Fishing communities on France's western coast show the path to sustainability.
A Sea Change
- Description
- Reviews
- Citation
- Cataloging
- Transcript
A Sea Change documents how the pH balance of the oceans has changed dramatically since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution: a 30% increase in acidification. With near unanimity, scientists now agree that the burning of fossil fuels is fundamentally reshaping ocean chemistry. Experts predict that over the next century, steady increases in carbon dioxide emissions and the continued rise in the acidity of the oceans will cause most of the world's fisheries to experience a total bottom-up collapse--a state that could last for millions of years.
A Sea Change broadens the discussion about the dramatic changes we are seeing in the chemistry of the oceans, and conveys the urgent threat those changes pose to our survival, while surveying the steps we can take to reduce the severity of climate change. The film's protagonist Sven Huseby asks how will he explain to his oldest grandchild, Elias, what is happening to the oceans and their ecosystems.
A Sea Change is both a personal journey and a scientifically rigorous, sometimes humorous, unflinchingly honest look at reality. It offers positive examples of new technologies and effective changes in human behavior that we all must choose before the oceans are lost.
'The feeling that we have stolen something from our children falls heavy on the old, who wonder whether they have done right by themselves, their family, and their society. Sven Huseby feels this deeply as he discovers that his generation has profoundly changed the atmosphere by adding carbon dioxide...Instead of a starring personality who sucks the air from all around him, we see a thoughtful person who thinks and moves carefully, and never makes you feel sorry for him or the planet. When he asks questions, you feel that you want to help him and talk with him...Mr. Huseby wants you to test the roots of your idealism, your resolve, and your hope for the future and its children.' Jeffrey Levinton, Director, Marine Biology Web Page; Distinguished Professor, Stony Brook University
'Ocean acidification is a significant part of the climate change story. A Sea Change does a unique and excellent job of conveying this complex scientific issue to the public.' Dr. Richard W. Spinrad, NOAA Assistant Administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
'Using a delightful series of exchanges between a grandfather and his grandson interspersed with beautifully filmed sequences from around the globe, A Sea Change presents in a generally understandable way the process of ocean acidification, some of its potential implications for this and future generations, and several examples of concrete steps that we can take to reduce this and other problems associated with increasing carbon dioxide emissions. It will serve to raise public awareness and facilitate open discussion of this important issue.' J. Timothy Wootton, Professor of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago
'A Sea Change tells a powerfully frightening story of the unprecedented chemical changes currently underway in the world's oceans due to man's dependence on fossil fuels. This documentary conveys the magnitude of what we stand to lose if we continue conducting business as usual, but also provides hope that things can be turned around...if humanity comes to its senses.' Dr. John Guinotte, Marine Biogeographer, Marine Conservation Biology Institute
'[A] Sea Change highlights how human's addiction to carbon causes the chemical balance in the oceans to collapse...This film is a must in every high school chemistry classroom!' Dr. James M. Cervino, Visiting Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
'Not to be missed...A good amount of scientific data is presented in this film, [and] the narrator is able to convey to the viewer in laymen terms some of the causes of ocean acidification and what could perhaps be done to slow the process. With a whopping 22 million tons of carbon dioxide being absorbed by the oceans each day, a change needs to occur. Watching this film will open your eyes to the enormity of the issues of global warming and ocean acidification. Highly Recommended.' Deborah Provenzano, Suffolk County Community College, Educational Media Reviews Online
''I wish I was a fish,' says young Elias when he and his grandfather Sven Huseby visit an aquarium. But as this documentary's subtitle--Imagine a World Without Fish--suggests, being a fish today is not exactly a winning proposition...Highly recommended.' Video Librarian
'The overall message is one of hope, resolve, and action...If there is any one film that should be seen and discussed by parents and their kids, this is it!' AAAS's Science Books and Film
'This accessible look at a critical environmental issue deserves to be widely purchased and viewed.' Library Journal
'A Sea Change offers a searching, emotionally powerful look at ocean acidification. This problem is sometimes called the 'evil twin' of climate change, and many of us regard it as an existential threat to the future of fishing. The story is full of heart, scientifically accurate, and lyrical. It also offers good reason for hope, which is indispensable in the face of such a huge challenge.' Brad Warren, Sustainable Fisheries Partnership
'A magnificent synthesis of science and heart.' Anne Alexander Rowley, Chair, Oceana's Ocean Council
'I completely fell in love with Sven and the extraordinarily bright Elias. The people in the film are very real and approachable and the ocean footage is stunning. Optimistic, with a whole section of solutions at the end. Broad appeal for all ages.' Dr. Cat Dorey, Sustainable Seafood Advisor, Greenpeace International
'Your wonderful film is still resonating deeply with me...You show us how intimately everything is interconnected by the way you constructed this film. You take us on a journey of passionate inquiry that any of us could take...and should. And then I am left with an urgent and clear understanding of just how delicate and gorgeous the ocean is and how important it is to do everything we can to protect it.' Lyedie Geer, Leadership Consultant, Walpole, NH
'Immense and profound.' Ned Sullivan, President, Scenic Hudson
'Could not be more timely. I believe acidification of our oceans is actually a greater threat to our survival than is temperature or sea level rise, the conventional 'global warming' threats. Acidification is confusing and difficult to even imagine for most people--we need your film.' Rob Moir, PhD., Executive Director, Ocean River Institute
'[The film] is willing to grieve and simultaneously move beyond grief to hope and inspiration...While the captivating images of ocean creatures deepen our attachment to the marine world, and while the sobering science confirms our worst fears, what resonates with the viewer is the humanistic tale of a family keenly concerned about the fate of the world.' Amy Seidl, Orion Magazine
'Deeply personal, yet scientific...A Sea Change is surprisingly uplifting. Much of the film identifies the ways that people, particularly young people, are trying to migrate away from a fossil fuel economy.' Yes! Magazine
'The story of a retired educator who becomes interested in, and finally consumed by, the declining state of the world's oceans, the film brings a crucial and little-known issue to the attention of filmgoers. The movie, which takes the audience to some of the globe's most attractive locales, brings to surprisingly absorbing life the subject of ocean acidification...[At] a time when plenty of documentaries want to be the Inconvenient Truth of fill-in-the-issue, A Sea Change brings a genuinely important subject to the fore with a welcome lack of jargon and preaching.' Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post
'A Sea Change deliberately reaches out to people of all ages and political stripes. Kids will enjoy Elias's viewpoint. Newcomers to the subject will appreciate Sven's Mr. Rogers-like approach to interviews. The film is paced to allow for periodic reflection, and beautifully filmed along the rocky coasts of the Pacific Northwest and Norway, all the way to the Arctic.' Barbara Kessler, Green Right Now
'This eye-opening film sounds the alarm about ocean acidification while offering hope for the future by highlighting the people working on projects to reduce carbon emissions. Huseby's quest also constitutes a letter to his grandson, conveying his love of the sea and his sincere desire that Elias will inherit a world with oceans teeming with life.' Chuleenan Svetvilas, San Francisco International Film Festival Program
'Huseby launches an adorable About Schmidt-like road trip to meet the world's leading oceanographers and global warming experts to better understand the magnitude of the problem, and learn how to start curing it. The journey takes the genial narrator, and viewers, as far north as the North Pole and as local as Monterey in search of helpful news. Like An Inconvenient Truth, this film is both a love letter to the planet and an urgent plea to its citizens.' Justin Berton, San Francisco Chronicle
'Provides hope for what Huseby calls 'our entrepreneurial opportunity, our chance to explore what's possible'...'We have a 10-15 year window to make some noise,' he said. 'I would love to see the term ocean acidification become part of the political discourse.' And thanks to this film--and Huseby's love of the ocean--it just might.' Sarah van Schagen, Grist
'Tells the story of Ocean Acidification in a manner that is easily understood and easy to connect to. My children and I watched A Sea Change together. Elias and Sven's comforting presence on the screen guided us through this dark subject. Sven writes letters to Elias, sharing with him in his loving and gentle manner what he has learned from scientists. It is through these letters that connected us to the ocean and made ocean acidification real for us. But the most important piece of the documentary for me was the hope it gave. Sven Huseby and Barbara Ettinger not only presented the problems of ocean acidification, but more importantly they explored the solutions to it. A Sea Change inspires us to change so that we may become a sea of change for the world's oceans.' Laura Ballou, DC Examiner
'Ocean acidification is such a scary problem that many people would rather not think about it - kind of like climate change. But A Sea Change goes a long way toward making this uncomfortable topic oh-so-human.' Erica Gies, Matter Network
'Offers information to balance its visual beauties and varieties of love. But the presentation of this information is kept at a layperson level thanks to very vivid real world examples. Dozens of Exxon Valdez-level eco-disasters occurring simultaneously on the world's coastlines proves a very chilling metaphor for ocean acidification's effects.' Peter Wong, BeyondChron
'Equal parts captivating and troubling.' Stephen Hesse, The Japan Times
'The dire message of ocean acidification is beautifully conveyed in the film and does a wonderful job of highlighting the duty of us all to become educated and called to action.' Jess Reese, The Climate Project Presenter
Citation
Main credits
Ettinger, Barbara (film director)
Ettinger, Barbara (film producer)
Huseby, Sven (film producer)
Huseby, Sven (actor)
Rockefeller, Susan Cohn (film producer)
Other credits
Cinematographer, Claudia Raschke-Robinson; editor, Toby Shimin; music by Joel Goodman.
Distributor subjects
American Studies; Anthropology; Arctic Studies; Atmosphere; Chemistry; Climate Change/Global Warming; Ecology; Endangered Species; Energy; Environment; Fisheries; Geography; Global Issues; Humanities; Life Science; Marine Biology; Natural Resources; Oceans and Coasts; Renewable Energy; Science, Technology, Society; Sociology; Sustainability; Technology; WildlifeKeywords
WEBVTT
00:00:02.400 --> 00:00:05.367
[dreamy instrumental music]
00:00:05.400 --> 00:00:13.400
♪ ♪
00:00:13.567 --> 00:00:16.700
- I feel like I\'m in the water.
00:00:24.867 --> 00:00:27.400
What are those bubbles for?
00:00:27.433 --> 00:00:30.267
- So they get oxygen.
00:00:30.300 --> 00:00:33.367
What is this creature
down on the bottom?
00:00:33.400 --> 00:00:35.400
- A sunfish.
00:00:35.433 --> 00:00:36.967
- Is it?
- Yeah.
00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:39.133
- That\'s right.
You\'re right.
00:00:39.167 --> 00:00:42.400
- Ohh.
- Whoo.
00:00:46.433 --> 00:00:51.767
- ♪ 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16 ♪
00:00:51.800 --> 00:00:54.167
There\'s some over here
that are teeny.
00:00:54.200 --> 00:00:58.967
- That is so beautiful.
00:00:59.000 --> 00:01:01.467
- Look. One broke.
00:01:07.633 --> 00:01:09.800
Know what I feel?
00:01:09.833 --> 00:01:12.267
I wish I was a fish.
00:01:12.300 --> 00:01:14.633
- You wish you were a fish?
00:01:30.533 --> 00:01:33.100
- There are massive,
unrecognized changes
00:01:33.133 --> 00:01:38.100
of geologic scale
taking place in the ocean.
00:01:38.133 --> 00:01:41.800
Ocean chemistry
is being altered on a scale
00:01:41.833 --> 00:01:44.400
not seen for millions of years,
00:01:44.433 --> 00:01:48.933
and we don\'t know
what the consequences will be.
00:01:48.967 --> 00:01:54.667
- We are heading into some
pretty dangerous territory here.
00:01:54.700 --> 00:01:57.767
- It\'s not just the magnitude
of the change,
00:01:57.800 --> 00:02:01.733
it\'s the rate of change
that species can\'t adapt to.
00:02:01.767 --> 00:02:04.300
- I think
we\'ve gone past the point now
00:02:04.333 --> 00:02:08.100
whereby we can avoid
losing significant species.
00:02:08.133 --> 00:02:12.633
We\'re playing poker,
and if we lose at the poker,
00:02:12.667 --> 00:02:16.833
we could have a lot of problems
in civilization.
00:02:18.733 --> 00:02:21.333
- We now know that
the absorption of carbon dioxide
00:02:21.367 --> 00:02:24.333
actually changes
the very chemistry
00:02:24.367 --> 00:02:26.433
of our oceans.
00:02:26.467 --> 00:02:30.200
We risk not just damaging
the ocean\'s ecosystem;
00:02:30.233 --> 00:02:33.133
we are threatening
its very foundation.
00:02:46.467 --> 00:02:49.533
- [singing indistinctly]
- You\'re singing as well?
00:02:49.567 --> 00:02:50.867
- Look where you\'re going.
00:02:50.900 --> 00:02:53.067
- But I\'m not ready to stop.
- Keep your eyes - stop.
00:02:53.100 --> 00:02:55.333
[bike clatters]
- Oh, oh, oh!
00:02:55.367 --> 00:02:57.900
- If I want to go on the bike,
would that help you feel better?
00:02:57.933 --> 00:02:59.400
- Is it okay?
00:02:59.433 --> 00:03:03.933
This is my grandson, Elias.
- I\'m Elias.
00:03:03.967 --> 00:03:06.167
- Elias calls me Bestefar,
00:03:06.200 --> 00:03:09.433
which is \"grandfather\"
in Norwegian.
00:03:09.467 --> 00:03:13.100
Elias is a mischievous rascal.
00:03:13.133 --> 00:03:16.000
He\'s smart, he\'s inventive,
00:03:16.033 --> 00:03:21.367
and he\'s the kind of grandson
that anyone would want.
00:03:21.400 --> 00:03:23.233
- I\'ll help you.
00:03:23.267 --> 00:03:24.933
- You want to carry
the front end?
00:03:24.967 --> 00:03:27.533
I am now a retired educator
00:03:27.567 --> 00:03:31.233
who spends more time
than I probably should
00:03:31.267 --> 00:03:33.300
thinking about my grandchildren
00:03:33.333 --> 00:03:37.167
and what their lives
are going to be like.
00:03:46.367 --> 00:03:51.667
I continue to try to understand
what\'s going on environmentally,
00:03:51.700 --> 00:03:53.700
and I worry a lot
about the world
00:03:53.733 --> 00:03:57.667
that Elias is inheriting.
00:03:57.700 --> 00:04:00.533
One weekend,
after Elias and his family
00:04:00.567 --> 00:04:01.800
had been visiting,
00:04:01.833 --> 00:04:04.467
I opened an issue
of The New Yorker
00:04:04.500 --> 00:04:07.467
and read the article
by Elizabeth Kolbert
00:04:07.500 --> 00:04:09.933
called The Darkening Sea,
00:04:09.967 --> 00:04:12.700
about this phenomena
I\'d never heard of
00:04:12.733 --> 00:04:16.367
called ocean acidification.
00:04:16.400 --> 00:04:19.667
I knew that modern technology
had made it easier
00:04:19.700 --> 00:04:22.700
for the oceans to be overfished.
00:04:22.733 --> 00:04:27.200
What I didn\'t know was that
so much of the carbon dioxide
00:04:27.233 --> 00:04:33.467
was falling into the ocean
and creating a horrible problem.
00:04:34.867 --> 00:04:40.500
I clearly need more answers,
and I need to go to the source.
00:04:46.667 --> 00:04:49.500
- Elizabeth? Sven Huseby.
- [chuckles] Hi.
00:04:49.533 --> 00:04:53.500
- I have to tell you, I read
this article last November
00:04:53.533 --> 00:04:55.967
that you had written
for The New Yorker.
00:04:56.000 --> 00:04:57.767
I hope I\'m not overstating it,
00:04:57.800 --> 00:05:00.267
but my life really hasn\'t
been the same since.
00:05:00.300 --> 00:05:07.067
I have become somewhat obsessed
with ocean acidification.
00:05:07.100 --> 00:05:09.933
- There is
this huge untold story,
00:05:09.967 --> 00:05:11.600
you know,
that people really didn\'t know.
00:05:11.633 --> 00:05:14.667
They knew about global warming,
you know, vaguely,
00:05:14.700 --> 00:05:16.267
you know, in sort of
this mushy way,
00:05:16.300 --> 00:05:18.533
but they really just had no idea
00:05:18.567 --> 00:05:20.500
about what was happening
to the oceans.
