00:00:20.840 --> 00:00:25.840
7 Walks with Mark Brown

00:00:26.240 --> 00:00:28.680
We follow botanist Mark Brown

00:00:28.800 --> 00:00:30.920
in search of native plants

00:00:31.040 --> 00:00:34.080
from Aizier on the banks of the Seine

00:00:34.200 --> 00:00:38.120
to his home in Sainte-Marguerite-sur-mer.

00:00:38.240 --> 00:00:41.360
We accompany Mark on seven walks

00:00:41.480 --> 00:00:44.280
along the Pays de Caux coastline,

00:00:44.400 --> 00:00:46.120
filming plants,

00:00:46.240 --> 00:00:49.840
until we reach his crazy botanical project:

00:00:49.960 --> 00:00:52.280
to recreate a primary forest

00:00:52.400 --> 00:00:54.760
called The Dawn of Flowers.

00:00:55.120 --> 00:01:00.120
21-27 June 2023

00:01:00.440 --> 00:01:05.440
the shoot

00:01:10.760 --> 00:01:14.640
Many people say
it was starting to eat meat,

00:01:14.760 --> 00:01:16.560
so bone marrow and everything,

00:01:16.680 --> 00:01:19.800
which led the human brain
to grow so big.

00:01:19.920 --> 00:01:24.200
But other people say no,
the starch that caused the brain to expand

00:01:24.320 --> 00:01:30.800
came from a mutation of Dioscorea,
which is extremely rich in starch.

00:01:30.920 --> 00:01:36.760
So perhaps it was this plant
that allowed us to become intelligent,

00:01:36.880 --> 00:01:38.920
to have big brains.

00:01:39.040 --> 00:01:45.040
Australopithecines were vegetarian.
We know that for sure.

00:01:45.160 --> 00:01:50.000
Many people say it's because
humans started to hunt and eat their prey

00:01:50.120 --> 00:01:53.200
that they developed big brains.

00:01:53.320 --> 00:01:55.920
And then others say no,
it was because of these plants.

00:01:57.040 --> 00:02:02.000
- Yams, because...
- It's from the yam family?

00:02:02.120 --> 00:02:03.960
Yes, Dioscorea is a yam.

00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:08.040
- Did they eat the leaves?
- No, the tuber.

00:02:08.160 --> 00:02:10.760
It's known as the tuber theory.

00:02:40.400 --> 00:02:42.000
We've got sound.

00:02:46.120 --> 00:02:49.520
- What's it called?
- It's the other woundwort.

00:02:49.640 --> 00:02:52.880
I don't know if it's hedge woundwort or...

00:02:53.000 --> 00:02:55.800
No, this one is not hedge woundwort,
it's field woundwort.

00:02:55.920 --> 00:03:00.480
We've only seen hedge woundwort so far.
This is Arvencis.

00:03:00.600 --> 00:03:02.000
Stachys arvencis.

00:03:05.320 --> 00:03:09.280
It smells a bit like a figwort.

00:03:09.400 --> 00:03:10.400
Absolutely.

00:03:10.520 --> 00:03:14.360
You often find them by the sea,
in the dunes, even on the beach.

00:03:14.480 --> 00:03:18.800
- As big as that?
- Yes. Dewberries. I love them.

00:03:18.920 --> 00:03:21.640
But you mustn't put them in gardens.

00:03:21.760 --> 00:03:26.280
Unless you're prepared for them
to self-layer all over the place.

00:03:35.440 --> 00:03:38.520
Six subgenera are listed within Rubus.

00:03:38.640 --> 00:03:40.280
Rubus genus:

00:03:40.400 --> 00:03:44.080
Rubus, Silvatici, Sprengeliani,

00:03:44.200 --> 00:03:48.840
Discolores, Appendiculati, Glandulosi.

00:03:48.960 --> 00:03:50.720
Groups to study in the region:

00:03:50.840 --> 00:03:53.960
Rubus humifolius
in the Discolores subgenus

00:03:54.080 --> 00:03:57.880
and Rubus vestitus
in the Appendiculati subgenus

00:03:58.000 --> 00:04:01.160
which are probably common.

00:04:01.280 --> 00:04:04.880
That's what it says.
There are red dots everywhere.

00:04:06.720 --> 00:04:11.440
I don't know
if a study has been published on it.

00:04:11.560 --> 00:04:13.040
That would have been great.

00:04:14.800 --> 00:04:18.480
I know several monographs
were done in Great Britain

00:04:18.600 --> 00:04:20.520
but I'm not sure about France.

00:04:21.480 --> 00:04:25.040
Here comes the film camera.

00:04:25.800 --> 00:04:27.560
You've decided...

00:04:27.680 --> 00:04:32.920
I like it here because
of the depth of the flowers

00:04:33.040 --> 00:04:36.840
with inerm brambles
and cleavers and everything.

00:04:36.960 --> 00:04:38.760
It's a fine display.

00:04:58.320 --> 00:05:01.040
- What do you call them? Inerm?
- Inerm, yes.

00:05:02.960 --> 00:05:04.040
Thornless.

00:05:07.520 --> 00:05:10.040
- Unarmed.
- Did you know the word "inerm", Vincent?

00:05:10.160 --> 00:05:11.640
- No.
- Unarmed.

00:05:11.760 --> 00:05:12.840
I got it.

00:05:14.160 --> 00:05:16.800
- A plant with no defences.
- But I didn't know it.

00:05:16.920 --> 00:05:21.120
It has no sting, no thorns.

00:05:21.240 --> 00:05:24.120
And is it rare?
Do you find it on flood plains?

00:05:24.240 --> 00:05:27.240
I don't know.
People don't pay attention.

00:05:27.360 --> 00:05:28.760
They don't know.

00:05:31.840 --> 00:05:35.440
These nettles were here
before humans appeared,

00:05:35.560 --> 00:05:39.280
before hunter-gatherers arrived.

00:05:41.360 --> 00:05:44.080
There was no disturbance
of the environment

00:05:44.200 --> 00:05:48.320
so nettles grew in soils rich in nitrogen,

00:05:48.440 --> 00:05:49.920
where there was flooding.

00:05:51.440 --> 00:05:54.320
Later there were villages,

00:05:54.440 --> 00:05:56.360
places where people kept animals,

00:05:56.480 --> 00:05:58.760
so there were areas
that were very rich in nitrogen.

00:05:58.880 --> 00:06:03.400
And the other kind of nettle
may have come from elsewhere,

00:06:03.520 --> 00:06:04.520
we don't really know.

00:06:04.640 --> 00:06:08.480
Or is it a mutation
that came from that one?

00:06:08.600 --> 00:06:11.640
We don't know
but it became very prickly

00:06:11.760 --> 00:06:15.560
to protect itself from animals
and the assault of humans.

00:06:19.080 --> 00:06:19.880
It's hot.

00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:22.040
- It's water pepper.
- Oh, that's what it is.

00:06:22.160 --> 00:06:24.560
You can use it as a spice.

00:06:24.680 --> 00:06:27.080
- It's strong!
- It is.

00:06:27.200 --> 00:06:30.280
You can make spicy dishes with that.

00:06:30.400 --> 00:06:32.160
Wow.

00:06:32.280 --> 00:06:34.720
It's so strong. It's like chili.

00:06:34.840 --> 00:06:37.800
It's as hot as chili.

00:06:37.920 --> 00:06:39.000
It's crazy.

00:06:49.040 --> 00:06:51.480
Yes, fully contre-jour, Antoine.

00:06:51.600 --> 00:06:52.600
- Yes.
- Right.

00:06:52.720 --> 00:06:55.120
- The light is really fine.
- For the contrast.

00:06:55.240 --> 00:06:57.000
Magnificent. It's sparkling.

00:06:57.760 --> 00:07:01.160
It's going to be beautiful.
I just need to work it out.

00:07:02.520 --> 00:07:03.920
It's really glowing.

00:07:09.600 --> 00:07:12.320
It's strange what's happened there.

00:07:13.320 --> 00:07:16.120
- Yes, it's not very pretty.
- Do you think it's a gall?

00:07:16.240 --> 00:07:17.440
Yes.

00:07:19.400 --> 00:07:20.840
Oenanthe crocata.

00:07:20.960 --> 00:07:24.080
Hemlock water-dropwort.

00:07:25.160 --> 00:07:27.200
Mediterrean Atlantic.

00:07:27.320 --> 00:07:29.880
Hemicryptophyte
or geophyte with rhizomes.

00:07:30.000 --> 00:07:31.520
So it's a hardy perennial.

00:07:32.520 --> 00:07:35.760
Ditches, ponds, megaphorbs, shorelines.

00:08:12.560 --> 00:08:17.640
Here the water supply
comes from springs.

00:08:17.760 --> 00:08:20.080
And we get a lot of rainwater.

00:08:20.200 --> 00:08:22.600
We have groundwaters in the peat

00:08:22.720 --> 00:08:25.120
which can even be salty sometimes.

00:08:25.240 --> 00:08:29.720
So it's an extremely complex
hydrological system

00:08:29.840 --> 00:08:32.840
about which there is
a desperate lack of knowledge.

00:08:32.960 --> 00:08:33.760
It's wonderful.

00:08:33.880 --> 00:08:36.000
But there are plenty of theories.

00:08:36.800 --> 00:08:39.600
We can imagine how it works.

00:08:39.720 --> 00:08:44.480
And so this whole area
is currently transitioning

00:08:44.600 --> 00:08:49.960
to an acid facies linked
to the main water supply being rain

00:08:50.080 --> 00:08:51.960
from an alkaline facies,

00:08:52.080 --> 00:08:58.800
which it definitely was
a number of centuries ago.

00:08:58.920 --> 00:09:02.080
So the system is evolving,

00:09:02.200 --> 00:09:04.920
bearing in mind, as I said,
that we are on a raft,

00:09:05.040 --> 00:09:08.640
which means the soil level rises and falls
with the water level.

00:09:08.760 --> 00:09:10.240
I see.

00:09:10.360 --> 00:09:13.320
- It's extraordinary.
- And can you walk on the raft?

00:09:13.440 --> 00:09:16.760
I have a memory of floating peat bogs.
It was great fun.

00:09:26.080 --> 00:09:28.680
Is that the fescue in question?

00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:37.800
That's mallow.

00:09:37.920 --> 00:09:41.360
It's taking over here.

00:09:49.760 --> 00:09:53.080
Do you see? The worry is that...

00:09:53.200 --> 00:09:57.640
- Yes, the fescue is dominant.
- The fescue is everywhere.

00:09:57.760 --> 00:10:04.760
And Elytrigia atherica
is also very widespread here.

00:10:04.880 --> 00:10:08.600
- Is that that bluish grass?
- Yes.

00:10:08.720 --> 00:10:12.440
As you can see,
there is an abundance of it here.

00:10:12.560 --> 00:10:16.640
Here the facies is
of the meadow being overrun

00:10:16.760 --> 00:10:20.400
because it is systematically cut too late.

00:10:23.680 --> 00:10:24.920
Pity.

00:10:25.040 --> 00:10:27.080
Tell me when.
There's a cloud passing over.

00:10:27.200 --> 00:10:28.480
Yes. It's going to clear.

00:10:28.600 --> 00:10:32.320
I'll tell you when. In a few seconds
you can go for it.

00:10:35.040 --> 00:10:39.560
It's Alopecurus bulbosus
that's flowering here.

