN DROPS DOWN,

00:22:10.798 --> 00:22:14.802
AND GRADUALLY IT PULLS ITS HEAD
UP UNDERNEATH ITS BODY,

00:22:14.802 --> 00:22:19.307
 AND NOW TRUE METAMORPHOSIS
 IS TAKING PLACE.

00:22:22.309 --> 00:22:23.811
 INSIDE THAT LARVA,

00:22:23.811 --> 00:22:27.315
 THE ENTIRE
INTERNAL LARVAL TISSUE

00:22:27.314 --> 00:22:29.316
 IS UNDERGOING DIGESTION.

00:22:32.319 --> 00:22:38.325
 AND THEN AS THIS PROCESS
 IS ABOUT MAYBE 90% COMPLETE,

00:22:38.826 --> 00:22:41.829
 THE OLD LARVA
 BEGINS TO SHED ITS SKIN,

00:22:41.829 --> 00:22:44.832
 IT TAKES ABOUT A MINUTE.

00:22:44.832 --> 00:22:48.336
THE SKIN BREAKS
 ALONG THE BACK OF THE THORAX,

00:22:48.335 --> 00:22:50.838
AND THE LARVA WRIGGLES
 OUT OF THAT SKIN.

00:22:59.346 --> 00:23:00.848
[ NARRATOR ]: UNTIL THIS STAGE,

00:23:00.848 --> 00:23:02.850
 JUVENILE HORMONES
 HAVE KEPT THE MONARCH

00:23:02.850 --> 00:23:05.353
FROM DEVELOPING
 INTO A BUTTERFLY,

00:23:05.853 --> 00:23:08.356
 BUT ONCE THE CATERPILLAR
STOPS PRODUCING THESE HORMONES,

00:23:08.355 --> 00:23:10.858
 THE OLD LARVAL SKIN DROPS,

00:23:10.858 --> 00:23:15.363
 EXPOSING A BEAUTIFUL
 JADE-GREEN CHRYSALID.

00:23:15.362 --> 00:23:17.865
INSIDE,
 THE CATERPILLAR HAS DISSOLVED

00:23:17.865 --> 00:23:20.368
INTO A JUICY SUBSTANCE

00:23:20.367 --> 00:23:24.872
 THAT FUELS THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE ADULT BUTTERFLY.

00:23:24.872 --> 00:23:26.374
 AFTER ABOUT 10 DAYS,

00:23:26.373 --> 00:23:28.876
 USUALLY A COUPLE OF HOURS
 AFTER DAWN,

00:23:28.876 --> 00:23:30.378
 THE CHRYSALID SPLITS,

00:23:30.377 --> 00:23:33.881
 AND THE FINAL
 BREATHTAKING METAMORPHOSIS

00:23:33.881 --> 00:23:35.383
 TAKES PLACE.

00:23:52.399 --> 00:23:54.902
 USING ITS ABDOMEN
 TO PUMP BLOOD INTO ITS WINGS,

00:23:54.902 --> 00:23:57.405
 IT WILL SLOWLY INFLATE THEM
LIKE BALLOONS,

00:23:57.404 --> 00:24:00.407
 UNTIL A MONARCH BUTTERFLY
 COMES INTO BEING.

00:24:08.415 --> 00:24:09.917
ONE MIRACULOUS JOURNEY

00:24:09.917 --> 00:24:13.421
 OF PERFECTLY DESIGNED
 AND TIMED STAGES COMPLETED

00:24:13.420 --> 00:24:15.923
 WITH ANOTHER JOURNEY
ABOUT TO BEGIN.

00:24:23.931 --> 00:24:25.933
 LIKE SO MANY TOURISTS
 BEFORE THEM,

00:24:25.933 --> 00:24:29.437
 THE MONARCHS CROSS
 ANOTHER BORDER INTO MEXICO.

00:24:29.436 --> 00:24:31.438
 THEY SHARE
 AN EVER-CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

00:24:31.438 --> 00:24:32.940
 WITH PEOPLE.

00:24:32.940 --> 00:24:34.442
 BOTH HAVE NEEDS--

00:24:34.441 --> 00:24:37.945
 PEOPLE NEED WORK,
AND BUTTERFLIES NEED THE FOREST.

00:24:37.945 --> 00:24:39.947
CAN WE PROTECT
 THE MONARCHS’ HABITAT

00:24:39.947 --> 00:24:41.949
WHILE AT THE SAME TIME

00:24:41.949 --> 00:24:45.453
 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT
THE NEEDS OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE?

00:24:45.452 --> 00:24:48.455
 GUILLERMO CASTILLEJA
 OF THE WORLD WILDLIFE FUND

00:24:48.455 --> 00:24:49.957
 EXPLAINS.

00:24:50.457 --> 00:24:54.962
 WHAT WE HAVE IN FRONT OF US
 IS A CASE OF CONSERVATION

00:24:54.962 --> 00:25:00.468
AND ALSO A CASE OF THE INTEREST
 OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES

00:25:00.467 --> 00:25:02.970
 TO IMPROVE THEIR LIVELIHOODS.

00:25:03.470 --> 00:25:04.972
THE QUESTION IS

00:25:04.972 --> 00:25:06.974
 HOW TO MAKE THESE TWO
 COMPATIBLE.

00:25:12.980 --> 00:25:15.983
[ NARRATOR ]: ROSINDO GONZALEZ
LIVES NEAR ONE OF THE RESERVES,

00:25:15.983 --> 00:25:18.986
 HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS
 NEAR THE TOWN OF EL ROSARIO.

00:25:18.986 --> 00:25:21.989
 HE IS ONE OF
35 COMMUNITY LANDOWNERS

00:25:21.989 --> 00:25:24.492
WHO LIVE WITH THE BUTTERFLIES.

00:25:24.491 --> 00:25:27.995
 EVERY DAY
DURING THE OVERWINTERING PERIOD,

00:25:27.995 --> 00:25:30.998
 HE GOES TO WORK AS A GUIDE
 IN THE BUTTERFLY RESERVES.

00:25:35.502 --> 00:25:37.004
 ROSINDO’S JOB IN EL ROSARIO

00:25:37.004 --> 00:25:39.507
 IS BOTH TO PROTECT
 AND EDUCATE ABOUT THE MONARCH

00:25:39.506 --> 00:25:41.508
TO THE PEOPLE WHO COME TO VISIT
 THE SANCTUARIES.