00:05:20.533 --> 00:05:23.367
People like me sort of
try to translate it.
00:05:23.400 --> 00:05:26.133
And on some level,
ocean acidification,
00:05:26.167 --> 00:05:28.600
it\'s just the flip side
of global warming.
00:05:28.633 --> 00:05:31.033
Whatever you put into the air
ends up in the ocean.
00:05:31.067 --> 00:05:34.633
We\'re really talking
about very radical changes.
00:05:34.667 --> 00:05:37.500
It\'s huge; I mean the hugeness,
it\'s everything.
00:05:37.533 --> 00:05:40.167
It really is everything
about how we live.
00:05:40.200 --> 00:05:42.533
- I want to try to figure out
how to talk to my -
00:05:42.567 --> 00:05:44.133
at least, my oldest grandson,
00:05:44.167 --> 00:05:46.667
who\'s old enough to begin
to understand this.
00:05:46.700 --> 00:05:48.300
- Yeah.
00:05:48.333 --> 00:05:49.833
- And I\'m curious
whether you ever have
00:05:49.867 --> 00:05:52.067
this discussion
with your own children.
00:05:52.100 --> 00:05:55.100
- You know, my kids
are very aware of things.
00:05:55.133 --> 00:05:56.900
One of them said to me
the other day,
00:05:56.933 --> 00:05:59.900
\"This is the problem
with being born so late,
00:05:59.933 --> 00:06:04.667
\"you know,
that the world is really a...
00:06:04.700 --> 00:06:06.200
you know, degraded place.\"
00:06:06.233 --> 00:06:09.967
And that was a -
and that was sad, for a parent.
00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:11.300
- Mm-hmm.
00:06:11.333 --> 00:06:13.433
- If there\'s any issue
that really demands
00:06:13.467 --> 00:06:16.633
that we acknowledge
our interconnectedness,
00:06:16.667 --> 00:06:19.533
it\'s this one.
00:06:33.967 --> 00:06:41.967
- \"There are now 387 parts
per million of CO2 in the air,
00:06:42.433 --> 00:06:49.767
the highest figure
we\'ve had in 650,000 years.\"
00:06:49.800 --> 00:06:53.167
I just can\'t believe that.
00:07:10.633 --> 00:07:14.133
\"Pteropods are
tiny marine organisms
00:07:14.167 --> 00:07:16.000
at the bottom
of the food chain\"...
00:07:22.133 --> 00:07:25.433
\"About the size
of a child\'s fingernail.\"
00:07:25.467 --> 00:07:27.633
Wow.
00:07:28.733 --> 00:07:31.000
Oh, boy.
00:07:31.033 --> 00:07:33.433
\"Known as sea butterflies,
00:07:33.467 --> 00:07:36.967
\"they swim by a pair
of winglike flaps
00:07:37.000 --> 00:07:40.200
and grow delicate shells
for protection.\"
00:07:40.233 --> 00:07:42.900
[chuckles]
00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:47.100
Look at that.
Look at that.
00:07:47.133 --> 00:07:49.467
I adore them.
00:07:49.500 --> 00:07:52.533
\"Their shells, however,
are beginning to dissolve
00:07:52.567 --> 00:07:55.100
\"from the ocean\'s
changing chemistry,
00:07:55.133 --> 00:07:59.467
and this is threatening
the entire food chain.\"
00:08:14.400 --> 00:08:18.900
- \"Dear Elias,
Today I\'m starting a journey,
00:08:18.933 --> 00:08:22.200
\"and the purpose of this journey
is to find out some things
00:08:22.233 --> 00:08:27.600
\"about the world\'s oceans
that I don\'t really understand.
00:08:27.633 --> 00:08:29.767
\"I\'m on my way to Seattle,
00:08:29.800 --> 00:08:33.100
\"where I spent a good deal
of my own childhood.
00:08:33.133 --> 00:08:35.167
\"It is by the sea.
00:08:35.200 --> 00:08:38.167
\"As a matter of fact,
all the places I lived
00:08:38.200 --> 00:08:43.167
\"when I was growing up
were by the sea.
00:08:46.767 --> 00:08:50.567
\"I was born in Norway,
across the ocean.
00:08:50.600 --> 00:08:55.600
\"It was an ocean
that was filled with fish.
00:08:55.633 --> 00:08:57.800
\"We owned a fish market.
00:08:57.833 --> 00:09:01.267
\"We sold fish.
We sold crabs.
00:09:01.300 --> 00:09:05.200
\"We sold so much.
00:09:05.233 --> 00:09:09.000
\"That fish store
was the center of my world.
00:09:09.033 --> 00:09:13.800
\"In fact, my parents met
in that fish store.
00:09:13.833 --> 00:09:16.533
\"My mother,
who was working as a maid,
00:09:16.567 --> 00:09:19.167
\"used to come in and buy fish
four times a week
00:09:19.200 --> 00:09:22.333
\"from this debonair fellow
across the counter,
00:09:22.367 --> 00:09:25.067
\"and within a few years,
they were married.
00:09:25.100 --> 00:09:30.867
\"So I owe a lot to fish,
and so do you.
00:09:30.900 --> 00:09:33.000
\"When I was your age,
00:09:33.033 --> 00:09:36.000
\"we moved to a small village
in Alaska
00:09:36.033 --> 00:09:40.533
\"where my parents worked
in a salmon cannery.
00:09:40.567 --> 00:09:42.400
\"I would walk down the beach,
00:09:42.433 --> 00:09:46.300
\"and there would be an old man
mending salmon nets,
00:09:46.333 --> 00:09:48.400
\"and I would listen to him
tell me stories
00:09:48.433 --> 00:09:52.500
\"about the village,
about fishing, about his youth,
00:09:52.533 --> 00:09:58.100
\"and all the time, the water
was lapping at our feet.
00:09:58.133 --> 00:10:02.767
\"When I was nine years old,
we came to Seattle, Washington,
00:10:02.800 --> 00:10:05.833
\"and, Elias, we ate fish.
00:10:05.867 --> 00:10:10.300
\"We ate fish six days a week.
00:10:10.333 --> 00:10:12.500
\"The talk at home was always
00:10:12.533 --> 00:10:15.167
\"that it was simply
a matter of the right time,
00:10:15.200 --> 00:10:17.400
\"and we would move back
to Norway.
00:10:17.433 --> 00:10:19.000
\"But the way it turned out,
00:10:19.033 --> 00:10:23.233
that so-called right time
never came.\"
00:10:26.133 --> 00:10:28.733
[phone rings]
00:10:28.767 --> 00:10:31.033
- Hello.
- Hi, Elias. It\'s Bestefar.
00:10:31.067 --> 00:10:32.733
- Hi, Bestefar.
- How are you?
00:10:32.767 --> 00:10:35.633
- Good.
- Well, I\'m out in Seattle.
00:10:35.667 --> 00:10:37.633
I\'m gonna send you a postcard
every day
00:10:37.667 --> 00:10:39.200
while we\'re out here, okay?
00:10:39.233 --> 00:10:40.433
- Okay.
00:10:40.467 --> 00:10:42.133
- Are there any special kinds
of postcards
00:10:42.167 --> 00:10:45.467
you want me to send you,
like fishes or boats?
00:10:45.500 --> 00:10:48.367
- I\'d like a dinosaur postcard.
00:10:48.400 --> 00:10:52.167
- I see. Okay, well,
I\'ll look for one of those.
00:10:54.400 --> 00:10:56.500
- \"Tomorrow, I\'ll be going
to a conference,
00:10:56.533 --> 00:10:59.900
\"and there\'ll be lots
of people there like your papa,
00:10:59.933 --> 00:11:01.667
\"lots of professors,
00:11:01.700 --> 00:11:04.600
\"and they\'re gonna talk about
whether the oceans are healthy
00:11:04.633 --> 00:11:06.767
or whether they have problems.\"
00:11:10.400 --> 00:11:12.600
- This is kind of
a historic moment.
00:11:12.633 --> 00:11:14.500
For the first time,
we\'re bringing together
00:11:14.533 --> 00:11:18.033
all the scientists that
actually work on this problem
00:11:18.067 --> 00:11:19.600
for the Pacific Northwest.
00:11:19.633 --> 00:11:21.167
We\'re very fortunate to have
00:11:21.200 --> 00:11:23.933
many of the leading researchers
in this field
00:11:23.967 --> 00:11:25.800
participating today.
00:11:25.833 --> 00:11:27.533
- From a fishing industry
point of view,
00:11:27.567 --> 00:11:31.433
acidification is
an unambiguous threat.
00:11:31.467 --> 00:11:34.533
This is a short look
at what\'s at stake:
00:11:34.567 --> 00:11:39.433
60 to 100 billion bucks
in seafood trade worldwide.
00:11:39.467 --> 00:11:41.433
The U.S. commercial fisheries
00:11:41.467 --> 00:11:45.233
are valued
at about $28-plus billion.
00:11:46.967 --> 00:11:50.033
If you\'re a shellfish,
you\'re in trouble.
00:11:50.067 --> 00:11:52.533
And most of the things
that the fish we like to eat -
00:11:52.567 --> 00:11:55.200
they eat some kind of shellfish.
00:11:55.233 --> 00:11:58.733
When you show that pteropods
start dissolving within 48 hours
00:11:58.767 --> 00:12:01.867
in the water we already have
in the Gulf of Alaska,
00:12:01.900 --> 00:12:03.700
that\'s not slight.
00:12:03.733 --> 00:12:07.500
That\'s not some future prospect.
That\'s now.
00:12:07.533 --> 00:12:11.367
- We in the scientific
communities were wrong.
00:12:11.400 --> 00:12:15.333
We had underestimated
both the magnitude
00:12:15.367 --> 00:12:19.200
and the rate
of global climate change.
00:12:19.233 --> 00:12:23.167
Are we involved
in another mass extinction event
00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:27.100
for corals, for instance?
00:12:27.133 --> 00:12:29.300
When such events take place,
00:12:29.333 --> 00:12:34.267
it takes millions of years
for the corals to come back.
00:12:39.433 --> 00:12:42.533
- Are we screwed?
Is it already too late?
00:12:42.567 --> 00:12:44.200
- Are we screwed?
00:12:44.233 --> 00:12:48.300
Yeah, to a considerable extent.
00:12:48.333 --> 00:12:50.467
A world of 500 ppm
00:12:50.500 --> 00:12:55.300
is a world of enormous
environmental destruction.
00:12:55.333 --> 00:13:00.333
We ought to recognize that
and say it.
00:13:00.367 --> 00:13:03.567
And we cannot stop there.
00:13:03.600 --> 00:13:08.933
That is not an acceptable
final threshold.
00:13:08.967 --> 00:13:13.800
But can we do
any better than that now?
00:13:13.833 --> 00:13:15.433
I don\'t know.
00:13:22.433 --> 00:13:25.700
- \"I know you\'re only
five years old, Elias,
00:13:25.733 --> 00:13:30.200
\"so I may not send this letter
until you\'re much older.
00:13:30.233 --> 00:13:33.367
\"I\'m writing to share
with you my worries
00:13:33.400 --> 00:13:38.300
\"about what my generation
is leaving to yours.
00:13:38.333 --> 00:13:42.467
\"I\'m 65 now, and when
you\'re ready to read this,
00:13:42.500 --> 00:13:47.800
\"you might well ask what I did
to help solve this problem.
00:13:47.833 --> 00:13:50.267
\"I really believe
that the most important thing
00:13:50.300 --> 00:13:53.533
\"is to gather
as much information as possible
00:13:53.567 --> 00:13:55.267
\"to pass on to you and others
00:13:55.300 --> 00:13:58.533
\"about what is happening
in our oceans.
00:13:58.567 --> 00:14:02.467
\"My life has taught me
that the power to effect change
00:14:02.500 --> 00:14:05.600
begins with knowledge.\"
00:14:14.933 --> 00:14:16.733
What have we got - I mean,
it looks like you have
00:14:16.767 --> 00:14:18.833
Rube Goldberg
working in the back room.
00:14:18.867 --> 00:14:20.900
[men chuckle]
- What is this?
00:14:20.933 --> 00:14:23.567
- We have all the components
to study ocean acidification
00:14:23.600 --> 00:14:26.400
for the very first time
together on this mooring.
00:14:26.433 --> 00:14:28.600
- We\'ve moved well beyond
just figuring out
00:14:28.633 --> 00:14:30.233
what\'s the temperature change.
00:14:30.267 --> 00:14:32.933
There are chemistry changes.
There are ecosystem changes.
00:14:32.967 --> 00:14:34.667
There are biological changes.
00:14:34.700 --> 00:14:36.933
All of these things
are happening all at once.
00:14:36.967 --> 00:14:39.867
- We always thought of CO2
as a waste product
00:14:39.900 --> 00:14:43.167
of all of the production
of fossil fuels,
00:14:43.200 --> 00:14:45.933
from coal and oil
and automobiles.
00:14:45.967 --> 00:14:47.667
We just dumped it
into the atmosphere,
00:14:47.700 --> 00:14:50.700
and we said, \"No problem,
the oceans will suck it up.\"
00:14:50.733 --> 00:14:53.133
And sure enough,
the oceans do suck it up.
00:14:53.167 --> 00:14:54.733
- We first approached all this
00:14:54.767 --> 00:14:56.900
with the idea that,
wow, the oceans are performing
00:14:56.933 --> 00:14:58.900
this tremendous service
for humankind:
00:14:58.933 --> 00:15:02.600
it\'s absorbing 22 million tons
of CO2 a day.
00:15:02.633 --> 00:15:04.767
So we first approached
this saying, \"Great, you know,
00:15:04.800 --> 00:15:06.733
\"let\'s go figure out
how this is working,
00:15:06.767 --> 00:15:08.533
and maybe we can enhance it.\"
00:15:08.567 --> 00:15:10.933
It wasn\'t until we got out there
and actually quantified
00:15:10.967 --> 00:15:15.433
that the oceans have absorbed
118 billion metric tons
00:15:15.467 --> 00:15:17.400
of carbon dioxide -
00:15:17.433 --> 00:15:21.100
a metric ton is about how much
a small car weighs -
00:15:21.133 --> 00:15:22.667
that we\'ve put the equivalent
00:15:22.700 --> 00:15:27.133
of 118 billion
VW Bugs\' worth of CO2
00:15:27.167 --> 00:15:30.167
into the ocean
over the last 200 years.
00:15:30.200 --> 00:15:34.167
And 43% of that has happened
just in the last 20 years,
00:15:34.200 --> 00:15:36.533
and it\'s growing exponentially.
00:15:36.567 --> 00:15:38.700
You know, as we start
to project out into the future,
00:15:38.733 --> 00:15:40.133
it really gets scary.
00:15:40.167 --> 00:15:42.467
And people say, \"Oh, well,
the oceans are huge, you know.
00:15:42.500 --> 00:15:45.767
We could never really change -
affect the oceans.\"
00:15:45.800 --> 00:15:47.767
Well, we are.
- They are changing.
00:15:47.800 --> 00:15:49.533
- They are changing,
and we\'re measuring it.
00:15:49.567 --> 00:15:51.933
We\'re actually documenting that.
00:15:57.267 --> 00:15:59.033
- I\'m on my way to Alaska now,
00:15:59.067 --> 00:16:02.067
where I haven\'t been
in 55 years.
00:16:02.100 --> 00:16:06.867
I have mixed feelings
about returning after so long.
00:16:06.900 --> 00:16:10.033
I remember our time there
as one of hardship
00:16:10.067 --> 00:16:14.567
and one of yearning
to get back to Norway.
00:16:14.600 --> 00:16:17.133
This time,
I\'m meeting with Jeff Short,
00:16:17.167 --> 00:16:20.433
one of the scientists
at the conference.
00:16:20.467 --> 00:16:22.300
He has a young son,
00:16:22.333 --> 00:16:24.400
and I am hoping
they can share with me
00:16:24.433 --> 00:16:26.733
something about
how they talk together
00:16:26.767 --> 00:16:29.067
about these difficult issues.
00:16:31.433 --> 00:16:35.833
- In winter, sometimes,
it gets pretty nippy.
00:16:35.867 --> 00:16:38.500
In the city, it\'s all noisy.
00:16:38.533 --> 00:16:41.033
It\'s not as quiet.
