WEBVTT

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[music]

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In the 1970s veterinarians from the
French National Agronomic Institute

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developed a painless
circular incision technique

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to open up the study of the milk
machine and maximizing its yield.

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Today\'s animal scientists are still
interested in the (inaudible) cow

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a perfect living model of husbandry.

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In a little over a century,

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researchers, engineers, breeders and
investors on an insatiable quest

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for higher yields have
continually studied the cow

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in an effort to understand its complex
workings and make them more efficient.

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How and why has livestock
science known as do techniques

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transformed the body of the cow.

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[music]

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In the 1800s machines are
encountered the animals living body

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giving rise to industrial
livestock breeding.

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This encounter marked a new era in a day we heard
management an era that survives even today.

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Its pillars are feeding,
selection and breeding.

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Fuel is the key to increase productivity.

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A thermodynamic machine must
have its tanks filled right.

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The animals fodder it\'s just
like the steam engine score.

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Efficiency is a function of the
caloric content of the feed

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and the quality of the breeding.

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Very soon Holstein

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became the champions in every category.
How qualities include

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an ability to turn all she eats into good
fat to reach maturity in record time

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and to calf with a problem.

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How do the ruminants do in-order function

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a whole word is at work
protozoans, bacteria

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and fungi acquired from the animal\'s diet.

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The microorganism changes the plant matter into molecules
that can be assimilated by the bovine metabolism

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nourishing the cow and enabling her to
produce abounded quantities of milk.

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[music]

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Visiting a slaughter house
in Cincinnati Ohio in 1927

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Henry Ford was amazed by the workers
productivity. It intended him so much

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that he borrowed the model to design
his automobile assembly lines.

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He and FW Taylor were both convinced
that work is so dull and stupid

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that the mental constitution of the
worker begins to resemble that of the ox

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more than any other species ford stepped up
production with his new method (inaudible)

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and at the same time America the
emerging nation of the early 1900s

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broke ground for industrial cattle breeding

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by creating a model for the
farm factories of the future.

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[music]

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In France a new era doomed for genetic
improvement and herd selection.

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Artificial insemination was a
biotechnological revolution.

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The semen from a single
champion bowl could fertilize

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herd after herd of cows.

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[music]

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American dairy farmers exploited the
Holsteins milk-producing features

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that scientifically. Every year they
regulated the cow\'s milk production

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by having her carving calf
guaranteeing a ten months supply

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to avoid interruptions
in the production cycle

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three months after carving the cow
was re-inseminated. In the 1940s.

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These cows gave more than ten
liters a day with two milkings.

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Holsteinsation had begun.

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The industrially designed cow was a
response to an ever expanding demand.

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To improve yield

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American scientists experimented
with an (inaudible) kept alive

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by an artificial heart and lung. By supplementing the
blood with new treatments needed to produce milk

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they succeeded in increasing yield.

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After World War II

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French government leaders made the farming
profession novels for it could feed the world.

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Modernization was underway rolling
over old fashion agriculture.

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Food independence had to be earned.

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Rural lands where consolidated
requiring mechanization.

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Livestock owners invested in
battery farming facilities.

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Consumerism was encouraged.
Farming and livestock breeding

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once the arts of cultivation at husbandry
adopted to the laws of the market.

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In 1946 the government created a
National Agronomic Research Institute.

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One of its goals was to
improve productive breeds.

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[music]

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Science was trusted to be old powerful

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in managing and understanding
and transforming the world.

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Certain researchers applied themselves to the
study of Holstein cow embryo development.

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One of them was (inaudible)
star later famous for his work

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on the first France test tube baby. He
recalls a stormy meeting with (inaudible)

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director of the Agronomics Institute.

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Feeding the feeding the livestock does not suffice
the animals must also be champion milk producers.

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The quickest way to obtain such cattle

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is to breed them by factory style
artificial insemination of course

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with semen that contains the right stuff from
the sons of remarkably productive dairy cows.

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Banks have frozen sperm maintained

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by farmers cooperatives have
become real businesses.

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The genes it\'s transmitted by the (inaudible)
determines several important traits

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longevity, udder conformation
milking speed ease in carving.

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Data on the cows (inaudible) specific bowl

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is recorded over a ten-year
period checked and analyze.

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This indexing is called progeny testing.
Until the bulls aptitude

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for fathering prize cows is determined
his semen is frozen and stored.

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[sil.]

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This noble bovine weighs over one ton.