00:25:45.012 --> 00:25:48.015
 SO FAR, ONLY TWO RESERVES
ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC,

00:25:48.515 --> 00:25:52.019
 BUT AS MANY AS 7,000 PEOPLE
WILL COME HERE EACH DAY

00:25:52.019 --> 00:25:54.522
DURING THE PEAK
OF THE TOURIST SEASON.

00:25:58.525 --> 00:26:01.028
THE BUTTERFLIES
HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE NOVEMBER.

00:26:01.528 --> 00:26:06.033
 AS SPRING APPROACHES,
 THEY WILL MATE AND FLY NORTH,

00:26:06.033 --> 00:26:07.535
LEAVING ROSINDO
 AND HIS NEIGHBOURS

00:26:07.534 --> 00:26:09.036
 TO PLANT THEIR CORN.

00:26:17.044 --> 00:26:18.546
[ TRANSLATOR ]:
 MY DREAM IS TO TRANSLATE

00:26:19.046 --> 00:26:20.548
 THE REALITY OF ALL OF THIS

00:26:21.048 --> 00:26:24.552
INTO BETTER CONDITIONS
 FOR OUR CHILDREN,

00:26:24.551 --> 00:26:26.553
 SO THEY HAVE
 MORE CHOICE OF WORK,

00:26:26.553 --> 00:26:28.055
 BE MORE CAPABLE,

00:26:28.055 --> 00:26:30.057
AND ALSO CONTINUE THEIR STUDIES

00:26:30.057 --> 00:26:32.059
SO THEY COULD HAVE PROFESSIONS,

00:26:32.059 --> 00:26:36.063
 AND BETTER THEMSELVES
 ECONOMICALLY.

00:26:36.063 --> 00:26:38.566
 THEY SHOULD ALSO BE ABLE
 TO GIVE THEIR OWN CHILDREN

00:26:38.565 --> 00:26:40.067
 A BETTER EDUCATION,

00:26:40.067 --> 00:26:43.070
AND OFFER THEM MORE CULTURALLY.

00:26:43.070 --> 00:26:46.073
THE BUTTERFLIES
ARE ALREADY SHOWING, YOU KNOW,

00:26:46.073 --> 00:26:49.577
 THAT THEY CAN BE AN ASSET
 FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES.

00:26:49.576 --> 00:26:52.079
 ECOTOURISM
IS BOOMING IN THE AREA,

00:26:52.079 --> 00:26:53.581
 AND I THINK THAT

00:26:53.580 --> 00:26:57.084
AS THE NEW SANCTUARIES
 ARE OPEN TO TOURISM,

00:26:57.084 --> 00:26:59.086
 THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES REALIZE

00:26:59.586 --> 00:27:00.587
 THAT THERE IS

00:27:01.088 --> 00:27:03.090
A POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT
 SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THEM,

00:27:03.090 --> 00:27:07.595
 AND SO WE THINK THAT
PEOPLE ARE GRADUALLY REALIZING

00:27:07.594 --> 00:27:09.596
 THAT THE CONSERVATION
 OF THE BUTTERFLIES

00:27:09.596 --> 00:27:12.599
COULD RESULT IN INCOME,

00:27:12.599 --> 00:27:15.602
 VERY CONCRETE INCOME
FOR THOSE COMMUNITIES.

00:27:22.609 --> 00:27:24.611
 [ NARRATOR ]: EVERY YEAR
 IN THE STATE OF MICHOACAN,

00:27:24.611 --> 00:27:27.114
THE PEOPLE HOLD
 A MONARCH BUTTERFLY FESTIVAL,

00:27:27.114 --> 00:27:31.619
CELEBRATING THE RETURN
 OF THE MARIPOSA MONARCA.

00:27:47.134 --> 00:27:49.136
 THE NATIONAL BIOLOGY
 AND ECOLOGY INSTITUTE

00:27:49.636 --> 00:27:53.140
COORDINATES ECOTOURISM
 IN THE AREA.

00:27:53.140 --> 00:27:54.141
 BENIGNO MARTINEZ.

00:27:54.141 --> 00:27:57.144
[ TRANSLATOR ]:
 THE BUTTERFLY IS KING

00:27:57.144 --> 00:27:59.146
 FOR THE SIX MONTHS
 WE HAVE IT HERE.

00:27:59.146 --> 00:28:04.151
THE COMMUNITY LIVES FROM TOURISM
 FOR THOSE SIX MONTHS,

00:28:04.151 --> 00:28:06.153
 SELLING HANDICRAFTS AND FOOD,

00:28:06.153 --> 00:28:07.655
 WORKING AS GUIDES,

00:28:07.654 --> 00:28:10.657
 AS WELL AS GETTING
 A PERCENTAGE FROM PARKING,

00:28:10.657 --> 00:28:11.658
 RESTROOM SERVICES,

00:28:11.658 --> 00:28:12.659
 AND THE CRAFT STORE.

00:28:17.664 --> 00:28:21.668
AS A RESULT, 35 FULL-TIME JOBS
 HAVE BEEN CREATED.

00:28:21.668 --> 00:28:25.172
INDIRECTLY, WE’RE TALKING ABOUT
 MORE THAN 300 JOBS,

00:28:25.172 --> 00:28:26.173
 AS WELL AS THE IMPACT

00:28:26.173 --> 00:28:29.176
ON THE TOTAL POPULATION
 OF 10,000,

00:28:29.176 --> 00:28:30.678
WHO ALL BENEFIT

00:28:30.677 --> 00:28:33.680
 FROM THESE SIX MONTHS
 OF TOURISM.

00:28:36.183 --> 00:28:38.185
 [ NARRATOR ]:
 WHILE TOURISM IS IMPORTANT,

00:28:38.185 --> 00:28:42.690
 IT CANNOT BEGIN TO ANSWER
 ALL OF MEXICO’S PROBLEMS.

00:28:42.689 --> 00:28:44.691
 THE CHALLENGE OF ENSURING
 PEOPLE’S BASIC NEEDS

00:28:44.691 --> 00:28:46.193
IN AN IMPOVERISHED AREA

00:28:46.693 --> 00:28:51.198
ARE FURTHER COMPLICATED
BY MEXICO’S STRUGGLING ECONOMY.

00:28:51.698 --> 00:28:53.700
 PRESSURES
ARE STEADILY INCREASING

00:28:53.700 --> 00:28:58.205
AS LOCAL FARMERS NEED MORE LAND
TO GROW CROPS OR RAISE CATTLE.

00:28:58.205 --> 00:29:00.708
 COLLECTING FIREWOOD
 AND CUTTING TREES FOR TIMBER

00:29:00.707 --> 00:29:02.709
 ALL THREATEN
 THE MONARCH RESERVES.

