Neuroscientists and psychologists are approaching a common understanding…
In Search of Memory
- Description
- Reviews
- Citation
- Cataloging
- Transcript
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'Memory is everything. Without it we are nothing,' says neuroscientist Eric Kandel, winner of the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking research on the physiology of the brain's storage of memories. As he explains, memory is the glue that binds our mental life together and provides a sense of continuity in our lives.
IN SEARCH OF MEMORY is a compelling blend of autobiography and history that recounts the life of one of the most important neuroscientists of the 20th century and illuminates scientific developments in our understanding of the brain's role in recording and preserving memory. In addition to archival footage and dramatic re-creations of Kandel's childhood experiences in Nazi-occupied Vienna and his formative years as an emigrant in New York, the film features discussions with Kandel, friends and family, as well as his public lectures in Vienna and New York, which explore both his professional and personal life, especially his emotional ties to Judaism.
Both through its personal journey into the memory of this amazingly spry and witty 79-year old, especially his traumatic experiences during the Holocaust, and a visit to his Columbia University laboratory, where Kandel and his colleagues demonstrate their experimental research, IN SEARCH OF MEMORY examines how the brain stores memories, the difference between short-term and long-term memory, Alzheimer's and age-related memory loss, and structural modifications to the brain that enhance memory.
In revisiting the people, places and objects of Kandel's lifetime experiences, IN SEARCH OF MEMORY reveals how everything we undergo changes the brain, even our genetic make-up, and can determine the focus of a life's work.
'It's a deeply personal movie, and Kandel's vibrant personality shines through in every scene...For budding scientists, it is fascinating to hear how Kandel's career unfolded.' -PsycCritiques
'An engrossing portrait... a generous introduction to someone worth knowing who knows an awful lot.' -A.O. Scott, The New York Times
'Mentally stimulating and emotionally affecting.' -Michael Phillips, The Chicago Tribune
'This is not just a dry doc about brain functions. Seeger makes a convincing connection between Kandel's work and his life as a Jew who escaped from Vienna during World War II. Kandel demurs early in the film that he isn't easy to live with, but he's certainly a pleasure to spend time with in a doc, and his story and his passion, which Seeger easily conveys, are, if you'll pardon the inevitable pun, memorable.' -Hank Sartin, Time Out Chicago
'Conveys the breadth of neuroscience and the scientific process.' -Alison Abbott, Nature
'Because of Kandel's powerful charm and energy, the science-less and more personal aspects of the documentary add an engaging and often comical texture to this very delicate quest for memory and remembrance.' -Stephanie Lee, NYPress.com
'A passionate exploration of the life and work of Eric Kandel, the brilliant and irrepressible neurobiologist, whose pioneering work has illuminated the very workings of memory. But, like Eric, Petra Seeger's film resonates in all directions, illuminating not only the trajectory of psychology and neuroscience in the last century, but the nature of art and science, history and remembrance, work and love, inspiration and achievement. It is an unforgettable journey.' -Oliver Sacks
'Entertaining, educational and inspiring. ...This film shows that it is possible to present highly complex scientific ideas in a way that is quite easily understood by the layman.' -Leonardo Reviews
Citation
Main credits
Seeger, Petra (screenwriter)
Seeger, Petra (film director)
Seeger, Petra (film producer)
Kandel, Eric R. (interviewee)
Other credits
Director of photography, Robert Winkler, Mario Masini; editor, Oliver Neumann.
Distributor subjects
Austria; Biographies; Biology; History (World); Jewish Film Festivals; Jewish Studies; Neuroscience and Neurology; Psychology; Science; US and Canadian Broadcast RightsKeywords
WEBVTT
00:00:01.400 --> 00:00:04.166
- IF THE PEOPLE GO
AND SEE THIS MOVIE
00:00:04.167 --> 00:00:06.866
AND THEY REMEMBER IT
THE NEXT DAY,
00:00:06.867 --> 00:00:09.632
THAT IS BECAUSE THERE WOULD BE
AN ALTERATION
00:00:09.633 --> 00:00:11.667
IN GENE EXPRESSION
IN THEIR BRAIN.
00:00:15.500 --> 00:00:18.500
THAT CAN PRODUCE PROFOUND
CHANGES IN PEOPLE\'S BRAINS.
00:00:23.400 --> 00:00:24.999
SO EVERY SINGLE PERSON
IN THE AUDIENCE
00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:27.766
WATCHING THIS FILM
HAS A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT BRAIN
00:00:27.767 --> 00:00:30.433
BECAUSE THEY HAVE LEARNED
SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT THINGS.
00:00:37.300 --> 00:00:38.899
- ERIC.
00:00:38.900 --> 00:00:40.699
- OH, I SEE THERE\'S
A FENCE HERE.
00:00:40.700 --> 00:00:43.433
- THERE\'S A FENCE IN RIGHT HERE.
00:00:57.700 --> 00:01:01.199
- HERE IT IS.
00:01:01.200 --> 00:01:02.599
DEEP IN THE MIDDLE.
00:01:02.600 --> 00:01:05.432
THE GREEN, THE DARK GREEN
AND THE LIGHTER GREEN,
00:01:05.433 --> 00:01:07.066
IS THE HIPPOCAMPUS.
00:01:07.067 --> 00:01:11.199
WE HAVE REASON TO BELIEVE
THAT MEMORY IS STORED IN HERE
00:01:11.200 --> 00:01:13.066
FOR A PERIOD OF TIME.
00:01:13.067 --> 00:01:18.499
AND DEPENDING ON THE TASK,
IT CAN BE A COUPLE OF WEEKS
00:01:18.500 --> 00:01:19.767
OR IT COULD BE YEARS.
00:01:29.433 --> 00:01:33.132
MEMORY IS THE GLUE THAT BINDS
OUR MENTAL LIFE TOGETHER.
00:01:33.133 --> 00:01:35.732
I MEAN, IT MAKES IT POSSIBLE
FOR ME TO REMEMBER
00:01:35.733 --> 00:01:37.999
WHAT I DID THIS MORNING,
WHAT I DID LAST WEEK,
00:01:38.000 --> 00:01:39.832
WHAT I DID SIX YEARS AGO.
00:01:39.833 --> 00:01:45.200
IT IS WHAT ALLOWS US
TO GET CONTINUITY IN OUR LIVES.
00:01:50.633 --> 00:01:52.866
IT\'S THE ESSENTIAL FEATURE
OF OUR MENTAL LIFE.
00:01:52.867 --> 00:01:55.000
WITHOUT MEMORY,
WE WOULD BE NOTHING.
00:02:00.900 --> 00:02:04.332
I JUST WORKED
ON THE LAST SEARCH.
00:02:04.333 --> 00:02:06.299
THIS IS A REDO.
00:02:06.300 --> 00:02:08.767
THIS IS FOR ME,
AND THE REST IS FOR ME.
00:02:18.433 --> 00:02:20.232
- AND THE SECOND CLASS OF GENES
00:02:20.233 --> 00:02:21.932
IS GENES RELATED
TO LEARNING AND MEMORY.
00:02:21.933 --> 00:02:22.933
- OH, FANTASTIC.
00:02:35.400 --> 00:02:36.632
- BUT, ACTUALLY, WE\'LL ALWAYS...
00:02:36.633 --> 00:02:37.899
WE ALWAYS HAVE A ROUND TABLE.
00:02:37.900 --> 00:02:39.666
EVERYONE GOES AROUND
AND SAYS WHAT\'S THERE.
00:02:39.667 --> 00:02:42.966
- THANK YOU.
00:02:42.967 --> 00:02:44.066
SO WE WAIT A LITTLE BIT,
00:02:44.067 --> 00:02:47.399
BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE
ARE NOT HERE YET.
00:02:47.400 --> 00:02:51.899
UH, BEFORE WE GET STARTED...
HELLO?
00:02:51.900 --> 00:02:53.732
JOE!
00:02:53.733 --> 00:02:55.899
CAN I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION,
PLEASE?
00:02:55.900 --> 00:02:59.399
IN THE 1960s, WHEN, YOU KNOW,
I BEGAN...