There\'s more pollution.
00:16:41.067 --> 00:16:43.367
Here, it\'s pretty fresh
and clean.
00:16:43.400 --> 00:16:46.100
[laughs]
I like all the wildlife.
00:16:46.133 --> 00:16:50.500
You can see different species
of fish out in the water.
00:16:50.533 --> 00:16:52.867
Sometimes you can see whales.
00:16:52.900 --> 00:16:55.933
And there\'s too many
different species of bugs
00:16:55.967 --> 00:16:58.133
to even count.
00:16:58.167 --> 00:17:00.333
It\'s really neat.
00:17:00.367 --> 00:17:02.867
I like the glacier a lot.
00:17:02.900 --> 00:17:06.700
There\'s, like, this big lake
at the bottom of it.
00:17:06.733 --> 00:17:09.833
And there\'s this huge waterfall
pouring into the lake.
00:17:09.867 --> 00:17:11.767
And there\'s these
oddly shaped icebergs.
00:17:11.800 --> 00:17:14.800
Some look like battleships.
00:17:14.833 --> 00:17:18.100
Then there\'s this big ice cliff
with cracks in it,
00:17:18.133 --> 00:17:21.933
and there\'s just
this huge ice field.
00:17:21.967 --> 00:17:26.833
It\'s not as big
as it used to be but...
00:17:29.800 --> 00:17:31.733
- We have tried
to not hide from him
00:17:31.767 --> 00:17:34.600
the fact that the planet
is going to undergo
00:17:34.633 --> 00:17:37.500
unprecedented change
over the course of his lifetime.
00:17:37.533 --> 00:17:41.000
It\'s a tremendously
high-stakes crapshoot.
00:17:41.033 --> 00:17:44.000
And the more acid
we put in the ocean,
00:17:44.033 --> 00:17:45.333
the more likely it is
00:17:45.367 --> 00:17:48.433
that fundamentally bad things
will happen,
00:17:48.467 --> 00:17:51.067
like, for example,
no more shellfish
00:17:51.100 --> 00:17:53.400
or no more coral reefs,
00:17:53.433 --> 00:17:56.467
and this is - for as far
as humans are concerned,
00:17:56.500 --> 00:17:58.200
no more of those things ever.
00:17:58.233 --> 00:18:00.267
You know, we\'ve always had
crises to face.
00:18:00.300 --> 00:18:03.167
Every generation has had
terrible crises to face.
00:18:03.200 --> 00:18:05.200
When I grew up,
it was nuclear war,
00:18:05.233 --> 00:18:08.300
and we worried about -
we had these drills in school,
00:18:08.333 --> 00:18:10.100
and there were gonna be
atomic bombs.
00:18:10.133 --> 00:18:12.600
People had shelters,
and it was a real fear.
00:18:12.633 --> 00:18:14.900
This is, I think, a worse fear,
00:18:14.933 --> 00:18:17.000
because that\'s
a political problem
00:18:17.033 --> 00:18:19.367
that you can solve
by talking amongst people,
00:18:19.400 --> 00:18:21.667
and that largely
has occurred so far.
00:18:21.700 --> 00:18:22.867
This isn\'t something that -
00:18:22.900 --> 00:18:25.167
you can\'t talk nature
out of this.
00:18:25.200 --> 00:18:29.267
We\'ve been in this very stable
environment climatologically
00:18:29.300 --> 00:18:30.800
for the last 20,000 years,
00:18:30.833 --> 00:18:33.700
and now we\'re committed to
leaving that stable environment.
00:18:33.733 --> 00:18:35.633
And we don\'t really know
where we\'re gonna go,
00:18:35.667 --> 00:18:37.833
but we do know it\'s gonna get
a lot more variable,
00:18:37.867 --> 00:18:39.667
and a lot of things
are gonna die,
00:18:39.700 --> 00:18:41.500
and there\'s gonna be
a lot of extinctions.
00:18:41.533 --> 00:18:45.433
[birds squawking]
00:18:45.467 --> 00:18:48.433
- I wanted to go someplace where
I could see what the effects
00:18:48.467 --> 00:18:52.700
of ocean acidification
might feel like to people,
00:18:52.733 --> 00:18:55.433
so I visited Cordova, Alaska,
00:18:55.467 --> 00:18:57.533
where they had
an environmental disaster
00:18:57.567 --> 00:19:02.233
nearly 20 years ago.
00:19:02.267 --> 00:19:05.033
As it happened,
I arrived at a time
00:19:05.067 --> 00:19:08.400
when the salmon
were coming home to spawn.
00:19:21.600 --> 00:19:23.733
- This is amazing.
What\'s going on out here?
00:19:23.767 --> 00:19:25.633
I mean,
I\'ve never seen this before.
00:19:25.667 --> 00:19:28.667
[chuckles]
Wh-wh-what is this?
00:19:28.700 --> 00:19:31.767
- The pink salmon have returned,
and that\'s -
00:19:31.800 --> 00:19:33.367
- Oh, that\'s what we see
hopping out here.
00:19:33.400 --> 00:19:37.067
- That\'s what\'s jumping
like popcorn right now.
00:19:37.100 --> 00:19:41.233
And the scientists
don\'t know why they jump.
00:19:42.767 --> 00:19:44.100
One of the theories is,
00:19:44.133 --> 00:19:49.533
they\'re trying to loosen
the egg sacs before they spawn.
00:19:49.567 --> 00:19:51.567
Maybe they\'re just happy.
[chuckles]
00:19:51.600 --> 00:19:53.800
I mean, they survived two years
in the ocean.
00:19:53.833 --> 00:19:55.633
They - they\'re the few,
the small percentage,
00:19:55.667 --> 00:19:59.467
that made it all the way back.
00:19:59.500 --> 00:20:01.400
[bird cawing]
00:20:01.433 --> 00:20:03.267
- And what do we have up here
behind us?
00:20:03.300 --> 00:20:05.100
- Well, this actually
00:20:05.133 --> 00:20:07.767
was one of the largest
salmon canneries.
00:20:07.800 --> 00:20:09.933
It went bankrupt
after the oil spill.
00:20:09.967 --> 00:20:13.700
It was a tremendous loss
for this area.
00:20:16.200 --> 00:20:18.133
The year the Exxon Valdez hit
00:20:18.167 --> 00:20:20.033
was such an emotionally
devastating time
00:20:20.067 --> 00:20:22.067
for this community.
00:20:24.600 --> 00:20:26.700
- Exxon Valdez, Valdez traffic.
00:20:42.067 --> 00:20:45.033
- The whole ocean
is so sensitive
00:20:45.067 --> 00:20:47.600
that that makes
a huge difference,
00:20:47.633 --> 00:20:49.767
all the way from the bottom
of the ecosystem
00:20:49.800 --> 00:20:52.433
to the very top predators.
00:20:52.467 --> 00:20:57.767
I watched this community
just unraveling.
00:20:57.800 --> 00:21:00.867
Everything
that we knew as normal
00:21:00.900 --> 00:21:02.500
just suddenly wasn\'t.
00:21:02.533 --> 00:21:04.833
Our whole world
had turned upside down.
00:21:04.867 --> 00:21:07.033
I think the way
the ocean acidification
00:21:07.067 --> 00:21:09.433
will hit these rural communities
will be very similar
00:21:09.467 --> 00:21:11.067
to what happened
with the oil spill.
00:21:11.100 --> 00:21:13.367
I worry that it will tear
these communities apart
00:21:13.400 --> 00:21:17.533
with the same types
of destructive behaviors -
00:21:17.567 --> 00:21:19.967
abuse, self-abuse,
abuse to the families,
00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:22.600
abuse, polarization,
and fighting -
00:21:22.633 --> 00:21:25.200
that we saw
after the oil spill and -
00:21:25.233 --> 00:21:28.300
because this problem
is actually so much bigger.
00:21:28.333 --> 00:21:30.633
In terms of, like,
ocean acidification,
00:21:30.667 --> 00:21:32.567
I mean, first there has to be
the recognition
00:21:32.600 --> 00:21:33.900
that there\'s -
this is a crisis.
00:21:33.933 --> 00:21:36.200
And I\'m afraid
the call for alarm
00:21:36.233 --> 00:21:39.367
might come too close to the end,
where we can\'t change it.
00:21:39.400 --> 00:21:41.400
- I get it. I get it.
00:21:44.100 --> 00:21:46.433
How do you think
we should talk to our children
00:21:46.467 --> 00:21:48.533
and grandchildren about this?
00:21:48.567 --> 00:21:51.633
- I think of what Einstein said:
no problem can be solved
00:21:51.667 --> 00:21:53.733
from the same consciousness
that created it.
00:21:53.767 --> 00:21:55.033
And on one hand,
00:21:55.067 --> 00:21:57.133
I look at what\'s going on
in Washington, D.C.:
00:21:57.167 --> 00:21:59.933
\"Stay the course,\"
drill the planet, oil shales,
00:21:59.967 --> 00:22:03.200
you know, no regard
for the consequences of water,
00:22:03.233 --> 00:22:05.833
people\'s lives,
the future generations.
00:22:05.867 --> 00:22:07.267
And here
are these young kids going,
00:22:07.300 --> 00:22:09.067
\"No, we\'re gonna do it
a different way.\"
00:22:09.100 --> 00:22:10.600
The best thing
we can do right now
00:22:10.633 --> 00:22:13.200
is encourage these kids.
00:22:13.233 --> 00:22:17.500
- Later that day,
I met up again with Jeff
00:22:17.533 --> 00:22:19.767
who was speaking
to a group of teenagers
00:22:19.800 --> 00:22:22.100
at a local environmental
organization.
00:22:22.133 --> 00:22:24.433
- I had never heard
of ocean acidification
00:22:24.467 --> 00:22:26.700
apart from knowing
that Jeff Short
00:22:26.733 --> 00:22:29.733
was going to be coming
and talking about it.
00:22:29.767 --> 00:22:32.100
And I was flabbergasted
00:22:32.133 --> 00:22:34.533
that it hadn\'t been
on the national stage
00:22:34.567 --> 00:22:37.800
or international stage
as of yet, to my knowledge.
00:22:37.833 --> 00:22:39.133
- I want to inform people
about it
00:22:39.167 --> 00:22:42.633
because I have a hard time
imagining Cordova
00:22:42.667 --> 00:22:45.800
not being the same,
with the fisheries and stuff.
00:22:45.833 --> 00:22:50.800
But with the pH levels changing,
it\'s gonna be totally different.
00:22:50.833 --> 00:22:52.633
- And here,
we\'re standing very close
00:22:52.667 --> 00:22:56.367
to where you had
a horrific oil spill.
00:22:56.400 --> 00:22:58.000
- My father\'s
a commercial fisherman,
00:22:58.033 --> 00:23:00.267
and since the spill,
00:23:00.300 --> 00:23:02.933
the herring industry in Cordova
has collapsed.
00:23:02.967 --> 00:23:05.367
- So when you listen
to Jeff Short tonight
00:23:05.400 --> 00:23:08.967
talking about damage
to crustaceans or the shells -
00:23:09.000 --> 00:23:11.800
I don\'t know if he got into
talking about pteropods...
00:23:11.833 --> 00:23:13.400
- Yes.
- Yeah.
00:23:13.433 --> 00:23:16.267
- Which are at the breakfast
table for juvenile salmon.
00:23:16.300 --> 00:23:17.567
- Yes.
- Pink salmon, yeah.
00:23:17.600 --> 00:23:20.200
To think
if you lose one species,
00:23:20.233 --> 00:23:22.233
it is a chain reaction here,
you know?
00:23:22.267 --> 00:23:24.967
Everything relies
on something else, so...
00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:26.333
- What do you think
we need to do?
00:23:26.367 --> 00:23:29.233
- We just have to cut
CO2 emissions.
00:23:29.267 --> 00:23:31.433
That\'s, I think,
probably the only way.
00:23:31.467 --> 00:23:33.167
- It\'s the cause
of all our problems.
00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:34.633
[laughs]
00:23:38.367 --> 00:23:41.600
- Hi, Bestefar.
- How are you?
00:23:41.633 --> 00:23:44.100
- Good. Are you coming
to visit soon?
00:23:44.133 --> 00:23:46.567
- Yes. I\'ll be there
tomorrow afternoon.
00:23:46.600 --> 00:23:49.167
Can I take you to school
on Monday?
00:23:49.200 --> 00:23:51.200
- Yeah.
00:23:53.733 --> 00:23:56.933
- What\'s out here, Elias?
00:23:56.967 --> 00:23:59.867
- I\'ve seen a great white.
- A great white?
00:23:59.900 --> 00:24:03.133
- A great white shark.
And they can leap really high.
00:24:03.167 --> 00:24:05.033
- And what do
the great whites eat?
00:24:05.067 --> 00:24:08.633
- Fish and seals.
- Fish and seals?
00:24:08.667 --> 00:24:09.800
- [softly] Yeah.
00:24:09.833 --> 00:24:13.367
And sometimes
they mistake surfers for seals.
00:24:13.400 --> 00:24:15.400
- Because they think
that the surfer is a seal?
00:24:15.433 --> 00:24:18.367
- Yeah, because the surfers
are dressed in black.
00:24:18.400 --> 00:24:19.533
- Got it.
00:24:19.567 --> 00:24:21.767
So they actually look
a little bit like seals.
00:24:21.800 --> 00:24:25.400
- I think I made a note of it
in one of my notebooks.
00:24:25.433 --> 00:24:27.333
- And will you introduce me
to your teacher?
00:24:27.367 --> 00:24:28.933
- Sure.
- And what\'s her name?
00:24:28.967 --> 00:24:30.833
- Liz.
- Liz. Okay.
00:24:30.867 --> 00:24:34.567
- Is this 8:30?
- Yep, exactly 8:30 now.
00:24:34.600 --> 00:24:36.367
- Let\'s go a little faster.
00:24:36.400 --> 00:24:39.267
Maybe we can run.
- I have my running shoes.
00:24:44.333 --> 00:24:45.600
- This is fun.
00:24:45.633 --> 00:24:48.600
[singing silly nonsense]
00:24:48.633 --> 00:24:50.867
- Whoa.
00:24:50.900 --> 00:24:53.700
[upbeat rock music]
00:24:53.733 --> 00:24:58.667
- ♪ I see the bad moon arising ♪
00:24:58.700 --> 00:25:03.533
♪ I see trouble on the way... ♪
00:25:03.567 --> 00:25:07.600
- I graduated from college
in the 1960s,
00:25:07.633 --> 00:25:10.800
and I wrestled
with what came next.
00:25:10.833 --> 00:25:14.200
I applied to the Peace Corps,
and I was accepted.
00:25:14.233 --> 00:25:16.667
But a professor
that I had been working with
00:25:16.700 --> 00:25:20.833
suggested that I go visit
a school up in Vermont.
00:25:20.867 --> 00:25:23.867
- ♪ There\'s a bad moon
on the rise ♪
00:25:23.900 --> 00:25:26.467
- There I took a job
as a history teacher
00:25:26.500 --> 00:25:29.033
and found
an extraordinary chance
00:25:29.067 --> 00:25:33.767
to teach, to learn,
and to watch young people grow.
00:25:33.800 --> 00:25:35.067
Majority dictates,
00:25:35.100 --> 00:25:37.500
and it changes the whole concept
of American government
00:25:37.533 --> 00:25:40.133
because the same protection
for minority opinions
00:25:40.167 --> 00:25:42.600
and minority groups
could not be maintained
00:25:42.633 --> 00:25:44.100
within that kind of a structure.
00:25:44.133 --> 00:25:47.167
It was the beginning of a time
of political turmoil
00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:48.800
in this country.
00:25:48.833 --> 00:25:51.667
We had just come through
a very difficult part
00:25:51.700 --> 00:25:53.567
of the civil rights era,
00:25:53.600 --> 00:25:56.567
and we had decided to commit
more and more resources
00:25:56.600 --> 00:25:58.467
to Vietnam.
00:25:58.500 --> 00:26:01.000
- The government is obviously
for the war in Vietnam;
00:26:01.033 --> 00:26:02.700
otherwise,
they would not be there, right?
00:26:02.733 --> 00:26:04.933
- So as a teacher at that time,
00:26:04.967 --> 00:26:07.800
a lot of discussion
was about protests,
00:26:07.833 --> 00:26:10.067
was about change,
00:26:10.100 --> 00:26:13.333
was about looking at how
you wanted the world to be.