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He will inseminate up to a million females

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all over the world. His reputation
is consigned to a register called

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the (inaudible) identifying the stars

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in the genetic heavens.

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Thanks to cryogenic

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long after he\'s dead and gone his sperm
will continue to (inaudible) cattle

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all over the world. Photographs
of these hunk of breeder

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are featured in the livestock coop catalog

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alone with indexes of his performances.
His pedigree adds considerably

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to the value of his semen.

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However, breeders must be
beware of excessive use

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of an individual bull semen
without the proper dose

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of genetic diversity there are
risks of sterility and (inaudible)

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A single ejaculation provides enough
sperm for for hundreds pipettes.

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They are then frozen in liquid nitrogen.

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[sil.]

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The giants of beef and day
reproduction are the United States

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and emerging countries
like Brazil and India.

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Dairy cows are gold mines traded
on the commodities market.

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Their price fluctuates with
speculation on supply and demand.

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Today one (inaudible) provide up to
12 thousand liters of milk per year.

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That\'s an average of 40 liters per day.

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Certain factory farms feed concentration
of up to 30 thousand cattle in batteries.

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The alliance of agro-business

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and science can yield enormous profits.
However it may also have a negative impact

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on the environment and on
the health of the cattle

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with consequences for consumers as well. The
milk is cheap but the quality is mediocre

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and it contains hormones and antibiotics.

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[sil.]

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A cow\'s natural lifespan is
about 20 years eating, carving,

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and producing milk such as the repetitive
cycle of a dairy cows animal condition.

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After four or five years of loyal
service she goes to the slaughter house

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and ends up as budget beef.

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The whole scene is often compared to a race
car but excessive fine tuning for performance

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has weakened her nature. Due
to selection procedures

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the industrial breed can no longer
reproduce without human intervention.

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Fertility and quality declined.

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[music]

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Since DNA was discovered in the 1960s
scientists have been investigating

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the potential of cell and gene.

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By the 1980s a new discipline has been
spawned the era of techno sciences

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combining science engineering and industry.

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In 2006 the bovines

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20 thousand genes were sequenced
certain genetic markers,

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specific DNA sequences were identified.

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By 2009 the genomic
revolution wasn\'t the march.

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Alongside other major beef and dairy
producing countries France published

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the first official genetic
indexes on dairy cows in tables

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that correlate genetic
information and cow performance.

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The animal had ceased to be a thermodynamic
machine. Now it was a computer program.

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It\'s no longer necessary for ranchers
to wait ten years for progeny testing.

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Gene sequencing makes it possible to
predict the performance of a style bowl

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or champion cow in a matter of days by
applying a mathematical model or algorithm.

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Bioinformatics experts.

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Compare the information
encoded in the animals genome

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with figures on the genetic and productive
characteristics of a large sample population.

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This information is stored
in a big national database.

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It catalogs information on
18000 (inaudible) bowls

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and there are 19 millions daughters.
The larger the population

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the more reliable the predictions. The animals
DNA is extracted from the blood sample.

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Lab technicians then map the
gene for sequences of interest

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those that correlate with certain specifications
for production functionality and anatomy.

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The data tells the breeder
what he can expect

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from a future bowl or dam.

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[sil.]

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[music]

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When genomics is deemed to be robotics

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all systems are ready to achieve the
managerial goal. The win-win situation

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praised by manufacturers.

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Is the trade-off between animal welfare
and increased productivity really fair?

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[sil.]

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Animal science is now racing to remedy new
problems arising from factory farm systems.

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Fluctuations in price of corn, soybeans,

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and other concentrated feeds it can
destabilize them impacting on milk prices

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and the greenhouse gases cows and meat.

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At an experimental Agronomics
Institute (inaudible) in France

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the ruminating machine exhaust system
is overhaul. To reduce emissions levels

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to environmental standards.
In industrial countries

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each battery fed factory cow
produces over a 120 kilos

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of methane fumes every year.

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[sil.]

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Multiplied by the millions of Holsteins into
world these quantity constitutes a real threat.

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In a model herd of a 170 cows
whose genotype resembles

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that of the dairy herds common in France
researchers observed the Holstein on the job

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like a factory worker the cow
pools three shifts raising,

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ruminating and resting. She\'s
milked at the rotary milking parlor

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and her output is monitored
for certain key values

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the (inaudible) and protein level in market
terms the promise of butter and cheese.

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It\'s all a matter of calorie dosage.