00:02:59.400 --> 00:03:01.499
PEOPLE BEGAN TO WORK
ON THE PROBLEM,
00:03:01.500 --> 00:03:04.299
WE DIDN\'T HAVE THE VAGUEST IDEA
HOW LEARNING OCCURS.
00:03:04.300 --> 00:03:06.366
SO THE FIRST THING THAT HAPPENED
IS THAT WE AND OTHERS
00:03:06.367 --> 00:03:10.566
WERE ABLE TO SHOW
THAT LEARNING INVOLVES CHANGES
00:03:10.567 --> 00:03:14.166
IN HOW NERVE CELLS COMMUNICATE,
IN SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.
00:03:14.167 --> 00:03:17.232
THE NEXT QUESTION IS,
\"HOW IS MEMORY LAID DOWN?\"
00:03:17.233 --> 00:03:19.966
AND WE WERE ABLE TO SEE
THAT YOU COULD SEE IT
00:03:19.967 --> 00:03:23.199
ON THE LEVEL OF NERVE CELLS,
WHAT YOU SEE IN BEHAVIOR.
00:03:23.200 --> 00:03:25.900
THERE\'S A SHORT-TERM MEMORY
AND A LONG-TERM MEMORY.
00:03:34.867 --> 00:03:38.232
- LOOKS LIKE A 22.
00:03:38.233 --> 00:03:40.932
- MEMORY IS ONE
OF THE MOST REMARKABLE ASPECTS
00:03:40.933 --> 00:03:42.332
OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
00:03:42.333 --> 00:03:44.966
MEMORY ENABLES US TO SOLVE
THE PROBLEMS WE CONFRONT
00:03:44.967 --> 00:03:46.266
IN EVERYDAY LIFE
00:03:46.267 --> 00:03:48.699
BY MARSHALLING SEVERAL FACTS
AT ONCE,
00:03:48.700 --> 00:03:51.599
AN ABILITY THAT IS VITAL
TO PROBLEM SOLVING.
00:03:51.600 --> 00:03:54.399
IN A LARGER SENSE,
MEMORY PROVIDES OUR LIVES
00:03:54.400 --> 00:03:55.599
WITH CONTINUITY.
00:03:55.600 --> 00:03:57.866
IT GIVES US A COHERENT PICTURE
OF THE PAST
00:03:57.867 --> 00:04:01.466
THAT PUTS CURRENT EXPERIENCES
INTO PERSPECTIVE.
00:04:01.467 --> 00:04:03.666
THE PICTURE MAY NOT
BE RATIONAL, ACCURATE,
00:04:03.667 --> 00:04:04.966
BUT IT PERSISTS.
00:04:04.967 --> 00:04:07.032
WITHOUT THE BINDING FORCE
OF MEMORY,
00:04:07.033 --> 00:04:10.032
EXPERIENCE WOULD BE SPLINTERED
INTO AS MANY FRAGMENTS
00:04:10.033 --> 00:04:11.866
AS THERE ARE MOMENTS IN LIFE.
00:04:11.867 --> 00:04:15.266
WITHOUT THE MENTAL TIME TRAVEL
PROVIDED BY MEMORY,
00:04:15.267 --> 00:04:17.832
WE WOULD HAVE NO AWARENESS
OF OUR PERSONAL HISTORY,
00:04:17.833 --> 00:04:20.632
NO WAY OF REMEMBERING THE JOYS
THAT SERVE
00:04:20.633 --> 00:04:23.066
AS THE LUMINOUS MILESTONES
OF OUR LIFE.
00:04:23.067 --> 00:04:25.966
WE ARE WHO WE ARE
BECAUSE OF WHAT WE LEARN
00:04:25.967 --> 00:04:28.000
AND WHAT WE REMEMBER.
00:04:30.367 --> 00:04:31.832
- I\'M ACTUALLY AN ANALYST.
00:04:31.833 --> 00:04:34.066
I DO COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL WORK.
00:04:34.067 --> 00:04:36.999
- THAT\'S TERRIFIC WORK.
- YEAH.
00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:39.566
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
00:04:39.567 --> 00:04:42.266
- SO CALCIUM CHANNELS
IN THE PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL,
00:04:42.267 --> 00:04:45.366
IF YOU ENHANCE THAT,
FORCES MORE CALCIUM...
00:04:45.367 --> 00:04:48.699
- OH, I MEAN, HE IS
THE ROCK STAR OF NEUROSCIENCE.
00:04:48.700 --> 00:04:51.232
I MEAN, HE WAS A PIONEER
IN THE FIELD.
00:04:51.233 --> 00:04:52.966
- I TOOK A NEUROBIOLOGY CLASS,
00:04:52.967 --> 00:04:55.099
AND I BASICALLY LIVED
WITH THIS BOOK.
00:04:55.100 --> 00:04:56.299
- I MEAN, LOOK AT THE CROWD.
00:04:56.300 --> 00:04:57.466
WE\'RE ALL WAITING.
00:04:57.467 --> 00:04:58.866
THEY\'RE SAYING WE\'RE
AT CAPACITY,
00:04:58.867 --> 00:05:01.966
BUT WE\'RE JUST HOPING
THAT WE\'LL GET IN.
00:05:01.967 --> 00:05:03.032
- HI.
00:05:03.033 --> 00:05:05.466
- OH, MY GOD.
00:05:05.467 --> 00:05:08.467
[cheers and applause]
00:05:11.600 --> 00:05:13.899
- DR. KANDEL WAS AWARDED
THE NOBEL PRIZE
00:05:13.900 --> 00:05:16.532
FOR PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
IN THE YEAR 2000
00:05:16.533 --> 00:05:18.566
FOR HELPING TO UNRAVEL
THE SECRETS OF THE NEURON
00:05:18.567 --> 00:05:20.899
AND THE MEANS BY WHICH
OUR MEMORIES ARE STORED.
00:05:20.900 --> 00:05:23.032
AND THE RESULT OF THIS
WAS HIS NEW BOOK,
00:05:23.033 --> 00:05:24.832
IN SEARCH OF MEMORY.
00:05:24.833 --> 00:05:27.166
- ALL RIGHT, LET\'S HEAR IT
FOR BROOKLYN.
00:05:27.167 --> 00:05:29.999
[crowd cheering]
00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:31.832
I PRESUME YOU\'RE HERE
TO LEARN A LITTLE BIT
00:05:31.833 --> 00:05:33.832
ABOUT WHAT MY SCIENCE
HAS BEEN LIKE
00:05:33.833 --> 00:05:36.399
AND WHAT MY LIFE HAS BEEN LIKE
AND WHY I DECIDED
00:05:36.400 --> 00:05:38.732
TO HAVE THE GOAL
TO WRITE A BOOK.
00:05:38.733 --> 00:05:40.599
SO I WAS BORN
IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA,
00:05:40.600 --> 00:05:44.832
TO A SORT OF LOWER MIDDLE-CLASS
JEWISH FAMILY.
00:05:44.833 --> 00:05:48.266
AND THERE WAS NO ONE LESS LIKELY
TO HAVE A SCIENTIFIC CAREER
00:05:48.267 --> 00:05:50.432
THAN ME,
AS I\'M GONNA MAKE...
00:05:50.433 --> 00:05:52.532
I HOPE I WILL MAKE CLEAR TO YOU.
00:05:52.533 --> 00:05:54.766
UH, IN FACT, THE EARLY YEARS
OF MY LIFE
00:05:54.767 --> 00:05:56.566
WERE NOT AT ALL SPENT WORRYING
ABOUT SCIENCE.
00:05:56.567 --> 00:05:58.866
IT WAS SORT OF TRYING
TO PULL MYSELF TOGETHER
00:05:58.867 --> 00:06:02.566
AFTER THE TRAUMATA
OF THE FIRST DECADE OF MY LIFE.
00:06:02.567 --> 00:06:05.567
[indistinct chatter]
00:06:25.600 --> 00:06:29.232
SO DENISE AND I
HAVE BEEN MARRIED FOR 50 YEARS.
00:06:29.233 --> 00:06:31.666
AND WE CELEBRATED
OUR 50TH ANNIVERSARY
00:06:31.667 --> 00:06:33.199
A FEW MONTHS AGO.
