WEBVTT

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[music]

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[music]

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[music]

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It looked like a winner. It was
a classic peacekeeping mission,

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because we were there to assist
the Rwandans both sides,

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and establishing an atmosphere of security.

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Remember, I\'m not there to impose peace.
I\'m not there to be

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a force between belligerence. I\'m there
because both of them said, \"We are at peace,

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we want peace, we just need a neutral force
to make sure that everybody is playing

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with uh… the rules.\"

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[sil.]

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The diplomats thought this one
is going to be a piece of cake.

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Here, we are finally going
to have the conditions

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which will show what a UN peacekeeping
operation can accomplish.

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[sil.]

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Security Council was very anxious to have
a success but they have a cheap success.

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[sil.]

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The agreement had specified
that UN would actually

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disarm the militia, but actually
go out and take arms away,

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and would help to restore order.

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[sil.]

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It had called for a very active
role for a UN police force.

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These things were cut back in the
mandate as it was finally established.

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The authorization to act

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was cut back uh… and weakened
to a considerable extent.

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Simply because to have
given a larger mandate

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would have required a larger force, and a
larger force would have required more money.

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[non-English narration]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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From the start we realized
that the mission would be

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much harder than expected. We concluded the police
were not really referees as was the intent,

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but we are actually very negative
force in this situation.

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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We also realized something big was being
prepared, but we didn\'t know exactly what.

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But we learned quickly through informance that arms were hidden
in the area, and distributed in anticipation of the massacres.

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[sil.]

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Later on the day of January 10th,

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I had a visit from someone who
asked to be called Jontier.

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He was the leader of the MRND
militia, the famous \"Interahamwe\".

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His task was to give paramilitary training
to the militia and spread propaganda.

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He played a very important role.

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[sil.]

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He explained he was struggling
with his conscience (ph).

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He was in the process of systematically
arming all cells of the capital.

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He\'d received orders several days earlier

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to identify every Tutsi in each cell.
And when the word came to assassinate

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all of them, point blank (ph).

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[non-English narration]

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From what he told me,

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they were capable of killing
1,000 Tutsi every 20 minutes.

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So this was an extensive organization

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and that was our undoing. We were aware of the arms
caches of the movement of munitions and so on,

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since grenades were sold
openly on the market.

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So that was no real surprise to us.
But the extent of

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Jean-Pierre\'s revelations
completely stunned us.

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[music]

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Jean-Pierre also located various
arms caches throughout the galley.

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A UN officer accompanied
him to MRND headquarters

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in the basement. There was indeed a
stockpile of arms and ammunition.

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So we immediately sent a request

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to New York office for permission
to carry out search operations.

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The response was negative.

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We weren\'t able to proceed with this
type of operation, because New York said

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that wasn\'t UNAMIR\'s mandate.

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[sil.]

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Consequently, we weren\'t allowed to check the
arms caches and UNAMIR lost a great deal of

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credibility in the field.

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[non-English narration]

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Around that time, people
began to make fun of UNAMIR.

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They distorted its acronym \"Minuar\", to
\"Minua\", which is as far as I know means

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moving the mouth in the Kinyarwanda language,
which meant that UNAMIR talked big,

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but didn\'t act.

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[sil.]

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We had to take covert action,

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we had to stop those arms,

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but I could not conduct solitary operations
to mission alone, because I was there

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to assist the Rwandans. It had to be done
with the Rwandan authorities being involved.

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[sil.]

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We were in a time of post Somalia,
where there had been attempts

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to conduct these types of operations in Somalia, and the
Americans had lost people, other people had lost people,

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they had a lot of intelligence, a lot
of equipment, a lot of fire power,

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and a lot of desire to sort the place out. Well, I
didn\'t have the equipment, I didn\'t have the fire power,

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I had troops over there, and a pure
peacekeeping all as Cyprus scenario,

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and not necessarily oriented to take
offensive operations to start with.

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I\'ve compiled the 10 page

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list of warning signals
from the month of November

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up until the time of the launching
of genocide in the April.