00:29:06.213 --> 00:29:08.716
[ DR. BROWER ]:
THE ACHILLES HEEL OF THE MONARCH

00:29:08.715 --> 00:29:11.718
IS THE CUTTING
OF THE OYAMEL FORESTS.

00:29:12.219 --> 00:29:14.722
 ANYBODY WHO HAS EVER CAMPED

00:29:14.721 --> 00:29:17.224
 KNOWS THAT IF YOU PUT
 A BLANKET OVER YOUR BODY

00:29:17.224 --> 00:29:18.726
THAT IS FULL OF HOLES,

00:29:18.725 --> 00:29:20.227
 THAT YOU’RE GOING TO GET COLD
 AT NIGHT.

00:29:20.727 --> 00:29:22.729
 MONARCHS ARE NOT ONLY
 GOING TO GET COLD AT NIGHT

00:29:22.729 --> 00:29:24.731
 IF THERE ARE HOLES
IN THE BLANKET,

00:29:24.731 --> 00:29:27.234
 THEY’RE GOING TO BE KILLED
 BECAUSE THEY FREEZE TO DEATH.

00:29:27.734 --> 00:29:30.737
 LIKEWISE, THE PROBABILITY
THEY’RE GETTING WETTED

00:29:31.238 --> 00:29:32.740
 DURING THE PERIODIC RAINS

00:29:32.739 --> 00:29:36.243
 IS GOING TO BE INCREASED
 BY THINNING THE FORESTS.

00:29:36.243 --> 00:29:40.247
THESE FORESTS IN MEXICO
 ARE REMNANT FORESTS

00:29:40.247 --> 00:29:42.750
THAT WERE ONCE
 MUCH MORE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED,

00:29:42.749 --> 00:29:48.255
AND THEIR NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
 HAS BEEN GREATLY DIMINISHED

00:29:48.255 --> 00:29:51.759
 BY EXTENSIVE,
 SEVERE CLEARCUTTING

00:29:51.758 --> 00:29:53.260
IN MANY, MANY AREAS OF MEXICO,

00:29:53.260 --> 00:29:56.764
 OR JUST PREDATORY LOGGING,

00:29:56.763 --> 00:29:59.766
WHERE A FEW TREES ARE TAKEN OUT
 AND THE FOREST IS DAMAGED.

00:29:59.766 --> 00:30:04.271
 SO WE COULD LOSE
THE WHOLE MIGRATORY PHENOMENON

00:30:04.271 --> 00:30:09.276
 IF THE PRESENT RATE
OF DESTRUCTION OF THESE FORESTS

00:30:09.276 --> 00:30:11.278
 IS NOT STOPPED IMMEDIATELY.

00:30:13.780 --> 00:30:15.282
 [ NARRATOR ]:
BUT NOT EVERYONE AGREES

00:30:15.282 --> 00:30:16.784
ON JUST WHAT ENDANGERS
 THE MONARCH.

00:30:16.783 --> 00:30:20.787
 JURGEN HOTH IS A BIOLOGIST
 WHO GREW UP IN MEXICO

00:30:20.787 --> 00:30:23.790
 AND HAS STUDIED THE BUTTERFLY
 AND ITS HABITAT.

00:30:23.790 --> 00:30:25.292
UNLIKE LINCOLN BROWER,

00:30:25.292 --> 00:30:26.794
HE BELIEVES SOME HUMAN IMPACTS

00:30:26.793 --> 00:30:28.295
 MAY ACTUALLY
 BENEFIT THE MONARCH.

00:30:28.795 --> 00:30:30.797
 CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION,

00:30:30.797 --> 00:30:36.303
ALL THESE WORDS
THAT DENOTE STABILITY,

00:30:36.303 --> 00:30:38.806
THAT DENOTE NO CHANGE.

00:30:38.805 --> 00:30:40.807
 HOWEVER, MORE AND MORE NOW,

00:30:40.807 --> 00:30:43.310
AS SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
 ACCUMULATES,

00:30:43.310 --> 00:30:46.313
WE ARE LOOKING
 THAT CHANGE IS MORE A RULE

00:30:46.313 --> 00:30:49.316
 RATHER THAN AN EXCEPTION,

00:30:49.316 --> 00:30:52.820
 SO PUTTING THAT PERSPECTIVE
 INTO THIS FOREST,

00:30:52.819 --> 00:30:56.323
WE SEE THAT THE FOREST

00:30:56.323 --> 00:31:00.327
 CAN BE SEEN MORE AS A MOSAIC
OF CHANGING CONDITIONS.

00:31:00.327 --> 00:31:03.831
 THE TRADITIONAL WAY
FOR SEEING CONSERVATION

00:31:03.830 --> 00:31:08.335
 IS TO SEE JUST NATURE
 IN A VERY STATIC WAY,

00:31:08.335 --> 00:31:12.840
AND NATURE, BASICALLY,
WITHOUT PEOPLE.

00:31:13.840 --> 00:31:15.842
 WITH REGARDS
 TO THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY,

00:31:15.842 --> 00:31:17.344
 DISTURBANCE CAN BE FINE,

00:31:17.344 --> 00:31:20.347
 OR CAN BE ALLOWED
 IN A NATURAL SYSTEM,

00:31:20.347 --> 00:31:22.850
 BUT THE REAL QUESTION
 IS HOW MUCH DISTURBANCE,

00:31:22.849 --> 00:31:24.351
 HOW FREQUENT, HOW EXTENSIVE,

00:31:24.851 --> 00:31:27.354
WHAT TYPE OF DISTURBING FACTORS
 COULD BE ALLOWED?

00:31:36.863 --> 00:31:39.866
 WE’VE GOT FOUR MONARCH SITES
IN VIEW HERE...

00:31:42.869 --> 00:31:44.871
 [ NARRATOR ]: PAUL CHERUBINI
 IS AN ENTOMOLOGIST

00:31:44.871 --> 00:31:46.873
 WHO HAS ALSO STUDIED
THE MONARCH IN MEXICO,

00:31:46.873 --> 00:31:48.875
AS WELL AS IN THE UNITED STATES.

00:31:48.875 --> 00:31:50.377
[ CHERUBINI ]:
 I AGREE WITH THE ASSESSMENT

00:31:50.377 --> 00:31:52.379
OF JURGEN HOTH

00:31:52.379 --> 00:31:56.383
 THAT MONARCHS PREFER
MODERATELY DISTURBED HABITATS,

00:31:56.383 --> 00:31:57.384
 AND JUST LOOKING AROUND US,

00:31:57.884 --> 00:32:00.387
YOU CAN SEE THESE TREES
 ARE YOUNG TREES.