00:26:13.367 --> 00:26:16.933
- I mean, there are lots
of things that have been changed
00:26:16.967 --> 00:26:20.033
because people had the will
to keep fighting against them.
00:26:20.067 --> 00:26:21.733
- And as a young person,
00:26:21.767 --> 00:26:24.667
you really felt
that change was possible.
00:26:26.467 --> 00:26:27.900
[laughter]
00:26:27.933 --> 00:26:31.933
- ♪ There\'s a bad moon
on the rise ♪
00:26:42.900 --> 00:26:45.633
- As an educator,
I know how important it is
00:26:45.667 --> 00:26:48.333
to be able to explain
the basics.
00:26:50.833 --> 00:26:57.233
But I taught history
for 25 years, not science.
00:27:05.867 --> 00:27:08.933
I\'m hoping that a visit with
my friend Deborah Williams
00:27:08.967 --> 00:27:10.767
will give me a crash course
00:27:10.800 --> 00:27:13.567
in the chemistry
of ocean acidification.
00:27:16.667 --> 00:27:18.133
The more I learn,
00:27:18.167 --> 00:27:21.433
the more frightened I\'ve become
about what this all means.
00:27:21.467 --> 00:27:24.933
You know, how do you communicate
a topic like this?
00:27:24.967 --> 00:27:26.100
What do you do?
00:27:26.133 --> 00:27:28.167
- Probably the thing
that resonates the best
00:27:28.200 --> 00:27:32.167
is reminding people
that when they were little,
00:27:32.200 --> 00:27:35.667
their mother probably said,
\"Don\'t drink cola,
00:27:35.700 --> 00:27:38.400
\"or another soft drink,
before you go to bed
00:27:38.433 --> 00:27:41.033
because it will rot your teeth,\"
and when I mention that,
00:27:41.067 --> 00:27:42.507
people shake their heads
up and down.
00:27:42.533 --> 00:27:44.033
Or I say,
\"And maybe if you\'re a parent,
00:27:44.067 --> 00:27:45.567
you\'ve mentioned
that to your child,\"
00:27:45.600 --> 00:27:47.167
and people shake their heads
up and down.
00:27:47.200 --> 00:27:51.367
And so what I thought
might be fun
00:27:51.400 --> 00:27:53.000
is to do an experiment.
00:27:53.033 --> 00:27:57.033
I contacted a few friends
of mine who have young children
00:27:57.067 --> 00:28:00.067
and asked, \"Do any of you have
any baby teeth you can spare?\"
00:28:02.267 --> 00:28:05.767
So what I thought we\'d do first
is just to pour out -
00:28:05.800 --> 00:28:07.233
and these are brand-new.
00:28:07.267 --> 00:28:09.967
Oh, boy, good thing
we didn\'t have an explosion
00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:11.600
at the table.
00:28:11.633 --> 00:28:13.000
So we\'ve got the cola,
00:28:13.033 --> 00:28:15.933
and then the nothing but
spring water
00:28:15.967 --> 00:28:17.533
and carbonation,
which is -
00:28:17.567 --> 00:28:20.933
- Carbonic acid.
Both: Carbon dioxide.
00:28:20.967 --> 00:28:24.933
- Let\'s see first
what the acidity of the cola is.
00:28:24.967 --> 00:28:29.700
Now, remember, of course,
the pH of pure water is 7.
00:28:32.867 --> 00:28:34.700
That\'s like, what, 2 1/2?
00:28:34.733 --> 00:28:37.367
- And 2 indicates what?
00:28:37.400 --> 00:28:39.900
- 2 means it is quite acidic.
- It\'s below 7.
00:28:39.933 --> 00:28:44.833
- Oh, yes, dramatically below 7.
So that is why teeth do rot.
00:28:44.867 --> 00:28:46.600
- That\'s unbelievable.
[shutters audibly]
00:28:46.633 --> 00:28:48.400
It just gives me the shivers.
I can\'t tell you.
00:28:48.433 --> 00:28:49.733
- Exactly.
00:28:49.767 --> 00:28:52.300
And now we\'re going to see
what the acidity is
00:28:52.333 --> 00:28:54.367
with just pure water
and carbonation.
00:28:54.400 --> 00:28:56.333
- Got it.
Oh, boy, here it goes.
00:28:56.367 --> 00:28:58.967
- Look. See?
- Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa.
00:28:59.000 --> 00:29:01.233
- There\'s 7.
7 would be pure water.
00:29:01.267 --> 00:29:02.700
It\'s not 7.
- 5?
00:29:02.733 --> 00:29:05.467
- Not 5. More acidic still.
00:29:05.500 --> 00:29:07.067
Both: 4.
00:29:07.100 --> 00:29:08.967
- That\'s it: pH of 4.
- I think it\'s 4.
00:29:09.000 --> 00:29:12.400
PH 4 from just putting
carbon dioxide in water.
00:29:12.433 --> 00:29:14.700
All right, so what
we\'re going to do now
00:29:14.733 --> 00:29:17.300
is see what happened
to the tooth.
00:29:17.333 --> 00:29:20.067
Now, you recall,
in Elizabeth Kolbert\'s article,
00:29:20.100 --> 00:29:22.100
she mentioned Dr. Fabry.
00:29:22.133 --> 00:29:24.267
- The lady with
the phytoplankton.
00:29:24.300 --> 00:29:27.167
- That\'s right. That\'s right.
The pteropods.
00:29:27.200 --> 00:29:29.633
And she found the shells
of the pteropods,
00:29:29.667 --> 00:29:33.467
which are normally translucent,
became opaque.
00:29:33.500 --> 00:29:36.467
And when this dries out,
you will see
00:29:36.500 --> 00:29:38.500
that it has developed
this dramatic crack,
00:29:38.533 --> 00:29:41.733
compared with this sister tooth,
which you see is -
00:29:41.767 --> 00:29:43.533
how beautifully translucent
it is.
00:29:43.567 --> 00:29:46.167
It almost looks polished,
like marble.
00:29:46.200 --> 00:29:49.400
This by comparison
has dramatically eroded.
00:29:49.433 --> 00:29:50.800
- Now I can actually see
the opening
00:29:50.833 --> 00:29:51.967
right through the tooth.
00:29:52.000 --> 00:29:53.400
- Precisely.
Look at that crack.
00:29:53.433 --> 00:29:55.000
- Unbelievable.
- Yep. Yep.
00:29:55.033 --> 00:29:58.367
- And that is just
in three weeks.
00:29:58.400 --> 00:29:59.833
- Holy mackerel.
00:29:59.867 --> 00:30:04.000
- And that is
a substantial piece of tooth,
00:30:04.033 --> 00:30:07.900
as opposed to
a very delicate pteropod.
00:30:07.933 --> 00:30:10.267
- And this is just water...
- Just water.
00:30:10.300 --> 00:30:11.800
- And carbon dioxide.
- Correct.
00:30:11.833 --> 00:30:13.700
- So that\'s really our oceans
right now.
00:30:13.733 --> 00:30:17.233
- That is what is happening
in the ocean right now.
00:30:18.967 --> 00:30:22.933
[water burbling]
00:30:22.967 --> 00:30:25.933
[pensive classical music]
00:30:25.967 --> 00:30:33.967
♪ ♪
00:31:19.300 --> 00:31:22.233
- I can\'t get the image
of that cracked tooth
00:31:22.267 --> 00:31:24.633
out of my mind.
00:31:25.833 --> 00:31:27.900
I know that a tooth
and a seashell
00:31:27.933 --> 00:31:29.600
are not exactly the same,
00:31:29.633 --> 00:31:33.033
but it made me wonder
what the dropping pH was doing
00:31:33.067 --> 00:31:37.433
to my dear little pteropods.
00:31:39.433 --> 00:31:41.433
Dr. Victoria Fabry,
00:31:41.467 --> 00:31:44.333
another scientist
from the Seattle conference,
00:31:44.367 --> 00:31:47.633
was actually the centerpiece
of Elizabeth Kolbert\'s article
00:31:47.667 --> 00:31:52.833
because of her work
with shelled pteropods.
00:31:52.867 --> 00:31:54.933
Well, here it is: the lab.
00:31:54.967 --> 00:31:56.933
- Yes, welcome to our lab.
00:31:56.967 --> 00:31:58.533
This is my daughter, Madeline.
00:31:58.567 --> 00:32:00.767
Madeline, this is Mr. Huseby.
- Well, hello, Madeline.
00:32:00.800 --> 00:32:02.333
Nice to meet you.
- Nice to meet you too.
00:32:02.367 --> 00:32:03.867
- I have to confess -
00:32:03.900 --> 00:32:05.933
I mean, people do all kinds
of things on the internet,
00:32:05.967 --> 00:32:08.733
but I really do a lot of time
00:32:08.767 --> 00:32:11.600
searching for images
of pteropods
00:32:11.633 --> 00:32:13.467
and reading about pteropods.
00:32:13.500 --> 00:32:15.000
I became fascinated.
00:32:15.033 --> 00:32:18.567
Who are these creatures
that I\'d never ever heard of?
00:32:18.600 --> 00:32:23.567
And then I found that they were
just drop-dead gorgeous.
00:32:23.600 --> 00:32:25.200
They were beautiful.
00:32:25.233 --> 00:32:27.600
So I would love
to see any examples
00:32:27.633 --> 00:32:31.333
that you have of these little,
you know, angels,
00:32:31.367 --> 00:32:32.667
as I think of them.
00:32:32.700 --> 00:32:34.667
- I\'ve got just what
you might want.
00:32:34.700 --> 00:32:37.500
- Oh, good. Good.
- Mm-hmm.
00:32:37.533 --> 00:32:40.100
Pteropods are difficult
to keep in the lab.
00:32:40.133 --> 00:32:42.000
They don\'t feed in the lab.
00:32:42.033 --> 00:32:45.733
But I\'d like to show you
some video clips
00:32:45.767 --> 00:32:47.533
of pteropods moving.
00:32:47.567 --> 00:32:48.833
- No wonder
I\'m in love with them.
00:32:48.867 --> 00:32:51.867
Look at that.
It\'s beautiful.
00:32:51.900 --> 00:32:55.733
- \"Pteropod\" actually
means \"winged foot.\"
00:32:55.767 --> 00:32:57.167
\"Pod\" is \"foot.\"
00:32:57.200 --> 00:33:01.233
And their foot has been modified
into two swimming wings.
00:33:03.300 --> 00:33:06.000
I think they look
a little bit more like moths.
00:33:06.033 --> 00:33:07.900
Although one time,
someone told me
00:33:07.933 --> 00:33:10.233
they looked like
flying coffee beans.
00:33:10.267 --> 00:33:12.167
What do you think
they look like?
00:33:12.200 --> 00:33:15.200
- A small elephant
with its ears...
00:33:15.233 --> 00:33:17.200
- Like a Dumbo-type elephant?
- Yeah.
00:33:17.233 --> 00:33:20.300
- I\'m not sure you two are
as enamored of these as I am,
00:33:20.333 --> 00:33:22.500
\'cause I think
they\'re just plain beautiful.
00:33:22.533 --> 00:33:25.700
- They are. They really are.
00:33:25.733 --> 00:33:28.000
- If you could share with me,
Vicky, a little bit,
00:33:28.033 --> 00:33:31.767
one of the catalysts that
really set you off on pteropods?
00:33:31.800 --> 00:33:35.500
- Well, I was just trying to get
a normal calcification rate
00:33:35.533 --> 00:33:38.400
on pteropods collected
in the subarctic Pacific.
00:33:38.433 --> 00:33:41.500
We\'ve just gotten back
from Antarctica,
00:33:41.533 --> 00:33:43.167
at McMurdo Station down there.
00:33:43.200 --> 00:33:45.500
We collected pteropods.
00:33:45.533 --> 00:33:48.500
I was lucky to find
a lot of them.
00:33:48.533 --> 00:33:50.367
They tend to swarm.
You don\'t find just one.
00:33:50.400 --> 00:33:54.133
You find lots of them.
00:33:54.167 --> 00:33:57.567
I put too many of them,
actually, in a jar.
00:33:57.600 --> 00:34:01.433
And like all animals,
they respire carbon dioxide.
00:34:01.467 --> 00:34:06.600
So their respiratory CO2
lowered the pH within the jar
00:34:06.633 --> 00:34:11.467
to levels projected to occur
by the end of this century.
00:34:11.500 --> 00:34:16.867
Within 48 hours, we saw
the shell started to dissolve.
00:34:16.900 --> 00:34:20.400
They\'re really animals
living on the edge.
00:34:28.467 --> 00:34:30.000
- Elias.
00:34:30.033 --> 00:34:31.833
Whoa!
- [squeals]
00:34:31.867 --> 00:34:34.133
- [laughs]
00:34:36.800 --> 00:34:38.040
Should we do that one more time?
00:34:38.067 --> 00:34:39.900
The \"squish squish kadooly\"
part?
00:34:39.933 --> 00:34:41.900
- Yeah.
- See if you can remember it.
00:34:41.933 --> 00:34:45.700
♪ Squish squish kadooly ♪
- ♪ Squish squish kadooly ♪
00:34:45.733 --> 00:34:49.533
- ♪ Sqwadooly day ♪
- ♪ Sqwadooly day ♪
00:34:49.567 --> 00:34:53.567
- ♪ Hidey hidey hidey ♪
- ♪ Hidey hidey hidey ♪
00:34:53.600 --> 00:34:57.000
- ♪ Oh, yeah, hidey ho ♪
- ♪ Oh, yeah, hidey ho ♪
00:34:57.033 --> 00:34:59.667
- Whoo!
And then we build.
00:34:59.700 --> 00:35:01.167
You\'ve got to show me
how to do it.
00:35:01.200 --> 00:35:03.000
You know, it\'s been so long
since I\'ve done this.
00:35:03.033 --> 00:35:06.100
- Oh, at the top, we need
to not forget battlements.
00:35:06.133 --> 00:35:07.800
- Oh, battlements.
00:35:07.833 --> 00:35:10.533
How long do you think it took to
build a castle, a real castle?
00:35:10.567 --> 00:35:13.600
- Oh, maybe a few months
or years.
00:35:13.633 --> 00:35:14.900
- A few months?
- Yeah.
00:35:14.933 --> 00:35:17.367
- And is this the kind of wall
you had in mind, Elias?
00:35:17.400 --> 00:35:19.300
- Yeah.
- Good.
00:35:19.333 --> 00:35:22.933
- [singing happy nonsense]
00:35:22.967 --> 00:35:24.333
- Elias?
- What?
00:35:24.367 --> 00:35:26.933
- Are dolphins fish?
- [chuckles] No.
00:35:26.967 --> 00:35:29.900
- Dolphins aren\'t fish?
- No way, José.
00:35:29.933 --> 00:35:31.867
- What are they?
- They\'re called lungfish.
00:35:31.900 --> 00:35:35.900
They have lungs,
and they also have gills.
00:35:35.933 --> 00:35:38.133
- Oh, boy.
00:35:38.167 --> 00:35:41.233
Elias, look right out there.
- Where?
00:35:41.267 --> 00:35:45.167
- Look right out here.
Follow my finger.
00:35:45.200 --> 00:35:47.733
There he is.
00:35:47.767 --> 00:35:49.767
Do you see it?
Right out there. You see it?
00:35:49.800 --> 00:35:52.233
It just came up.
00:35:52.267 --> 00:35:54.367
It\'ll come up again.
00:35:54.400 --> 00:35:57.133
There he is.
- Way over there.
00:35:57.167 --> 00:36:00.200
- Oh, my god, look out there.
00:36:00.233 --> 00:36:02.333
That\'s right.
- [gasping]
00:36:02.367 --> 00:36:04.033
- That\'s huge.
- That was so up close.
00:36:04.067 --> 00:36:08.400
- I know.
That is big, big, big.
00:36:08.433 --> 00:36:11.100
[laughs]
00:36:11.133 --> 00:36:14.033
- Ohh, man.
- It\'s huge.
00:36:14.067 --> 00:36:15.433
- It\'s so amazing.
00:36:15.467 --> 00:36:19.267
I\'ve never seen a whale
in the wild in my life.
