The thought and ideas of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze, and his…
Antonio Negri
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- Transcript
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July 1st, 1997. An elderly man arrives in Italy on a flight from Paris. The special forces of the Carabinieri immediately arrest him. Antonio Negri had returned voluntarily to his home country after 15 years of exile. The newspaper Liberation hails it as, 'The return of the Devil'
Over the years few intellectuals have experienced as much admiration and hatred, or as much praise and rejection, as Antonio Negri. His book Empire, coauthored with Michael Hardt, was an international bestseller. A critical analysis of the new global economy, it was hailed as a bold new manifesto for the 21st century and overnight it turned Negri into a leading spokesperson for the international anti-globalization movement.
ANTONIO NEGRI-A REVOLT THAT NEVER ENDS profiles the controversial life and times of this university professor, philosopher, militant, prisoner, refugee, and so-called 'enemy of the state.' It traces Negri's roots in the history of radical left-wing movements in Italy during the Sixties and Seventies, illustrated through archival footage of workers' strikes, factory occupations, terrorist actions, violent street confrontations, political repression, and government trials of dissidents.
During these tumultuous decades, finding himself branded as an evil ideologue with alleged ties to the Red Brigades terrorist group, Negri spent ten years in prison and fourteen years in exile in Paris, where he contributed to philosophical debates with authors such as Deleuze and Guattari. The film features interviews with Negri, conducted following his April 2003 release from confinement, as well as public speaking appearances at seminars and protest demonstrations, plus commentary from his coauthor Michael Hardt, and Italian and French colleagues.
Against the backdrop of scenes of recent anti-globalization protests, Negri discusses the dangers of the economic, cultural and legal transformations being wrought by the forces of globalization as well as the opportunities to resist these changes. ANTONIO NEGRI explores this visionary theoretician's lifelong political struggle, now being expressed in works of contemporary relevance such as Empire and its sequel, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, a powerful intellectual project in protest of the new global order.
“A rich--nearly Hollwoodian--cache of biographical material... assembled with great skill and obvious passion. Crackles with unexpected twists and is braced by lucid excurses on Negri's political theories... Great!” —Cineaste
“A magnificent and much needed illumination.” —Telerama
Citation
Main credits
Weltz, Alexandra (Director)
Weltz, Alexandra (Screenwriter)
Pichler, Andreas (Director)
Pichler, Andreas (Cinematographer)
Rink, Eva (Producer)
Negri, Antonio (Performer)
Kochman, Jan Marc (Narrator)
Ratsch, Dietman (Cinematographer)
Meier, Christine (Cinematographer)
Romen, Evi (Film editor)
Copony, Kathy (Film editor)
Other credits
Author, Alexandra Weltz; photography, Dietman Ratsch, Christine Meier, Andreas Pichler; editors, Evi Romen, Kathy Copony.
Distributor subjects
Biographies; Communications; Economics; Globalization; History (World); Human Rights; Italian Studies; Italy; Philosophy; Politics; Social Movements; Western EuropeKeywords
WEBVTT
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[music]
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I first want to introduce
to you Antonio Negri
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who is a free intellectual.
(inaudible) he’s now free.
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So we are very pleased
so he will be speaking.
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Exploitation no longer just takes place at the factory,
exploitation takes place when you’re traveling
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to work, exploitation now takes place during
the reproduction of the whole new society.
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After more than 20 years
of prison and exile,
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this is one of the first public appearances of the
Italian philosopher, Antonio Negri since his release.
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In the 60s, he agitated in the
front of Italian factories,
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today, he is considered one of the leading
intellectuals of the anti-globalization movement.
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In his world best seller,
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Empire, which he co-authored with the American literature
Professor, Michael Hardt, Negri promises the possibility
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of revolt in a globalized world.
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This films tells the story of an intellectual
who has been admired as a philosopher,
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and visionary, and condemned as a
terrorist, and enemy of the State.
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In 1979, Negri, who at that time
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was a professor of political science,
was accused of having kidnapped
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and murdered the Chairman of the
Christian Democratic Party, Aldo Moro.
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A state of emergency arraigned in Italy,
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and Negri was further accused of being the
head of the terrorist group, The Red Brigades,
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and of inciting armed
resistance against the state.
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To the Italian public, he became
known as the cattivo maestro,
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and accursed seducer of the Italian youth,
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a persona non grata.
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[music]
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What culminated in the
charges against Negri,
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begins in the Venetian industrial
suburb of Porto Marghera.