00:10:41.080 --> 00:10:44.160
- You can see the inflorescence.
- Doesn't it open any more than that?

00:10:44.280 --> 00:10:46.400
No, it's very delicate.

00:10:46.520 --> 00:10:49.080
I've never seen it before.
I didn't even know it existed.

00:10:49.200 --> 00:10:51.520
- It's a subhalophilous species.
- Right.

00:10:51.640 --> 00:10:53.960
Typical of estuary meadows.

00:10:54.080 --> 00:10:57.320
- And it's glaucous like this?
- Absolutely.

00:10:57.440 --> 00:11:00.960
It's a bit more caespitose
than the classic Geniculatus.

00:11:01.080 --> 00:11:04.600
I'll look for it when I get home.
I don't know if there are any there.

00:11:04.720 --> 00:11:08.960
This is the second site
found at Marais Vernier.

00:11:09.080 --> 00:11:10.520
- Right.
- Of this species.

00:11:11.600 --> 00:11:13.600
- Bravo.
- Alopecurus bulbosus.

00:11:13.720 --> 00:11:16.440
What is interesting is
that it is growing at the same time

00:11:16.560 --> 00:11:18.640
in the same area as...

00:11:18.760 --> 00:11:21.640
- Another rush, no?
- Juncus gerardii.

00:11:21.760 --> 00:11:25.160
And it's bringing salt
to the soil's surface.

00:11:25.280 --> 00:11:27.480
Those are the two phenomena
which have occurred.

00:11:27.600 --> 00:11:28.600
Right.

00:11:30.240 --> 00:11:37.040
Has salination occurred
in the area, or not really?

00:11:37.160 --> 00:11:41.040
That's the whole point
of the monitoring I've put in place,

00:11:41.160 --> 00:11:44.400
and the simple fact
of listing the sub-halophilic species

00:11:44.520 --> 00:11:47.040
and in particular the increase
in number of these species

00:11:48.040 --> 00:11:51.240
shows that it's going in the direction
of salination, yes.

00:11:57.320 --> 00:11:59.440
A basophilic species,

00:11:59.560 --> 00:12:02.280
but only in a very restricted area.

00:12:02.400 --> 00:12:05.960
And there, in the water,
we'll have Calla like earlier,

00:12:06.080 --> 00:12:09.360
Utricularia,
and the Potamogeton I mentioned.

00:12:09.480 --> 00:12:12.440
Is it too early
to see Utricularia in bloom?

00:12:12.560 --> 00:12:17.560
It might be a bit early.
We'll see if we can see some coming out.

00:12:17.680 --> 00:12:20.640
But we'll definitely find some.

00:12:20.760 --> 00:12:25.240
They've been visible for a few weeks now.

00:12:25.360 --> 00:12:29.240
The structures in the water
are quite distinctive with those pockets.

00:12:29.360 --> 00:12:33.240
Yes, with the utricles.
Very distinctive.

00:12:33.360 --> 00:12:36.160
- Without roots, which is...
- Absolutely.

00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:40.000
So there you have it.

00:12:54.200 --> 00:12:56.040
Ah, so we're on the raft here.

00:12:56.160 --> 00:12:58.480
- It's shaking.
- I'm not feeling it.

00:12:58.600 --> 00:13:00.160
Wow.

00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:02.800
Right.

00:13:03.640 --> 00:13:05.160
There are lots of flowers!

00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:07.640
They're all in bloom.

00:13:08.840 --> 00:13:12.320
Ordet, don't go into the water
and disturb the flower.

00:13:14.240 --> 00:13:16.680
There's a plant here to film.

00:13:16.800 --> 00:13:18.640
A Utricularia in bloom.

00:13:21.240 --> 00:13:23.240
These are insect traps.

00:13:24.680 --> 00:13:27.800
That stays open
and when the water flea arrives,

00:13:27.920 --> 00:13:33.520
there's a sort of trigger
and it sucks it in.

00:13:33.640 --> 00:13:35.880
There's a bud there.
It's about to flower.

00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:38.440
Do you see?

00:13:38.560 --> 00:13:41.040
There are no roots, no leaves, just...

00:13:42.840 --> 00:13:44.320
the plant.

00:13:45.280 --> 00:13:50.760
Since I've got the Baldellia and all that,
I think it will be happy.

00:13:52.800 --> 00:13:57.280
Because I was given another species
but it didn't take.

00:13:57.400 --> 00:14:00.960
I don't think
the pH of the water was compatible,

00:14:01.080 --> 00:14:04.360
but I can see everything
that is growing around it here

00:14:04.480 --> 00:14:06.440
and I reckon it will be better suited.

00:14:27.200 --> 00:14:28.200
I've stopped filming.

00:14:31.080 --> 00:14:32.560
That's a fine view.

00:14:34.560 --> 00:14:35.560
Magnificent.

00:14:51.000 --> 00:14:52.080
Shall I stop?

00:14:53.920 --> 00:14:54.720
I've stopped.

00:14:55.560 --> 00:14:57.680
The sound of the Drosera.

00:14:58.480 --> 00:15:01.640
Oh, yes, and it's teeming with life
when you're up close like that.

00:15:01.760 --> 00:15:03.320
All those insects.

00:15:03.440 --> 00:15:06.080
The light's flickering.
It's a whole world.

00:15:18.800 --> 00:15:21.800
It's beautiful
but we've taken the wrong path.

00:15:21.920 --> 00:15:26.040
There's even more knotweed here
than on the other side.

00:15:30.080 --> 00:15:33.520
We really are in the kingdom
of the invasive plants.

00:15:33.640 --> 00:15:36.320
Little bursts of sunlight like stars.

00:15:36.440 --> 00:15:37.480
Right.

00:15:37.600 --> 00:15:41.280
There's a bit of movement
in the background.

00:15:41.400 --> 00:15:42.960
I like it.

00:15:43.080 --> 00:15:45.800
There were brambles all over,
but very puny.

00:15:45.920 --> 00:15:47.880
It's going to end up disappearing.

00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:50.440
It's all going to disappear.

00:15:50.560 --> 00:15:56.760
All that will remain will be the elders
emerging out of the knotweed.

00:15:57.840 --> 00:15:59.600
Yes, because they're taller.

00:16:01.160 --> 00:16:05.320
It shows you
why plants became woody,

00:16:05.440 --> 00:16:07.640
so they could climb
higher than others plants.

00:16:12.400 --> 00:16:14.560
- There.
- The cruising.

00:16:16.800 --> 00:16:20.320
Have you seen my Cyperus Fuscus?

00:16:35.920 --> 00:16:37.720
The sound is great here.

00:16:37.840 --> 00:16:38.960
Yes.

00:16:56.160 --> 00:16:57.360
Shall I start?

00:17:00.760 --> 00:17:01.760
It's filming.

00:17:02.840 --> 00:17:06.280
It makes me think
of the Robinia forests in Turkey

00:17:06.400 --> 00:17:10.240
which were planted on big hills,

00:17:10.360 --> 00:17:14.520
mountains which were bare.

00:17:14.640 --> 00:17:16.360
For rapid reforestation

00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:19.720
they planted lots of Robinia,
which is a tree from North America.

00:17:19.840 --> 00:17:21.800
It sterilised the soil.

00:17:21.920 --> 00:17:24.240
I found nothing but horsetail underfoot.

00:17:24.360 --> 00:17:26.400
And yet there was a stream running down.

00:17:26.520 --> 00:17:28.120
The ground was bare.

00:17:29.320 --> 00:17:31.040
Are you filming me?

00:17:31.160 --> 00:17:32.360
No.

00:18:09.040 --> 00:18:11.600
Is that a bumblebee?

00:18:11.720 --> 00:18:14.120
- Can you see? What is it?
- It's a fly.

00:18:17.200 --> 00:18:21.280
A little bumblebee with long antenna.

00:18:21.400 --> 00:18:24.040
- There, look.
- Oh, yes. I've never seen a bee like that.

00:18:24.160 --> 00:18:25.560
Never. It's a bee, no?

00:18:25.680 --> 00:18:29.080
It's a bee with gigantic antenna.

00:18:29.200 --> 00:18:30.920
It must be extremely rare.

00:18:32.120 --> 00:18:35.280
- A beauty.
- Incredible!

00:18:35.400 --> 00:18:37.960
- Enormous antenna.
- Come and film it, Pierre.

00:18:38.080 --> 00:18:39.160
Wait.

00:18:59.960 --> 00:19:02.800
It smells of almonds.

00:19:03.680 --> 00:19:08.640
You'd think someone was roasting almonds
somewhere nearby, it's true.

00:19:08.760 --> 00:19:10.640
Do you think it's worth filming?

00:19:10.760 --> 00:19:14.120
I think he's filming the brambles.

00:19:15.080 --> 00:19:19.440
Torilis japonica
or Japanese hedge parsley.

00:19:19.560 --> 00:19:22.040
I had some in my garden in Varengeville.

00:19:23.520 --> 00:19:24.800
I introduced it.

00:19:26.480 --> 00:19:31.120
Yes, that's it.
The others have flat siliqua.

00:19:31.240 --> 00:19:33.120
It's exactly that.

00:19:56.520 --> 00:19:58.160
This is wonderful.

00:19:58.280 --> 00:19:59.280
Yes.

00:20:02.560 --> 00:20:04.760
You'll think of us
when you're cooking with it.

00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:06.240
I will indeed.

00:20:20.920 --> 00:20:24.960
You find the greatest diversity
on a chalky soil, in fact.

00:20:25.080 --> 00:20:30.520
Because on the Marais Vernier
there wasn't a huge diversity.

00:20:30.640 --> 00:20:33.600
There were flagship species
in some spots

00:20:33.720 --> 00:20:36.920
but when you go to the chalk hills

00:20:37.040 --> 00:20:40.160
you've got 50 species per square metre.

00:20:40.280 --> 00:20:42.000
It's staggering.

00:20:44.920 --> 00:20:46.320
I love it.

00:20:46.440 --> 00:20:49.160
It's quite hard to film so high up.

00:20:49.280 --> 00:20:50.880
The carrots up there.

00:20:53.800 --> 00:20:55.880
- Those at the top too?
- Perhaps a bit lower.

00:20:57.280 --> 00:20:58.760
The way you've got it is great.

00:21:08.920 --> 00:21:10.720
Lycium barbarum...

00:21:16.360 --> 00:21:23.040
It's not in the plants section,
it's in the addendum.

00:21:41.680 --> 00:21:43.480
Pyramidal orchids.

00:21:58.800 --> 00:22:04.760
Another garden I'd like to create
is a garden of sea vegetables.

00:22:04.880 --> 00:22:08.400
You could have a garden
of wild vegetables.

00:22:17.120 --> 00:22:18.840
Poor thing.

00:22:20.200 --> 00:22:22.280
It's a real cabbage garden.

00:22:29.480 --> 00:22:32.920
Sophie eats them in spring.

00:22:33.040 --> 00:22:38.760
Plantain leaves like this,
for the minerals.

00:22:38.880 --> 00:22:41.400
It was used to combat scurvy.

00:22:42.640 --> 00:22:45.400
It's rich in vitamin C.

00:22:45.520 --> 00:22:47.560
There are some in flower there.

00:22:52.960 --> 00:22:54.880
Perhaps it was further over there.

00:23:20.680 --> 00:23:26.280
Vincent looks as if he's in a valley
of flowers in the Himalaya.

00:23:28.520 --> 00:23:30.080
Or in Switzerland.