00:36:19.300 --> 00:36:21.000
- That\'s amazing.
- It\'s amazing.
00:36:21.033 --> 00:36:22.700
- Are you gonna tell
your friends at school?
00:36:22.733 --> 00:36:27.233
- Oh, I have to. I have to.
- Yeah.
00:36:35.867 --> 00:36:38.533
- What\'s your favorite animal
in the sea?
00:36:38.567 --> 00:36:40.300
- Penguins.
00:36:40.333 --> 00:36:42.200
- What\'s your second
favorite animal?
00:36:42.233 --> 00:36:43.400
- Whales.
00:36:43.433 --> 00:36:45.933
- Do you know anything
about the whales?
00:36:45.967 --> 00:36:47.367
- No.
00:36:52.067 --> 00:36:55.400
- I can\'t help but wonder
if we can rescue ourselves
00:36:55.433 --> 00:36:58.733
from the course we\'re on.
00:36:58.767 --> 00:37:01.767
Do we have the will to change,
00:37:01.800 --> 00:37:06.467
or have we become too cynical
and too divided?
00:37:06.500 --> 00:37:10.933
How bad do things have to get?
00:37:10.967 --> 00:37:13.000
- If you look back and say,
well, when in history
00:37:13.033 --> 00:37:15.433
did something similar happen
to the oceans,
00:37:15.467 --> 00:37:18.067
you\'d point to when
the dinosaurs became extinct
00:37:18.100 --> 00:37:20.100
65 million years ago.
00:37:20.133 --> 00:37:22.967
And at that time,
the oceans also became acidic.
00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:25.800
So what happened at that time?
00:37:25.833 --> 00:37:29.033
Coral reefs disappeared
from the geologic record.
00:37:31.000 --> 00:37:32.867
Plankton, these little tiny
marine organisms
00:37:32.900 --> 00:37:34.633
that make their shells
and skeletons
00:37:34.667 --> 00:37:37.667
out of calcium carbonate,
also disappeared.
00:37:37.700 --> 00:37:40.333
It\'s hundreds
of thousands of years
00:37:40.367 --> 00:37:42.600
before the tiny
single-celled organisms
00:37:42.633 --> 00:37:44.033
that live on the surface
of the ocean
00:37:44.067 --> 00:37:47.033
came back
and repopulated the ocean.
00:37:47.067 --> 00:37:50.100
Coral reefs are gone
for 2 million years.
00:37:50.133 --> 00:37:52.667
What I fear is that
this is the tip of the iceberg,
00:37:52.700 --> 00:37:54.733
this is what we know about,
00:37:54.767 --> 00:37:57.300
but what that means
higher up the food chain
00:37:57.333 --> 00:37:59.467
we don\'t know \'cause there\'s
no way to do an experiment.
00:37:59.500 --> 00:38:01.067
So what is the experiment
we\'re doing?
00:38:01.100 --> 00:38:04.233
We\'re doing it on the one ocean
that we actually have,
00:38:04.267 --> 00:38:06.833
and it\'s an irreversible
experiment.
00:38:06.867 --> 00:38:08.907
We\'re gonna say, \"Okay,
we\'re gonna see what happens
00:38:08.933 --> 00:38:10.533
\"when we acidify the ocean.
00:38:10.567 --> 00:38:13.067
\"We have no idea what
it\'s gonna do to higher forms,
00:38:13.100 --> 00:38:17.600
but we\'ll know in a few decades,
so just hang on,\" you know?
00:38:20.800 --> 00:38:24.067
You know, what if it wasn\'t us
that discovered fossil fuels
00:38:24.100 --> 00:38:26.733
and made an industrial society,
but what if it was -
00:38:26.767 --> 00:38:29.433
say, the Romans
had stumbled on coal
00:38:29.467 --> 00:38:31.767
and developed automobiles
and all of this?
00:38:31.800 --> 00:38:34.333
And, you know,
what if their scientists
00:38:34.367 --> 00:38:37.933
were telling them, \"Oh, well,
if you continue doing this,
00:38:37.967 --> 00:38:39.600
it\'ll take millions of years
to recover,\"
00:38:39.633 --> 00:38:42.400
and they say, \"But we really
like our consumer products,
00:38:42.433 --> 00:38:46.167
and we like our Hummers
and big houses and all of this.\"
00:38:46.200 --> 00:38:48.067
You know, would we say,
\"Oh, well, these people,
00:38:48.100 --> 00:38:50.033
they made a good,
rational decision,\"
00:38:50.067 --> 00:38:51.900
or would we think,
\"How could they have been
00:38:51.933 --> 00:38:54.100
\"so selfish and stupid
just so they could have
00:38:54.133 --> 00:38:56.800
a century or two
of a high lifestyle\"?
00:38:56.833 --> 00:38:58.500
Because there are
only enough fossil fuels
00:38:58.533 --> 00:39:00.733
to last a couple of centuries,
00:39:00.767 --> 00:39:02.800
which seems like
a lot to you and me,
00:39:02.833 --> 00:39:05.367
but, you know,
this is a tiny speck of dust
00:39:05.400 --> 00:39:06.767
compared to the length of time
00:39:06.800 --> 00:39:09.233
that we\'re damaging
the oceans for.
00:39:09.267 --> 00:39:13.333
And the other thing about it
is that most economists think
00:39:13.367 --> 00:39:17.633
that it will cost
something like 1% or 2%
00:39:17.667 --> 00:39:19.700
of our total economic activity
00:39:19.733 --> 00:39:22.000
to actually solve this problem,
to stop emitting CO2.
00:39:22.033 --> 00:39:23.267
- That\'s all?
00:39:23.300 --> 00:39:25.767
- Yeah, the most mainstream
economic assessment
00:39:25.800 --> 00:39:29.400
is at about 2%
of our total economic activity.
00:39:29.433 --> 00:39:31.167
It would mean that
for each dollar you spend
00:39:31.200 --> 00:39:34.033
on a soda or something,
you\'d have to pay $1.02.
00:39:34.067 --> 00:39:35.967
And that\'s - and -
- That\'s what it really means.
00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:37.400
That\'s what it
really boils down to,
00:39:37.433 --> 00:39:39.800
and at that level, you know -
00:39:39.833 --> 00:39:43.367
so we\'re willing
to damage the ocean
00:39:43.400 --> 00:39:46.800
for essentially millions
of years
00:39:46.833 --> 00:39:49.567
because we don\'t want to spend
2¢ more for something.
00:39:49.600 --> 00:39:52.000
It\'s crazy.
It\'s completely crazy.
00:39:52.033 --> 00:39:55.433
- That\'s - I had no idea
00:39:55.467 --> 00:39:57.033
that the percentages
were at that level.
00:39:57.067 --> 00:39:58.600
- Yeah, yeah.
2% percent of GDP is what -
00:39:58.633 --> 00:40:03.033
- 2%. Oh, my god.
Oh, my god.
00:40:03.067 --> 00:40:04.700
Ach.
00:40:10.400 --> 00:40:15.900
This is becoming
a very dark journey.
00:40:15.933 --> 00:40:17.967
I learned from Ken
this afternoon
00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:23.433
that within 50 years coral
may be extinct.
00:40:23.467 --> 00:40:26.400
And I\'m sickened
by the realization
00:40:26.433 --> 00:40:29.500
that we may in fact
live some day
00:40:29.533 --> 00:40:32.467
in a world without fish.
00:40:34.533 --> 00:40:36.400
- I came across
this same article.
00:40:36.433 --> 00:40:38.667
I think it\'s The Darkening Sea.
- That\'s the one.
00:40:38.700 --> 00:40:40.400
- I\'m researching for a project,
00:40:40.433 --> 00:40:43.000
which will be the fifth
and the last memorial,
00:40:43.033 --> 00:40:44.333
called Missing.
00:40:44.367 --> 00:40:46.667
It\'s about extinct species.
00:40:46.700 --> 00:40:48.267
It\'s about endangered species.
00:40:48.300 --> 00:40:51.833
But it\'s much more about
the habitats these species need
00:40:51.867 --> 00:40:55.367
to survive above ground
and then below water.
00:40:55.400 --> 00:40:57.000
Like, right here behind us
00:40:57.033 --> 00:40:59.533
is going to be
a permanent installation
00:40:59.567 --> 00:41:03.667
for the California Academy
of Sciences in San Francisco.
00:41:03.700 --> 00:41:06.467
It\'s called Where the Land
Meets the Sea.
00:41:06.500 --> 00:41:08.700
What you\'re looking at
is a model of something
00:41:08.733 --> 00:41:11.133
that will be 40 by 60 feet.
00:41:11.167 --> 00:41:14.300
It will be above your head.
00:41:14.333 --> 00:41:17.433
This is the mouth
of the San Francisco Bay.
00:41:17.467 --> 00:41:20.033
This is Angel Island.
And this is - that\'s -
00:41:20.067 --> 00:41:22.167
- Oh, my.
So this is a topography.
00:41:22.200 --> 00:41:24.433
- This is a topography
of the ocean floor
00:41:24.467 --> 00:41:27.000
and the land terrain
around the mouth
00:41:27.033 --> 00:41:28.900
of the San Francisco Bay.
00:41:28.933 --> 00:41:31.500
- So this is how it\'s gonna be
in the museum?
00:41:31.533 --> 00:41:35.067
- Outside in an outdoor terrace,
floating above you
00:41:35.100 --> 00:41:38.867
about 15 feet above your head.
00:41:38.900 --> 00:41:40.700
I\'m trying to point out,
a little bit,
00:41:40.733 --> 00:41:43.533
these areas in the world that
maybe you\'re not looking at,
00:41:43.567 --> 00:41:45.567
but look again.
00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:54.167
I think we\'re
a very visual creature,
00:41:54.200 --> 00:41:57.067
and therefore, what\'s below
the surface of the water,
00:41:57.100 --> 00:42:00.167
in a sense, becomes invisible,
00:42:00.200 --> 00:42:03.800
and so we\'re not connected
to it.
00:42:03.833 --> 00:42:07.367
What we can\'t see, we pollute
00:42:07.400 --> 00:42:10.667
because we actually
don\'t even see it as existing,
00:42:10.700 --> 00:42:14.733
and, I think, 85% of the world
is underwater.
00:42:14.767 --> 00:42:17.500
- Fantastic.
How did you end up getting that?
00:42:17.533 --> 00:42:19.867
- I actually was doing a piece
called 10 Degrees North.
00:42:19.900 --> 00:42:22.333
Maps are inherently political.
And I made a map.
00:42:22.367 --> 00:42:25.600
But then I had asked
the mapmakers to cut the Earth
00:42:25.633 --> 00:42:28.567
into 52 north-south sections.
00:42:28.600 --> 00:42:32.133
And I was drawn to one section
where there\'s a mountain.
00:42:32.167 --> 00:42:35.600
It\'s the tallest mountain
in the world.
00:42:35.633 --> 00:42:37.833
Guess what it is.
00:42:37.867 --> 00:42:39.900
It\'s Hawaii...
- Hawaii?
00:42:39.933 --> 00:42:41.433
- Because it goes both above
00:42:41.467 --> 00:42:43.133
but then once you go
below sea level,
00:42:43.167 --> 00:42:45.333
it\'s one of our tallest
mountains in the world.
00:42:45.367 --> 00:42:48.900
There we are thinking of Hawaii
as this little point.
00:42:48.933 --> 00:42:50.800
That has always stuck with me,
00:42:50.833 --> 00:42:55.700
that we have no idea
of the complexity of the terrain
00:42:55.733 --> 00:42:58.733
and its beauty underwater,
00:42:58.767 --> 00:43:00.607
and that\'s - we\'re not even
beginning to think
00:43:00.633 --> 00:43:03.000
about the life
that goes along with that.
00:43:03.033 --> 00:43:06.867
And to me, if you look
at the way fish swim,
00:43:06.900 --> 00:43:09.733
the way they move,
it\'s like birds flying.
00:43:10.833 --> 00:43:12.300
And they\'re so equivalent -
00:43:12.333 --> 00:43:14.900
whether it\'s in the air
or whether there in the ocean -
00:43:14.933 --> 00:43:17.033
the beauty of life that is,
00:43:17.067 --> 00:43:20.200
and we\'re not even seeing it.
00:43:20.233 --> 00:43:23.200
[poignant instrumental music]
00:43:23.233 --> 00:43:30.800
♪ ♪
00:44:01.567 --> 00:44:06.567
- [singing nonsense contentedly]
00:44:11.100 --> 00:44:13.067
- Oh, my god.
There are - look over there.
00:44:13.100 --> 00:44:15.333
There\'s one.
That\'s another sea urchin.
00:44:15.367 --> 00:44:16.633
- Yep.
00:44:16.667 --> 00:44:18.867
- Are they sea urchins
or sea anemones? Help me.
00:44:18.900 --> 00:44:20.567
- Those are anemones.
- Boy, oh, boy.
00:44:20.600 --> 00:44:22.300
- Oh, yeah. Hi.
00:44:22.333 --> 00:44:23.967
[squeals]
- Yeah.
00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:25.933
- He almost sticked me
into his mouth.
00:44:25.967 --> 00:44:28.367
- Look at that.
It\'s closing up like that one.
00:44:28.400 --> 00:44:30.533
This is like a jungle in here.
00:44:30.567 --> 00:44:32.967
- I\'m cold.
Can we go inside now?
00:44:36.667 --> 00:44:38.200
- Here comes one.
- [gasps]
00:44:38.233 --> 00:44:41.467
I wish I could touch its tail.
- I know.
00:44:41.500 --> 00:44:44.767
- Ohhh.
- Whooo. Whoo!
00:44:44.800 --> 00:44:46.600
- They look so amazing.
I love....
00:44:46.633 --> 00:44:49.467
- They\'re sort of slippery.
- So cu -
00:44:49.500 --> 00:44:51.933
[gasps, giggles]
00:44:51.967 --> 00:44:53.633
- Oh, my god.
00:44:53.667 --> 00:44:55.433
- [squeals]
00:44:55.467 --> 00:44:57.000
- Did you get him?
Did you touch him?
00:44:57.033 --> 00:45:00.133
- It\'s actually not that -
it\'s actually rough.
00:45:00.167 --> 00:45:01.367
- Really?
- Yeah.
00:45:01.400 --> 00:45:03.800
- Oh, that\'s nice.
- What\'s that?
00:45:03.833 --> 00:45:06.100
- What they call zooplankton.
00:45:06.133 --> 00:45:07.833
- Zooplankton.
- Yeah.
00:45:07.867 --> 00:45:09.400
Plankton are those things
in the sea
00:45:09.433 --> 00:45:12.000
that drift with the currents.
00:45:12.033 --> 00:45:14.733
They don\'t swim by themselves.
- Yeah, I know.
00:45:14.767 --> 00:45:16.667
In fact, actually, krill
is a kind of plankton...
00:45:16.700 --> 00:45:18.133
- That\'s right.
How did you know that?
00:45:18.167 --> 00:45:19.533
- But an enormous kind
of plankton.
00:45:19.567 --> 00:45:20.933
- That\'s true,
00:45:20.967 --> 00:45:23.133
and there are a lot of krill
down by Antarctica.
00:45:23.167 --> 00:45:24.500
- I don\'t know how I knew that.
00:45:27.300 --> 00:45:32.700
- I see, Elias,
that you had a map of Europe.
00:45:32.733 --> 00:45:36.267
Let me show you
where I\'ll be going next.
00:45:36.300 --> 00:45:39.133
It\'s way up north.
00:45:39.167 --> 00:45:42.333
I\'m going to an island
called Svalbard,
00:45:42.367 --> 00:45:44.600
north of Norway.
00:45:44.633 --> 00:45:48.533
Scientists there are doing some
of the most important research
00:45:48.567 --> 00:45:51.567
in the world
on the health of the oceans.
00:45:56.467 --> 00:45:59.700
[airplane engine droning]
00:46:03.533 --> 00:46:07.833
[bird cawing]
00:46:24.733 --> 00:46:27.600
Ny Alesund is a community
of scientists
00:46:27.633 --> 00:46:29.600
from all over the world.
00:46:29.633 --> 00:46:31.233
They come here to take advantage
00:46:31.267 --> 00:46:33.600
of the cold and cleaner
ocean conditions
00:46:33.633 --> 00:46:37.900
that they find
in the Arctic regions.