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The Holstein is allowed to graze to
reduce the amount of imported feed.

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Manure in the field is examined
for evidence and measurement

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of non assimilated new treatments
because each cow is on a different diet

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researchers can compare the results
of their tests in order to define

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the ideal productive rations the ones
that generate the least methane.

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Certain agronomics researchers aware of the
new environmental challenges both to succeed

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in producing more better with
less investment in important feed

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but (inaudible) as the foundation of
the dairy herd it\'s a risky venture.

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For this reason for several
years another research center

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has been comparing the raising behavior of two
different breeds; Holstein and (inaudible).

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The point is to select cattle
that combine the best statistics

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in terms of the cost of feed
and environmental impact.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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If the Holstein fails to adapt perhaps its future
lies in crossing it with the other breeds.

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[music]

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In two decades Brazil has become the
world\'s leading beef producing nation.

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Today certain ventures and
food industry corporations

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are thirsty for milk. They
intend to conquer global markets

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and they have two trump
cards; low cost labor

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and huge amounts of land.

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Ultimately Brazil\'s economic clout
will sway the course of milk prices

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driving them down.

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In the state of Minnesota (inaudible)
in the south the (inaudible)

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is embarking on a new cycle of (inaudible)
covering in a matter of years

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the ground pioneered for
50 years by animal science

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in industrialized countries.

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Fazenda Santa Luzia is one of the
ten best day farms in Brazil.

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It owns over 1500 head of cattle

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and (inaudible) raises (inaudible) there.

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The (inaudible) represents the rebirth of
the Holstein (inaudible) heritage breeds

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that is perfectly adapted to the
tropical climates (inaudible) India.

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[non-English narration]

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A (inaudible) care for her calf

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has yet to be domesticated
out of the (inaudible)

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women are in charge of replacing the mother
cows no easy task. From the calf\'s birth

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they stroke can feed the animals
taming them to rely on human hands.

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The last reproduction cycle field
the nursery with over 500 calves.

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[music]

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Brazil has made massive
investments in biotechnology

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in order to position itself on the
market for Champion bull sperm.

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The multinational CRV Lagoa originally
Dutch and Belgian has partnered

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with the U.S. lab Pfizer. They produce over
one million six pipettes of sperm per year.

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[music]

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CRV Lagoa has its own TV
studios and beans programs

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by satellite to two channels
targeting cattle ranchers

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(inaudible) they broadcast
24 hours a day nationwide

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offering services, advertising
the latest agricultural products

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and informing about market trends.

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[non-English narration]

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(inaudible) bull

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is promising semen. His owner
(inaudible) is working CRV Lagoa.

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Young (inaudible) family (inaudible)

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have the wherewithal to
inseminate thousands of cows.

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(inaudible) is counting on the
profits from the sale of the sperm

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if (inaudible) progeny test is a success.

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The competition will be tough.

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[sil.]

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With the camera rolling the star breeder
is groomed for his moment of TV fame.

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The production process still requires a
spark of animal lust to spurt semen.

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Farrok\'s (inaudible) is
stimulated several times a week

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to keep the reproductive machinery oiled.

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[sil.]

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Before the semen frozen

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each sample is tested. Technicians estimated
the number of defective sperm cells

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to establish statistics on
the rate of healthy sperm.

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Now (inaudible) awaits the result
of of the bull\'s progeny test

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involving the performance
of his many offspring.

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If Farrok\'s genes prove they
are worth Santa Luzia Farm

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can begin to market the bypass.
Should the progeny failed the test

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Farrok will end up as hamburger and
the pipettes will be thrown out.

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And American firms Sexing
offers to sort sperm cells

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marketed for artificial
reproduction according to sex.

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The breeder can choose male
or female future calves.

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Sexing guarantees a prediction

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accuracy rate of 90%. Dairy farmers

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with an insatiable demand for cows
are interested in buying sex sperm.

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However, the Achilles heel of
sexing is a lowest success rate

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with artificial insemination.
Apparently the sorting process

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
damages certain sperm cells.

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
[music]

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.999
At Santa Luzia in-vitro fertilization
and the embryo transfer our steps

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:34.999
in a large-scale standardized
process renewing the herd.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.999
Collecting (inaudible) is a
delicate painful operation

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
necessitating epidural anesthesia.

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
After hormone treatment
to cause super ovulation

00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:54.999
the veterinarian extracts 20 over
per cow to be used to make embryos.

00:34:55.000 --> 00:35:00.000
[sil.]