00:06:33.200 --> 00:06:36.232
WE KNEW THAT WE WANTED
TO DO SOMETHING BIGGER,
00:06:36.233 --> 00:06:37.599
AND WE THOUGHT
WE WOULD DO IT
00:06:37.600 --> 00:06:39.266
WITH THE CHILDREN
AND THE GRANDCHILDREN.
00:06:39.267 --> 00:06:42.632
PARTICULARLY PAUL WANTED TO COME
TO PARIS AND VIENNA
00:06:42.633 --> 00:06:44.799
AND SHOW THE CHILDREN
WHERE WE CAME FROM,
00:06:44.800 --> 00:06:48.832
OUR ROOTS, OUR ORIGINS,
IN SEARCH OF MEMORY.
00:06:48.833 --> 00:06:51.899
I TELL PAUL ALL THE TIME
THAT I\'M AMAZED,
00:06:51.900 --> 00:06:55.832
BECAUSE HE IS SO MUCH
A BETTER PARENT THAN I AM.
00:06:55.833 --> 00:06:59.899
I WAS... I\'M NOT AN EASY PERSON
TO LIVE WITH.
00:06:59.900 --> 00:07:03.966
- IF THEY LET YOU WORK,
YOU ARE EASY, I SEE.
00:07:03.967 --> 00:07:05.367
- WELL...
00:07:07.467 --> 00:07:10.599
- THE WAR STARTED IN 1939.
00:07:10.600 --> 00:07:14.099
MY FATHER WAS A POLISH JEW,
00:07:14.100 --> 00:07:18.099
AND HE ARRANGED
FOR THE MOTHER SUPERIOR
00:07:18.100 --> 00:07:20.599
OF THE COUVENT
SAINT JEANNE D\'ARC
00:07:20.600 --> 00:07:23.866
TO TAKE MY BROTHER AND I
AND TO HIDE US.
00:07:23.867 --> 00:07:25.799
I WAS NINE YEARS OLD.
00:07:25.800 --> 00:07:27.932
MY BROTHER WAS FOUR YEARS OLD.
00:07:27.933 --> 00:07:30.732
CAN YOU IMAGINE HOW SAD IT IS?
00:07:30.733 --> 00:07:31.966
- NO.
00:07:31.967 --> 00:07:33.999
- MY MOTHER WAS HIDDEN
IN THE WOODS
00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:35.366
NEXT TO SAINT-CERE.
00:07:35.367 --> 00:07:37.266
- UH-HUH.
00:07:37.267 --> 00:07:39.632
- YOU KNOW, THIS IS
A LIFE-AND-DEATH SITUATION.
00:07:39.633 --> 00:07:41.532
THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS
YOU HAVE TO GO THROUGH
00:07:41.533 --> 00:07:42.899
BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO SURVIVE.
00:07:42.900 --> 00:07:45.900
[bell tolling]
00:07:48.567 --> 00:07:52.732
- I THINK WHAT IS REALLY
REMARKABLE ABOUT THE SITUATION
00:07:52.733 --> 00:07:55.232
IS THAT THERE WERE PEOPLE
LIKE YVONNE,
00:07:55.233 --> 00:07:56.799
THAT THERE WERE PEOPLE
WHO WERE WILLING
00:07:56.800 --> 00:08:00.999
TO TAKE A BIG RISK
IN ORDER TO SAVE CHILDREN
00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:02.232
AND TO SAVE JEWISH CHILDREN.
00:08:02.233 --> 00:08:03.833
THAT IS REMARKABLE.
00:08:13.200 --> 00:08:15.199
- DID THE OTHER GIRLS KNOW
SHE WAS JEWISH?
00:08:15.200 --> 00:08:16.399
- NO.
00:08:16.400 --> 00:08:19.499
NO ONE KNEW IT
EXCEPT THEIR MOTHER SUPERIOR.
00:08:19.500 --> 00:08:22.899
AND LATER ON, YOU\'RE GONNA SEE
THE ESCAPE ROUTE.
00:08:22.900 --> 00:08:26.866
SHE HAD A SPECIAL ESCAPE ROUTE
IN CASE THE NAZIS WOULD COME.
00:08:26.867 --> 00:08:29.966
THEY WOULD LEAD HER THERE,
AND SHE WOULD GET OUT.
00:08:29.967 --> 00:08:32.699
- WHERE WOULD SHE GO?
00:08:32.700 --> 00:08:34.032
- INTO TOWN.
00:08:34.033 --> 00:08:35.266
- OH, WOW.
00:08:35.267 --> 00:08:37.399
- I REMEMBER THAT I REALLY
WAS ALWAYS AFRAID
00:08:37.400 --> 00:08:38.999
THAT I WAS GOING
TO BE FOUND OUT,
00:08:39.000 --> 00:08:42.366
SO I WAS AFRAID TO TALK, SO...
00:08:42.367 --> 00:08:43.899
- HASN\'T STOPPED YOU SINCE THEN.
00:08:43.900 --> 00:08:46.867
[laughter]
00:08:49.067 --> 00:08:51.599
- YEAH, MAYBE THAT\'S IT, YEAH.
00:08:51.600 --> 00:08:52.600
YEAH.
00:08:52.601 --> 00:08:54.100
YOU SHOULD STAY IN FRONT OF IT.
00:09:00.433 --> 00:09:01.533
- ERIC.
00:09:21.633 --> 00:09:22.699
- DENISE!
00:09:22.700 --> 00:09:25.932
GET ON.
- OH, THEY\'RE HAVING FUN.
00:09:25.933 --> 00:09:27.366
- OKAY.
00:09:27.367 --> 00:09:30.066
- I WANT TO TRY ONE MORE TIME
TO SEE IF WE CAN FIND THIS.
00:09:30.067 --> 00:09:33.067
[indistinct speech]
00:09:34.933 --> 00:09:39.499
- WHEN YOU REMEMBER SOMETHING,
YOU USE MANY DIFFERENT CLUES
00:09:39.500 --> 00:09:43.099
TO STORE IT
AND THEN TO RECALL IT.
00:09:43.100 --> 00:09:48.299
AND THE BETTER SOMETHING
IS ENCODED IN MEMORY,
00:09:48.300 --> 00:09:49.999
THE EASIER IT IS TO RECALL.
00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:54.166
SO IF YOU ENCODE THE SPACE
00:09:54.167 --> 00:09:56.899
AS WELL AS THE OBJECTS
IN THE SPACE,
00:09:56.900 --> 00:09:59.432
THEN IT IS EASIER TO RECALL.
00:09:59.433 --> 00:10:02.366
AND OFTEN YOU RECALL SOMETHING
ONLY BECAUSE OF THE SPACE.
00:10:02.367 --> 00:10:03.599
- [speaking French]
00:10:03.600 --> 00:10:08.332
- OKAY, THIS WOMAN KNOWS
WHERE THE UNDERGROUND IS.
00:10:08.333 --> 00:10:10.766
[speaking French]
00:10:10.767 --> 00:10:12.766
- LET\'S GO.
- AH!
00:10:12.767 --> 00:10:16.966
- [humming a tune]
00:10:16.967 --> 00:10:19.766
JESUS, THIS IS REALLY IT.
00:10:19.767 --> 00:10:21.667
WE HAVE FOUND IT.
00:10:23.433 --> 00:10:26.032
[laughter]
00:10:26.033 --> 00:10:28.899
PETRA, I WANT TO TALL YOU
SOMETHING VERY IMPORTANT.
00:10:28.900 --> 00:10:31.132
DON\'T SHOOT; DON\'T SHOOT.
00:10:31.133 --> 00:10:35.132
UH, THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS
OF THE KANDELS,
00:10:35.133 --> 00:10:40.599
PARTICULARLY DENISE\'S SUCCESS,
IS, WE NEVER GIVE UP, SO...
00:10:40.600 --> 00:10:41.699
I\'M SERIOUS.
00:10:41.700 --> 00:10:43.466
SHE DRIVES YOU MESHUGA.
00:10:43.467 --> 00:10:46.366
PEOPLE SAY NO TO HER,
AND SHE GOES ON AND ON.
00:10:46.367 --> 00:10:48.132
THIS IS A PERFECT EXAMPLE.
00:10:48.133 --> 00:10:49.399
- HOW MUCH ROOM IS IN THERE?