00:23:30.200 --> 00:23:35.960
Yes, it's as if he's in the heart of nature
in a sublime setting,

00:23:37.360 --> 00:23:38.520
somewhere remote,

00:23:39.640 --> 00:23:42.360
not simply on a beach in Normandy.

00:23:47.080 --> 00:23:49.080
It's great, you can hear the gulls.

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:16.960
This is the sailors' herb.

00:24:19.480 --> 00:24:20.960
Go. "Do you know the sailors' herb"?

00:24:21.080 --> 00:24:22.720
Do you know the sailors' herb?

00:24:23.840 --> 00:24:26.120
In fact,

00:24:26.240 --> 00:24:29.280
it was used to treat scurvy.

00:24:34.920 --> 00:24:38.720
People decided they could make mustard
with the seeds.

00:24:40.680 --> 00:24:43.040
Quite a mild mustard, I expect.

00:24:49.280 --> 00:24:50.640
Yes, it's very good.

00:25:24.960 --> 00:25:31.280
I really like the second mound,
the repetition with the two mounds.

00:25:31.400 --> 00:25:33.960
Have a look.
Tell me if you agree with the change.

00:25:34.920 --> 00:25:36.520
Yes, you're right.

00:25:36.640 --> 00:25:39.160
It's very composed
but it's just so beautiful.

00:25:39.280 --> 00:25:40.280
Yes.

00:25:41.080 --> 00:25:42.160
It's beautiful.

00:25:52.760 --> 00:25:54.680
Yes, really beautiful.

00:26:17.640 --> 00:26:19.560
Oh, yes.

00:26:20.800 --> 00:26:23.800
The water level must have been
at least 30 centimetres higher.

00:26:23.920 --> 00:26:26.440
Perhaps it was the sea
that forced the water back up.

00:26:29.760 --> 00:26:33.520
We saw muddy beaches
all along the Seine.

00:26:33.640 --> 00:26:35.120
It was quite something.

00:26:36.120 --> 00:26:40.560
We saw lots of Oenanthe crocata.

00:26:40.680 --> 00:26:41.880
It was beautiful.

00:26:42.800 --> 00:26:44.400
Is that a Callitriche?

00:26:49.240 --> 00:26:52.720
There's another plant there.
That one's not the same.

00:26:59.720 --> 00:27:01.720
The companion plant is Silene dioica.

00:27:01.840 --> 00:27:04.960
- Yes.
- Silene dioica.

00:27:05.080 --> 00:27:10.840
It's so beautiful. It looks like
a Victorian neo-Gothic thing.

00:27:10.960 --> 00:27:16.640
That drawing looks like it's done
for the parliament at Westminster,

00:27:16.760 --> 00:27:18.200
that neo-Gothic stuff.

00:27:19.280 --> 00:27:22.520
It really does,
with acanthus everywhere.

00:27:22.640 --> 00:27:27.280
You see that style of drawing
in illuminations.

00:27:28.400 --> 00:27:31.640
There are drawings like that
in ancient manuscripts.

00:27:34.880 --> 00:27:38.240
- Oleracea means vegetable garden?
- Yes.

00:27:38.360 --> 00:27:40.920
Yes, and Allium oleraceum
is cultivated onion.

00:27:41.040 --> 00:27:44.080
- Brassica oleracea.
- I'm learning Latin here.

00:27:44.200 --> 00:27:45.600
Yes. It might come in handy.

00:27:47.120 --> 00:27:50.840
Yes, wild cabbage is Brassica oleracea.

00:27:50.960 --> 00:27:53.120
- The leaf is extraordinary.
- The leaf is really...

00:27:53.240 --> 00:27:56.600
- Yes, there's a nice light on it.
- Is the flower as beautiful as that?

00:27:56.720 --> 00:27:58.080
It's even more beautiful!

00:27:58.680 --> 00:28:02.360
Mark, is this meadowsweet distinctive?

00:28:02.480 --> 00:28:06.760
It's the meadowsweet
you use for maceration.

00:28:08.160 --> 00:28:12.520
Aspirin came from this plant.

00:28:12.640 --> 00:28:18.080
Willows and meadowsweet grow together
in places where there is malaria.

00:28:18.200 --> 00:28:21.000
Where there is illness,
you find the remedy in the same spot.

00:28:22.680 --> 00:28:24.160
Can you say that again?

00:28:25.360 --> 00:28:27.560
Marie loves meadowsweet.

00:28:30.320 --> 00:28:32.920
- You need to start again.
- It's one of her favourite flowers.

00:28:35.200 --> 00:28:38.680
What other properties
does meadowsweet have?

00:28:39.520 --> 00:28:41.920
Apart from being analgesic.

00:28:42.040 --> 00:28:44.720
It's good for the skin
but what can you make with it?

00:28:44.840 --> 00:28:45.840
I don't know.

00:28:47.120 --> 00:28:51.360
Meadowsweet is one of the classics
of pharmacopoeia.

00:28:58.280 --> 00:29:00.680
Have you seen all that comfrey?

00:29:00.800 --> 00:29:03.080
From here on it's all comfrey.

00:29:04.560 --> 00:29:06.560
There's enough to make fritters.

00:29:07.880 --> 00:29:11.280
- I like this low angle. It's surprising.
- Really low might look good.

00:29:14.480 --> 00:29:17.400
There. A light sprinkling.

00:29:18.600 --> 00:29:20.680
With some gardener's-garters.

00:29:20.800 --> 00:29:22.880
- Gardener's what?
- Gardener's-garters.

00:29:23.000 --> 00:29:25.160
Those tall grasses.

00:29:25.280 --> 00:29:26.680
Sophie likes that name.

00:29:26.800 --> 00:29:28.560
Yes, but I need to remember it.

00:29:29.840 --> 00:29:31.520
There are so many names to remember.

00:29:35.600 --> 00:29:38.920
It's my favourite plant.

00:29:39.040 --> 00:29:41.480
- All three at once.
- That's the important thing.

00:29:41.600 --> 00:29:44.800
- The viewpoint.
- It's beautiful, with the sky behind it.

00:29:44.920 --> 00:29:46.520
Perfect. Well done.

00:29:46.640 --> 00:29:49.400
Shall we do a close-up on the valerian?

00:29:49.520 --> 00:29:52.520
- From the other side.
- Valerian. That's it.

00:29:57.880 --> 00:29:59.360
We'll have to raise it again.

00:30:00.960 --> 00:30:01.960
Look...

00:30:03.040 --> 00:30:05.960
There are insects settling on it.
Hoverflies.

00:30:06.080 --> 00:30:07.800
It's another insect.
What is it called?

00:30:07.920 --> 00:30:11.160
Are they hoverflies?
There are lots of hoverflies.

00:30:12.640 --> 00:30:14.920
Yes, that's a hoverfly.

00:30:15.040 --> 00:30:19.760
- No, it's a beetle.
- I don't think it is.

00:30:19.880 --> 00:30:21.480
- It's gone.
- Those are hoverflies.

00:30:21.600 --> 00:30:23.920
That would be extraordinary.

00:30:24.040 --> 00:30:25.520
It's coming back.

00:30:27.160 --> 00:30:31.720
Those are the sorts of insects
you find on parsnips and umbellifers.

00:30:31.840 --> 00:30:34.920
Do you prefer it here
where the light is more varied?

00:30:36.600 --> 00:30:38.240
I love that scent.

00:30:49.640 --> 00:30:53.960
What species did you film
close up like that yesterday?

00:30:55.440 --> 00:30:58.400
In the woods
we filmed a lot of orchids.

00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:02.040
Blackstonia.

00:31:02.760 --> 00:31:07.040
They filmed the cabbage
with runners' calves in front of it

00:31:07.160 --> 00:31:10.800
and bryony climbing up the clifftops
among the bracken.

00:31:10.920 --> 00:31:15.400
It was a beautiful picture
with the sea behind it.

00:31:16.880 --> 00:31:19.240
The water was so blue yesterday.

00:31:20.600 --> 00:31:22.600
What's that beetle called?

00:31:22.720 --> 00:31:26.480
I have no idea.
I'm not an entomologist.

00:31:26.600 --> 00:31:27.600
I'm sorry.

00:31:34.360 --> 00:31:35.640
Those are hoverflies.

00:31:35.760 --> 00:31:38.480
- That's a hoverfly?
- Yes.

00:31:38.600 --> 00:31:39.880
It has just two wings.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:43.120
Yes, and big eyes. It has no antenna.

00:31:45.720 --> 00:31:48.600
It has big eyes, like a housefly.

00:31:48.720 --> 00:31:51.040
- It's foraging.
- Yes.

00:31:51.160 --> 00:31:52.680
And those are dark bees.

00:31:52.800 --> 00:31:53.880
Really?

00:31:54.000 --> 00:31:57.320
I don't know if that's one of them
but there is a bee called a dark bee.

00:31:57.440 --> 00:31:59.240
Really? Where?

00:32:00.840 --> 00:32:02.440
Back there.

00:32:02.560 --> 00:32:04.480
Ah, hiding.

00:32:04.600 --> 00:32:06.480
There.

00:32:06.600 --> 00:32:09.160
That's a type of hoverfly.

00:32:09.280 --> 00:32:10.720
I'm not so sure.

00:32:10.840 --> 00:32:14.040
It's a hoverfly.
It's got a proboscis and big eyes.

00:32:14.160 --> 00:32:17.040
It has a proboscis and big eyes,
but I'm not sure.

00:32:17.160 --> 00:32:20.080
- I digress.
- No, it's a bee.

00:32:20.200 --> 00:32:21.320
No, it's a hoverfly.

00:32:22.280 --> 00:32:23.600
With those eyes.

00:32:27.680 --> 00:32:31.640
I really feel as if I'm on the set
of a Derek Jarman film.

00:32:35.320 --> 00:32:38.280
All that's missing is the music
from "The Garden".

00:33:37.800 --> 00:33:42.240
Oh, yes. Wow.
That's "L'arc d'Iris" right here.

00:33:43.560 --> 00:33:46.800
That's why it's important to film them
and not take photos.

00:33:48.200 --> 00:33:50.080
You get the soul of the plant.

00:34:05.360 --> 00:34:06.720
It's in the other direction.

00:34:34.920 --> 00:34:37.640
There's a small site here, but that's all.

00:34:41.520 --> 00:34:43.000
And one here.

00:34:43.840 --> 00:34:45.680
There are just a few plants here.

00:34:48.560 --> 00:34:52.240
There's one here, one there,
and several small ones over there,

00:34:52.360 --> 00:34:53.880
and that's it.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:34:56.040
There's one there and one there.

00:35:07.880 --> 00:35:12.080
Oh, my darling.
You're beautiful. I love you.

00:35:13.040 --> 00:35:15.240
This is Ophioglossum.

00:35:16.200 --> 00:35:17.400
Magnificent!

00:35:21.120 --> 00:35:22.720
Pierre, adder's-tongue.

00:35:24.960 --> 00:35:26.480
Over here.

00:35:26.600 --> 00:35:30.480
Someone's trodden
on a second plant, unfortunately.

00:35:30.600 --> 00:35:32.920
It's here, and it's sporulating.

00:35:33.040 --> 00:35:34.960
- A boar.
- Yes.

00:35:35.880 --> 00:35:37.560
Human pigs.

00:35:39.120 --> 00:35:40.200
It's here.