00:46:42.567 --> 00:46:46.800
It\'s hardly possible
to find a permanent settlement
00:46:46.833 --> 00:46:48.833
further north in the world.
00:46:48.867 --> 00:46:52.033
- When I flew in here,
I got on that small plane -
00:46:52.067 --> 00:46:53.733
I think there were 14 of us -
00:46:53.767 --> 00:46:55.767
and I felt I\'d come
to the United Nations.
00:46:55.800 --> 00:46:57.033
- Yeah.
00:46:57.067 --> 00:46:59.133
- I mean, there were people
from all over the world.
00:46:59.167 --> 00:47:01.933
- Yeah, we have around
20 nations each year.
00:47:01.967 --> 00:47:04.900
That creates
a very good exchange
00:47:04.933 --> 00:47:08.367
of scientific knowledge.
00:47:08.400 --> 00:47:12.400
- We are part of the first
Arctic expedition from India.
00:47:12.433 --> 00:47:15.133
You know, a lot is known
about our country.
00:47:15.167 --> 00:47:17.567
It\'s known
for its beautiful woman.
00:47:17.600 --> 00:47:19.800
It\'s known for its spicy food
00:47:19.833 --> 00:47:23.367
and definitely known for
its very, very hot temperatures.
00:47:23.400 --> 00:47:24.767
But very little is known
00:47:24.800 --> 00:47:28.300
that we also have
the Himalayan mountain ranges,
00:47:28.333 --> 00:47:31.067
and these ranges
are full of glaciers.
00:47:31.100 --> 00:47:34.433
And approaching the Himalayas
is no small joke.
00:47:34.467 --> 00:47:36.833
It is extremely difficult
00:47:36.867 --> 00:47:39.200
to trek up
to the Himalayan glaciers
00:47:39.233 --> 00:47:42.767
compared to going to the Arctic
or the Antarctic.
00:47:42.800 --> 00:47:44.900
- Because everybody knows
that if you want to study
00:47:44.933 --> 00:47:46.600
the melting of the glaciers,
00:47:46.633 --> 00:47:48.467
possibly the Arctic
is the best place.
00:47:48.500 --> 00:47:51.000
Most of the glaciers
that we were observing,
00:47:51.033 --> 00:47:52.833
they have receded
at an average rate
00:47:52.867 --> 00:47:55.233
of seven meters in one decade.
00:47:55.267 --> 00:47:57.500
And the glaciers
in the Himalayas
00:47:57.533 --> 00:47:59.667
are receding
at a much faster rate.
00:48:03.600 --> 00:48:06.033
- What do you got?
This morning\'s catch?
00:48:06.067 --> 00:48:09.500
- No, we\'re - we\'re bringing
in clean seawater,
00:48:09.533 --> 00:48:11.333
because we\'ve got
some experiments running,
00:48:11.367 --> 00:48:14.167
and we have to keep the animals
nice and clean.
00:48:14.200 --> 00:48:16.000
- Any chance
I can tag along and see?
00:48:16.033 --> 00:48:17.400
- Yeah, for sure.
Come, have a look.
00:48:17.433 --> 00:48:18.567
- Whoa!
- Thank you very much.
00:48:18.600 --> 00:48:19.733
- Terrific.
- Hold the tray.
00:48:19.767 --> 00:48:21.433
- Okay.
00:48:25.900 --> 00:48:28.567
- Try that one.
- We\'ve got five or six species.
00:48:28.600 --> 00:48:30.867
We\'re measuring
their metabolic rates.
00:48:30.900 --> 00:48:33.000
So we\'re measuring
how much they breathe.
00:48:33.033 --> 00:48:34.367
Respiration rate is a measure
00:48:34.400 --> 00:48:36.533
of the cost of living
to the animal.
00:48:36.567 --> 00:48:39.533
So for instance, if we were
to struggle for a mate
00:48:39.567 --> 00:48:43.100
and you and I had to fight
for a mate, it all costs energy.
00:48:43.133 --> 00:48:45.233
You can measure that in
a metabolic rate of the animal.
00:48:45.267 --> 00:48:47.933
You can measure that
in the oxygen it consumes, so -
00:48:47.967 --> 00:48:50.133
- So the more it\'s fighting,
the more oxygen it consumes.
00:48:50.167 --> 00:48:51.233
- Absolutely.
00:48:51.267 --> 00:48:53.700
Now, the more acid
the seawater goes,
00:48:53.733 --> 00:48:55.600
the harder the animals
have to work
00:48:55.633 --> 00:48:57.133
to make their skeletons.
00:48:57.167 --> 00:49:00.667
- I actually met a woman,
and she had put a baby tooth
00:49:00.700 --> 00:49:04.000
in cola, which had a pH of 2.
00:49:04.033 --> 00:49:05.967
- And the cola dissolves things
real fast.
00:49:06.000 --> 00:49:07.567
- Unbelievable.
- Yeah, yeah.
00:49:07.600 --> 00:49:10.067
Well, we\'re never gonna get
seawater with a pH of 2.
00:49:10.100 --> 00:49:11.667
I mean, that you can
be pretty certain of.
00:49:11.700 --> 00:49:13.733
So we\'re never gonna have
oceans of Coke.
00:49:13.767 --> 00:49:17.167
That\'s just not gonna happen.
[both chuckle]
00:49:17.200 --> 00:49:19.833
What we\'re going to have
is the equivalent of, say,
00:49:19.867 --> 00:49:22.900
your bathtub
with a can of Coke in it.
00:49:22.933 --> 00:49:25.500
We know there
are certain levels of pH
00:49:25.533 --> 00:49:28.100
that some animals,
called foraminiferans -
00:49:28.133 --> 00:49:31.100
we know they can\'t cope with
a fairly small change in pH.
00:49:31.133 --> 00:49:34.133
They are one of the animals
that lives ubiquitously
00:49:34.167 --> 00:49:35.567
around the planet,
00:49:35.600 --> 00:49:37.400
and they\'re very important
in the ecosystem.
00:49:37.433 --> 00:49:40.900
If they go out, it has
ecosystem-wide consequences.
00:49:40.933 --> 00:49:43.333
- At what point
do scientists feel
00:49:43.367 --> 00:49:46.067
it\'s time to raise
some kind of alarm?
00:49:46.100 --> 00:49:47.400
- The vast majority
of scientists
00:49:47.433 --> 00:49:48.967
think we\'re already
past the point
00:49:49.000 --> 00:49:51.400
whereby we should be concerned
and we should worry.
00:49:51.433 --> 00:49:53.433
I think
we\'ve gone past the point now
00:49:53.467 --> 00:49:57.267
whereby we can avoid losing
significant species.
00:49:57.300 --> 00:49:59.500
We might even see something
that would remove humans
00:49:59.533 --> 00:50:01.467
from the planet.
00:50:01.500 --> 00:50:02.733
That\'s the threat:
00:50:02.767 --> 00:50:05.467
it\'s the threat
to our own services.
00:50:05.500 --> 00:50:08.167
If you\'re -
if you\'re not even concerned
00:50:08.200 --> 00:50:10.700
about what we\'re doing
to other animals on Earth,
00:50:10.733 --> 00:50:12.767
there is a threat
to humans here.
00:50:12.800 --> 00:50:14.500
Some scientists
think that\'s coming
00:50:14.533 --> 00:50:16.467
within the next 30 to 50 years.
00:50:16.500 --> 00:50:18.633
Some scientists think it\'s
coming in the next 100 years.
00:50:18.667 --> 00:50:20.367
Some scientists
think it\'s not coming
00:50:20.400 --> 00:50:24.333
for 200 to 300 years,
but it\'s coming.
00:50:24.367 --> 00:50:27.133
- What would you say to someone
like my friend at home
00:50:27.167 --> 00:50:30.167
who says, \"God will take care
of these things,
00:50:30.200 --> 00:50:33.333
and I shouldn\'t get so upset
and worry about it so much\"?
00:50:33.367 --> 00:50:35.533
- The argument I have
with that is,
00:50:35.567 --> 00:50:37.167
if you were to go into heaven
00:50:37.200 --> 00:50:39.267
and you had stabbed somebody
to death,
00:50:39.300 --> 00:50:41.267
God would not look kindly
on you.
00:50:41.300 --> 00:50:42.433
- I would hope not.
00:50:42.467 --> 00:50:43.700
- If you go to heaven
00:50:43.733 --> 00:50:46.000
and you\'ve ignored
climate change
00:50:46.033 --> 00:50:48.400
and you\'ve killed
50 million people in Asia
00:50:48.433 --> 00:50:50.733
because you\'ve ignored it,
because sea level\'s risen
00:50:50.767 --> 00:50:54.067
and they\'ve died,
are you not equally culpable?
00:50:54.100 --> 00:50:56.067
- I think so.
- I think so too.
00:50:57.533 --> 00:50:59.033
Yeah, I\'ve not really
been helping you
00:50:59.067 --> 00:51:01.700
as much as I should, am I?
00:51:01.733 --> 00:51:03.367
- Situation normal.
- Yeah, okay.
00:51:03.400 --> 00:51:05.600
[laughter]
00:51:07.700 --> 00:51:09.700
- How are you?
- Good.
00:51:16.100 --> 00:51:19.200
- [speaking Norwegian]
00:51:23.500 --> 00:51:25.467
- If you want to see
our sampling work,
00:51:25.500 --> 00:51:27.433
we\'re taking a boat out
tomorrow,
00:51:27.467 --> 00:51:29.133
and you\'re very welcome
to come and join us.
00:51:29.167 --> 00:51:30.567
- I would love to do that.
00:51:30.600 --> 00:51:32.900
- So we can take a trip to the -
towards the glaciers
00:51:32.933 --> 00:51:35.300
to get an idea of the amount
of carbon that\'s coming in.
00:51:35.333 --> 00:51:38.433
And you can get kitted up
in your survival suit.
00:51:38.467 --> 00:51:40.433
- Okay.
- Then we\'ll go and get a gun.
00:51:40.467 --> 00:51:43.333
- And - a gun?
Why do we need a gun?
00:51:43.367 --> 00:51:45.100
- There\'s polar bears here,
so we have to be -
00:51:45.133 --> 00:51:47.900
- Polar bears?
- We have to be prepared.
00:51:47.933 --> 00:51:50.100
- Okay, well, let\'s -
00:51:50.133 --> 00:51:52.867
- No, but there\'s - there\'s not
too many polar bears around,
00:51:52.900 --> 00:51:55.367
but there was one spotted
that way.
00:51:55.400 --> 00:51:58.800
- Okay, I guess, I\'ll learn
more about that tomorrow.
00:51:58.833 --> 00:52:00.200
- Okay, then.
- Okay.
00:52:00.233 --> 00:52:03.533
[whimsical instrumental music]
00:52:03.567 --> 00:52:11.567
♪ ♪
00:52:29.767 --> 00:52:33.000
[distant cracking sound]
00:52:35.233 --> 00:52:38.733
[deep booming sounds]
- Oh, yeah.
00:52:40.900 --> 00:52:42.567
- Sounds like dynamite.
00:52:44.533 --> 00:52:48.133
- Holy cow. Oh, my god.
00:52:52.067 --> 00:52:53.367
- Yeah, you see
the glacier here?
00:52:53.400 --> 00:52:55.067
You see, it\'s alive;
it\'s moving,
00:52:55.100 --> 00:52:56.567
and it\'s breaking off constantly
00:52:56.600 --> 00:52:58.200
because the whole Earth
is warming up,
00:52:58.233 --> 00:52:59.533
and one of the easiest -
00:52:59.567 --> 00:53:01.567
one of the first things
you can see is,
00:53:01.600 --> 00:53:04.100
is when all the glaciers
keep on regressing.
00:53:04.133 --> 00:53:05.967
So this is a -
00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:11.167
it\'s a very visual proof
of the global warming, so...
00:53:11.200 --> 00:53:13.300
Well, we are here
to see what it\'s all about.
00:53:19.733 --> 00:53:24.300
- For years, I\'d been hearing
about the shrinking glaciers.
00:53:26.700 --> 00:53:30.467
But not until these huge,
building-like pieces
00:53:30.500 --> 00:53:32.967
were falling off the edge
of the glacier
00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:36.000
every five minutes
00:53:36.033 --> 00:53:38.967
did I begin to wonder
how it was affecting
00:53:39.000 --> 00:53:42.000
the many creatures
below the surface.
00:53:44.900 --> 00:53:47.967
[woman singing melancholy song
in Norwegian]
00:53:48.000 --> 00:53:56.000
♪ ♪
00:54:39.567 --> 00:54:45.233
- \"Dear Elias, last night,
we had a real adventure.
00:54:45.267 --> 00:54:48.700
\"And now I\'m a bit exhausted.
00:54:48.733 --> 00:54:51.100
\"I\'m looking forward
to some time to rest
00:54:51.133 --> 00:54:54.967
\"and to collect my thoughts.
00:54:55.000 --> 00:54:58.133
\"The other day, I learned
that the chemistry of our blood
00:54:58.167 --> 00:55:02.267
\"is similar to the chemistry
of our oceans.
00:55:02.300 --> 00:55:07.600
\"We actually have saltwater
running in our veins.
00:55:07.633 --> 00:55:11.400
Maybe we are more like fish
than we realize.\"
00:55:11.433 --> 00:55:14.400
[poignant instrumental music]
00:55:14.433 --> 00:55:21.067
♪ ♪
00:55:21.100 --> 00:55:24.100
[Elias giggling]
00:55:57.033 --> 00:56:00.700
[Elias giggling]
00:56:00.733 --> 00:56:01.867
- You got me.
00:56:01.900 --> 00:56:03.867
- [laughs]
- Oh.
00:56:05.667 --> 00:56:08.633
[pleasant instrumental music]
00:56:08.667 --> 00:56:16.667
♪ ♪
00:56:18.800 --> 00:56:22.100
After all that I had seen
up in Svalbard,
00:56:22.133 --> 00:56:25.533
I was eager to head south
to visit my dear friend Rolf
00:56:25.567 --> 00:56:29.300
who is one of the wisest men
I\'ve ever known.
00:56:29.333 --> 00:56:32.567
His heritage goes back
to the indigenous Sami people
00:56:32.600 --> 00:56:34.633
of northern Norway.
00:56:34.667 --> 00:56:37.167
[both speaking Norwegian]
00:56:46.600 --> 00:56:48.667
Rolf and his wife, Gro,
00:56:48.700 --> 00:56:51.867
took me to a nearly abandoned
fishing community
00:56:51.900 --> 00:56:54.633
where they now had
a small summer cottage
00:56:54.667 --> 00:56:59.300
looking out
onto the Arctic Ocean.
00:56:59.333 --> 00:57:02.100
It is so beautiful up here.
Somebody did live here once.
00:57:02.133 --> 00:57:04.500
- Absolutely. Yes.
00:57:04.533 --> 00:57:07.867
- They came here because
there was always food here
00:57:07.900 --> 00:57:09.667
in the ocean.
00:57:09.700 --> 00:57:12.567
There has never been
a famine here, never in history.
00:57:12.600 --> 00:57:13.700
- Incredible.
00:57:13.733 --> 00:57:15.800
Hundreds of miles
north of the Arctic Circle,
00:57:15.833 --> 00:57:18.000
this is not
what I expected to find...
00:57:18.033 --> 00:57:20.000
- [laughs]
- Not what I expected to find.
00:57:20.033 --> 00:57:23.067
- Don\'t tell people.
- Okay, okay, okay.
00:57:23.100 --> 00:57:25.067
- Then they will all come.
00:57:25.100 --> 00:57:27.767
- I would love to get
your thoughts a little bit
00:57:27.800 --> 00:57:29.600
about changes that we\'re seeing.
00:57:29.633 --> 00:57:31.900
What do you think\'s going on?
00:57:31.933 --> 00:57:34.067
- Well, I\'m certainly not
an expert on this, you know.
00:57:34.100 --> 00:57:37.267
I\'m a scientist all right
but not in this field.
00:57:37.300 --> 00:57:39.600
And I think if you believe
at all in science,
00:57:39.633 --> 00:57:42.400
you have to realize that
the Earth is getting warmer.
00:57:42.433 --> 00:57:43.967
No question about that.
00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:47.833
So who is the culprit?
You know, who is the sinner?