00:10:49.400 --> 00:10:50.466
- WE ALL COME OUT.
00:10:50.467 --> 00:10:54.132
YOU WANNA STAY,
OR YOU WANNA COME OUT?
00:10:54.133 --> 00:10:56.299
LIBBY WANTS TO STAY
BECAUSE SHE LIKES IT IN THERE.
00:10:56.300 --> 00:10:58.566
WE\'RE GONNA LEAVE HER BEHIND
FOR A COUPLE OF DAYS,
00:10:58.567 --> 00:11:01.099
BECAUSE IT\'S... WHOA!
00:11:01.100 --> 00:11:02.566
- CAREFUL.
00:11:02.567 --> 00:11:04.566
- DENISY, WHAT DO YOU SAY, KID?
- OH, THIS...
00:11:04.567 --> 00:11:06.266
- THIS IS FANTASTIC.
00:11:06.267 --> 00:11:08.732
A LIFE HAS
TWO OVERRIDING THEMES.
00:11:08.733 --> 00:11:15.199
ONE IS THAT DENISE\'S EXPERIENCE
IN HIDING HERE IN CAHORS
00:11:15.200 --> 00:11:18.099
IS A DEEP PARALLEL,
BECAUSE IT\'S MUCH MORE PAINFUL,
00:11:18.100 --> 00:11:21.299
BUT A DEEP PARALLEL
TO MY OWN EXPERIENCE IN VIENNA.
00:11:21.300 --> 00:11:23.799
BUT IN ADDITION,
FINDING THIS UPTURN,
00:11:23.800 --> 00:11:27.432
AS YOU POINTED OUT, PETRA,
IS GOING DEEP,
00:11:27.433 --> 00:11:29.966
AND THIS IS WHAT ONE DOES
IN MEMORY,
00:11:29.967 --> 00:11:32.199
PERSONALLY
AND IN STUDYING MEMORY.
00:11:32.200 --> 00:11:33.699
SO THERE\'S A DOUBLE SYMBOLISM.
00:11:33.700 --> 00:11:37.232
YOUR SUBTERRENE IS SYMBOLIC
OF MEMORY RESEARCH.
00:11:37.233 --> 00:11:40.066
PEOPLE HAD EARLY DESCRIBED,
IN THAT RATS,
00:11:40.067 --> 00:11:42.999
THAT THERE IS MAP FOR SPACE
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.
00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:45.932
SHE SHOWED YOU ALSO SEE THIS
IN THE MOUSE.
00:11:45.933 --> 00:11:47.932
AND THEN SHE MADE
A FANTASTIC DISCOVERY
00:11:47.933 --> 00:11:49.566
THAT SHE\'S GONNA TELL YOU ABOUT,
00:11:49.567 --> 00:11:54.299
THAT THE MAP ONLY IS STABLE
WHEN THE ANIMAL PAYS ATTENTION.
00:11:54.300 --> 00:11:56.233
AND THAT,
SHE\'S GONNA TELL YOU ABOUT.
00:11:59.867 --> 00:12:03.432
- THIS IS MY COLLABORATOR,
JOSH DUDMAN.
00:12:03.433 --> 00:12:04.832
- HI.
00:12:04.833 --> 00:12:07.632
- NOW WE ARE GOING TO TELL YOU
HOW WE TEST
00:12:07.633 --> 00:12:09.799
HOW ATTENTION INFLUENCES MEMORY.
00:12:09.800 --> 00:12:13.532
ESPECIALLY HERE,
WE ARE STUDYING SPATIAL MEMORY.
00:12:13.533 --> 00:12:16.932
HERE IS THE MOUSE
00:12:16.933 --> 00:12:20.199
IN WHICH WE HAD IMPLANTED
ELECTRODES.
00:12:20.200 --> 00:12:21.932
IT\'S THE SAME AS THIS.
00:12:21.933 --> 00:12:25.699
SO THE PLASTIC COVERS THE WIRES
THAT GO INSIDE THE BRAIN.
00:12:25.700 --> 00:12:27.599
IT\'S TOTALLY PAINLESS
FOR THE ANIMALS.
00:12:27.600 --> 00:12:29.066
THE ANIMALS DON\'T FEEL ANYTHING.
00:12:29.067 --> 00:12:31.767
HE\'S PERFECTLY FINE.
00:12:34.933 --> 00:12:38.466
YOU CAN SEE HERE,
THE ANIMAL IS INSIDE THIS ARENA.
00:12:38.467 --> 00:12:41.066
AND THE TWO LIGHTS THAT YOU SEE
ON THE HEAD
00:12:41.067 --> 00:12:44.866
SIMPLY SERVE TO LOCATE
THE POSITION OF THE ANIMAL
00:12:44.867 --> 00:12:46.532
AT ANY GIVEN TIME.
00:12:46.533 --> 00:12:50.566
AND HERE, YOU CAN SEE THE SPACE
WHERE THE ANIMAL IS.
00:12:50.567 --> 00:12:53.999
AND THIS IS TRACKING
THE POSITION OF THE ANIMAL
00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:57.232
AND SHOWING WHERE
EACH OF THE CELLS IS FIRING.
00:12:57.233 --> 00:12:59.166
- ALL NEURONS ARE ELECTRICAL.
00:12:59.167 --> 00:13:01.566
OUR BRAIN, YOU KNOW,
BASICALLY WORKS
00:13:01.567 --> 00:13:03.432
ON ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.
00:13:03.433 --> 00:13:06.766
AND WE CAN RECORD THOSE SIGNALS.
00:13:06.767 --> 00:13:09.166
ON THE SYMBOLIC LEVEL,
THIS IS HOW, YOU KNOW,
00:13:09.167 --> 00:13:10.732
THE BRAIN TALKS.
00:13:10.733 --> 00:13:13.332
- THE PRINCIPLE CELLS FIRE
WHEN THE ANIMAL IS MOVING
00:13:13.333 --> 00:13:16.032
IN PARTICULAR LOCATIONS
OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
00:13:16.033 --> 00:13:18.399
AND THEY SOUND LIKE,
\"PRA-BA-BUP-BA-BUP.\"
00:13:18.400 --> 00:13:19.699
AND THEN THEY STOP.
00:13:19.700 --> 00:13:21.732
\"BA-BUP-BA-BUP-BUP,\"
AND THEN YOU STOP.
00:13:21.733 --> 00:13:24.332
[rough static noise]
00:13:24.333 --> 00:13:25.499
CAN YOU HEAR IT NOW?
00:13:25.500 --> 00:13:27.399
CAN YOU START TO RECOGNIZE?
00:13:27.400 --> 00:13:30.499
IN DIFFERENT COLORS,
YOU CAN SEE DIFFERENT CELLS.
00:13:30.500 --> 00:13:33.366
BY LOOKING AT WHERE
THE CELLS FIRE IN A SPACE,
00:13:33.367 --> 00:13:36.399
YOU CAN SEE WHETHER THE ANIMAL
IS PAYING ATTENTION
00:13:36.400 --> 00:13:40.067
TO THE SURROUNDINGS OR NOT.
00:13:50.200 --> 00:13:52.000
- MERCI BEAUCOUP.
00:14:05.700 --> 00:14:08.499
- THERE ARE A LOT OF QUESTIONS
OUT THERE,
00:14:08.500 --> 00:14:11.666
BUT I THINK THE QUESTIONS
THAT YOU CHOOSE
00:14:11.667 --> 00:14:15.999
ARE THE ONES THAT HAVE TO DO
A LITTLE BIT WITH WHO YOU ARE,
00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:17.099
WHERE YOU COME FROM.
00:14:17.100 --> 00:14:18.966
- IT\'S A QUESTION
OF PERSONALITY.
00:14:18.967 --> 00:14:21.599
I MEAN, THAT\'S SORT OF...
YOU BRING YOUR OWN
00:14:21.600 --> 00:14:23.832
PERSONAL HISTORY
AND PERSONAL INTEREST
00:14:23.833 --> 00:14:25.667
TO THE QUESTIONS YOU ASK.
00:14:27.133 --> 00:14:30.166
- SO YOU HAD THAT ALL
AS 20, RIGHT?
00:14:30.167 --> 00:14:31.466
- WHERE DO WE GO?