00:35:41.040 --> 00:35:42.120
Do you see?

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:46.000
Oh, yes.

00:35:55.400 --> 00:35:57.520
Are all the spores out?

00:35:57.640 --> 00:35:59.760
No, they're coming out.

00:35:59.880 --> 00:36:03.520
If you touch it,
a little cloud of them will escape.

00:36:03.640 --> 00:36:06.560
I've tried not to touch them
to preserve them.

00:36:06.680 --> 00:36:07.920
You can see the tongue.

00:36:08.040 --> 00:36:10.200
Yes, it's a beautiful image.

00:36:14.400 --> 00:36:17.400
Do you realise how lucky we are
to see this?

00:36:20.440 --> 00:36:22.800
Can you explain symbiosis again?

00:36:22.920 --> 00:36:26.920
Yes, the spores fall onto the ground

00:36:28.160 --> 00:36:30.640
and if they land
on the right sort of mushroom,

00:36:30.760 --> 00:36:32.000
they grow on top of it.

00:36:32.120 --> 00:36:34.040
Mushrooms can live
without Ophioglossum

00:36:34.160 --> 00:36:37.920
but Ophioglossum need mushrooms
in order to grow.

00:36:38.040 --> 00:36:41.840
The small prothallus develops
in contact with the mushroom.

00:36:41.960 --> 00:36:45.400
It can survive underground
for I don't know how many years,

00:36:45.520 --> 00:36:47.960
but it's a long time.

00:36:48.080 --> 00:36:50.880
And suddenly,
when it's got enough reserves,

00:36:51.000 --> 00:36:52.920
when the rhizome is fully formed,

00:36:53.040 --> 00:36:54.360
it rises up

00:36:54.480 --> 00:36:59.280
and forms a photosynthetic frond.

00:37:00.800 --> 00:37:05.640
And when it's strong enough,
it starts forming sporophores like that.

00:37:06.800 --> 00:37:08.680
And this one is even older?

00:37:09.760 --> 00:37:14.520
From what I've read,
I think they're contemporaries.

00:37:14.640 --> 00:37:15.760
Meaning?

00:37:15.880 --> 00:37:18.000
Over 300 million years old.

00:37:20.440 --> 00:37:22.600
They're ferns
from the Carboniferous period.

00:37:25.240 --> 00:37:27.160
Are you crying too?

00:37:27.280 --> 00:37:28.320
Yes.

00:37:39.040 --> 00:37:42.400
An achlorophyllous prothallus
is an incredible sight.

00:37:46.440 --> 00:37:49.240
That means it lives like seaweed.

00:37:49.360 --> 00:37:52.080
Not even seaweed,
almost like a mushroom.

00:37:53.880 --> 00:37:56.400
For years, underground, without any light.

00:37:56.520 --> 00:37:58.120
Have you taken two shots?

00:38:00.880 --> 00:38:02.360
We're going to take a third.

00:38:30.880 --> 00:38:32.800
This is good.

00:38:32.920 --> 00:38:34.240
We're on the right path.

00:38:35.280 --> 00:38:36.800
On the chalk hill.

00:38:39.280 --> 00:38:41.160
Oh, that's sublime!

00:38:41.280 --> 00:38:44.840
- What is it called?
- Anthericum ramosum.

00:38:46.480 --> 00:38:49.920
The meadow over there is white with it.

00:38:50.040 --> 00:38:52.600
I can see it from here. It's white!

00:38:52.720 --> 00:38:54.280
We'd better go up there.

00:38:54.400 --> 00:38:56.760
Even here it's sublime.

00:38:56.880 --> 00:38:59.640
You'll see, the meadow is white.

00:38:59.760 --> 00:39:01.960
We're slap bang in the middle of it.

00:39:02.080 --> 00:39:04.520
It's an extremely rare plant.

00:39:04.640 --> 00:39:08.280
- Yes, I've never seen it before.
- It's not often that you get to see it.

00:39:08.400 --> 00:39:11.280
- Anthericum?
- A-n-t-h-e-r-i...

00:39:11.400 --> 00:39:13.600
- Anthericum.
- Antheri...

00:39:13.720 --> 00:39:15.480
Anthericum. Yes, that's right.

00:39:24.040 --> 00:39:26.880
When I was a boy,
I was fascinated by this plant.

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:31.280
There was this place where it grew,
a former marl pit.

00:39:31.400 --> 00:39:34.280
I don't know why
but I was hypnotised by those plants.

00:39:34.400 --> 00:39:39.040
When you're small, you see the details,
and I saw the pattern on it.

00:39:39.160 --> 00:39:42.280
I was hypnotised by those little dots.

00:39:45.920 --> 00:39:46.920
Oh, my God!

00:39:50.200 --> 00:39:52.480
No need to go to the Alps, Pierre.

00:39:55.680 --> 00:39:57.000
It's magical.

00:40:00.600 --> 00:40:03.360
People aren't going to believe
the images in this film.

00:40:05.400 --> 00:40:08.360
Bringing someone here to make love...

00:40:08.480 --> 00:40:11.160
It's the dream place for that.

00:40:11.280 --> 00:40:14.240
It's so poetic.

00:40:14.360 --> 00:40:17.200
He brought me here,
not the other way round.

00:40:18.320 --> 00:40:19.520
Can you imagine?

00:40:21.560 --> 00:40:23.720
It's a place he loved.

00:40:23.840 --> 00:40:26.040
He used to come here
when he was young.

00:40:26.160 --> 00:40:29.040
He brought me here
to a place he loved.

00:40:29.440 --> 00:40:31.760
Remind me what that grass is called, Mark.

00:40:31.880 --> 00:40:34.040
Carex nigra.

00:40:34.880 --> 00:40:37.600
When he left me, it was awful.

00:40:46.320 --> 00:40:47.840
Do you have a new notebook?

00:40:47.960 --> 00:40:50.600
Yes, it's my book of dreams.

00:40:50.720 --> 00:40:52.760
I brought it to take to Mark's house.

00:41:01.400 --> 00:41:03.520
I've never seen them
looking as beautiful as this.

00:41:53.200 --> 00:41:58.080
The Dawn of Flowers

00:42:19.040 --> 00:42:22.400
You find them in hollows like that.

00:42:23.480 --> 00:42:25.080
There are some on both sides.

00:42:47.720 --> 00:42:51.080
It's the same horsetail
as at L'Aube des Fleurs,

00:42:51.200 --> 00:42:53.560
only it's small, like this.

00:42:55.960 --> 00:43:02.720
This is well over 300 million years old.
400 million years even.

00:43:02.840 --> 00:43:05.920
These were the first plants on Earth.

00:43:06.040 --> 00:43:08.160
The Ophioglossum wasn't born yet.

00:43:13.360 --> 00:43:16.440
I think there's one at the end.

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:23.960
If global warming continues,
they'll disappear.

00:43:24.080 --> 00:43:27.960
Everyone says horsetail is invasive,

00:43:28.080 --> 00:43:30.800
but that's not true.

00:43:30.920 --> 00:43:33.320
It has survived for hundreds
of millions of years

00:43:33.440 --> 00:43:35.600
only to find itself

00:43:37.280 --> 00:43:39.720
at a dead end
thanks to human beings.

00:43:46.280 --> 00:43:50.520
They used to be classified
according to the number of cotyledons

00:43:50.640 --> 00:43:53.960
but now they're classified
according to the form of the pollen.

00:43:54.080 --> 00:43:58.080
One opening, three openings, or more.

00:43:59.280 --> 00:44:00.800
It's the score.

00:44:01.920 --> 00:44:05.440
All early flowering plants,
including monocotyledons,

00:44:05.560 --> 00:44:09.280
are classified by the form of their pollen
which has just one opening.

00:44:09.400 --> 00:44:12.240
Then you've got eudicots which have...

00:44:13.800 --> 00:44:15.680
...three openings or even more.

00:44:15.800 --> 00:44:19.520
That's why I'm always talking
about eudicots.

00:44:19.640 --> 00:44:23.200
We'll see them in situ,
because all these plants

00:44:23.320 --> 00:44:25.880
are part of the project.

00:44:32.720 --> 00:44:36.760
Let's go and see the horsetail
and the Selaginella.

00:44:40.560 --> 00:44:43.960
That's not Isoetes, it's Marsilea.

00:44:44.080 --> 00:44:46.200
It has no leaflets, just the stalk.

00:44:46.320 --> 00:44:49.760
It's a really primitive fern.

00:44:49.880 --> 00:44:52.720
You've got a lovely blanket of Marsilea

00:44:52.840 --> 00:44:56.520
which I planted here
because of the spring water.

00:44:56.640 --> 00:44:59.600
It likes to live like an amphibian.

00:45:02.680 --> 00:45:06.080
Fish used to slither
through this landscape,

00:45:06.200 --> 00:45:07.440
coming out of the water.

00:45:12.520 --> 00:45:16.120
This was before
frogs and salamanders existed.

00:45:19.240 --> 00:45:22.880
The only living creatures
were invertebrates.

00:45:26.160 --> 00:45:29.880
Do you see the spores
coming out of the tip there?

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:34.800
In every little axil
there are what we call microphylls,

00:45:34.920 --> 00:45:37.360
because they're not real leaves yet.

00:45:37.480 --> 00:45:40.600
It's just a patch of green
which performs the photosynthesis.

00:45:40.720 --> 00:45:44.040
There were no leaves back then.

00:45:44.160 --> 00:45:49.880
You can see a little yellow ball
behind each layer.

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:54.320
Those are the spores. It's the same system
as for the Ophioglossum.

00:46:01.640 --> 00:46:03.880
That's Saratoga.

00:46:04.000 --> 00:46:05.520
And that's Assignata.

00:46:10.520 --> 00:46:12.560
The leaves aren't as jagged

00:46:14.480 --> 00:46:18.800
as the ginkgos used to be,
but they don't exist anymore.

00:46:18.920 --> 00:46:23.520
There might be way to bring them back
one day with genetics.

00:46:30.760 --> 00:46:33.960
Francis Hallé puts it so well

00:46:35.320 --> 00:46:37.160
in "Éloge de la plante".

00:46:37.280 --> 00:46:40.960
He explains that in trees,

00:46:41.080 --> 00:46:43.160
there is a whole...

00:46:44.760 --> 00:46:47.440
pool of...

00:46:47.560 --> 00:46:49.040
What do they call it?

00:46:51.600 --> 00:46:53.080
A gene pool.

00:46:53.200 --> 00:46:56.280
Each part is slightly different
genetically,

00:46:56.400 --> 00:47:01.160
even on regular trees, on angiosperms.

00:47:01.280 --> 00:47:07.200
There is a whole range of genomes,
that's the word I was looking for,

00:47:07.320 --> 00:47:08.760
on a tree.

00:47:10.440 --> 00:47:13.200
They all act slightly differently.

00:47:13.320 --> 00:47:16.800
He discovered in the Amazonian rainforest

00:47:16.920 --> 00:47:20.680
that tree sap is tidal
and fluctuates according to the moon.

00:47:20.800 --> 00:47:23.840
The sap rises and falls
with the phases of the moon.

00:47:23.960 --> 00:47:25.280
When the moon passes,

00:47:25.400 --> 00:47:29.640
the sap rises and falls once a day,

00:47:29.760 --> 00:47:33.200
just like the water in the oceans.

00:47:33.760 --> 00:47:38.720
The forests are so vast
that the sap is governed by the moon.