00:32:00.387 --> 00:32:02.389
 THIS IS NOT
 AN OLD-GROWTH VIRGIN FOREST.

00:32:02.389 --> 00:32:04.391
 ARCHAEOLOGICALLY,
 THERE IS EVIDENCE

00:32:04.391 --> 00:32:06.894
 THAT THEY’VE BEEN SELECTIVELY
HARVESTED FOR CENTURIES

00:32:06.893 --> 00:32:08.395
 AT A RATE THAT’S SO SLOW

00:32:08.895 --> 00:32:10.397
 THAT THE WHOLE HILLSIDES
 AREN’T LEFT BARE,

00:32:10.397 --> 00:32:12.399
 AND THERE’S NO CLEARCUTTING,

00:32:12.399 --> 00:32:13.901
SO I THINK THERE’S BEEN

00:32:13.900 --> 00:32:16.403
 A BALANCE OVER THE CENTURIES
 THERE BETWEEN...

00:32:16.403 --> 00:32:19.406
 A LIGHT BUT SUSTAINED USE
OF THE FOREST,

00:32:19.406 --> 00:32:20.908
 AND THAT KIND OF USE

00:32:20.907 --> 00:32:23.910
 IS COMPATIBLE
 WITH THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY.

00:32:23.910 --> 00:32:25.412
 EVEN THOUGH
 YOUR MIND MIGHT SAY

00:32:25.412 --> 00:32:27.414
 THAT THE OLD-GROWTH FOREST
 MUST BE THE IDEAL,

00:32:27.414 --> 00:32:30.417
AND A BREEDING HABITAT
FREE OF MAN’S INFLUENCE

00:32:30.417 --> 00:32:32.419
MUST BE IDEAL,

00:32:32.419 --> 00:32:34.421
I THINK THIS IS
 JUST A FANTASY WE LIVE IN,

00:32:34.921 --> 00:32:36.423
THAT JUST LIKE
 CERTAIN PEST INSECTS

00:32:36.423 --> 00:32:37.925
 ARE ENHANCED BY AGRICULTURE,

00:32:37.924 --> 00:32:39.426
 THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY

00:32:39.426 --> 00:32:40.928
 HAPPENS TO BE
A VERY BEAUTIFUL INSECT

00:32:40.927 --> 00:32:42.429
AND FASCINATING INSECT

00:32:42.429 --> 00:32:46.433
 THAT IS ALSO ENHANCED
 BY MAN’S ACTIVITIES.

00:32:50.937 --> 00:32:52.939
[ NARRATOR ]: THE MONARCHS NEED
THE OYAMEL FIR FORESTS,

00:32:52.939 --> 00:32:55.942
 BUT SO DO THE LOCAL PEOPLE.

00:32:55.942 --> 00:32:58.945
 FOR THEM, IT IS ONE SOURCE
 OF MUCH-NEEDED EMPLOYMENT.

00:33:02.449 --> 00:33:06.453
FOR A FEW, THIS HAS MEANT JOBS
CUTTING TIMBER,

00:33:06.453 --> 00:33:09.456
 MAKING CHIPBOARD,
OR WOODWORKING.

00:33:11.458 --> 00:33:13.460
 MOST OF ALL,

00:33:13.460 --> 00:33:16.463
 THE FOREST PROVIDES WOOD
 FOR COOKING AND HEATING,

00:33:16.463 --> 00:33:17.965
BUT THE BOTTOM LINE IS

00:33:17.964 --> 00:33:20.967
THAT THE OYAMEL FOREST
 IS DISAPPEARING.

00:33:24.971 --> 00:33:26.973
 THE MONARCH
 HAS CROSSED LAKES AND RIVERS,

00:33:26.973 --> 00:33:27.974
ENDURED STORMS,

00:33:27.974 --> 00:33:29.976
 AND ESCAPED
COUNTLESS OTHER HAZARDS

00:33:29.976 --> 00:33:31.978
 IN ITS QUEST FOR SANCTUARY
HERE IN MEXICO,

00:33:32.479 --> 00:33:34.982
 BUT NOTHING IN LIFE,

00:33:34.981 --> 00:33:36.983
 CERTAINLY NOT
 A SAFE ENVIRONMENT,

00:33:36.983 --> 00:33:39.986
 IS GUARANTEED
FOR HUMANS OR FOR BUTTERFLIES.

00:33:45.992 --> 00:33:47.494
 GLOBALLY,
FORESTS ARE BEING LOST

00:33:47.994 --> 00:33:50.497
 TO FIRE, WOODCUTTING,
AND AGRICULTURE

00:33:50.497 --> 00:33:54.501
AT THE RATE OF
17 MILLION HECTARES EVERY YEAR.

00:33:54.501 --> 00:33:57.504
THAT’S AN AREA
 THE SIZE OF OKLAHOMA,

00:33:57.504 --> 00:34:02.009
 RESULTING IN THE LOSS
 OF 27,000 SPECIES A YEAR.

00:34:02.008 --> 00:34:08.014
 THAT’S 74 SPECIES EVERY DAY,
 OR ONE EVERY 20 MINUTES.

00:34:10.016 --> 00:34:14.020
 THE MONARCH NEEDS TO HAVE
THE OYAMEL ECOSYSTEM PROTECTED.

00:34:14.020 --> 00:34:15.522
BECAUSE
NEITHER THE LAND NOR THE FOREST

00:34:15.522 --> 00:34:17.524
 IS OWNED BY THE GOVERNMENT,

00:34:17.524 --> 00:34:19.526
 IT IS UP TO THE LOCAL PEOPLE
 TO CARE FOR THEM.

00:34:21.027 --> 00:34:23.029
[ CASTILLEJA ]:
 80% OF THE FOREST IN MEXICO

00:34:23.029 --> 00:34:26.032
IS OWNED BY THE EJIDOS,
 WHICH IS LOCAL COMMUNITIES.

00:34:26.032 --> 00:34:30.537
IN THE CASE OF
 THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY AREA,

00:34:30.537 --> 00:34:32.039
 THE SANCTUARIES,

00:34:32.038 --> 00:34:35.041
ALL OF THE LAND
IS OWNED BY THE LOCAL COMMUNITY,

00:34:35.041 --> 00:34:36.543
SO OUR APPROACH
 TO CONSERVATION--

00:34:36.543 --> 00:34:38.545
THERE CANNOT BE SIMPLY,

00:34:38.545 --> 00:34:41.548
 "THIS IS A NATIONAL PARK,
 LET’S EXCLUDE THE PEOPLE."