00:14:31.467 --> 00:14:32.666
- I THINK IT SOUNDS GREAT, YEAH.
00:14:32.667 --> 00:14:34.732
- HE SAID, \"ALSO, YOUR VOICE
IS VERY GOOD.\"
00:14:34.733 --> 00:14:35.999
- I HAVE A GORGEOUS VOICE.
00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:37.932
[laughter]
00:14:37.933 --> 00:14:40.199
- EXCUSE ME.
NOW.
00:14:40.200 --> 00:14:44.532
- IT IS NOVEMBER 7, 1938,
MY NINTH BIRTHDAY.
00:14:44.533 --> 00:14:47.432
MY PARENTS HAVE JUST GIVEN ME
A BIRTHDAY GIFT
00:14:47.433 --> 00:14:49.799
THAT I\'VE CRAVED ENDLESSLY,
00:14:49.800 --> 00:14:52.999
A REMOTE CONTROLLED MODEL CAR.
00:14:53.000 --> 00:14:55.866
THIS IS A BEAUTIFUL
SHINY BLUE CAR.
00:14:55.867 --> 00:14:58.266
THERE\'S A LONG CABLE
THAT CONNECTS ITS MOTOR
00:14:58.267 --> 00:15:01.032
TO A STEERING WHEEL
WITH WHICH I CAN CONTROL
00:15:01.033 --> 00:15:03.732
THE CAR\'S MOVEMENTS,
IT\'S DESTINY.
00:15:03.733 --> 00:15:06.766
FOR THE NEXT TWO DAYS,
I DRIVE THAT LITTLE CAR
00:15:06.767 --> 00:15:08.899
EVERYWHERE IN OUR
SMALL APARTMENT,
00:15:08.900 --> 00:15:11.732
THROUGH THE LIVING ROOM,
INTO THE DINING AREA,
00:15:11.733 --> 00:15:14.199
UNDER THE LEGS
OF THE DINING ROOM TABLE,
00:15:14.200 --> 00:15:15.666
INTO THE BEDROOM
AND OUT AGAIN,
00:15:15.667 --> 00:15:19.232
STEERING WITH GREAT PLEASURE
AND GROWING CONFIDENCE.
00:15:19.233 --> 00:15:21.299
BUT MY PLEASURE IS SHORT-LIVED.
00:15:21.300 --> 00:15:23.599
TWO DAYS LATER,
IN THE EARLY EVENING,
00:15:23.600 --> 00:15:27.899
WE ARE STARTLED BY HEAVY BANGING
ON OUR APARTMENT DOOR.
00:15:27.900 --> 00:15:30.499
I REMEMBER THAT BANGING
EVEN TODAY.
00:15:30.500 --> 00:15:34.199
MY FATHER HAD NOT YET RETURNED
FROM WORKING AT THE STORE.
00:15:34.200 --> 00:15:35.999
MY MOTHER OPENS THE DOOR.
00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:37.232
TWO MEN ENTER.
00:15:37.233 --> 00:15:40.599
THEY IDENTIFY THEMSELVES
AS NAZI POLICEMEN
00:15:40.600 --> 00:15:43.399
AND ORDER US TO PACK SOMETHING
AND LEAVE OUR APARTMENT.
00:15:43.400 --> 00:15:45.766
THEY GIVE US AN ADDRESS
AND TELL US
00:15:45.767 --> 00:15:48.799
THAT WE ARE TO BE LODGED THERE
UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.
00:15:48.800 --> 00:15:51.732
MY MOTHER AND I
PACK ONLY A CHANGE OF CLOTHES
00:15:51.733 --> 00:15:52.966
AND TOILETRIES,
00:15:52.967 --> 00:15:55.399
BUT MY BROTHER LUDWIG
HAD THE GOOD SENSE
00:15:55.400 --> 00:15:58.866
TO BRING WITH HIM
HIS TWO MOST VALUED POSSESSIONS,
00:15:58.867 --> 00:16:01.499
HIS STAMP AND COIN COLLECTIONS.
00:16:01.500 --> 00:16:03.666
CARRYING THESE FEW THINGS,
00:16:03.667 --> 00:16:05.099
WE WALKED SEVERAL BLOCKS
TO THE HOME
00:16:05.100 --> 00:16:08.066
OF AN ELDERLY, MORE AFFLUENT
JEWISH COUPLE
00:16:08.067 --> 00:16:10.233
WHOM WE HAD NEVER SEEN BEFORE.
00:16:13.433 --> 00:16:17.099
- THIS IS MY MOTHER,
EMILY KANDEL.
00:16:17.100 --> 00:16:20.266
THIS IS MY GRANDFATHER,
ERIC KANDEL,
00:16:20.267 --> 00:16:22.932
WHO I CALL OPA,
WHO ALSO WON THE NOBEL PRIZE.
00:16:22.933 --> 00:16:24.532
- [laughing] COME ON, STOP THAT.
00:16:24.533 --> 00:16:28.467
- THIS IS DENISE,
MY GRANDMOTHER.
00:16:46.167 --> 00:16:49.499
- THIS LADY LIVES IN THE HOUSE
THAT I LIVED IN; UNBELIEVABLE.
00:16:49.500 --> 00:16:51.166
- SHE LIVES AT NUMBER NINE?
- WAIT A SECOND.
00:16:51.167 --> 00:16:53.799
AND THIS BAKERY, RITZ,
WAS THERE.
00:16:53.800 --> 00:16:55.732
HE WAS A FAMOUS NAZI.
00:16:55.733 --> 00:16:58.266
AND WAS THE ONE THAT WENT
INTO OUR APARTMENT
00:16:58.267 --> 00:16:59.967
AND TOOK EVERYTHING
THAT WE HAD.
00:17:03.067 --> 00:17:05.133
- I THOUGHT YOU WERE AT NINE.
- NO.
00:17:43.767 --> 00:17:45.199
- AFTER SEVERAL DAYS,
00:17:45.200 --> 00:17:47.666
WE ARE FINALLY ALLOWED
TO RETURN HOME,
00:17:47.667 --> 00:17:51.232
BUT THE APARTMENT WE NOW FIND
IS NOT THE ONE WE LEFT.
00:17:51.233 --> 00:17:55.032
IT HAS BEEN RANSACKED
AND EVERYTHING OF VALUE TAKEN,
00:17:55.033 --> 00:17:57.399
MY MOTHER\'S FUR COAT,
HER JEWELRY,
00:17:57.400 --> 00:18:00.599
OUR SILVER TABLEWARE,
AND ALL OF MY BIRTHDAY GIFTS,
00:18:00.600 --> 00:18:05.033
INCLUDING MY BEAUTIFUL SHINY
REMOTE-CONTROL BLUE CAR.
00:18:08.067 --> 00:18:09.432
IT\'S EXACTLY THE SAME.
00:18:09.433 --> 00:18:10.932
DO YOU SEE... COME IN.
00:18:10.933 --> 00:18:12.399
YOU SEE, I TOLD YOU
YOU COULD SEE
00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:14.200
THIS LITTLE GARDEN.
00:18:19.700 --> 00:18:21.799
WE USED THIS;
THE MAID SLEPT IN THE KITCHEN.
00:18:21.800 --> 00:18:23.632
SHE HAD A BED HERE.
00:18:23.633 --> 00:18:25.299
- WHERE DID YOU SHOWER?
- PARDON?
00:18:25.300 --> 00:18:27.032
WE DIDN\'T HAVE A SHOWER.
00:18:27.033 --> 00:18:29.932
- SO HOW DID YOU GET...
- WE WASHED OURSELVES.
00:18:29.933 --> 00:18:32.399
THERE WAS A CURTAIN
THAT SEPARATED
00:18:32.400 --> 00:18:35.666
MY BROTHER\'S BED AND MINE
FROM MY PARENTS\' BED.
00:18:35.667 --> 00:18:37.300
YES, WE SLEPT IN THE SAME ROOM.
00:18:46.700 --> 00:18:48.199
SHE WAS A NAZI.
00:18:48.200 --> 00:18:50.332
SHE WAS IN THE FIRST FLOOR,
00:18:50.333 --> 00:18:51.932
AND SHE SORT OF TOOK CARE
OF THE BUILDING.