00:47:38.840 --> 00:47:42.640
It's beautiful to think
that sap is tidal, like the sea.

00:47:47.360 --> 00:47:50.760
Right, how are we going to do this?

00:47:51.800 --> 00:47:55.400
It would make more sense
if we did them in evolutionary order.

00:47:55.520 --> 00:48:00.200
When this appeared,
there were no bay trees or magnolias.

00:48:00.320 --> 00:48:06.120
All that was here
was the Illicium and Calycanthus.

00:48:10.120 --> 00:48:11.840
It's a strange wood.

00:48:23.760 --> 00:48:26.160
This is Illicium Henryi.

00:48:28.640 --> 00:48:31.200
Little red flowers.

00:48:34.320 --> 00:48:36.560
This is the last Illicium in flower.

00:48:38.280 --> 00:48:40.680
It's like a shrub version of a water lily.

00:48:45.080 --> 00:48:47.320
I'll put my glasses on
so I can see it more clearly.

00:48:53.920 --> 00:48:57.520
It's a shame the Illicium floridanum
has just finished flowering.

00:48:58.600 --> 00:49:00.000
This is the last one to flower.

00:49:02.160 --> 00:49:05.560
As you can see, there is no difference
between the sepals and the petals.

00:49:07.320 --> 00:49:10.320
They spiral around one another.

00:49:10.440 --> 00:49:14.000
There is an indeterminate number
of floral elements.

00:49:19.080 --> 00:49:22.480
It's red, like the first flowers,

00:49:22.600 --> 00:49:24.720
like Calycanthus,

00:49:24.840 --> 00:49:25.920
or green.

00:49:27.760 --> 00:49:30.200
There are lots of little beetles in it.

00:49:30.320 --> 00:49:32.560
That's the pollination.

00:49:34.960 --> 00:49:37.000
You can probably see it better
on tulip trees,

00:49:37.120 --> 00:49:41.000
but this is even more primitive
than a tulip tree.

00:49:41.120 --> 00:49:43.240
You need to come towards me a bit, Mark.

00:49:43.360 --> 00:49:45.480
- There.
- Let's see.

00:49:45.600 --> 00:49:50.040
There are no filaments,
just lamellae with pollen on the side.

00:49:50.160 --> 00:49:52.080
Look at all those beetles coming out.

00:49:57.920 --> 00:50:02.280
And it's a spiral. It's always a spiral.

00:50:05.200 --> 00:50:06.280
The light...

00:50:08.160 --> 00:50:09.960
It's moving all the time.

00:50:10.080 --> 00:50:14.000
That's exactly the same thing.
It's in a spiral. It's red.

00:50:14.120 --> 00:50:16.040
There are no filaments.

00:50:16.160 --> 00:50:18.800
It's the same structure.

00:51:32.880 --> 00:51:34.720
Yes, yes, very good.

00:51:36.760 --> 00:51:39.320
Mark's voice is very soothing to listen to.

00:51:56.080 --> 00:51:59.600
There's a little beetle inside.

00:51:59.720 --> 00:52:02.360
- Where is it from?
- China.

00:52:02.480 --> 00:52:06.760
Lots of very primitive plants
come from China or the United States.

00:52:06.880 --> 00:52:09.920
Quite a few come from Chile too.

00:52:10.040 --> 00:52:13.080
It's because of the configuration
of the mountains.

00:52:14.280 --> 00:52:16.680
Yes, it's really over.

00:52:17.560 --> 00:52:19.160
It's really over.

00:52:23.080 --> 00:52:24.840
There is just one reel left.

00:52:28.320 --> 00:52:30.440
It would be good to do a Berberis

00:52:30.560 --> 00:52:32.640
and then I think that will be all.

00:52:39.640 --> 00:52:43.000
Berberis, barberry family.

00:52:43.920 --> 00:52:46.720
There must be a Berberis
in bloom somewhere.

00:52:46.840 --> 00:52:49.280
There is always one flowering somewhere.

00:52:50.400 --> 00:52:53.120
Let me think, there must be
a Mahonia in bloom or something.

00:52:53.240 --> 00:52:56.800
Oh, look here.
The Mexican Mahonia is in flower.

00:52:56.920 --> 00:52:58.080
Splendid.

00:52:59.120 --> 00:53:02.600
What's that Mahonia called?
Russeliana. I've just planted it.

00:53:02.720 --> 00:53:05.720
It's the only Mahonia with white flowers.

00:53:05.840 --> 00:53:07.320
There.

00:53:07.440 --> 00:53:09.800
- Which one? That one?
- The cream-coloured one.

00:53:09.920 --> 00:53:11.800
You can take it wherever you like.

00:53:14.520 --> 00:53:16.960
I just planted it this winter.

00:53:17.080 --> 00:53:18.720
- Is this the last shot?
- Yes.

00:53:28.480 --> 00:53:31.200
We'll have the low wall round the edges.

00:53:50.680 --> 00:53:53.840
Does it need to be a close-up
so we can see the leaf?

00:53:53.960 --> 00:53:57.800
If you don't want
to see the wall behind it.

00:53:57.920 --> 00:54:01.560
All the other Mahonia are yellow.

00:54:01.680 --> 00:54:05.800
There are some red ones too, or orange.

00:54:05.920 --> 00:54:09.800
But this is the only one I know
which has creamy white flowers like this.

00:54:09.920 --> 00:54:11.720
There may be others.

00:54:11.840 --> 00:54:14.000
There's one over there
but it has never flowered.

00:54:14.120 --> 00:54:16.640
This one flowered
as soon as I planted it out.

00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:21.480
I've looked, but I've never seen it flower.

00:54:23.600 --> 00:54:24.640
It's here.

00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:29.280
It's growing well,
but it hasn't flowered.

00:54:30.520 --> 00:54:33.760
They produce pale white flowers too.

00:54:33.880 --> 00:54:36.880
It's really shot up.

00:54:37.000 --> 00:54:38.560
It's exploded.

00:54:38.680 --> 00:54:43.040
I've been worried about it for ages,
thinking, "Why aren't you growing?"

00:54:43.160 --> 00:54:46.040
I'm going to put the fern back there
because it seems to like that.

00:54:51.960 --> 00:54:55.920
People don't really like Mahonia
because they are prickly.

00:54:57.400 --> 00:54:58.760
They smell lovely.

00:54:58.880 --> 00:55:00.120
They're melliferous too.

00:55:00.240 --> 00:55:02.480
Absolutely.

00:55:02.600 --> 00:55:04.720
Anything from the barberry family.

00:55:09.080 --> 00:55:10.680
That's lovely.

00:55:10.800 --> 00:55:13.520
You can see the wall behind it
but it's still beautiful.

00:55:15.760 --> 00:55:17.920
- Too much?
- Not too much. I like it.

00:55:18.040 --> 00:55:19.760
- What can you see?
- I like it.

00:55:19.880 --> 00:55:23.440
It's blurred.
You're focussing on the Mahonia.

00:55:27.880 --> 00:55:29.960
It's beautiful so it doesn't matter.

00:55:32.440 --> 00:55:34.240
There's a bee.

00:55:34.360 --> 00:55:35.760
Really?

00:55:37.080 --> 00:55:40.040
Oh, yes. So you're filming over there?

00:55:41.960 --> 00:55:44.600
Right. Very good.

00:55:44.720 --> 00:55:46.440
- Are you happy with that, Mark ?
- Yes.

00:55:47.840 --> 00:55:50.840
My eyes are starting to get tired.

00:55:50.960 --> 00:55:53.920
I'm struggling to focus.

00:55:58.880 --> 00:56:00.640
With this sun too.

00:56:05.440 --> 00:56:08.120
Do you think this one comes from Asia?

00:56:08.240 --> 00:56:10.640
No, only Mexico,

00:56:10.760 --> 00:56:13.120
from the sierras of central Mexico.

00:56:18.040 --> 00:56:21.000
It's James Russell who went
to collect plants from there.

00:56:21.120 --> 00:56:25.120
This was in the 1970s,
or around that time.

00:56:25.240 --> 00:56:29.760
He realised that in those mountains
there were lots of hardy perennials.

00:56:31.360 --> 00:56:35.320
It's a really interesting place
to collect plants at a high altitude,

00:56:36.000 --> 00:56:40.920
such as Mahonia and oak trees,
all sorts of plants

00:56:41.040 --> 00:56:42.560
which are perfectly hardy over here.

00:56:42.680 --> 00:56:44.560
Did you say the 1970s?

00:56:44.680 --> 00:56:48.440
Yes, something like that.
He went to Mexico on his own.

00:56:50.160 --> 00:56:51.560
Are you ready?

00:56:51.680 --> 00:56:53.400
- For the last shot. Ready?
- Are you ready?

00:56:53.520 --> 00:56:54.920
Yes.

00:56:55.920 --> 00:56:57.680
Go on. Let's pray.

00:56:57.800 --> 00:56:59.040
It's filming.

00:57:04.120 --> 00:57:05.680
It's emotional.

00:57:05.800 --> 00:57:08.320
These seven days of happiness are over.

00:57:08.440 --> 00:57:09.600
Yes.

00:57:09.720 --> 00:57:10.960
Before we see what comes next.

00:57:11.080 --> 00:57:12.160
Yes.

00:57:19.960 --> 00:57:22.040
We could do more.

00:57:22.160 --> 00:57:24.480
Yes, we could do more.

00:57:29.800 --> 00:57:31.600
There's always an ending.

00:57:35.680 --> 00:57:38.000
There. No more film left.

00:57:39.360 --> 00:57:41.880
Very good. Well done.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:43.600
I didn't hear it go.

00:57:46.200 --> 00:57:49.320
There. No more film.

00:57:49.440 --> 00:57:51.320
- So good. Well done.
- There.

00:57:55.840 --> 00:57:57.880
Thank you, thank you, thank you.

00:58:04.200 --> 00:58:05.400
Thank you, Sophie.

00:58:09.120 --> 00:58:10.200
Arnaud.

00:58:12.320 --> 00:58:15.920
What an adventure!
We'll remember it for a long time.

00:58:34.920 --> 00:58:40.360
herbarium

00:58:47.120 --> 00:58:49.720
Can you tell us
the names of the flowers, Mark?

00:58:49.840 --> 00:58:50.840
Yes.

00:58:52.800 --> 00:58:55.080
Dioscorea communis.

00:58:55.200 --> 00:58:56.440
Tamus comnunis.

00:58:58.800 --> 00:59:00.440
Black bryony.

00:59:00.560 --> 00:59:02.760
From the Dioscoreaceae family.

00:59:19.160 --> 00:59:21.040
Epipactis helleborine.

00:59:25.360 --> 00:59:26.840
And the popular name?

00:59:28.160 --> 00:59:29.240
I don't know.

00:59:32.120 --> 00:59:34.920
You mean common name.

00:59:35.040 --> 00:59:36.520
Sorry, the common name.

00:59:38.080 --> 00:59:42.000
Is it related to the hellebore
if it's called helleborine

00:59:42.120 --> 00:59:43.320
or is it unrelated?

00:59:43.440 --> 00:59:46.280
That's why I rarely use the vernacular

00:59:46.400 --> 00:59:48.880
because it can be misleading.

00:59:50.120 --> 00:59:52.000
What family is it in?

00:59:52.120 --> 00:59:54.320
Orchids.

01:00:01.040 --> 01:00:02.400
Is it in full bloom there?