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Here Negri finds the main theme of his
research and later, theories, labor
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and the struggle against exploitation.
In the 1950s,
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industrialization prompts massive migrations of workers
from the countries Southern regions to the North
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where they live in overcrowded tenements
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and perform repetitive piece work. [music]
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Negri and a group of intellectuals,
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their so called Operaisti investigate the situation
to assess the potential of political action.
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[music]
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Negri is a professor at the Institute of
Political Science at the University of Padua.
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There seem to be no contradiction between his
academic work and his political engagement.
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[music]
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[music]
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The group of political activists
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around Negri called themselves
Potero Operaio or Workers Power.
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Workers and intellectuals joined
forces for political action,
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their demands go far beyond
those of the trade unions.
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Instead of only insisting on higher wages, they
strived for the abolition of wage labor itself,
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the freedom to live rather
than work in the factory.
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[music]
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As the situation, the factories heat up,
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Potero Operaio gains influence
with its radical demands.
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[music]
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When student revolt
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erupted across Europe in 1968, the movement
in Italy encounters an independent workers’
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movement that has been organized for years.
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[sil.]
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It is not true that we are
free in this society,
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we’re only free to get up every morning and go to morning.
The idea that work and nobles is a capitalist invention.
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[music]
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In the autumn of 1969, the workers
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have nothing left to lose.
They refused to work
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and attack Fiat assembly plants. Assembly lines
have locked, and workers councils take control.
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It is the beginning of a conflict
that will last for years.
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[non-English narration]
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Negri takes part in the revolt
at the Fiat plant in Torino,
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and the chemical industry
in Porto Marghera.
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[non-English narration]
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[sil.]
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Potero Operaio! Potero Operaio!
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Potero Operaio!
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[music]
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A bomb in Milan’s Piazza Fontana killed
16 people and injuries countless others.
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The attack is attributed to the left,
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only years later did the truth come
out, that fascist groups with ties
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to the Italian secret service
were responsible for the bombing.
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Their so called strategy of tension is
series of terrorist attacks is employed
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by the right to create a climate
of anxiety and insecurity.
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Having become centers have revolt,
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numerous light factories are
closed and decentralized.
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Factory production becomes automated and the
striking workers are replaced by machines.
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Massive unemployment and an
economic crisis follows.
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The conflict between traditional unions
and radical groups comes to ahead.
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Trade unions respond to this situation by calling
on workers to work overtime and Saturdays.
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[non-English narration]
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The protest expands from
the factories to the city.
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[sil.]
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Negri witnesses the
emergence of a new class.
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He coins the term the social worker
conceptual precursor to his later theories.
00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:54.999
[non-English narration]
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Potere Operaio emerges with Autonomia, the
most radical wing of the protest movement.
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A counter society should be established, their life
fundamentally changed, tumbled rains in the streets
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and in the people’s minds.
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Telephone and electrical rates are
self-reduced without authorization,
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super markets are emptied, and
their contents redistributed.
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For Negri, the theorists of Autonomia, these actions
constitute a re-appropriation of society’s accumulated wealth,
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capitalism and exploitation should be abolished
with violence in the streets if necessary.
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This marks the most ambivalent
period in Negri’s rioting.
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The State leader holds these riotings to be morally
responsible for the escalation of terrorist violence.
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[non-English narration]
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The political situation
in Italy is unstable.
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The State feels threatened from
both the Right and the Left.
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The Christian-Democrat want to form a
coalition with the communist party,
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the so called historic compromise.
For the radical movement, Autonomia,
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this is betrayal.
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The situation explodes in (inaudible) and Rome,
open confrontations with the State follow.
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[music]
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[music]
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The Autonomia movement
has come to a dead end.
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Above all, the violence question provokes unbridgeable
differences between factions in the movement.
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It is a time of rising influence for the Red Brigades.
Many activists decide to go undergo and operate illegally.
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The state answers with
tanks in the streets.
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[sil.]
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In 1978, Aldo Moro, the Chairman of
the Christian-Democrats is kidnapped,
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and his bodyguard’s shot. The Red Brigades
claim responsibility for the kidnapping
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a military logic has prevailed from
which Negri distances himself.
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Two months later, the body of
Aldo Moro is found in Rome.
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Almost a year later,
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the State moves against the intellectual
leaders of the Autonomia movement.
00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
On April 7, 1979, they are arrested.