00:57:47.867 --> 00:57:50.667
And we know
we have contributed to this,
00:57:50.700 --> 00:57:52.133
but we also know another thing,
00:57:52.167 --> 00:57:55.767
and that is that,
climate changes, we have had
00:57:55.800 --> 00:58:00.267
for thousands
and thousands of years,
00:58:00.300 --> 00:58:02.267
so that you have
all these big waves,
00:58:02.300 --> 00:58:05.333
and you can\'t do anything
with the big wave.
00:58:05.367 --> 00:58:07.933
We can adapt to them,
but that\'s all we can do.
00:58:07.967 --> 00:58:11.533
What we can do is
to stop to producing extra CO2
00:58:11.567 --> 00:58:12.867
and all that.
00:58:12.900 --> 00:58:14.433
But I doubt that we can do that
00:58:14.467 --> 00:58:18.067
because it takes an enormous
discipline world over.
00:58:18.100 --> 00:58:19.567
So I think
it would be much better
00:58:19.600 --> 00:58:23.567
if we could start looking
for new energy sources:
00:58:23.600 --> 00:58:27.833
solar energy, which would,
of course, be probably the best
00:58:27.867 --> 00:58:30.900
in large parts of the world;
maybe not here.
00:58:30.933 --> 00:58:33.467
But then you have
geothermal energy.
00:58:33.500 --> 00:58:35.233
I think I -
I believe a lot in that.
00:58:35.267 --> 00:58:39.400
Then we can use that time gap -
- Yeah.
00:58:39.433 --> 00:58:43.967
- The gap there that -
the time we get in that way,
00:58:44.000 --> 00:58:46.833
we can use that
to teach ourselves
00:58:46.867 --> 00:58:49.667
to live on this planet
without destroying it.
00:58:53.167 --> 00:58:56.600
[pensive instrumental music]
00:58:56.633 --> 00:59:04.633
♪ ♪
00:59:20.533 --> 00:59:22.967
- Time...
00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:24.733
How much time do we have?
00:59:27.767 --> 00:59:30.633
It\'s clear,
with the issue of carbon
00:59:30.667 --> 00:59:32.400
and the health of the oceans,
00:59:32.433 --> 00:59:35.533
the time is getting shorter
and shorter.
00:59:43.467 --> 00:59:47.733
I came south to Bergen
and the village of Os
00:59:47.767 --> 00:59:52.367
to my favorite hotel, Solstrand,
on the Bjørnefjord,
00:59:52.400 --> 00:59:55.000
where I first came
on my honeymoon
00:59:55.033 --> 00:59:58.233
and then came back
for my 60th birthday
00:59:58.267 --> 01:00:02.067
with Elias
when he was just a toddler.
01:00:05.733 --> 01:00:08.233
I keep thinking about him,
01:00:08.267 --> 01:00:12.200
and I certainly want him to have
the same sense of time
01:00:12.233 --> 01:00:14.333
as his life takes shape
01:00:14.367 --> 01:00:18.767
that I have so taken for granted
in my own.
01:00:37.667 --> 01:00:40.200
It\'s like growing up in
the fish store all over again.
01:00:40.233 --> 01:00:41.367
[laughs]
01:00:41.400 --> 01:00:44.367
Talk about memories.
01:00:44.400 --> 01:00:48.833
It brings back lots of memories,
lots of memories.
01:00:50.467 --> 01:00:52.500
The bounty of the sea.
01:00:52.533 --> 01:00:54.767
That\'s what it was all about:
01:00:54.800 --> 01:00:59.000
the endless bounty of the sea.
01:01:05.833 --> 01:01:09.133
Having grown up on fish,
it wasn\'t anything like this.
01:01:09.167 --> 01:01:11.100
It was just boiled and boiled,
01:01:11.133 --> 01:01:14.067
with some white potatoes
and some white cauliflower
01:01:14.100 --> 01:01:16.700
and some white sauce
on a white plate.
01:01:16.733 --> 01:01:17.733
Things have changed.
01:01:17.767 --> 01:01:20.533
Oh, my goodness.
Thank you.
01:01:20.567 --> 01:01:22.667
Thank you so much.
- [chuckles] Yes.
01:01:29.467 --> 01:01:32.767
- \"I\'m sitting here
at the Solstrand Hotel,
01:01:32.800 --> 01:01:35.033
\"where you came to visit.
01:01:35.067 --> 01:01:40.267
\"You may not remember that,
but it\'s a very special place.
01:01:40.300 --> 01:01:43.667
\"It was built in 1896
01:01:43.700 --> 01:01:47.533
\"by the man who was to become
Norway\'s first prime minister.
01:01:47.567 --> 01:01:52.767
\"I\'ve known for a long time
about its rich history,
01:01:52.800 --> 01:01:55.867
\"but what I didn\'t know
was that it actually
01:01:55.900 --> 01:01:58.467
is on the cutting edge
of the future.\"
01:02:07.367 --> 01:02:10.800
- Yes, that\'s true.
- That\'s amazing.
01:02:10.833 --> 01:02:12.267
I\'m still reeling
01:02:12.300 --> 01:02:14.700
from what I really didn\'t think
was possible,
01:02:14.733 --> 01:02:19.267
that you can take the heat
out of the ocean
01:02:19.300 --> 01:02:22.633
and heat this entire complex.
01:02:22.667 --> 01:02:25.000
I find it almost miraculous.
- Yes.
01:02:25.033 --> 01:02:28.167
[speaking English]
01:02:28.200 --> 01:02:29.533
- Yeah.
01:02:36.667 --> 01:02:38.867
- Again from the ocean?
- Again from the ocean.
01:02:38.900 --> 01:02:40.867
- You have plenty
of raw material out here.
01:02:40.900 --> 01:02:44.267
- It is.
- [laughs]
01:02:55.700 --> 01:02:56.833
- Extraordinary.
01:02:56.867 --> 01:03:00.500
So really this solution
would be available
01:03:00.533 --> 01:03:02.333
along coastlines anywhere.
01:03:02.367 --> 01:03:04.333
- Yes, yes.
- Is this Norwegian machinery?
01:03:07.667 --> 01:03:10.233
- So this is something that
we could do in the States...
01:03:10.267 --> 01:03:11.367
- Yes.
01:03:11.400 --> 01:03:13.433
- Just as readily
as it\'s done here.
01:03:13.467 --> 01:03:16.133
I\'ve never heard of it
in the States.
01:03:21.167 --> 01:03:24.500
There is a real irony here.
01:03:24.533 --> 01:03:27.167
The very elements
that buffeted Norway
01:03:27.200 --> 01:03:32.033
for thousands of years
and made it nearly uninhabitable
01:03:32.067 --> 01:03:35.600
may in fact be the same ones
that will allow humans
01:03:35.633 --> 01:03:38.600
to live here
in a sustainable way.
01:03:41.033 --> 01:03:42.167
Hmm.
01:03:45.133 --> 01:03:48.133
Giant, floating wind generators
01:03:48.167 --> 01:03:50.100
are to be placed
in the North Sea,
01:03:50.133 --> 01:03:54.133
where the winds are strong
and constant.
01:04:03.867 --> 01:04:06.333
Look at the wind
bringing the power of the waves
01:04:06.367 --> 01:04:09.067
right across the rocks
out there.
01:04:13.333 --> 01:04:15.500
[speaking English]
01:04:21.833 --> 01:04:23.400
- I can\'t just see it;
I can feel it.
01:04:23.433 --> 01:04:24.767
- You can feel it.
01:04:31.333 --> 01:04:34.133
- So this would produce
electricity.
01:04:34.167 --> 01:04:38.333
There would be
no carbon dioxide generated.
01:04:42.267 --> 01:04:43.667
- And it feels,
standing right here,
01:04:43.700 --> 01:04:45.433
like there\'s enough wind
to go around.
01:04:45.467 --> 01:04:48.600
And the - and is it always
like this out here?
01:05:06.867 --> 01:05:08.400
- Are these kinds
of wind conditions
01:05:08.433 --> 01:05:09.667
something that you would see
01:05:09.700 --> 01:05:12.200
off the coast
of the United States as well,
01:05:12.233 --> 01:05:13.833
or is this unique to Norway?
01:05:28.167 --> 01:05:30.733
- How did you come -
what made you interested in wind
01:05:30.767 --> 01:05:32.833
or wind power?
01:05:32.867 --> 01:05:35.833
[speaking English]
01:05:49.100 --> 01:05:50.667
- So what are your dreams?
01:05:50.700 --> 01:05:52.933
What would you like to see
five years down the road,
01:05:52.967 --> 01:05:54.567
ten years down the road?
01:06:00.933 --> 01:06:02.900
- I will be here.
01:06:18.533 --> 01:06:20.000
- That\'s extraordinary.
01:06:35.867 --> 01:06:38.167
- Why is it so hard
to make it happen?
01:06:38.200 --> 01:06:40.467
- [chuckles] That\'s hard to say.
01:06:48.533 --> 01:06:51.000
- That seems like
such a small step to take.
01:07:06.100 --> 01:07:08.433
- It\'s not a matter of money;
it\'s a matter of will.
01:07:08.467 --> 01:07:09.767
- I think so.
01:07:14.700 --> 01:07:16.633
[engine revs]
01:07:16.667 --> 01:07:19.633
[up-tempo surf rock music]
01:07:19.667 --> 01:07:27.667
♪ ♪
01:07:29.633 --> 01:07:32.100
- \"It feels so good to be home,
Elias.
01:07:32.133 --> 01:07:36.333
\"I\'m really excited
by what I saw in Norway.
01:07:36.367 --> 01:07:39.100
\"And what I learned
was that right here,
01:07:39.133 --> 01:07:40.467
\"we have the materials in hand
01:07:40.500 --> 01:07:43.000
\"to make
all kinds of things happen.
01:07:43.033 --> 01:07:46.267
\"I mean, we are after all
a country that is famous
01:07:46.300 --> 01:07:50.333
\"for its inventiveness,
its innovation.
01:07:50.367 --> 01:07:52.767
\"I want to see
what is already happening here
01:07:52.800 --> 01:07:54.833
to move us
in the right direction.\"
01:08:01.133 --> 01:08:02.900
- Well, today\'s hearing
is focused primarily
01:08:02.933 --> 01:08:05.200
on the issue of increasing
acidification of the oceans
01:08:05.233 --> 01:08:08.167
and the impact
on living marine resources.
01:08:08.200 --> 01:08:11.367
My point is straightforward:
the time to act is now.
01:08:11.400 --> 01:08:13.500
The urgency of the need
for action is highlighted
01:08:13.533 --> 01:08:17.000
by growing concern over impacts
associated with climate change
01:08:17.033 --> 01:08:19.300
and ocean\'s role in the process.
01:08:19.333 --> 01:08:21.600
Yet progress
towards this goal is limited
01:08:21.633 --> 01:08:23.700
and appears
to be moving backwards.
01:08:23.733 --> 01:08:26.500
Is science important
to the administration or not?
01:08:26.533 --> 01:08:27.700
I don\'t think so.
01:08:39.433 --> 01:08:42.400
- We learned in the \'60s
the power of the government
01:08:42.433 --> 01:08:45.233
to resist the will of many.
01:08:45.267 --> 01:08:47.000
But we also came to understand
01:08:47.033 --> 01:08:49.300
that creative
and strategic thinking
01:08:49.333 --> 01:08:53.067
could move us
in a new direction.
01:08:53.100 --> 01:08:55.333
You are involved
in this whole matter
01:08:55.367 --> 01:08:57.400
of trying to hold
the government accountable.
01:08:57.433 --> 01:09:00.367
- When I learned
about ocean acidification,
01:09:00.400 --> 01:09:02.567
it became all that
I could think about.
01:09:02.600 --> 01:09:03.900
- I know the feeling.
- [laughs]
01:09:03.933 --> 01:09:05.367
- Believe me,
I know the feeling.
01:09:05.400 --> 01:09:07.300
It\'s not hard
to start getting depressed.
01:09:07.333 --> 01:09:08.633
It\'s not hard to lie there
01:09:08.667 --> 01:09:11.000
and have a hard time
going to sleep at night.
01:09:11.033 --> 01:09:13.867
Yet what I hear from you
is a certain hopefulness.
01:09:13.900 --> 01:09:16.900
What are signs out there that
there is some hopefulness here?
01:09:16.933 --> 01:09:18.900
- I am definitely
an optimistic person.
01:09:18.933 --> 01:09:23.633
And I think that one
of the opportunities we have
01:09:23.667 --> 01:09:27.700
is that it really isn\'t too late
to solve these problems
01:09:27.733 --> 01:09:31.000
and to come up with
personal responsibility
01:09:31.033 --> 01:09:34.133
as well as political
and legal solutions.
01:09:34.167 --> 01:09:36.533
So a lot of the work
that we do at the center
01:09:36.567 --> 01:09:40.500
is focused on sort of legal
and policy strategies.
01:09:40.533 --> 01:09:43.900
And right now, there aren\'t
really any national regulations
01:09:43.933 --> 01:09:45.433
on carbon dioxide emissions.
01:09:45.467 --> 01:09:48.200
And so we thought, \"Well,
what are the other tools
01:09:48.233 --> 01:09:50.867
that we have out there
to help us?\"
01:09:55.200 --> 01:09:57.133
We found that
the Clean Water Act -
01:09:57.167 --> 01:09:59.100
it\'s really
the nation\'s strongest law
01:09:59.133 --> 01:10:01.033
protecting water quality
01:10:01.067 --> 01:10:03.500
\'cause right now,
the Clean Water Act,
01:10:03.533 --> 01:10:07.900
it already lists pH changes
as a pollution problem.
01:10:07.933 --> 01:10:09.967
And right now, we have one
of the most serious threats
01:10:10.000 --> 01:10:11.433
to water quality.
01:10:11.467 --> 01:10:14.833
And so we have asked all these
different coastal states
01:10:14.867 --> 01:10:16.667
to place their ocean waters
01:10:16.700 --> 01:10:18.700
on the list
of impaired water bodies
01:10:18.733 --> 01:10:20.567
because of ocean acidification.
01:10:20.600 --> 01:10:24.000
And once these water bodies
are listed,
01:10:24.033 --> 01:10:25.800
states are then required
to take actions
01:10:25.833 --> 01:10:27.933
to limit the pollutants
causing the problem.
01:10:27.967 --> 01:10:30.867
We use the Endangered
Species Act as well,
01:10:30.900 --> 01:10:35.700
which is probably our nation\'s
strongest environmental law.
01:10:37.167 --> 01:10:39.167
Right now, the science is there.
01:10:39.200 --> 01:10:41.167
If the political will
is not there yet,
01:10:41.200 --> 01:10:44.000
we\'re gonna keep on them
until they recognize
01:10:44.033 --> 01:10:47.367
that this really is an issue
that needs to be addressed.
01:10:50.467 --> 01:10:52.700
- I work in the area of
socially responsible investing
01:10:52.733 --> 01:10:54.567
and basically
using the capital markets
01:10:54.600 --> 01:10:55.933
to create social change.
01:10:55.967 --> 01:10:57.100
- Aha. Okay.
01:10:57.133 --> 01:10:59.867
- Clean technology
will most likely eclipse
01:10:59.900 --> 01:11:02.000
information technology
for the 21st Century:
01:11:02.033 --> 01:11:03.300
the new industry.
01:11:03.333 --> 01:11:05.600
But it\'s all going to focused
around the idea
01:11:05.633 --> 01:11:07.900
that if you lower
the carbon output of something,
01:11:07.933 --> 01:11:09.233
it\'s going to be more valuable,
01:11:09.267 --> 01:11:11.700
and that is a technology
that then you could export.
01:11:11.733 --> 01:11:15.100
- Who\'s making this happen?
Who\'s driving it?
01:11:15.133 --> 01:11:16.667
- It\'s people
who are in the solar industry.
01:11:16.700 --> 01:11:17.933
It\'s the wind industry.
01:11:17.967 --> 01:11:19.600
It\'s people who can take
advantage of the fact
01:11:19.633 --> 01:11:21.067
that they\'re not
putting carbon out.
01:11:21.100 --> 01:11:23.500
It\'s these types of technologies
that we can develop.