00:34:41.548 --> 00:34:43.050
 WE NEED TO WORK WITH THEM.

00:34:43.049 --> 00:34:45.552
 WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND
 WHAT THEIR NEEDS ARE,

00:34:45.552 --> 00:34:47.054
 WHAT THEIR ASPIRATIONS ARE,

00:34:47.053 --> 00:34:49.055
 WHAT THEIR UNDERSTANDING
 OF THE PHENOMENON IS,

00:34:49.556 --> 00:34:53.060
AND HOW
 A RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

00:34:53.059 --> 00:34:54.561
THAT THEY MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN

00:34:55.061 --> 00:34:57.564
 IS COMPATIBLE
 WITH THE BUTTERFLIES.

00:35:03.069 --> 00:35:04.571
 [ NARRATOR ]: PADRE ANGEL
 IS A CATHOLIC PRIEST

00:35:04.571 --> 00:35:07.074
AND A DEDICATED ENVIRONMENTALIST

00:35:07.073 --> 00:35:08.575
WHO HAS MADE IT
 A PERSONAL MISSION

00:35:08.575 --> 00:35:10.077
 TO WORK WITH THE LOCAL PEOPLE

00:35:10.076 --> 00:35:13.079
TO PROTECT THE FORESTS
 AND THE MONARCH.

00:35:18.585 --> 00:35:20.587
[ TRANSLATOR ]:
 YES, THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY

00:35:20.587 --> 00:35:23.590
NEEDS NOT ONLY
A SANCTUARY TO COME TO,

00:35:23.590 --> 00:35:25.592
 BUT ALSO A SET OF CONDITIONS

00:35:25.592 --> 00:35:30.097
TO PROTECT ITS HABITAT
 AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS,

00:35:30.096 --> 00:35:34.100
 BECAUSE,
 WHERE ECOLOGY IS CONCERNED,

00:35:34.100 --> 00:35:37.604
 THERE ARE NO BORDERS.

00:35:37.604 --> 00:35:41.108
 THEREFORE,
 THE IRRATIONAL CLEARCUTTING

00:35:41.107 --> 00:35:43.109
OF A FOREST THAT SEEMS FAR AWAY

00:35:43.109 --> 00:35:50.116
NEGATIVELY AFFECTS THE HABITAT
OF THE MONARCH.

00:35:50.617 --> 00:35:52.119
 IT ALSO RESTS HERE

00:35:52.118 --> 00:35:55.622
 WHILE IT SEARCHES
 FOR ITS SANCTUARY.

00:36:00.126 --> 00:36:03.630
 EVERY YEAR, IT STAYS HERE
 FOR TWO OR THREE DAYS

00:36:03.630 --> 00:36:09.136
 WHILE FINDING A PLACE
TO OVERWINTER.

00:36:09.135 --> 00:36:14.641
 WE COULD CALL THIS A BUFFER
 OR A TRANSITION ZONE.

00:36:14.641 --> 00:36:17.644
 SO WE ARE WORKING AS MUCH

00:36:17.644 --> 00:36:19.646
 FOR THE PRESERVATION
 OF THE BUTTERFLY

00:36:19.646 --> 00:36:23.150
AS WE ARE FOR THE LIVES
OF THE PEOPLE.

00:36:29.656 --> 00:36:32.659
[ NARRATOR ]: TO DATE,
PADRE ANGEL HAS HELPED ORGANIZE

00:36:32.659 --> 00:36:36.163
 AND PLANT 17 MILLION TREES
IN THIS REGION.

00:36:36.162 --> 00:36:38.164
 A VOLUNTEER EFFORT
 OF THE COMMUNITY

00:36:38.164 --> 00:36:40.166
 AND A GIFT

00:36:40.166 --> 00:36:44.170
FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS
 OF BUTTERFLIES AND PEOPLE.

00:36:58.685 --> 00:37:02.189
 CONCRETE AND STEEL,
 ROADS AND CITIES...

00:37:02.689 --> 00:37:04.691
 AN INCREASINGLY URBANIZED
 NORTH AMERICA

00:37:04.691 --> 00:37:06.693
MEANS LESS AND LESS WILD LAND.

00:37:08.695 --> 00:37:10.197
WHAT LAND IS AVAILABLE

00:37:10.196 --> 00:37:13.700
 IS OFTEN CONTROLLED
WITH HERBICIDES OR MOWED DOWN.

00:37:15.702 --> 00:37:17.704
WHEN WE LOOK AT A COUNTRY FIELD,

00:37:17.704 --> 00:37:22.209
WE MAY ONLY SEE
 AN UNTIDY MESS OF WEEDS,

00:37:22.208 --> 00:37:25.712
 BUT TO THE MONARCH,
 THIS IS SHANGRI-LA.

00:37:28.214 --> 00:37:30.717
 MONARCHS MUST LAY THEIR EGGS
 ON MILKWEED,

00:37:30.717 --> 00:37:33.720
 BUT IT IS CONSIDERED
 A NOXIOUS WEED IN ONTARIO,

00:37:34.220 --> 00:37:35.722
AND LANDOWNERS
CAN BE REQUIRED BY LAW

00:37:36.222 --> 00:37:37.223
 TO REMOVE IT.

00:37:41.227 --> 00:37:43.730
 PART OF THE PROBLEM
 IS OUR ATTITUDE TO WEEDS--

00:37:43.730 --> 00:37:47.234
 PLANTS OTHER SPECIES NEED
 TO SURVIVE.

00:37:50.737 --> 00:37:52.739
 JEFF SILVERTHORN
WORKS FOR THE PARKS DEPARTMENT

00:37:52.739 --> 00:37:54.741
IN KANATA, NEAR OTTAWA.