In the following years,
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60,000 activists are investigated and
25,000 arrested. Special laws allowed
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defendants to be held in jail for years. It
is the first step of a massive retaliation
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by the State against the Italian Left.
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Negri’s charged with maintaining
suppressive associations,
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political conspiracy, the
establishment of an armed gang,
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armed resistance against the State, and participation
in the abduction and murder of Aldo Moro.
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[sil.]
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The wave of repression spreads over Italy.
00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.999
The trials continue for decades while
the accused remain behind bars.
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The State has won, and power relations have
been reestablished. A whole generation
00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:09.999
that desired to change Italian
society is jailed or in exile.
00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:18.000
[music]
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Negri spends four years in jail.
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He uses the work on his book about the
philosopher Baruch Spinoza for a new beginning.
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[music]
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In 1983,
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while still in prison, Negri is spectacularly into
parliament as a representative of the radical party.
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He’s given parliamentary
immunity and is released.
00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.999
A few months later, he learns that
his immunity is about to be revoked.
00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:53.000
[music]
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So I decided to leave. Of
course, I had… many doubts.
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Especially, because I am someone who
is very loyal to comrades and friends.
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I feel very close to people.
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It was a very difficult
decision for me to leave.
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Then there was a ferocious
attack in the media,
00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:24.999
especially by the PCI, the Communist Party.
00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:33.000
It was a very hard attack:\"You coward.
You’re running away!
00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.999
First, you lecture with your
silver tongue and then you go!\"
00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:48.000
[sil.]
00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:54.999
Negri is condemned in absentia
to 30 years in prison,
00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:59.999
a sentence that will later
be reduced to 18 years.
00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:04.999
The charges of murdering Aldo Moro and armed
resistance against the State are dropped.
00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.999
But Negri is convicted of being the head of
Autonomia, and of inciting criminal activities
00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.999
with his riotings. Negri flees to Paris,
00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.999
where a scene of Italian political activists
from the 1970s is living in exile.
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The Socialist government of François
Mitterrand tolerates him and many others.
00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.999
Here, he will spend the next
14 years without papers.
00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:35.000
[music]
00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
Renown friends and
philosophers, Félix Guattari
00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:30.000
and Gilles Deleuze helped Negri
to establish himself in Paris.
00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
Negri focuses his attention on philosophy,
00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:55.000
it is a period of reconstruction.
00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:49.999
[sil.]
00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
With help from Deleuze and Guattari,
Negri can teach at the (inaudible),
00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
an institute of contemporary French philosophy.
Negri’s seminars become a showcase
00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
for new school of critical thought.
Of the Italian exile (inaudible),
00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
Toni was the best known,
00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.999
and also the… he was at least for many
essential, let’s say, intellectual figures.
00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:19.999
But Toni also was able who seems to me
00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.999
the great project of those years of his
which was to construct in Paris to…
00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:29.999
construct with the French intellectual
scene, a new hole of thinking.
00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:34.999
From his French colleagues, Negri
adopts the idea that power
00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
can no longer be located at a fixed centre,
but rather infuses all aspects of life,
00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
he speaks of bio-politics and radicalize
the concept of the social worker
00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
from the 1970s. Now all of society
is part of the production process,
00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:55.000
and thus defined by exploitation.
00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
Negri implies the term immaterial labor. He reflects
on the realization that most wealth in a post
00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
industrial economy is no longer achieved
with physical labor, but through the use
00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
of knowledge and language. The intellectual
00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
and social abilities of workers determine the
complex production processes of our time.
00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:39.999
For Negri, the question becomes, how’s
global political power organized
00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:44.999
in the 21st century, and how can
political opposition emerge
00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:50.000
from a multitude of political perspectives.
Work on the book empire begins.
00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
Drawn to this new school of thought,
00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
a young generation of
activists arrives in Paris.
00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
Many of them are Italians who are searching
for the professor in exile, through them,
00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:35.000
Negri’s connections to Italy are revived.
00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
In 1997, after 14 years of exile in Paris,
00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
Negri decides to return to Italy.
00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
He hopes that by turning himself in to the Italian authorities,
he can revive the debate about amnesty for the exiles
00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
and political prisoners from the 1970s.
He wants to come to terms with his past,
00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.999
so that he can become politically
active again in Italy.
00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:39.999
As Negri boards the
plane, he leaves friends
00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.999
and an esteemed existence
in Paris behind him
00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:49.999
and step into the unknown.