00:18:51.933 --> 00:18:53.332
- BUT SHE DIED TWO YEARS AGO,
RIGHT?
00:18:53.333 --> 00:18:54.667
- SHE DIED A COUPLE
OF YEARS AGO.
00:19:02.367 --> 00:19:03.700
COME.
00:19:14.100 --> 00:19:16.899
I CANNOT DESCRIBE TO YOU
IN DETAIL
00:19:16.900 --> 00:19:22.966
HOW A COMPLEX MEMORY
LIKE MY PLAYING WITH MY TOY CAR
00:19:22.967 --> 00:19:27.066
IS STORED IN MY BRAIN,
BUT I GIVE YOU A SIMPLE EXAMPLE.
00:19:27.067 --> 00:19:29.566
WE WILL SPEAK
ABOUT THE HIPPOCAMPUS,
00:19:29.567 --> 00:19:32.666
A STRUCTURE DEEP IN MY BRAIN
AND IN YOUR BRAIN
00:19:32.667 --> 00:19:36.432
WHICH IS CRITICAL FOR STORING
COMPLEX INFORMATION
00:19:36.433 --> 00:19:38.966
ABOUT PEOPLE, PLACES,
AND OBJECTS.
00:19:38.967 --> 00:19:41.232
SO WE\'RE SPEAKING
ABOUT AN OBJECT, A CAR,
00:19:41.233 --> 00:19:43.466
A PLACE, MY APARTMENT.
00:19:43.467 --> 00:19:46.466
A SIGNAL COMES
INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS
00:19:46.467 --> 00:19:49.966
FROM THE BLUE CAR,
FROM THE PART OF THE BRAIN
00:19:49.967 --> 00:19:52.066
THAT DEALS WITH VISION,
WITH PERCEPTION,
00:19:52.067 --> 00:19:57.132
AND IT ENDS ON
CELLS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS
00:19:57.133 --> 00:20:03.299
THAT END IN OTHER CELLS
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, RIGHT?
00:20:03.300 --> 00:20:05.466
I\'M ENJOYING THIS EVENT
A GREAT DEAL.
00:20:05.467 --> 00:20:07.099
THIS IS VERY MEANINGFUL TO ME.
00:20:07.100 --> 00:20:10.499
I ACTIVATE A MODULATORY SYSTEM
IN THE BRAIN,
00:20:10.500 --> 00:20:12.899
LIKE DOPAMINE OR SEROTONIN,
00:20:12.900 --> 00:20:16.532
THAT RELEASES
A CHEMICAL TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCE
00:20:16.533 --> 00:20:20.699
THAT ACTS TO STRENGTHEN
THE SYNAPTIC CONNECTION.
00:20:20.700 --> 00:20:22.932
SO NOW INSTEAD OF HAVING
ONE TERMINAL,
00:20:22.933 --> 00:20:24.632
I HAVE THREE TERMINALS.
00:20:24.633 --> 00:20:29.099
SO NOW THIS IMPRESSION
IS STRONGLY PRESENT IN MY MIND.
00:20:29.100 --> 00:20:32.799
WHEN I THINK ABOUT IT
THE NEXT DAY, A WEEK LATER,
00:20:32.800 --> 00:20:34.199
A MONTH LATER, A YEAR LATER,
00:20:34.200 --> 00:20:37.699
THIS IS NOW PERMANENTLY
IMPRINTED IN MY BRAIN
00:20:37.700 --> 00:20:41.766
BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT IT
WAS SO EMOTIONALLY RICH FOR ME,
00:20:41.767 --> 00:20:43.866
SO IMPORTANT,
THAT I\'VE STORED IT
00:20:43.867 --> 00:20:45.399
PERMANENTLY IN MY BRAIN.
00:20:45.400 --> 00:20:48.700
I\'VE ALTERED GENES
IN NERVE CELLS.
00:20:50.500 --> 00:20:52.899
I\'VE ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION
HERE.
00:20:52.900 --> 00:20:55.666
THEY\'VE GIVEN RISE TO GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS,
00:20:55.667 --> 00:20:58.932
AND THOSE SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS,
UNDER APPROPRIATE CIRCUMSTANCES,
00:20:58.933 --> 00:21:03.199
CAN PERSIST
THROUGHOUT MY LIFETIME.
00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:04.566
THAT\'S IT, KIDS.
00:21:04.567 --> 00:21:06.599
- SO WE GOING
TO PHILADELPHIA?
00:21:06.600 --> 00:21:08.432
- WE\'RE GOING TO PHILADELPHIA,
AND WE\'RE GOING
00:21:08.433 --> 00:21:09.599
TO THE FREE LIBRARY.
00:21:09.600 --> 00:21:11.032
IS THAT WHAT IT\'S CALLED?
- YES, SIR.
00:21:11.033 --> 00:21:12.499
- TELL HIM WE WANT TO MAKE IT
COHERENT.
00:21:12.500 --> 00:21:13.500
- OKAY.
- OKAY?
00:21:13.501 --> 00:21:14.699
SURE THING, THANK YOU.
00:21:14.700 --> 00:21:17.332
SEE YOU TOMORROW.
- UNLIKE EVERYTHING ELSE.
00:21:17.333 --> 00:21:18.899
- HOW LONG DO YOU THINK
THAT SHOULD TAKE?
00:21:18.900 --> 00:21:21.066
- MAYBE TWO HOURS, SIR.
- GOOD.
00:21:21.067 --> 00:21:23.267
BUT NO LONGER, HUH?
- YES, SIR.
00:21:31.233 --> 00:21:34.499
- WE\'LL HAVE A CHANCE TO MEET
TWO WONDERFUL FRIENDS OF MINE,
00:21:34.500 --> 00:21:38.133
MICKEY STUNKARD
AND AARON BECK.
00:21:39.833 --> 00:21:42.532
MICKEY STUNKARD HAS BEEN
MY FRIEND FOR... I DON\'T KNOW...
00:21:42.533 --> 00:21:43.533
30 YEARS?
00:21:43.534 --> 00:21:45.832
HE HAS A BACKGROUND
IN NEUROBIOLOGY.
00:21:45.833 --> 00:21:48.566
HE\'S VERY MUCH INTERESTED
IN FEEDING BEHAVIOR.
00:21:48.567 --> 00:21:51.299
AND AARON BECK IS A GIANT
IN PSYCHIATRY.
00:21:51.300 --> 00:21:55.132
HE\'S PROBABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT
PSYCHOTHERAPIST SINCE FREUD.
00:21:55.133 --> 00:21:57.666
- HOW IS DENISE, BY THE WAY?
- SHE\'S DOING GREAT.
00:21:57.667 --> 00:21:59.732
SO WE\'RE COLLABORATING
FOR THE FIRST TIME TOGETHER.
00:21:59.733 --> 00:22:01.032
- THAT\'S GREAT.
00:22:01.033 --> 00:22:02.699
- YEAH, IT\'S REALLY
A VERY EXCITING THING.
00:22:02.700 --> 00:22:03.799
- WHAT ARE YOU DOING?
00:22:03.800 --> 00:22:05.432
- YOU PROMISE YOU WON\'T
TELL ANYBODY?
00:22:05.433 --> 00:22:06.666
- SURE.
00:22:06.667 --> 00:22:08.166
WHY NOT?
00:22:08.167 --> 00:22:09.466
- DENISE HAS DEVELOPED
THIS IDEA
00:22:09.467 --> 00:22:11.932
THAT THERE ARE STAGES
IN DRUG USE.
00:22:11.933 --> 00:22:13.966
IS THIS, YOU KNOW,
SOCIALLY DETERMINED?
00:22:13.967 --> 00:22:15.532
IS IT THAT ONCE YOU START
WITH ONE THING,
00:22:15.533 --> 00:22:16.866
OTHER THINGS BECOME...
- OH, YEAH.
00:22:16.867 --> 00:22:18.299
- OR IS IT
BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED?
00:22:18.300 --> 00:22:20.132
SO WE\'RE DOING THIS IN MICE.
00:22:20.133 --> 00:22:21.332
- OH, HOW FASCINATING.
00:22:21.333 --> 00:22:22.599
- WE\'RE DOING THIS IN MICE.