00:37:54.741 --> 00:37:56.243
THE ISSUE THAT WE HAVE
 WITH MILKWEED

00:37:56.743 --> 00:37:58.245
 IS ONE WHERE WE’RE TRYING
 TO BALANCE IT OFF

00:37:58.244 --> 00:38:00.747
BETWEEN WHAT THE HOMEOWNER WANTS

00:38:00.747 --> 00:38:02.749
 AND WHAT THE OTHER HOMEOWNER
WANTS,

00:38:02.749 --> 00:38:03.750
 IN THE RESPECT THAT

00:38:04.250 --> 00:38:05.251
 SOME PEOPLE LIKE TO HAVE

00:38:05.251 --> 00:38:08.755
A PURELY MANICURED, LANDSCAPED
 LOT AND LAWN,

00:38:08.755 --> 00:38:10.257
 AND OTHER PEOPLE LIKE TO HAVE

00:38:10.757 --> 00:38:12.259
 SOMETHING THAT’S
 A LITTLE MORE DIVERSIFIED

00:38:12.759 --> 00:38:13.760
IN THE WAY OF HABITAT.

00:38:13.760 --> 00:38:15.262
 WHAT WE HAVE HERE
 IS AN EXAMPLE

00:38:15.261 --> 00:38:18.264
OF A MANICURED SECTION
 OF PARK LAND,

00:38:18.264 --> 00:38:20.266
 BUT WHAT WE’RE TRYING
 TO BALANCE THAT WITH

00:38:20.767 --> 00:38:22.769
 IS SOMETHING
 THAT’S A LOT MORE DIVERSIFIED

00:38:23.269 --> 00:38:26.272
 AND CREATES A HABITAT
 FOR MANY CREATURES,

00:38:26.272 --> 00:38:28.274
INCLUDING THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY.

00:38:37.784 --> 00:38:39.286
[ NARRATOR ]: CHANGING ATTITUDES

00:38:39.285 --> 00:38:41.287
 MEANS CREATING AWARENESS
ABOUT CHOICES,

00:38:41.788 --> 00:38:45.292
AND CREATING AWARENESS
CAN BEGIN AT A VERY YOUNG AGE.

00:38:48.294 --> 00:38:49.295
 SO YOUR JOB TODAY,

00:38:49.295 --> 00:38:50.797
YOUR CHALLENGE,

00:38:50.797 --> 00:38:53.300
 IS TO FIND THE MILKWEED,

00:38:53.299 --> 00:38:57.303
THE POWER THAT THE MONARCH GETS
 FROM THE MILKWEED.

00:38:57.804 --> 00:39:01.308
 [ NARRATOR ]: HAROLD SPANIER
 IS WITH MONARCH WATCH CANADA.

00:39:01.307 --> 00:39:03.309
BY HELPING CHILDREN UNDERSTAND
THE VITAL LINK

00:39:03.309 --> 00:39:05.311
 BETWEEN BUTTERFLIES
 AND MILKWEED,

00:39:05.311 --> 00:39:07.313
 MONARCH WATCH
 IS MAKING THE CONNECTION

00:39:07.313 --> 00:39:09.816
 BETWEEN CONSERVATION
 AND THE MONARCH.

00:39:09.816 --> 00:39:12.319
 CATTLE AND
 OTHER INSECTS

00:39:12.318 --> 00:39:13.319
 CAN NOT EAT
 THIS PLANT

00:39:13.319 --> 00:39:15.321
 OR ELSE
 THEY GET SICK.

00:39:15.321 --> 00:39:16.322
 [ SPANIER ]:
 THIS IS A NATURE PARK

00:39:16.322 --> 00:39:18.324
 ON THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL.

00:39:18.324 --> 00:39:22.328
 THIS WAS DONATED
 BY SOME PRIVATE CITIZENS,

00:39:22.328 --> 00:39:25.832
 AND IT’S SURROUNDED
 IN A LARGE URBAN AREA

00:39:25.832 --> 00:39:27.334
OF INDUSTRIAL PARKS, FACTORIES.

00:39:27.333 --> 00:39:30.336
 ABOVE US ARE POWERLINES,
 THERE’S TRAIN TRACKS,

00:39:30.336 --> 00:39:32.839
 SURROUNDED BY A LARGE CITY.

00:39:32.839 --> 00:39:34.341
ON THE DRIVE OVER HERE

00:39:34.340 --> 00:39:37.343
 WAS A LARGE
 CHEMICAL SPRAYING TRUCK--

00:39:37.343 --> 00:39:38.344
HERBICIDE, PESTICIDE--

00:39:38.344 --> 00:39:39.846
 TO KEEP THE LAWNS GREEN,

00:39:39.846 --> 00:39:41.848
 AND IT’S INTERESTING
 FOR THE KIDS

00:39:41.848 --> 00:39:42.849
 WHEN THEY’RE COMING IN HERE,

00:39:42.849 --> 00:39:44.351
THEY’RE SEEING
 A DIFFERENT TYPE OF GREEN,

00:39:44.350 --> 00:39:46.352
MORE WILDLIFE,
MORE ANIMALS ARE HERE,

00:39:46.352 --> 00:39:49.355
THAN THE SO-CALLED MONOCULTURE
 OF GRASS.

00:39:49.355 --> 00:39:51.357
YEAH, I CAN SEE
A MONARCH.

00:39:51.357 --> 00:39:52.859
WHAT DOES IT
LOOK LIKE

00:39:52.859 --> 00:39:53.860
 THROUGH THE
 MAGNIFYING GLASS?

00:39:54.360 --> 00:39:55.862
 COOL?

00:39:55.862 --> 00:39:57.864
PRETTY MUCH, YEAH.

00:39:58.364 --> 00:39:59.365
 WHAT DOES HE
 HAVE ON HIS HEAD,

00:39:59.365 --> 00:40:00.867
 ANTENNAS?

00:40:00.867 --> 00:40:02.869
 TWO LITTLE THINGS
 RIGHT HERE.

00:40:02.869 --> 00:40:03.870
 WHAT IS IT?

00:40:04.370 --> 00:40:05.371
THOSE ARE HIS JAWS.

00:40:05.371 --> 00:40:06.372
 JAWS? NO KIDDING.

00:40:06.372 --> 00:40:08.875
 WHERE’S THE EYEBALLS?

00:40:08.875 --> 00:40:12.379
 [ NARRATOR ]:
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS, THE MONARCH,

00:40:12.378 --> 00:40:13.880
 IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON

00:40:13.880 --> 00:40:18.385
 AND EASILY RECOGNIZED
 BUTTERFLIES IN NORTH AMERICA.

00:40:18.384 --> 00:40:20.386
BECAUSE IT HAS ADAPTED
 TO SURVIVE TODAY

00:40:20.386 --> 00:40:21.888
 IN SO MANY PLACES,

00:40:22.388 --> 00:40:24.891
WE ARE UNLIKELY TO LOSE
 THE SPECIES ITSELF,

00:40:25.391 --> 00:40:27.894
 AT LEAST FOR NOW,

00:40:27.894 --> 00:40:29.896
 HOWEVER,
THE PHENOMENON OF ITS MIGRATION

00:40:29.896 --> 00:40:32.899
 REMAINS A SERIOUS QUESTION.