00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:54.999
[music]
00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.999
The decision was, in a way, long incoming. I mean there’ve been
years he’s been thinking that that was something he needed to do,
00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:04.999
so it wasn’t… In fact, that
was one of the only ones,
00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:09.999
at least in the Paris group and maybe I was
wrong, I was one of the only ones who thought
00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:14.999
that that was right who said
that it was the right decision.
00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:19.999
It seemed to me the right decision at the time. It
seemed to everyone else, although Toni, of course,
00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
you know, he’s stuck in his ideas no matter
what people tell him, he’s going to do it.
00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:30.000
So it’s not like people (inaudible), but the vast majority of
the friends in Paris and in Italy got a real terrible idea.
00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:23.000
[sil.]
00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:33.000
[non-English narration]
00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
Immediately, upon arriving in Rome,
00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
he’s arrested and thrown in jail.
Instead of amnesty, the 64-year-old
00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
faces prison and house arrest,
the past has caught up with him.
00:41:55.000 --> 00:42:03.000
[sil.]
00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:09.999
Meanwhile, Empire, the book
00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:14.999
Negri co-authored with Michael Hardt
is published in the United States.
00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.999
It becomes a world best seller and celebrated
as the communist manifesto of the 21st century.
00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.999
Negri and Hardt
00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.999
have devised a neo-political vocabulary and outline
a vision of revolt in the globalized world.
00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
At the same time, the anti-globalization
movement grabs the world’s attention,
00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
first in Seattle, and then in Geneva.
In this context,
00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
Negri and Hardt work appears to offer
theoretical reflection on the unfolding events.
00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
[sil.]
00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:54.999
The Empire does not fortify its boundaries
to push others away, but rather pulls them
00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:59.999
within its specific order,
like a powerful votex,
00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
with boundaries and differences
suppressed or set aside,
00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
the empire is a kind of smooth space across
00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
which subjectivities glide without
substantial resistance or conflict.
00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
What one shouldn’t forget is that there is always a
kind of theorizing that goes on in the movement.
00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
It’s not like the people in the
movements are only receiving ideas
00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
from the great thinkers or that they’re
only involved in practical situations.
00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.999
And so, I think it’s, you know, therefore
important that in all the movements
00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:39.999
there’s whatever developed
discussions about theoretical issues
00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.999
and there are. And so that I think a book
like ours can fit as a one element in
00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:49.999
these kinds of discussions.
Despite international attention,
00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:54.999
Negri isn’t freed until the spring of 2003.
00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:59.999
His passport is returned to him,
and he’s allowed to travel.
00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:05.000
[sil.]
00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:58.000
[music]
00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:04.999
Negri cannot teach nor exercise
his right to vote in Italy,
00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:09.999
but overnight he has become a
highly-acclaimed speaker around the world.
00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:18.000
[music]
00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:04.999
[sil.]
00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:09.999
For Negri, resistance develops on
the global level through networks,
00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:14.999
but it also takes the form of local conflicts. The forms
of revolt have changed, but they’re still a part of larger
00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:20.000
struggle against exploitation.
00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:13.000
[music]
00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:24.999
Negri has developed a new
class concept, the Multitude.
00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:29.999
The term describes consolations of creatively
productive individuals. It differs from older concept
00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:34.999
such as the masses, the
people, or the nation.
00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:39.999
This intelligent, flexible, and mobile multitude
defends itself in parallel actions around the world
00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:44.999
against exploitation by global
power structures against Empire.
00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:49.999
In Negri’s vision, it becomes a swarm
of globally active resistance.
00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:54.999
[music]
00:47:55.000 --> 00:47:59.999
The whole world has suddenly
become a stage for Negri,
00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:05.000
the former enemy of the State. He’s surprised a
bit himself about this stance with the media.
00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:34.999
The disobedients are an activists group
00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:39.999
from Negri’s former home, Porto Marghera. There’s
spectacular actions reference, the main concept of Empire.
00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:45.000
Among other things, they demand
subsistent money for everybody
00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:58.000
Discount! Discount!
00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:44.999
[music]
00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:49.999
Conflict also means disobedience in
regards to borders and asylum laws.
00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:58.000
[music]
00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:04.999
The main focus of revolt today
for Negri is opposition to war.
00:50:05.000 --> 00:50:10.000
It too has changed in the age of Empire.
00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:08.000
[music]
Distributor: Icarus Films
Length: 52 minutes
Date: 2004
Genre: Expository
Language: English; Italian / English subtitles
Grade: 10-12, College, Adult
Color/BW: /
Closed Captioning: Available
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