01:11:23.533 --> 01:11:25.700
- Are we the ones
that are gonna be doing that,
01:11:25.733 --> 01:11:28.000
or is China gonna
beat us to it and -
01:11:28.033 --> 01:11:29.933
- Well, if -
yeah, that\'s a great question.
01:11:29.967 --> 01:11:31.867
If we don\'t do it,
the Chinese, the Europeans,
01:11:31.900 --> 01:11:33.533
and the Japanese will do it.
01:11:33.567 --> 01:11:35.967
We need another piston
to our economic cylinder.
01:11:36.000 --> 01:11:38.167
- What\'s giving investors
the confidence?
01:11:38.200 --> 01:11:39.433
This seems pretty high risk
01:11:39.467 --> 01:11:40.967
because, you know,
this is new ground.
01:11:41.000 --> 01:11:42.300
- But it\'s changed.
01:11:42.333 --> 01:11:44.233
There\'s a shift that\'s
taken place politically.
01:11:44.267 --> 01:11:45.507
I think people are seeing that.
01:11:45.533 --> 01:11:48.200
Wall Street cares
about one thing: making money.
01:11:48.233 --> 01:11:49.467
- Return, yeah.
- Right.
01:11:49.500 --> 01:11:53.433
- And it can go down
the alleyway of exploitation
01:11:53.467 --> 01:11:55.900
as easily it goes down
the alleyway of innovation
01:11:55.933 --> 01:11:57.367
and sustainability.
01:11:57.400 --> 01:11:59.500
If you can show that they\'ll
make more money doing that,
01:11:59.533 --> 01:12:01.100
they\'ll go down that alleyway.
01:12:01.133 --> 01:12:03.200
If you show them they\'ll make
more money doing exploitation,
01:12:03.233 --> 01:12:04.533
you say,
\"Here, boy go down the\" -
01:12:04.567 --> 01:12:06.067
It\'s like a dog chasing a bone.
\"Here you go.
01:12:06.100 --> 01:12:08.200
Go get the bone down
the alleyway of sustainability.\"
01:12:08.233 --> 01:12:09.733
As far
as capital investment goes,
01:12:09.767 --> 01:12:11.433
where do you want to invest
your money:
01:12:11.467 --> 01:12:13.867
with a company that deals with
environmental sustainability,
01:12:13.900 --> 01:12:15.667
or do you want one
that\'s gonna produce a toxic
01:12:15.700 --> 01:12:17.067
that you then
have to watch that toxic
01:12:17.100 --> 01:12:20.167
for 10, 20, 40, 100 years?
01:12:20.200 --> 01:12:21.767
I\'d rather invest -
- It\'s a no-brainer.
01:12:21.800 --> 01:12:23.200
- It\'s a no-brainer.
- [laughs]
01:12:34.400 --> 01:12:36.500
- I feel the same kind
of excitement -
01:12:36.533 --> 01:12:37.900
and I still feel it -
01:12:37.933 --> 01:12:40.633
as when I went to my first
major league baseball game.
01:12:40.667 --> 01:12:42.067
What am I seeing?
- Yeah.
01:12:42.100 --> 01:12:46.400
So welcome to the largest
single corporate
01:12:46.433 --> 01:12:49.767
solar installation
in U.S. history.
01:12:49.800 --> 01:12:51.100
This is a tiny fraction.
01:12:51.133 --> 01:12:53.233
Even if we look at all
of the roofs around us,
01:12:53.267 --> 01:12:56.100
this is just a tiny fraction
of what\'s been installed here,
01:12:56.133 --> 01:13:00.933
but it\'s a total of about
1.6 megawatts AC power.
01:13:00.967 --> 01:13:04.233
These installations cross
seven acres of solar panels
01:13:04.267 --> 01:13:07.067
powering about 30% of
the total load here at Google.
01:13:07.100 --> 01:13:10.367
- So tell me this again,
Andrew, so I really can -
01:13:10.400 --> 01:13:12.367
it takes a little longer
at my age.
01:13:12.400 --> 01:13:16.333
This is 1.6 megawatts
of AC power...
01:13:16.367 --> 01:13:17.667
- That\'s right.
01:13:17.700 --> 01:13:20.067
- And it\'s 30% of all
the power used by Google?
01:13:20.100 --> 01:13:21.400
- That\'s right.
[chuckles]
01:13:21.433 --> 01:13:23.300
Oh, my god.
You know, my dream -
01:13:23.333 --> 01:13:27.033
I look at this Google-colored
rainbow here at Google,
01:13:27.067 --> 01:13:31.500
and, you know, my dream
is that something like this
01:13:31.533 --> 01:13:33.000
were available for everyone.
01:13:33.033 --> 01:13:35.900
Is this just us, Andrew?
01:13:35.933 --> 01:13:39.500
Is this essentially something
that we can achieve
01:13:39.533 --> 01:13:40.933
here in the United States,
01:13:40.967 --> 01:13:44.967
or are other parts of the world
looking at similar technology?
01:13:45.000 --> 01:13:46.867
- Right now,
the U.S. is not the leader.
01:13:46.900 --> 01:13:50.000
Right now, the largest markets
are Germany and Japan,
01:13:50.033 --> 01:13:52.500
and Spain is even larger
than the U.S. this year.
01:13:52.533 --> 01:13:53.633
- I had no idea.
01:13:53.667 --> 01:13:55.100
- And so the United States
is actually
01:13:55.133 --> 01:13:56.800
sort of behind the curve
on this one.
01:13:56.833 --> 01:13:58.800
And if you look at a map
of the world,
01:13:58.833 --> 01:14:03.233
there are two places that have
extraordinary solar insolation,
01:14:03.267 --> 01:14:05.167
the amount of light
hitting a given patch of land.
01:14:05.200 --> 01:14:06.867
Those two places
are the United States
01:14:06.900 --> 01:14:08.633
and sub-Saharan Africa.
01:14:08.667 --> 01:14:10.767
The United States has a lot
of solar opportunity
01:14:10.800 --> 01:14:14.100
and a lot of people willing
to buy and install these systems
01:14:14.133 --> 01:14:16.467
and put them up on their
rooftops all over the place.
01:14:16.500 --> 01:14:19.433
And so the question is,
is America going to step up,
01:14:19.467 --> 01:14:21.433
or are we gonna sort of
allow ourselves,
01:14:21.467 --> 01:14:23.367
in a very uncharacteristic way,
01:14:23.400 --> 01:14:25.767
not to be the leaders
in a technology race?
01:14:25.800 --> 01:14:28.633
- Scientific American
just did a big cover article
01:14:28.667 --> 01:14:29.933
last month on this.
01:14:29.967 --> 01:14:32.400
You know, $420 billion dollars,
and you would power
01:14:32.433 --> 01:14:34.400
the entire country
with solar panels.
01:14:34.433 --> 01:14:36.533
And $420 billion
is a lot of money,
01:14:36.567 --> 01:14:38.300
but it\'s half of what
we\'re spending in Iraq.
01:14:38.333 --> 01:14:39.867
- I was gonna say,
we already spent that.
01:14:39.900 --> 01:14:41.300
- It makes me sick
to talk about that.
01:14:41.333 --> 01:14:43.233
- Say this again: we could power
the entire country
01:14:43.267 --> 01:14:44.567
with half the war budget?
01:14:44.600 --> 01:14:46.367
- Yeah, exactly.
01:15:06.233 --> 01:15:09.000
- Dude, I want to do a shovel.
01:15:09.033 --> 01:15:11.367
- Come and dig with me.
01:15:12.700 --> 01:15:15.667
- It\'s my great pleasure
to introduce Sven Huseby,
01:15:15.700 --> 01:15:17.833
my teacher and friend.
01:15:17.867 --> 01:15:19.967
As a young teacher in the \'60s,
01:15:20.000 --> 01:15:21.900
he was committed
to engaging students
01:15:21.933 --> 01:15:23.367
and making a difference
in the world
01:15:23.400 --> 01:15:25.567
through activism and inquiry.
01:15:25.600 --> 01:15:26.967
And so it is
particularly relevant
01:15:27.000 --> 01:15:28.867
to invite Sven
back to Putney today
01:15:28.900 --> 01:15:32.233
at this celebration
of our school\'s bold commitment
01:15:32.267 --> 01:15:35.800
to sustainability
and responsible citizenship.
01:15:35.833 --> 01:15:37.567
Welcome back, Sven.
01:15:37.600 --> 01:15:41.600
[cheers and applause]
01:15:48.333 --> 01:15:49.633
- Thank you, Matthew.
01:15:49.667 --> 01:15:54.133
It\'s a special pleasure
to be back
01:15:54.167 --> 01:15:58.233
to see all these students
lined up along the perimeter.
01:15:58.267 --> 01:16:00.333
I can\'t tell you
all the feelings
01:16:00.367 --> 01:16:04.400
that are running through me,
and they\'re all very good.
01:16:04.433 --> 01:16:08.000
And my pleasure today
in being here
01:16:08.033 --> 01:16:11.800
is having the opportunity
to say thank you
01:16:11.833 --> 01:16:15.667
to the Putney community
for having the insight,
01:16:15.700 --> 01:16:19.167
for having the wisdom,
and for having the courage
01:16:19.200 --> 01:16:25.000
to go down the path of creating
a net-zero-carbon structure,
01:16:25.033 --> 01:16:28.600
a LEED-certified building.
01:16:28.633 --> 01:16:33.200
And I have to say that
when I first came to Putney -
01:16:33.233 --> 01:16:35.333
I think it was the second year
I was here -
01:16:35.367 --> 01:16:40.267
there was a movie that came out,
and it was called The Graduate.
01:16:40.300 --> 01:16:43.000
And there\'s a moment
in that film in which
01:16:43.033 --> 01:16:44.933
what I thought at the time
was an old man -
01:16:44.967 --> 01:16:47.933
someone a bit younger
than I am -
01:16:47.967 --> 01:16:51.033
leaned over to the young
protagonist in the film
01:16:51.067 --> 01:16:54.333
and whispered in his ear,
\"Plastic.\"
01:16:54.367 --> 01:16:57.467
Well, I would like to lean over
in the collective ears
01:16:57.500 --> 01:17:01.567
of the student body today
and whisper, \"Cleantech\"...
01:17:01.600 --> 01:17:03.433
[cheers and applause]
01:17:03.467 --> 01:17:06.533
Because having learned
over the last two years
01:17:06.567 --> 01:17:10.767
about the hidden cost
of modern life on our oceans,
01:17:10.800 --> 01:17:15.300
I can tell you with certainty
that whether you go out there
01:17:15.333 --> 01:17:21.133
as educators, as artists,
as entrepreneurs,
01:17:21.167 --> 01:17:25.667
as politicians, as scientists,
01:17:25.700 --> 01:17:28.533
whatever path
you choose to follow,
01:17:28.567 --> 01:17:32.567
know that you can be
the difference
01:17:32.600 --> 01:17:35.100
with every choice you make.
01:17:35.133 --> 01:17:38.400
[applause]
01:17:40.433 --> 01:17:42.867
[poignant instrumental music]
01:17:42.900 --> 01:17:50.800
♪ ♪
01:18:09.200 --> 01:18:13.733
- \"Elias, we\'ve been
on a long journey,
01:18:13.767 --> 01:18:15.233
\"and what we\'ve learned
01:18:15.267 --> 01:18:17.633
\"has sometimes
been painful to hear,
01:18:17.667 --> 01:18:22.433
but we can still change
the outcome.\"
01:18:22.467 --> 01:18:26.467
So my message to you
is to ask hard questions,
01:18:26.500 --> 01:18:31.267
find out as much as you can,
always think critically,
01:18:31.300 --> 01:18:33.800
and act to protect our oceans.
01:18:33.833 --> 01:18:35.300
What do we see here?
01:18:35.333 --> 01:18:38.667
- Birds. Lots of them.
01:18:38.700 --> 01:18:41.167
That means probably
it\'s a good day for fishing.
01:18:41.200 --> 01:18:44.867
- Could be. Could be.
- Could be.
01:18:44.900 --> 01:18:47.567
- My very first fishing rod.
01:18:47.600 --> 01:18:49.233
- And he doesn\'t need
any license, does he?
01:18:49.267 --> 01:18:51.567
- No.
- Let\'s go fishing.
01:18:51.600 --> 01:18:53.233
- And what are we gonna do
with the fish?
01:18:53.267 --> 01:18:55.667
- Eat it. We don\'t want to catch fish
and then waste them.
01:18:55.700 --> 01:18:58.033
- No, I agree with you.
01:18:58.067 --> 01:19:00.500
- You know what the trick is
to find fish?
01:19:00.533 --> 01:19:03.767
The trick is to look
for seals or birds.
01:19:03.800 --> 01:19:04.967
- Yeah?
01:19:05.000 --> 01:19:06.633
- As long as they have a fish
in their mouth,
01:19:06.667 --> 01:19:08.833
that means that\'s where
some fish is.
01:19:08.867 --> 01:19:10.467
- Because if they\'re eating,
01:19:10.500 --> 01:19:12.033
you know there got to be
fish there.
01:19:12.067 --> 01:19:13.433
That\'s good thinking, Elias.
01:19:13.467 --> 01:19:15.067
You already think
like a fisherman.
01:19:15.100 --> 01:19:17.667
- Yes, indeed.
01:19:17.700 --> 01:19:19.600
I hope we\'ll catch some fish.
- Careful. Careful.
01:19:19.633 --> 01:19:21.400
- Do you think we\'re at
a good place to fish now?
01:19:21.433 --> 01:19:22.733
- I think we might be.
01:19:22.767 --> 01:19:24.900
- I think that right there
would be not a bad place.
01:19:24.933 --> 01:19:26.333
- Yeah.
01:19:26.367 --> 01:19:29.833
Okay, this is gonna take
a little time here.
01:19:29.867 --> 01:19:33.167
I\'m gonna take the line,
pull it all the way up here.
01:19:33.200 --> 01:19:36.167
[traditional instrumental music]
01:19:36.200 --> 01:19:44.200
♪ ♪
01:19:45.167 --> 01:19:48.433
Where is the hook?
- Oops, it\'s tangled.
01:19:48.467 --> 01:19:52.267
- You\'ve got a mess here.
What happened?
01:19:52.300 --> 01:19:53.967
- Do you have the hook
in your mouth?
01:19:54.000 --> 01:19:56.500
- [mumbles]
- Dude, you could hurt yourself.
01:19:56.533 --> 01:19:57.700
Be careful.
01:19:57.733 --> 01:19:59.400
[seals barking]
01:19:59.433 --> 01:20:02.133
Look, a sea lion.
- Oh, my goodness.
01:20:02.167 --> 01:20:04.733
- Oh, lots of sea lions.
01:20:04.767 --> 01:20:08.300
One, two, three, four, five.
01:20:08.333 --> 01:20:10.233
Five.
That means there are fish.
01:20:10.267 --> 01:20:12.200
Fish, fish, fish.
01:20:12.233 --> 01:20:14.467
- You\'re gonna stand over here
with me.
01:20:14.500 --> 01:20:17.800
Take your finger like this,
and put your thumb around here.
01:20:17.833 --> 01:20:19.133
Flick this with your other hand.
01:20:19.167 --> 01:20:22.267
Flick this. That\'s right.
Okay, turn it.
01:20:22.300 --> 01:20:25.267
Just stand like this, okay?
01:20:25.300 --> 01:20:26.900
- How will we know
when a fish comes?
01:20:26.933 --> 01:20:28.767
- Well, you\'ll feel something.
01:20:28.800 --> 01:20:30.500
- Okay, I\'m ready.
01:20:30.533 --> 01:20:33.133
Hello, little fishies.
01:20:33.167 --> 01:20:35.833
Come on.
01:20:37.800 --> 01:20:40.767
- You\'re really fishing.
01:20:40.800 --> 01:20:42.967
How does it feel?
- Good.
01:20:43.000 --> 01:20:46.733
Like, dancing for the fish.
01:20:46.767 --> 01:20:51.733
Bestefar, you really like
the ocean, don\'t you?
01:20:51.767 --> 01:20:55.333
- Yep.
- I like it too.
01:20:56.833 --> 01:21:04.833
♪ ♪
Distributor: Bullfrog Films
Length: 83 minutes
Date: 2009
Genre: Expository
Language: English
Grade: 5-12, College, Adult
Color/BW:
Closed Captioning: Available
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