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For example, there was a group
of military who sent a letter

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in early December of 93, saying,
\"Barbaric acts are being prepared.\"

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There are going to be massive slaughters
here, and we don\'t wanna be assesive

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here with this. There was a study done

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by an expert of US CIA predicting that

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in case of renewed violence in Rwanda, there
could be around half a million victims,

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this was in January. I\'m convinced that
had there been of vigorous reaction

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on the part of peacekeepers
at that point that uh…

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the organizers of genocide
would have umm… thought twice

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about launching this kind of violence.
But, in fact there was no response.

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[music]

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[music]

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The killings began within a
few hours of plane crash.

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And it\'s remarkable \'cause
it\'s, it\'s very important

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to look at the pattern of these killings.

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The very first people killed were not Tutsi but
rather Hutu. They were the Hutu moderates,

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who were in a position of
power, who should have been

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part of this government if it were to
have been a legitimate government.

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And who would, in fact have resisted any effort at
the genocide and that was why they had to be killed.

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And they were killed systematically
from the very early hours of April 7th.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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The figure who controls the
launching of the actual violence

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was colonel Bagosora.

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Bagosora was one of those old barred
northwestern military leaders.

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He exercised his power largely
through the presidential guard.

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The guard was small elite force that was
particularly attached to Habyarimana

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and most of whose members were also from
the northwest. They were the shock troops

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that began the killing. And remained
the central element for Bagosora

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and be able to make this happen.
It was through Bagosora

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that we got the militias.
He made them available.

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Bagosora was the Kingpin player. I mean,
there is no doubt in my military mind.

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What do you do with it?
What do you do with it?

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Do you go to Bagosora and say I\'m arresting you now because
Colonel Roméo Dallaire told me that you are planning,

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you are the mastermind behind. Prove it.
I couldn\'t even prove

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a stupid little altercation in the DMZ.
With no legal, no legal capability,

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no mandate to a political will to be able
to, you think I can go out there and stop

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uh… (inaudible) or

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uh… government army senior officer
on the word of another one?

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I mean, we still had a government
that was recognized by the UN.

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Hey, it had a representative
in the Security Council.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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The morning of the 7th,
things deteriorated rapidly.

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We realized we were no longer
refereeing two football teams.

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They put away the ball and
brought out their machetes.

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[sil.]

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We heard gun fire, then refugees
started descending on the school.

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[sil.]

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Luckily, we were a large
group, about a hundred men.

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It was a secure environment
for people in such danger.

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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The line of fire was in our direction, when they returned
from a massacre, they would pass close to the school

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and fire a hell of bullets at us. The
pressure was enormous. Everyone felt that

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their life was in serious danger.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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[non-English narration]

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[non-English narration]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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The organized to the genocide

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is much as the diplomats
around the world were aware of

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the Somali President and
they understood how quickly

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uh… western European or north
Atlantic nation could be provoked

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into withdrawing its troops by
killing some of its soldiers.

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And they were quite ready to, to use
that tactic to, to get the Belgians out.

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I\'m sure that had they not
killed the 10 whom they,

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they captured around the home of the Prime
Minister that morning, they would have killed

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uh… another number that they
had found some other place.

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[music]

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[music]

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Unfortunately,

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once the Belgians decided to withdraw their
contingent I had no choice but to follow orders.

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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The UN special representative Mr. Volbo
was completely dismayed since he knew

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the Belgian detachment was pretty well
the corner stone of the whole mission.

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[non-English narration]

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His political advisor, Mr. Khan

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didn\'t mince words. His reply was explicit.

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10 Belgians are dead so you don\'t give a damn that
thousands of Africans are about to be slaughtered.

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[non-English narration]

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That was Mr. Khan\'s response

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which didn\'t make things easier for us.
Furthermore I must agree

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I totally agreed with him, because we were
perfectly aware of what was about to happen.

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[non-English narration]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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[non-English narration]

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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For me it was a very difficult moment.

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We\'ve been there all this time. We
knew exactly what was about to happen.

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We realized that if there was still

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a chance to prevent the worst before the
situation degenerated into an enormous disaster.

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Leaving was definitely not the solution.