01:00:02.520 --> 01:00:03.920
No, in bud.

01:00:11.160 --> 01:00:13.160
Look at that beautiful bramble.

01:00:13.280 --> 01:00:15.600
We'll never know
the name of the species.

01:00:18.120 --> 01:00:19.720
There are hundreds of them.

01:00:20.920 --> 01:00:23.200
Give us its Latin name, Mark.

01:00:23.320 --> 01:00:27.360
Rubus, but since it's an apomictic family,

01:00:27.480 --> 01:00:30.960
which reproduces on its own,

01:00:31.080 --> 01:00:33.960
every time a new plant is born,

01:00:34.080 --> 01:00:36.120
it's almost as if it was a new species.

01:00:36.880 --> 01:00:38.480
It self-pollinates.

01:00:43.320 --> 01:00:46.960
Rubus ulmifolius.

01:00:47.080 --> 01:00:49.160
Elmleaf blackberry.

01:00:50.760 --> 01:00:52.840
Rosaceae family.

01:00:56.520 --> 01:00:59.800
There are lots of beetles on it.

01:01:03.520 --> 01:01:05.640
And the pollen is yellow,

01:01:05.760 --> 01:01:11.560
a colour which attracts
that tiny species of beetle.

01:01:11.680 --> 01:01:14.280
Pollen beetles in English.

01:01:19.320 --> 01:01:20.640
Impatiens.

01:01:26.920 --> 01:01:30.560
We thought it was a native balsam,

01:01:30.680 --> 01:01:32.480
but it's actually a balsam from the Cape.

01:01:32.600 --> 01:01:35.040
Impatiens capensis,

01:01:35.160 --> 01:01:41.520
which is invasive
but very similar to Impatiens noli-tangere,

01:01:42.400 --> 01:01:44.360
touch-me-not balsam.

01:02:06.440 --> 01:02:08.560
Urtica dioica,

01:02:08.680 --> 01:02:11.080
subspecies galeopsifolia.

01:02:13.040 --> 01:02:15.080
Stingless nettle.

01:02:15.200 --> 01:02:17.320
Urticaceae family.

01:02:28.280 --> 01:02:31.400
Lythrum salicaria. Purple loosestrife.

01:02:31.520 --> 01:02:33.560
The same family as the pomegranate tree.

01:02:47.080 --> 01:02:48.800
Lythraceae family.

01:03:02.960 --> 01:03:06.080
I've forgotten the name of that one.

01:03:06.200 --> 01:03:08.800
It's an Oenanthe.

01:03:08.920 --> 01:03:11.080
I've forgotten which species.

01:03:23.320 --> 01:03:26.360
We found it in the Atlas
during the shoot.

01:03:26.480 --> 01:03:28.800
- Yes, I remember.
- Say its name.

01:03:28.920 --> 01:03:30.640
It's Oenanthe.

01:03:30.760 --> 01:03:32.480
- That's all I know.
- Oenanthe.

01:03:34.640 --> 01:03:37.720
O-e-n-a-n-t-h-e.

01:03:42.400 --> 01:03:44.200
A highly toxic plant.

01:03:54.440 --> 01:03:56.160
Oenanthe crocata.

01:03:58.200 --> 01:04:00.720
Hemlock water-dropwort.

01:04:03.880 --> 01:04:05.560
Apiaceae family.

01:04:24.280 --> 01:04:27.680
It's lovely seeing
all those beetles beavering away.

01:04:50.760 --> 01:04:54.080
Is that Torelis japonica?
I can't quite remember.

01:04:58.440 --> 01:05:00.280
Was that in Aizier?

01:05:00.400 --> 01:05:01.440
Yes.

01:05:02.760 --> 01:05:05.080
I don't remember seeing that there.

01:05:11.520 --> 01:05:13.680
- Purple loosestrife again.
- Yes.

01:05:19.160 --> 01:05:20.600
On the banks of the Seine.

01:05:53.160 --> 01:05:55.720
We were looking for orchids there

01:05:57.680 --> 01:06:01.920
but unfortunately
they'd been eaten by pigs.

01:06:13.800 --> 01:06:15.840
What's that grass? I've forgotten.

01:06:15.960 --> 01:06:18.080
There was one particular one, remember?

01:06:18.200 --> 01:06:20.160
- No, I don't remember.
- No?

01:06:29.880 --> 01:06:32.920
Alopecurus bulbosus.

01:06:33.040 --> 01:06:35.880
Bulbous foxtail, Poaceae family.

01:06:37.760 --> 01:06:39.880
A bluish grass.

01:06:43.480 --> 01:06:45.320
Oh, yes, it was that one.

01:06:46.520 --> 01:06:49.920
It is quite a rare grass.
I think it's a type of...

01:06:51.200 --> 01:06:53.880
I might say something stupid.
I can't remember.

01:06:57.200 --> 01:06:59.760
Hordeum secalinum.

01:06:59.880 --> 01:07:02.680
Meadow barley.

01:07:02.800 --> 01:07:04.480
Poaceae family.

01:07:10.000 --> 01:07:11.920
That's marshmallow.

01:07:12.920 --> 01:07:15.440
You can see we're in the marshes.

01:07:15.560 --> 01:07:18.680
It's a plant that needs a lot of water.

01:07:19.960 --> 01:07:22.200
Althea officinalis.

01:07:28.200 --> 01:07:30.360
All those different greens.
It's magnificent

01:07:34.960 --> 01:07:37.160
Althea officinalis.

01:07:37.960 --> 01:07:39.960
Marshmallow.

01:07:43.040 --> 01:07:44.680
Malvaceae family.

01:07:57.640 --> 01:07:59.360
Bladderwort.

01:08:00.240 --> 01:08:01.840
A carnivorous plant.

01:08:04.680 --> 01:08:06.720
With only the flower above the water level.

01:08:14.040 --> 01:08:16.040
Utricularia vulgaris.

01:08:17.840 --> 01:08:19.560
Common bladderwort.

01:08:21.840 --> 01:08:24.800
Lentibulariaceae family.

01:08:35.440 --> 01:08:37.040
Here's the Baldellia.

01:08:39.040 --> 01:08:41.200
Baldellia ranunculoides.

01:08:45.560 --> 01:08:49.200
That's it in its vegetative state.

01:08:49.320 --> 01:08:53.440
It's aquatic. In winter
it can be mistaken for quillwort.

01:09:03.040 --> 01:09:06.800
It's the only site in Normandy
where you find this plant.

01:09:14.800 --> 01:09:17.040
Baldellia ranunculoides.

01:09:18.720 --> 01:09:21.040
Lesser water-plantain.

01:09:23.440 --> 01:09:25.640
Alismataceae family.

01:09:28.760 --> 01:09:31.400
That's the tall sedge, Carex.

01:09:35.920 --> 01:09:38.360
I can't remember the name of the species.

01:09:41.000 --> 01:09:43.400
Possibly Carex paniculata.

01:09:47.360 --> 01:09:49.000
Carex paniculata.

01:09:49.120 --> 01:09:51.000
Greater tussock-sedge.

01:09:51.120 --> 01:09:52.520
Cyperaceae family.

01:09:55.200 --> 01:09:56.640
Rootless duckweed,

01:10:00.160 --> 01:10:02.880
which is from the arum family, curiously.

01:10:06.560 --> 01:10:10.080
The smallest flower in the world.
Wolffia arrhiza.

01:10:10.200 --> 01:10:13.680
Rootless duckweed, Araceae family.

01:10:17.640 --> 01:10:20.640
That's the royal fern, Osmonde Regalis.

01:10:27.720 --> 01:10:30.200
A protected species in France.

01:10:39.000 --> 01:10:42.280
The fertile parts are red in that picture.

01:10:45.880 --> 01:10:47.520
A fern from the Carboniferous era,

01:10:47.640 --> 01:10:52.080
so it's about 400 million years old.

01:11:00.040 --> 01:11:02.960
The spores are only viable for 24 hours.

01:11:03.080 --> 01:11:05.880
You can see the fertile part
which is green there.

01:11:06.600 --> 01:11:08.480
That's chlorophyll.

01:11:10.280 --> 01:11:13.040
We should see the spores coming out.

01:11:15.080 --> 01:11:18.280
They only have 24 hours to germinate.

01:11:19.800 --> 01:11:21.400
Drosera.

01:11:23.560 --> 01:11:27.040
Drosera rotundifolia.
Another carnivorous plant.

01:11:28.440 --> 01:11:31.120
Since there is no nitrogen in the soil,

01:11:31.240 --> 01:11:35.560
they make their own nitrogen
from dead insects.

01:11:37.200 --> 01:11:38.440
What a trap!

01:11:48.960 --> 01:11:50.000
Those are the leaves.

01:11:52.440 --> 01:11:56.000
It's also known as sundew,

01:11:58.040 --> 01:11:59.240
as in dew.

01:12:01.000 --> 01:12:05.400
It looks like there is dew
condensed onto the leaves

01:12:05.520 --> 01:12:09.640
but in fact it's the plant's gastric juices

01:12:09.760 --> 01:12:12.560
which trap the flies and eat them.

01:12:15.520 --> 01:12:20.400
The flower is much taller
than the leaves

01:12:20.520 --> 01:12:23.680
so pollinating insects don't get trapped.

01:12:52.640 --> 01:12:59.800
This is what happens when an invasive plant
overtakes the native flora.

01:13:02.480 --> 01:13:03.880
It stifles everything.

01:13:09.480 --> 01:13:12.400
Reynoutria japonica.

01:13:12.520 --> 01:13:15.080
Japanese knotweed.

01:13:15.200 --> 01:13:17.280
Polygonaceae family.

01:13:20.000 --> 01:13:22.400
That's the singers' herb.

01:13:26.040 --> 01:13:28.400
To clear the throat.

01:13:31.760 --> 01:13:34.600
Sisymbrium officinale,

01:13:34.720 --> 01:13:38.240
mentioned in Charlemagne's
"Capitulaire De Villis".

01:13:40.720 --> 01:13:42.640
Sisymbrium officinale.

01:13:42.760 --> 01:13:45.520
Hedge mustard, Brassicaceae family.

01:13:47.360 --> 01:13:49.880
With Torilis japonica.

01:13:50.000 --> 01:13:52.520
Erect hedge parsley.

01:13:53.760 --> 01:13:57.160
Or Japanese hedge parsley.
Apiaceae family.

01:14:16.680 --> 01:14:19.880
Chrithium maritimum or rock samphire.

01:14:20.000 --> 01:14:22.520
A delicious plant.

01:14:22.640 --> 01:14:24.960
It has a slightly salty taste.

01:14:34.040 --> 01:14:36.640
A plant that people used to pick and eat.

01:14:38.520 --> 01:14:40.600
Now that's forbidden.

01:14:40.720 --> 01:14:42.560
A protected species.

01:14:46.480 --> 01:14:49.840
It always grows on the coast

01:14:49.960 --> 01:14:52.880
in rocky places like this.

01:14:59.760 --> 01:15:02.000
Crithium maritimum.

01:15:02.120 --> 01:15:04.960
Rock samphire or sea fennel.

01:15:06.960 --> 01:15:08.560
Apiaceae family.

01:15:22.360 --> 01:15:24.720
Bristly horned poppy,

01:15:24.840 --> 01:15:26.960
Glaucium corniculatum.

01:15:30.200 --> 01:15:33.880
A plant that is gradually disappearing
from our coastlines, unfortunately.