00:40:32.899 --> 00:40:33.900
I DON’T BELIEVE

00:40:33.900 --> 00:40:35.402
 IN THE ENDANGERED PHENOMENON
PROBLEM

00:40:35.401 --> 00:40:36.903
 BECAUSE, IRONICALLY,

00:40:36.903 --> 00:40:38.905
 BY THE SAME FACTORS

00:40:38.905 --> 00:40:42.909
 THAT THEY THINK THAT HUMANS
ARE DEGRADING MONARCH HABITAT,

00:40:42.909 --> 00:40:44.911
 I ACTUALLY THINK
 ENHANCE MONARCH HABITAT,

00:40:44.911 --> 00:40:47.914
 LIKE THEY POINT TO HERBICIDES
AND PESTICIDES

00:40:47.914 --> 00:40:50.917
 THAT ARE USED ON FARMLANDS
 IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES,

00:40:50.917 --> 00:40:54.921
 BUT THE VERY FACT
THAT THE EASTERN UNITED STATES

00:40:54.921 --> 00:40:57.424
 WAS DEFORESTED BY MAN
TO PUT IN CROPS

00:40:57.423 --> 00:41:01.427
HAS CAUSED AN EXPLOSION
 OF MILKWEED GROWTH,

00:41:01.427 --> 00:41:03.930
 BECAUSE MILKWEED
 REQUIRES DISTURBED SOIL.

00:41:03.930 --> 00:41:08.935
 THERE ARE THOSE WHO MAINTAIN
 THAT THE USE OF HERBICIDES

00:41:08.935 --> 00:41:12.439
 WILL KILL OFF
 COMPETING VEGETATION,

00:41:12.438 --> 00:41:15.942
 AND THAT MONARCHS WILL HAVE
 MORE FOOD SUPPLY

00:41:15.942 --> 00:41:17.944
 IN TERMS OF
 LARVAL FOOD PLANTS,

00:41:17.944 --> 00:41:19.946
AND IN TERMS OF NECTAR SOURCES,

00:41:19.946 --> 00:41:21.448
 WHICH ARE VERY IMPORTANT
TO SUSTAIN THEM

00:41:21.447 --> 00:41:24.450
 DURING THEIR BREEDING CYCLE,
AND DURING THE FALL MIGRATION.

00:41:24.951 --> 00:41:28.955
 I THINK THAT THAT ARGUMENT
 IS COMPLETELY FALLACIOUS,

00:41:28.955 --> 00:41:31.958
BECAUSE WHAT DO HERBICIDES DO?

00:41:31.958 --> 00:41:35.962
HERBICIDES KILL
 ALL FLOWERING PLANTS,

00:41:35.962 --> 00:41:38.965
 AND FLOWERING PLANTS
 HAVE NECTAR IN THEM,

00:41:38.965 --> 00:41:41.968
 SO THE IDEA THAT HERBICIDES
ARE BENEFICIAL

00:41:41.968 --> 00:41:46.973
 BECAUSE THEY KILL
 COMPETING PLANTS FOR MONARCHS

00:41:46.973 --> 00:41:47.974
 IS NONSENSE,

00:41:47.974 --> 00:41:50.477
 AND IT’S NOT ONLY BAD
 FOR MONARCHS,

00:41:50.476 --> 00:41:53.479
IT’S BAD FOR THE ENTIRE
 ECOLOGICAL FOODCHAIN.

00:41:55.982 --> 00:41:57.984
 [ NARRATOR ]:
 TODAY THE WORLD USES

00:41:57.984 --> 00:42:01.488
4.1 BILLION POUNDS OF PESTICIDES
 EVERY YEAR,

00:42:01.988 --> 00:42:04.991
 AND MUCH OF THAT
 IS USED IN NORTH AMERICA,

00:42:04.991 --> 00:42:06.993
 INCLUDING MEXICO.

00:42:12.498 --> 00:42:14.500
 PARATHION IS A NERVE AGENT

00:42:14.500 --> 00:42:18.004
 USED TO KILL MOTHS
 AND BUTTERFLIES ON CROPS--

00:42:18.004 --> 00:42:21.508
 DEADLY FOR INSECTS,
DEADLY FOR PEOPLE, TOO.

00:42:22.008 --> 00:42:25.512
 [ TRANSLATOR ]: THIS IS WHERE
 THE BUTTERFLIES PASS

00:42:25.511 --> 00:42:28.014
 ON THEIR WAY TO ANGANGEO.

00:42:28.014 --> 00:42:29.516
THEY ALL PASS HERE, FLYING HIGH,

00:42:29.515 --> 00:42:33.019
SO, YES, PROBABLY WHEN
THERE’S DUST FROM THE SPRAYING,

00:42:33.519 --> 00:42:35.021
 IT COULD AFFECT THEM,

00:42:35.021 --> 00:42:37.524
 BUT, YOU SEE,
 HERE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE,

00:42:37.523 --> 00:42:42.028
WE HAVE NO OTHER WAY TO SURVIVE,
 WE HAVE TO WORK ON THE LAND.

00:42:42.528 --> 00:42:44.030
 IF WE HAD
 OTHER WORK POSSIBILITIES,

00:42:44.030 --> 00:42:47.033
MAYBE, YES, WE WOULD TRY THEM.

00:42:54.040 --> 00:42:58.545
 I THINK A LOT OF INSECTS
 ARE SO HARDY

00:42:58.544 --> 00:43:00.546
THAT THEY’LL SURVIVE ALL RIGHT.

00:43:00.546 --> 00:43:02.048
YOU SEE, MAN--

00:43:02.048 --> 00:43:05.051
 WHAT YOU ALWAYS COME BACK TO
IS COMPARE A BUTTERFLY TO MAN,

00:43:05.551 --> 00:43:07.553
 AND WHAT’LL HAPPEN TO HIM?

00:43:07.553 --> 00:43:09.555
 WELL, MAN IS
 SUCH A STUPID ANIMAL

00:43:09.555 --> 00:43:13.059
 THAT HE’LL DO THINGS
 TO KILL HIMSELF.