00:22:22.600 --> 00:22:24.799
AND WE HAVE PRELIMINARY RESULTS
THAT ARE VERY EXCITING.
00:22:24.800 --> 00:22:27.432
- THAT SUGGEST
THAT IT IS BIOLOGICAL?
00:22:27.433 --> 00:22:28.899
OH, THAT\'S GORGEOUS.
00:22:28.900 --> 00:22:30.766
- IT\'S VERY, VERY NICE.
00:22:30.767 --> 00:22:32.832
WELL, MAYBE THIS PRION PROTEIN
IS INVOLVED.
00:22:32.833 --> 00:22:34.266
- OH, NO!
00:22:34.267 --> 00:22:36.532
- SO WE HAVE NO EVIDE...
WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT THIS.
00:22:36.533 --> 00:22:38.799
- THAT\'S FANTASTIC.
00:22:38.800 --> 00:22:40.999
- SO THIS IS LOTS OF FUN.
- OH, BOY.
00:22:41.000 --> 00:22:42.732
- THIS THE WAY SCIENCE IS DONE.
00:22:42.733 --> 00:22:43.999
PEOPLE GET TOGETHER...
00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:46.666
- THAT\'S HOW THE COFFEE HOUSES
ORIGINATED.
00:22:46.667 --> 00:22:48.399
IN VI...
IN VIENNA, THAT\'S RIGHT.
00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:49.866
THE INTELLECTUALS
WOULD SIT AROUND,
00:22:49.867 --> 00:22:52.532
AND THEY WOULD PLOT REVOLUTIONS.
00:22:52.533 --> 00:22:54.332
- WE\'RE NOT SMART ENOUGH
TO PLOT A REVOLUTION,
00:22:54.333 --> 00:22:55.666
SO WE DO SCIENCE.
00:22:55.667 --> 00:22:57.933
[laughter]
00:23:02.267 --> 00:23:04.532
I THINK THE MARRIAGE
BETWEEN PSYCHOTHERAPY
00:23:04.533 --> 00:23:06.866
AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
IN THE ONE HAND AND BIOLOGY
00:23:06.867 --> 00:23:08.166
HAS TO OCCUR.
00:23:08.167 --> 00:23:10.732
I THINK THESE DISCIPLINES
DON\'T HAVE A FUTURE
00:23:10.733 --> 00:23:13.832
UNLESS, NUMBER ONE,
THEY SHOW THAT THEY WORK,
00:23:13.833 --> 00:23:16.266
AND AFTER A WHILE,
HOW THEY WORK.
00:23:16.267 --> 00:23:17.799
YOUR WIFE USES
THE GYM ALL THE TIME.
00:23:17.800 --> 00:23:19.366
[laughter]
00:23:19.367 --> 00:23:21.299
- THAT\'S TRUE.
00:23:21.300 --> 00:23:24.300
[applause]
00:23:25.833 --> 00:23:28.232
- I KNEW HOW TO PUT ELECTRODES
INTO CELLS.
00:23:28.233 --> 00:23:30.866
MOST PEOPLE AT THAT TIME
IN NEUROBIOLOGY
00:23:30.867 --> 00:23:32.232
DIDN\'T KNOW HOW TO DO THAT.
00:23:32.233 --> 00:23:34.066
SO I THOUGHT MAYBE I\'D BE ABLE
TO FIND OUT
00:23:34.067 --> 00:23:36.266
HOW THE NERVE CELLS
OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS WORK.
00:23:36.267 --> 00:23:39.099
I WOULD SOLVE MEMORY
IN A VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.
00:23:39.100 --> 00:23:41.099
[laughter]
00:23:41.100 --> 00:23:43.832
AND WITHIN A MONTH OR TWO,
WE SUCCEEDED
00:23:43.833 --> 00:23:45.966
IN GETTING ELECTRODES
INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS,
00:23:45.967 --> 00:23:48.166
AND WE HEAR THE,
\"BOOM, BOOM, BOOM,\"
00:23:48.167 --> 00:23:50.266
OF ACTION POTENTIALS
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.
00:23:50.267 --> 00:23:52.299
NO ONE IN THE WORLD
HAD EVER THOUGHT OF THIS.
00:23:52.300 --> 00:23:53.566
WE WERE EUPHORIC.
00:23:53.567 --> 00:23:55.366
WE DANCED AROUND THE LAB.
00:23:55.367 --> 00:23:57.166
WE WERE JUST ECSTATIC.
00:23:57.167 --> 00:24:02.966
TWO INCOMPETENT KIDS HAD MADE
A MAJOR ADVANCE IN SCIENCE.
00:24:02.967 --> 00:24:04.899
WE FELT VERY GOOD
ABOUT OURSELVES
00:24:04.900 --> 00:24:07.599
UNTIL WE SUDDENLY
ASKED OURSELVES,
00:24:07.600 --> 00:24:09.366
\"WHAT DID WE LEARN
ABOUT MEMORY?\"
00:24:09.367 --> 00:24:11.066
[laughter]
00:24:11.067 --> 00:24:13.099
WE LEARNED A LOT
ABOUT THE CELL BIOLOGY
00:24:13.100 --> 00:24:16.899
OF THESE CELLS, BUT THEY DID NOT
SPEAK OF MEMORY TO US.
00:24:16.900 --> 00:24:21.266
I REALIZED THAT MY STRATEGY
HAD TO BE 180 DEGREES DIFFERENT.
00:24:21.267 --> 00:24:25.399
RATHER THAN LOOKING AT
THE MOST COMPLEX FORM OF MEMORY
00:24:25.400 --> 00:24:28.832
IN A COMPLICATED ANIMAL,
00:24:28.833 --> 00:24:32.466
I HAD TO LOOK
AT THE SIMPLEST POSSIBLE MEMORY
00:24:32.467 --> 00:24:33.999
IN A VERY SIMPLE ANIMAL.
00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:36.966
I HAD TO MAKE THE JOB EASY
FOR MYSELF.
00:24:36.967 --> 00:24:39.799
THIS IS CALLED, IN BIOLOGY,
REDUCTIONISM,
00:24:39.800 --> 00:24:42.699
MAKING THE JOB EASY
FOR YOURSELF.
00:24:42.700 --> 00:24:45.099
AND I LOOKED AROUND
FOR AN ANIMAL
00:24:45.100 --> 00:24:47.899
THAT WAS APPROPRIATED
FOR MAKING THE JOB EASY
00:24:47.900 --> 00:24:48.999
FOR MYSELF.
00:24:49.000 --> 00:24:51.266
NOW, HOW DO YOU MAKE
THE JOB EASY?
00:24:51.267 --> 00:24:57.466
YOU NEED A NERVOUS SYSTEM
THAT HAS VERY FEW CELLS
00:24:57.467 --> 00:25:01.066
AND, YET, IS CAPABLE
OF GENERATING
00:25:01.067 --> 00:25:03.099
A NUMBER
OF INTERESTING BEHAVIORS
00:25:03.100 --> 00:25:05.499
THAT CAN BE MODIFIED
BY LEARNING.
00:25:05.500 --> 00:25:09.199
SO I FOCUSED IN
ON A MARINE SNAIL, APLYSIA,
00:25:09.200 --> 00:25:12.899
THAT HAS A VERY MODEST
NERVOUS SYSTEM,
00:25:12.900 --> 00:25:17.566
ONLY 20,000 NERVE CELLS
IN THE WHOLE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
00:25:17.567 --> 00:25:22.432
MOREOVER, WHAT IS REMARKABLE
ABOUT THE SNAIL APLYSIA
00:25:22.433 --> 00:25:24.832
IS NOT ONLY
THE VERY FEW CELLS,
00:25:24.833 --> 00:25:27.966
BUT EACH OF THE CELLS
IS GIGANTIC.
00:25:27.967 --> 00:25:31.100
THEY\'RE THE LARGEST NERVE CELLS
OF ANY ANIMAL.
00:25:49.867 --> 00:25:51.432
AFTER A WHILE,
00:25:51.433 --> 00:25:54.799
PEOPLE WHO SPECIALIZE
IN CERTAIN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
00:25:54.800 --> 00:25:58.199
BEGIN TO RESEMBLE THEM
PHYSICALLY.