01:15:40.960 --> 01:15:44.000
Poppy family with extraordinary seeds.

01:15:46.800 --> 01:15:48.080
They're very, very long.

01:15:51.400 --> 01:15:52.720
A beautiful yellow.

01:16:02.320 --> 01:16:06.040
A sea carrot in the blue fescue.

01:16:10.800 --> 01:16:13.400
A little grassy corner,

01:16:13.520 --> 01:16:14.920
exposed to sea spray.

01:16:15.040 --> 01:16:18.080
The only two plants there
which can withstand it.

01:16:21.360 --> 01:16:23.880
A plant that is endemic to our coastline.

01:16:30.240 --> 01:16:35.440
Rock fescue. Festuca rubra,
subspecies pruinosa.

01:16:35.560 --> 01:16:37.080
Poaceae family.

01:16:38.600 --> 01:16:42.880
And Daucus carota,
subspecies gummifer.

01:16:44.400 --> 01:16:46.000
Sea carrot.

01:16:47.040 --> 01:16:48.640
Apiaceae family.

01:16:56.880 --> 01:17:02.200
A Galega officinalis station.

01:17:05.960 --> 01:17:09.400
A plant you don't expect
to see in that location.

01:17:13.240 --> 01:17:15.880
Galega officinalis.

01:17:16.000 --> 01:17:18.120
Goat's-rue.

01:17:18.240 --> 01:17:21.240
Galega. Fabaceae family.

01:17:30.240 --> 01:17:34.240
That's Glebionis.

01:17:41.960 --> 01:17:43.760
Corn marigold.

01:17:47.720 --> 01:17:51.800
A plant that is not liked by farmers.

01:17:54.440 --> 01:17:56.840
But it does absolutely no harm to crops.

01:17:58.200 --> 01:18:02.080
Our fields should be covered
in corn marigolds,

01:18:02.200 --> 01:18:06.000
poppies and cornflowers.

01:18:08.920 --> 01:18:12.400
The farmers don't like that
so we have sterilised fields.

01:18:29.320 --> 01:18:32.600
Ophrys apifera, bee orchid.

01:18:38.360 --> 01:18:41.520
The labellum in the shape of a bee

01:18:41.640 --> 01:18:45.720
which emits the pheromones
of female bees

01:18:48.600 --> 01:18:52.120
to attract the males
to ensure pollination.

01:18:59.680 --> 01:19:01.240
Ophrys apifera.

01:19:02.040 --> 01:19:04.000
Bee orchid.

01:19:04.120 --> 01:19:05.720
Orchidaceae family.

01:19:12.600 --> 01:19:13.880
It was sublime.

01:19:19.920 --> 01:19:22.760
Dactylorhiza maculata.

01:19:22.880 --> 01:19:24.360
Thousands of them.

01:19:27.920 --> 01:19:29.520
On poor soil.

01:19:31.960 --> 01:19:38.720
They multiply thanks to the symbiosis
they have with a mushroom.

01:20:06.720 --> 01:20:09.760
You can clearly see the leaves
that give it its name.

01:20:09.880 --> 01:20:12.360
Heath spotted orchids
are definitely spotted.

01:20:23.720 --> 01:20:26.360
Normally the spots are much smaller.

01:20:43.440 --> 01:20:45.880
Dactylorhiza maculata.

01:20:46.000 --> 01:20:49.560
Heath spotted orchid
or moorland spotted orchid.

01:20:49.680 --> 01:20:51.680
Orchid family.

01:20:51.800 --> 01:20:53.040
Orchidaceae.

01:21:02.800 --> 01:21:04.400
Bryonia doica.

01:21:05.800 --> 01:21:10.040
White bryony, or just bryony.

01:21:10.160 --> 01:21:12.520
Cucurbitaceae family.

01:21:20.520 --> 01:21:23.760
That's probably a male plant with pollen.

01:21:34.520 --> 01:21:38.360
An example of preglacial tropical flora.

01:21:40.200 --> 01:21:42.960
The last surviving cucurbit in France.

01:21:48.600 --> 01:21:50.560
That's Anthyllis.

01:21:50.680 --> 01:21:52.720
Anthyllis vulneraria.

01:21:54.080 --> 01:21:55.880
A plant that heals wounds.

01:21:57.240 --> 01:22:01.720
Also known as woundwort.

01:22:06.560 --> 01:22:09.760
Vulneraria as in vulnerable.
It has the same root.

01:22:14.720 --> 01:22:16.800
Orobranche.

01:22:16.920 --> 01:22:19.000
Probably Orobranche minor.

01:22:20.160 --> 01:22:22.800
A plant which grows on clover.

01:22:25.720 --> 01:22:29.360
Blackstonia perfoliata,
from the Gentianaceae family.

01:22:30.240 --> 01:22:35.680
Found in chalky areas.
It only grows on limestone.

01:22:38.240 --> 01:22:41.680
The foliage is glaucous
to withstand the sea spray.

01:22:45.520 --> 01:22:48.480
A protective layer of wax.

01:22:54.320 --> 01:22:58.360
The flower never opens
much more than that, curiously.

01:23:13.640 --> 01:23:15.440
Sea beet.

01:23:15.560 --> 01:23:17.360
A very fleshy plant.

01:23:17.480 --> 01:23:23.080
A plump plant which can withstand
the osmotic pressure of the sea spray.

01:23:23.200 --> 01:23:25.760
It has very fleshy leaves.

01:23:27.920 --> 01:23:30.600
Beta vulgaris subspecies maritima.

01:23:30.720 --> 01:23:34.480
Sea beetroot. Chenopodiaceae family.

01:23:51.840 --> 01:23:53.400
That's the Sâane river.

01:24:00.920 --> 01:24:04.200
A dark red plant
which is pollinated by wasps,

01:24:05.680 --> 01:24:11.040
attracted by the rather strange scent
and the very dark red colour.

01:24:15.800 --> 01:24:19.120
It's a shame
we didn't see any wasps fly past.

01:24:23.080 --> 01:24:25.680
Scrophularia auriculata.

01:24:26.720 --> 01:24:29.360
Water figwort.

01:24:29.480 --> 01:24:31.480
Scrophulariaceae family.

01:24:37.640 --> 01:24:39.520
Valerian.

01:24:44.200 --> 01:24:49.160
A plant that promotes sleep.

01:24:50.200 --> 01:24:51.560
Very effective.

01:24:55.240 --> 01:24:58.200
Valeriana repens.

01:24:58.320 --> 01:25:02.240
Vandal root or cat's valerian.

01:25:02.360 --> 01:25:04.880
Valerianaceae family.

01:25:14.360 --> 01:25:18.000
Phalaris arundinacea.

01:25:18.120 --> 01:25:20.400
Gardener's-garters
or reed canary grass.

01:25:22.720 --> 01:25:24.240
Poaceae family.

01:25:28.280 --> 01:25:34.280
That's rough chervil.
Chareophyllum depressum, I think.

01:25:39.760 --> 01:25:42.720
Chareophyllum temulum.

01:25:42.840 --> 01:25:44.880
Rough chervil.

01:25:45.000 --> 01:25:46.840
Apiaceae family.

01:25:56.440 --> 01:25:58.320
Crambe maritime.

01:25:58.440 --> 01:25:59.920
Sea kale.

01:26:01.400 --> 01:26:03.560
Brassicaceae family.

01:26:03.680 --> 01:26:07.560
They transplanted it here from Paluel

01:26:07.680 --> 01:26:12.200
when they built the sea wall
for the nuclear power station.

01:26:12.320 --> 01:26:15.040
They were obliged to salvage these plants

01:26:15.160 --> 01:26:17.960
since they are
a protected species in France.

01:26:18.080 --> 01:26:19.960
They brought them to Sainte-Marguerite.

01:26:21.280 --> 01:26:27.440
The fruits have a cork-like quality.

01:26:27.560 --> 01:26:31.000
They get carried away by the currents

01:26:31.120 --> 01:26:36.120
and deposited further along the beach
to germinate.

01:26:39.320 --> 01:26:41.040
The leaves are always blue-green,

01:26:41.160 --> 01:26:44.640
with a waxy layer
to withstand the sea spray.

01:26:54.320 --> 01:26:56.600
A sturdy leaf
which doesn't move much.

01:26:56.720 --> 01:26:58.040
It is wind-resistant.

01:26:59.040 --> 01:27:00.360
Nice and thick.

01:27:14.240 --> 01:27:16.760
Still in Sainte-Marguerite.
That's greater knapweed.

01:27:16.880 --> 01:27:19.080
Centaurea scabiosa.

01:27:22.720 --> 01:27:26.800
It's a very melliferous plant
but it is loved by butterflies.

01:27:26.920 --> 01:27:29.120
There are always lots of butterflies on it.

01:27:32.440 --> 01:27:37.160
Centaurea scabiosa.

01:27:37.920 --> 01:27:40.080
Or greater knapweed.

01:27:40.200 --> 01:27:42.320
Asteraceae family.

01:27:45.680 --> 01:27:48.640
Here are the lizard orchids.

01:27:48.760 --> 01:27:51.880
Himantoglossum hircinum.

01:27:57.880 --> 01:28:01.760
It's a plant that indicates
that the soil is chalky.

01:28:01.880 --> 01:28:07.640
It's not a very common orchid in Normandy.

01:28:07.760 --> 01:28:10.560
It's normally found
on chalk hills in hot climates

01:28:11.960 --> 01:28:13.200
that get a lot of sunshine.

01:28:14.640 --> 01:28:17.480
It smells of goats.

01:28:22.240 --> 01:28:26.400
What pollinates it?
I don't know with that smell.

01:28:43.800 --> 01:28:47.760
That's Epipactis palustris.

01:28:50.280 --> 01:28:54.080
An orchid that thrives on humid grasslands.

01:28:54.200 --> 01:28:56.200
Here it's on acid soil.

01:28:58.160 --> 01:29:01.320
A small site at Sainte-Marguerite
near to the lighthouse.

01:29:04.840 --> 01:29:06.240
On moorland.

01:29:10.840 --> 01:29:12.800
It was very beautiful this year.

01:29:14.160 --> 01:29:16.120
The rainfall was good for it.

01:29:19.520 --> 01:29:21.760
Epipactis palustris.

01:29:22.880 --> 01:29:24.680
Marsh helleborine.

01:29:25.880 --> 01:29:28.280
Orchidaceae family again.

01:29:36.880 --> 01:29:38.720
There's the Ophioglossum.

01:29:41.360 --> 01:29:44.000
One of the most primitive ferns
in the world.

01:29:46.320 --> 01:29:51.040
We had the surprise
of seeing three fertile parts.

01:29:51.160 --> 01:29:54.680
There's normally only one tongue
sticking out, but here there were three.

01:29:56.840 --> 01:29:59.480
That hardly ever happens here.

01:30:02.520 --> 01:30:08.560
It's one of the plants that has led
to there being a nature reserve there,

01:30:09.680 --> 01:30:11.160
on the Ailly plateau.

01:30:13.960 --> 01:30:16.840
There are little yellow spores coming out.

01:30:19.520 --> 01:30:21.000
Through the slits.

01:30:23.960 --> 01:30:27.520
An even more primitive family of ferns
than the Osmunda.

01:30:29.560 --> 01:30:31.720
Ophioglossum vulgatum.

01:30:34.240 --> 01:30:36.440
Common Ophioglossum.