00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:30.000
Every year the Fazenda
auctions off its best animals.

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
For Mauricio Coelho

00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
the cow the future is being developed thanks
to demanding genetic selection of sperm

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
and egg cells resulting embryo transfer.

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:10.000
Currently he\'s satisfied with a
50% gestational success rate.

00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:29.999
[sil.]

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:34.999
Other sides are sent to In Vitro Brazil lab

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
for test tube fertilization.

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
The cellular resources
of the animal machine

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
are now massively exploited.

00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:55.000
The (inaudible) between sperm and
egg take place in the laboratory.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
[non-English narration]

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
Everything happens in a test tube.

00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
The embryo produced by this in vitro fertilization
will be transferred to a surrogate cow.

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:38.000
[music]

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:48.000
[sil.]

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:58.000
[non-English narration]

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
Working with the U.S. company ABC Global

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
a world leader in Holstein genetics

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
In Vitro Brazil lab can perform pre-implant
genetic diagnostics selecting future bovines

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
on the basis of a DNA sample.

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:35.000
The biotechnological services
for sale now include cloning.

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:05.000
[non-English narration]

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:15.000
[sil.]

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
To clone a remarkable bull

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
and egg cell is taken from a cow and
its nucleus is removed. It\'s replaced

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
with the nucleus of a skin cell from the
bull. An electrical shock is administered

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
to create a cellular fusion. The
nucleus of the foreign cell

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
is integrated into the egg cell.
The resulting egg cell will divide

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
forming an embryo which will be
transferred to the womb of a surrogate.

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
Nine months later

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
just as for woman and if all goes well
the surrogate will give birth to a calf

00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
that is almost identical to the original.
The success rate for experimental cloning

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
is around 8%. Despite the
overwhelming frequent failures

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
potential profits still tempted
some wrenches to invest.

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:35.000
[music]

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
[non-English narration]

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
I would really wish everyone would take a
look at what\'s going coming down the pipeline

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
for animal biotechnology. You can think
of it as better breed selection.

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
Instead of waiting 20
generations you just use one

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:55.000
and it can better livelihood of all
animals involved, the well-being.

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:33.000
[music]

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:49.999
(inaudible) with a herd of 45 cows

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:54.999
is exploring alternative solutions.
He and his wife (inaudible)

00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:59.999
have implemented a feeding system
based solidly on pasture grazing.

00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:04.999
It\'s the opposite of the battery production
adopted to the Holsteins productivity.

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:09.999
Here the cow mainly produces
in a grass based system.

00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:15.000
New Zealand and Ireland are also
experimenting with these alternatives.

00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:49.999
Led by the dominant cows the herd
assists the farmer in his work.

00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:54.999
They graze a different posture every
day to allow the grass to grow back.

00:44:55.000 --> 00:44:59.999
These (inaudible) heritage breeds
can live outdoors year-round.

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:05.000
In foul weather they simply seek
refuge and a tree in hedgerows.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:49.999
Is there any profit in a system that seeks to
produce more better using fewer resources?

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:54.999
(inaudible) organic farm
the range is 20 years old.

00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:59.999
It recedes itself naturally.
He uses the tractor

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:04.999
only doing (inaudible) season. Nature
is invited to guide the system

00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:10.000
with the reintroduction of biodiversity and the balance
maintained between the tough and the animals needs.

00:47:55.000 --> 00:48:00.000
[sil.]

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:44.999
[music]

00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:49.999
The balance (inaudible) have found
in Brittany\'s temperate climate

00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:54.999
points the way towards an approach if not a
recipe. It\'s a model of fairness and moderation.

00:48:55.000 --> 00:48:59.999
True it is fragile. But
it\'s much kinder to the cow

00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:04.999
and to the natural environment.
Might it become

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:09.999
an alternative to intensive herding?

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:14.999
It depends on whether animal science
is open to the wisdom acquired

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:20.000
by these back to nature\'s pioneers
experimenting on their farms.

00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:18.000
[sil.]

00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:58.000
[music]

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:04.999
Her brain is used to make wrinkle cream.
Her blood edible dyes and glues.

00:52:05.000 --> 00:52:09.999
Her hide leather bags and clothes.

00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:14.999
Her fats chewing gum and
candles, plastics (inaudible)

00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:19.999
fireworks and pencils enzymes and hormones.

00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:24.999
With (inaudible) fertilizer, nitrogen.

00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:30.000
With her bones refined
sugar charcoal and glass.