00:43:13.059 --> 00:43:14.060
 IF HE DOESN’T HAVE A WAR,

00:43:14.060 --> 00:43:16.062
WHICH IS A QUICKIE WAY
 OF DOING IT,

00:43:16.062 --> 00:43:17.063
 HE’LL GO AND POLLUTE A RIVER,

00:43:17.563 --> 00:43:19.065
SO I WOULD SAY

00:43:19.565 --> 00:43:20.566
 I’D BE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT

00:43:20.566 --> 00:43:23.069
WHAT’S GOING TO HAPPEN
 TO THE HUMAN SPECIES

00:43:23.069 --> 00:43:27.574
 AS IT DOES THINGS
 THAT NATURE NEVER INTENDED.

00:43:27.573 --> 00:43:29.075
 I SOMETIMES WONDER
THAT IT’LL COME

00:43:29.075 --> 00:43:30.577
 THAT THERE WON’T BE
 ANY HUMAN SPECIES

00:43:30.576 --> 00:43:32.078
ON THIS PLANET,

00:43:32.078 --> 00:43:33.580
 BUT THAT’S GOING TOO FAR,
 I THINK.

00:43:34.080 --> 00:43:35.582
 ONE COULD EASILY SAY

00:43:35.581 --> 00:43:38.084
 THAT THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
 IS AN INDICATOR OF SPECIES.

00:43:38.084 --> 00:43:39.586
 IF WE LOSE
THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY,

00:43:40.086 --> 00:43:44.090
 THAT MEANS THAT WE’VE LOST
A MAJOR EFFORT AT CONSERVATION.

00:43:44.090 --> 00:43:46.593
 IT’S ONE OF
THE MOST SPECTACULAR MIGRATIONS

00:43:46.592 --> 00:43:48.094
 THAT TAKES PLACE
 WITH ANY FORM OF ORGANISM

00:43:48.094 --> 00:43:50.096
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD,

00:43:50.096 --> 00:43:52.098
 AND TO LOSE THIS
 WOULD BE SUGGESTING

00:43:52.098 --> 00:43:55.101
 THAT WE ARE NOT MAINTAINING
OUR STEWARDSHIP OF THIS PLANET

00:43:55.101 --> 00:43:56.102
 VERY WELL.

00:43:56.102 --> 00:43:58.104
 THIS IS A SOCIETY,

00:43:58.104 --> 00:44:00.106
 THIS IS A SOCIETY
 INCLUDING NATURE,

00:44:00.106 --> 00:44:01.608
SO THIS IS A SOCIETAL PROBLEM.

00:44:01.607 --> 00:44:04.110
 CONSERVATION
IS A SOCIETAL PROBLEM,

00:44:04.110 --> 00:44:06.613
AND UNLESS WE UNDERSTAND THAT,

00:44:06.612 --> 00:44:11.117
WE WON’T HAVE ANY EFFECTIVE WAY
TO SECURE HERE,

00:44:11.117 --> 00:44:12.619
 AND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY
 IN THE WORLD,

00:44:12.618 --> 00:44:15.121
THE WELL-BEING
 OF NATURE AND PEOPLE.

00:44:20.126 --> 00:44:22.128
 [ NARRATOR ]:
 HOW DO WE DETERMINE

00:44:22.128 --> 00:44:24.631
WHAT IN LIFE WE VALUE?

00:44:25.131 --> 00:44:26.633
WOULD WE MISS THE SIGHT

00:44:27.133 --> 00:44:30.136
 OF A SINGLE MONARCH
 IN A MEADOW?

00:44:30.636 --> 00:44:33.139
OR THE MILLIONS
 IN MEXICO’S FORESTS?

00:44:35.141 --> 00:44:38.144
 WHAT WOULD SUCH A LOSS MEAN?

00:45:19.185 --> 00:45:21.187
[ DR. BROWER ]:
 WHY WORRY ABOUT THE MONARCH?

00:45:21.187 --> 00:45:24.190
 THE MONARCH
 IS CULTURALLY AS IMPORTANT

00:45:24.190 --> 00:45:27.193
AS THE COLLECTED WORKS
 OF MOZART,

00:45:27.193 --> 00:45:28.695
 WHICH WE REVERE,

00:45:28.694 --> 00:45:32.198
 AS THE WONDERFUL CATHEDRAL
STAINED-GLASS WINDOWS IN EUROPE.

00:45:32.198 --> 00:45:35.201
WHY DO WE REVERE THOSE OBJECTS?

00:45:35.201 --> 00:45:39.706
 WHY DO WE TEACH ART
TO THE NEXT GENERATION?

00:45:39.705 --> 00:45:42.708
BECAUSE
 IT’S CULTURALLY IMPORTANT.

00:45:42.708 --> 00:45:46.212
 WELL, THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY
IS CULTURALLY IMPORTANT

00:45:46.212 --> 00:45:47.714
 TO CHILDREN,

00:45:47.713 --> 00:45:48.714
 TO TEACHING BIOLOGY,

00:45:49.215 --> 00:45:50.717
 TO UNDERSTANDING
 THE RELATIONSHIP

00:45:50.716 --> 00:45:52.718
 OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS
TO EACH OTHER,

00:45:52.718 --> 00:45:54.720
 AND TO THE WHOLE ENVIRONMENT,

00:45:54.720 --> 00:45:57.223
 SO THE LOSS
 OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY

00:45:57.223 --> 00:45:59.225
 WOULD BE ABOUT AS STUPID

00:45:59.725 --> 00:46:02.728
AS BURNING ALL THE ART TREASURES
 THAT HAVE ACCUMULATED

00:46:02.728 --> 00:46:05.731
 OVER THE LAST 4,000 YEARS
THAT WE REVERE.

00:46:05.731 --> 00:46:08.234
I MEAN,
 THESE THINGS ARE IMPORTANT.

00:46:08.734 --> 00:46:11.737
HOW DO WE PUT THE COST
 ON THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY?

00:46:12.238 --> 00:46:13.740
 CULTURALLY AND EDUCATIONALLY,

00:46:13.739 --> 00:46:16.742
 AND FROM THE POINT OF VIEW
 OF HUMAN DECENCY,

00:46:17.243 --> 00:46:18.745
 WE SHOULD DO
 EVERYTHING NECESSARY

00:46:18.744 --> 00:46:21.247
 TO ASSURE
 THAT THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY

00:46:21.247 --> 00:46:22.749
 MIGRATORY PHENOMENON

00:46:22.748 --> 00:46:25.251
 SURVIVES.

00:46:45.771 --> 00:46:47.273
 CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY:

00:46:47.773 --> 00:46:50.776
 LINE 21 MEDIA SERVICES LTD.
 VANCOUVER, B.C. 1997