01:30:38.640 --> 01:30:40.520
Southern adder's-tongue fern.

01:30:40.640 --> 01:30:42.600
Ophioglaceae family.

01:30:51.640 --> 01:30:53.200
Look at that structure.

01:30:59.200 --> 01:31:02.040
You can clearly see
the three fertile parts.

01:31:05.720 --> 01:31:06.920
Exceptional.

01:31:07.040 --> 01:31:11.640
You normally only see one spike
but here there were three at once.

01:31:12.880 --> 01:31:15.920
All that rain led to so much plant growth.

01:31:16.040 --> 01:31:20.160
The rain we had in 2023 was wonderful.

01:31:42.040 --> 01:31:45.320
That was the Varenne valley.

01:31:45.440 --> 01:31:50.440
A sublime field of Anthericum ramosum,

01:31:53.520 --> 01:31:56.200
Branched St Bernard's-lily
if I'm not mistaken.

01:31:58.520 --> 01:32:04.560
I've never seen so many flowers.
When we arrived it was in full bloom.

01:32:04.680 --> 01:32:07.120
The whole hillside was white, white, white.

01:32:10.640 --> 01:32:14.240
With a few black sedges swaying

01:32:16.480 --> 01:32:17.720
in the foreground.

01:32:22.800 --> 01:32:27.240
Anthericum ramosum.

01:32:27.360 --> 01:32:30.600
Branched St Bernard's Lily.

01:32:30.720 --> 01:32:32.280
Liliaceae family.

01:32:38.440 --> 01:32:39.600
So delicate.

01:32:43.760 --> 01:32:46.720
Echium vulgare. Viper's buglosse.

01:32:48.880 --> 01:32:50.560
With all those little spikes.

01:32:53.200 --> 01:32:56.240
They prick you,
hence the viper in the name.

01:32:59.040 --> 01:33:01.440
With a yellow Reseda in the background.

01:33:08.200 --> 01:33:09.880
What did you say
was in the background?

01:33:10.000 --> 01:33:11.680
- Reseda.
- Oh, that's a Reseda.

01:33:11.800 --> 01:33:15.960
With the grasses in front,
swaying in the breeze.

01:33:17.120 --> 01:33:19.600
All you see is plants.

01:33:19.720 --> 01:33:21.920
I can see Rhinanthus.
I can see lots of plants.

01:33:22.040 --> 01:33:24.600
I think I listed at least 50 plants

01:33:24.720 --> 01:33:27.880
on this tiny plot

01:33:29.040 --> 01:33:30.840
on the chalk hill.

01:33:42.240 --> 01:33:44.560
Ah, yes. We ended there.

01:33:48.720 --> 01:33:51.560
That's Equisetum hyemale.

01:33:52.840 --> 01:33:57.600
I think it's the last surviving station
in Normandy,

01:33:57.720 --> 01:34:00.200
in the woods at Varengeville.

01:34:00.320 --> 01:34:03.760
It's a boreal mountain-dwelling horsetail.

01:34:06.440 --> 01:34:12.240
It only survives
in these damp, cool ditches,

01:34:12.360 --> 01:34:13.760
cold spots

01:34:16.080 --> 01:34:18.720
where there are springs
continually flowing.

01:34:20.720 --> 01:34:22.960
It's evergreen.

01:34:23.080 --> 01:34:26.560
It's like that all year round.
Hyemale means winter.

01:34:26.680 --> 01:34:29.160
So it's present all year round.

01:34:31.960 --> 01:34:34.960
There is just a stem
performing photosynthesis,

01:34:35.840 --> 01:34:37.200
no verticils.

01:34:42.480 --> 01:34:47.120
Selaginella douglasii.

01:34:49.080 --> 01:34:50.800
It's a lycophyte,

01:34:50.920 --> 01:34:54.480
lycophytes being
the first lignified plants,

01:34:54.600 --> 01:34:56.720
vascular plants,

01:34:56.840 --> 01:34:58.560
after moss.

01:34:58.680 --> 01:35:02.480
In the beginning there were liverworts,
mosses and seaweeds,

01:35:02.600 --> 01:35:08.560
and then there were vascular plants,
which are the Selaginella.

01:35:08.680 --> 01:35:12.520
They grow among the dwarf horsetail.

01:35:12.640 --> 01:35:15.640
Equisetum scirpoides. There it is.

01:35:17.560 --> 01:35:22.320
That's evergreen too, but it's tiny.

01:35:25.320 --> 01:35:30.120
It's one of the last remaining horsetails
from ancient times.

01:35:32.520 --> 01:35:35.440
Equisetum scirpoides
and the horsetail from Bogotá,

01:35:35.560 --> 01:35:37.920
Equisetum Bogotense,

01:35:38.040 --> 01:35:41.680
are the two which have survived.

01:35:46.440 --> 01:35:50.840
That's the giant form of Equisetum hyemale
which comes from Kamchatka.

01:35:53.880 --> 01:35:57.760
Equisetum hyemale subspecies affine.

01:36:02.760 --> 01:36:05.360
It has no verticils but it does have...

01:36:07.400 --> 01:36:11.960
...ramifications all along the main stem.

01:36:14.600 --> 01:36:17.720
The undergrowth is royal ferns

01:36:17.840 --> 01:36:20.520
and in the background
there are tree ferns.

01:36:20.640 --> 01:36:22.600
Dicksonia antartica.

01:36:25.840 --> 01:36:28.520
With Equisetum hyemale in the foreground.

01:36:37.640 --> 01:36:38.800
Chloranthus.

01:36:40.800 --> 01:36:43.960
The ancestors of Laurales and Magnoliales.

01:36:47.520 --> 01:36:53.760
They came after Schisandra and Illicium.

01:36:58.240 --> 01:37:00.120
Chloranthus fortunei.

01:37:00.920 --> 01:37:02.720
Chlorantaceae family.

01:37:08.640 --> 01:37:12.840
A Californian spice bush,
Calycanthus occidentalis.

01:37:15.960 --> 01:37:19.240
The first flowering plants
were water lilies.

01:37:19.360 --> 01:37:21.760
Then came Illicium and Schisandra

01:37:21.880 --> 01:37:25.880
and then Calycanthus and Magnolia.

01:37:27.920 --> 01:37:30.440
It's red because it attracts beetles.

01:37:30.560 --> 01:37:33.920
It emits the smell of fermenting fruit

01:37:35.680 --> 01:37:38.440
to get them to come.

01:37:38.560 --> 01:37:43.480
They think they're going to be feasting

01:37:43.600 --> 01:37:46.160
on overripe fruit,

01:37:46.280 --> 01:37:48.360
but no,

01:37:48.480 --> 01:37:51.320
there is no nectar, just a bit of pollen.

01:37:57.400 --> 01:38:00.840
Always that red

01:38:00.960 --> 01:38:02.920
which is very visible to beetles.

01:38:03.040 --> 01:38:05.320
Bees can't see red.

01:38:05.440 --> 01:38:08.840
These are flowers that existed
before the appearance of bees.

01:38:08.960 --> 01:38:11.480
A Chinese spice bush,

01:38:11.600 --> 01:38:13.640
Calycanthus chinensis.

01:38:17.320 --> 01:38:22.520
It's quite exceptional to see
such big flowers on primitive plants.

01:38:24.440 --> 01:38:27.200
The are shaped a bit like magnolia flowers.

01:38:34.200 --> 01:38:39.240
In the close-up we'll see
that the stamens are lamelliform.

01:38:39.840 --> 01:38:45.760
There is a gradual transition
from sepals to petals and stamens.

01:38:45.880 --> 01:38:46.960
There are no...

01:38:48.800 --> 01:38:50.840
Like on water lilies, there are no...

01:38:52.280 --> 01:38:57.440
Most flowering plants
have filiform stamens.

01:39:02.360 --> 01:39:06.240
These have only lamellae
and you can see the little beetles

01:39:06.360 --> 01:39:08.120
pollinating it.

01:39:09.760 --> 01:39:12.000
Tulip tree.

01:39:12.880 --> 01:39:15.000
Liriodendron tulipifera.

01:39:18.920 --> 01:39:21.400
The colour of its flowers
is always subtle.

01:39:22.360 --> 01:39:25.480
Greenish with a bit of orange at the base

01:39:25.600 --> 01:39:27.880
to attract beetles.

01:39:32.920 --> 01:39:37.000
If you look inside, you'll see
there are no filaments on the anthers,

01:39:37.120 --> 01:39:38.720
just lamellae.

01:39:40.560 --> 01:39:43.600
Liriodendron tulipifera.

01:39:43.720 --> 01:39:45.800
Tulip tree.

01:39:45.920 --> 01:39:47.720
Magnoliaceae family.

01:39:49.880 --> 01:39:54.520
The petals originate
from leaves in transformation.

01:39:54.640 --> 01:39:57.880
You always see that green
and the veins.

01:40:01.840 --> 01:40:03.800
It's from the Magnoliaceae family.

01:40:12.120 --> 01:40:15.400
That's a camphor tree

01:40:15.520 --> 01:40:17.160
from the Lauraceae family

01:40:17.280 --> 01:40:19.280
which came after the Calycanthus.

01:40:24.200 --> 01:40:30.000
Plants rich in essential oils
to repel herbivores.

01:40:30.120 --> 01:40:35.840
Triceratops and Iguanodons
had to go and find something else to eat.

01:40:37.760 --> 01:40:42.240
The camphor tree has a distinctive smell.

01:40:42.360 --> 01:40:44.120
It has tiny flowers.

01:40:47.000 --> 01:40:49.080
In six parts.

01:40:50.800 --> 01:40:53.560
Six sepals, six petals,

01:40:53.680 --> 01:40:55.880
and 12 stamens if I remember correctly.

01:40:58.120 --> 01:41:00.800
That's an Aristolochia,

01:41:02.960 --> 01:41:05.200
Aristolochia pistolochia,

01:41:06.480 --> 01:41:08.560
from the Piperales order.

01:41:08.680 --> 01:41:11.600
Very aromatic plants.

01:41:12.840 --> 01:41:16.560
Black flowers pollinated by flies

01:41:18.960 --> 01:41:23.320
which enter at the top and go down
into the little bulging part at the base.

01:41:29.760 --> 01:41:31.960
There are some spikes of flowers there.

01:41:32.760 --> 01:41:37.200
That's an inflorescence.
Those look like petals but they're bracts.

01:41:37.320 --> 01:41:41.240
Each element that looks like a stamen
is a flower.

01:41:41.360 --> 01:41:48.040
There must be about, I don't know,
60 or 70 flowers on the scape.

01:41:50.640 --> 01:41:57.640
It is thought that monocotyledons
evolved from Saururaceae.

01:41:58.840 --> 01:42:02.320
These are the earliest monocotyledons.
They are arums.

01:42:04.520 --> 01:42:05.960
That's Arisaema.

01:42:15.040 --> 01:42:17.680
Arisaema ciliatum.

01:42:21.720 --> 01:42:27.360
Corydalis claviculata,
now Certaocapnos claviculata.

01:42:28.320 --> 01:42:29.680
It's very small.

01:42:33.040 --> 01:42:36.480
A member of the Papaveraceae family.

01:42:37.320 --> 01:42:40.920
This was the start
of modern flowering plants.

01:42:49.040 --> 01:42:51.480
Mahonia russeliana,

01:42:54.520 --> 01:42:58.640
a Mexican Berberis
whose flowers are almost white.

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That was the last image