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[non-English narration]

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I was personally convinced that bloodbath
was eminent. There was no turning back.

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[non-English narration]

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[non-English narration]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[music]

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We need to remember

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that at first weekend, when it was
becoming quite clear to everyone

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that this was a genocide. The UN
troops were not the only ones

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from outside, they were in the country.
There work uh… approximately

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a thousand to umm… Belgian and
French troops that depends on them.

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There were several hundred more Belgian
troops on standby in east Africa.

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There were 250 American Marines
on standby in Buchunbora,

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20 minutes away. There was an Italian
company that landed for several days.

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So there were, uh… it wasn\'t just

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the Peacekeepers who were there, it was
also uh… other foreign national forces

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that were there.

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Had there been the political
will to make an arrangement to

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uh… give a special mandate to these forces,

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it is uh… very likely

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that they could have stopped
the genocide at that point.

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What they were dealing
with was a few hundred,

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a few hundred extremists at the top

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who had control of the levers of power.
And if they had dealt

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with those few hundred, there
would have been no genocide.

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[sil.]

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[music]

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[music]

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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This was the nearest place
under UNAMIR protection.

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We thought they could be trusted.

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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When I arrived, I went to
directly to talk to UN commander.

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He said, \"I\'m happy you came
because I have a problem here,

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people keep arriving.\"

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\"There are nearly 3,000 here, but I
have orders to prepare to leave.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.999
[non-English narration]

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So I\'m wondering who to put
in charge of the camp?\"

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The camp was surrounded by militia, ready
to attack after UNAMIR\'s departure.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:53.000
[non-English narration]

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[music]

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That same day I called the meeting
with the refugees and the burgomaster.

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I told them be careful UNAMIR will
probably leave in a few days.

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Refugees reacted violently.

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Some said don\'t leave, better shoot us all than
abandon us here. We knew there were people

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whose lives were in danger. But we didn\'t
think the whole group would be killed.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[music]

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It was clear to me that
people were in danger,

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they had to be saved at any cost.

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Many members of my family were there,

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they are all dead now. But that wasn\'t
all, when I think back to the chaos

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and despair after the UN departure,
men, women, and children,

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running helter schelter under
grenade and bullet fire.

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It was a horrific experience. It\'s only
natural to feel bitter in the aftermath.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:14.999
[non-English narration]

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[sil.]

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For 50 years, we\'ve been talking
about the Jewish problem

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with our hearts and our sleeves. And
here was the chance to do something,

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and we did nothing.

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I think the moment I decided to leave was the hardest. I
knew that many of those I was leaving were bound to die.

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That\'s was so tragic and I
blame those who sent us there

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for putting us in such a terrible situation.
The people at the desk making their decisions

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don\'t see what people in the
field have to go through.

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:13.000
[sil.]

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[music]

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:23.000
[music]

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:38.000
[sil.]

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:15.000
[sil.]

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:43.000
[sil.]

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:18.000
[sil.]

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
Our mission was a tragic failure.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
Everyone considered it a form of desertion.

00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
Everyone was aware that
presence of all UNAMIR forces

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
was essential in Rwanda. And that
pulling out under such circumstances

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
was an act of total cowardice.

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
When you are perfectly aware that

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
you are sending thousands to their death,
you can never justify such an action.

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
[sil.]

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
Once the killing had begun,

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
once 20,000 people had been killed,

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
these authorities could very well

00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
have looked back at their
accumulated materials,

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
one hopes they did that. And
if they had looked back

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
and seen all of these signs of
militia, the distribution of arms,

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.999
uh… the planning of lists
of Tutsi, there\'s no way

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.999
that they could have failed to
recognize that this was a genocide.

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
[sil.]

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
They did not wish to acknowledge this because they did
not wish to pay the price of stopping the genocide.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
To acknowledge it would have

00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:59.999
required acting on the knowledge
and no one wanted to do that,

00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:04.999
it would have been too expensive.
And Rwanda was simply

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:09.999
too remote, too far, too poor, too little,
and probably too black to be worthwhile.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:18.000
[music]

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[music]

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[music]