00:25:58.200 --> 00:26:01.766
AND I THINK, IN SOME DEGREE,
YOU KNOW, PSYCHOLOGICALLY,
00:26:01.767 --> 00:26:05.266
I FEEL THAT THIS WAS A MARRIAGE
MADE IN HEAVEN,
00:26:05.267 --> 00:26:08.266
A SCIENTIFIC MATCH,
BECAUSE EVEN NOW,
00:26:08.267 --> 00:26:10.099
AS YOU WILL SEE
OVER THE NEXT FEW DAYS,
00:26:10.100 --> 00:26:12.099
I LEARNED AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT
ABOUT APLYSIA.
00:26:12.100 --> 00:26:13.732
I\'M ETERNALLY GRATEFUL
TO APLYSIA.
00:26:13.733 --> 00:26:14.766
IT IS A MATCH.
00:26:14.767 --> 00:26:18.399
- THESE ARE
THE APLYSIA COLLECTIONS.
00:26:18.400 --> 00:26:20.066
AND WHAT YOU\'LL SEE
IS THAT THERE ARE ABOUT
00:26:20.067 --> 00:26:23.233
THREE DIFFERENT SIZES.
00:26:30.667 --> 00:26:34.432
SO THAT WEIGHS
ALMOST A KILOGRAM.
00:26:34.433 --> 00:26:36.299
THE AVERAGE ANIMAL DOESN\'T SPEND
00:26:36.300 --> 00:26:38.566
MORE THAN A COUPLE OF WEEKS HERE
BEFORE THEY\'RE
00:26:38.567 --> 00:26:39.966
HARVESTED FOR CELLS.
00:26:39.967 --> 00:26:41.932
YOU CAN SEE THESE
LARGE STRINGY MASSES
00:26:41.933 --> 00:26:43.066
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK.
00:26:43.067 --> 00:26:45.399
THOSE ARE EGGS.
00:26:45.400 --> 00:26:47.766
HE\'S NOT LETTING ME...
OH, THERE WE GO.
00:26:47.767 --> 00:26:49.532
HE\'S STARTING TO INK.
00:26:49.533 --> 00:26:53.032
SO THAT\'S PRETTY MUCH
THEIR ONLY DEFENSE, IS INK.
00:26:53.033 --> 00:26:57.067
IT\'S INCREDIBLY THICK,
AND IT\'S THIS BEAUTIFUL PURPLE.
00:27:04.967 --> 00:27:06.799
- ERIC, CAN YOU LOOK
AT THE STOPS?
00:27:06.800 --> 00:27:09.732
THERE\'S A MAP.
00:27:09.733 --> 00:27:11.299
I THINK WE\'RE GETTING OFF
TOO SOON.
00:27:11.300 --> 00:27:12.666
- MUCH TOO SOON.
00:27:12.667 --> 00:27:14.966
- WE\'RE GOING OFF
MUCH TOO SOON.
00:27:14.967 --> 00:27:17.432
NO, NO, NO.
00:27:17.433 --> 00:27:19.600
- I\'M TOLD THE NEXT ONE.
00:27:23.967 --> 00:27:25.399
- DENISE, IT\'S NOT THE NEXT ONE.
00:27:25.400 --> 00:27:26.400
- IT IS THE NEXT ONE.
00:27:26.401 --> 00:27:28.032
- YOU\'RE CRAZY.
- NO.
00:27:28.033 --> 00:27:30.066
- DENISE, YOU DON\'T KNOW
WHAT YOU\'RE TALKING ABOUT.
00:27:30.067 --> 00:27:31.266
- I KNOW WHAT I\'M TALKING ABOUT.
00:27:31.267 --> 00:27:32.599
- THE NEXT ONE IS GONNA BE
THE PORT.
00:27:32.600 --> 00:27:34.266
- OR MAYBE HERE.
00:27:34.267 --> 00:27:35.666
- THIS IS THE MARKET.
00:27:35.667 --> 00:27:36.732
- YES.
00:27:36.733 --> 00:27:38.299
- THIS IS THE KUTSCHKERMARKT.
00:27:38.300 --> 00:27:40.032
MY FATHER\'S STORE
IS A LITTLE BIT FURTHER UP
00:27:40.033 --> 00:27:41.666
IN THE RIGHT HAND SIDE.
00:27:41.667 --> 00:27:43.499
IT MAY NOT BE EASY TO FIND.
00:27:43.500 --> 00:27:44.999
- IS THIS A STREET?
00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:48.266
- YES, IT\'S A VERY SMALL STORE.
00:27:48.267 --> 00:27:49.767
ON...
00:28:31.867 --> 00:28:33.732
- AND SHE REMEMBERED
THAT IT WAS YOUR FATHER
00:28:33.733 --> 00:28:34.832
WHO OWNED THE STORE?
00:28:34.833 --> 00:28:36.299
- SHE SAID SHE\'S HONORED
TO MEET ME.
00:28:36.300 --> 00:28:38.233
I DON\'T KNOW WHY.
00:28:46.667 --> 00:28:49.032
SHE SAID SO MANY PEOPLE
HAVE READ THE BOOK COME HERE.
00:28:49.033 --> 00:28:50.332
- COME HERE WITH THE BOOK,
AND...
00:28:50.333 --> 00:28:53.333
[laughter]
00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:03.232
- [laughs]
00:29:03.233 --> 00:29:04.999
THE DOORS HAVE TO BE THE SAME.
00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:06.833
THEY WANT IT TO BE THE SAME.
00:29:27.267 --> 00:29:28.400
LET\'S GO INSIDE.
00:29:36.667 --> 00:29:37.799
I LIKED THE SHOP VERY MUCH,
00:29:37.800 --> 00:29:39.366
AND I LIKED BEING
WITH MY MOTHER HERE.
00:29:39.367 --> 00:29:41.032
YOU KNOW, IT WAS VERY NICE.
00:29:41.033 --> 00:29:42.266
I THINK I TOLD YOU BEFORE.
00:29:42.267 --> 00:29:44.499
MY FATHER SPECIALIZED
IN PUPPENSCHACHTELN,
00:29:44.500 --> 00:29:47.099
AND HE ALSO HAD THESE TOY CARS.
00:29:47.100 --> 00:29:48.499
THE ONE THAT I GOT
FOR MY BIRTHDAY
00:29:48.500 --> 00:29:49.866
CAME FROM THIS STORE.
00:29:49.867 --> 00:29:52.032
- [speaking German]
00:29:52.033 --> 00:29:54.399
- YOU AND I ARE HAVING
A CONVERSATION,
00:29:54.400 --> 00:29:57.499
AND WE ARE INFLUENCING
EACH OTHER
00:29:57.500 --> 00:30:00.966
BY MODIFYING THE STRUCTURE
OF OUR BRAIN
00:30:00.967 --> 00:30:02.699
BY REMEMBERING SOMETHING.
00:30:02.700 --> 00:30:06.499
THIS HAS ENORMOUS RAMIFICATIONS.
00:30:06.500 --> 00:30:08.666
IF YOU THINK OF PSYCHOTHERAPY,
00:30:08.667 --> 00:30:10.166
THAT YOU\'RE CREATING
AN ENVIRONMENT
00:30:10.167 --> 00:30:12.399
IN WHICH PEOPLE\'S BEHAVIOR
CAN CHANGE,
00:30:12.400 --> 00:30:15.632
YOU MIGHT BE DOING THIS
BY PRODUCING ANATOMICAL CHANGES,
00:30:15.633 --> 00:30:17.799
AND IN FACT,
PEOPLE HAVE NOW FOUND THIS.
00:30:17.800 --> 00:30:20.132
THEY\'VE FOUND THAT WHEN YOU
PRACTICE SOMETHING,
00:30:20.133 --> 00:30:21.832
WHEN YOU RELIVE AN EXPERIENCE,
00:30:21.833 --> 00:30:24.200
ANATOMICAL CHANGE
IS OCCURRING IN THE BRAIN.
00:30:29.033 --> 00:30:30.732
- ERIC, LOOK IN THE PROFILE.
00:30:30.733 --> 00:30:32.300
THAT\'S IT.
00:30:45.133 --> 00:30:47.899
- LOOK WHAT HAPPENED
TO MY FATHER\'S STORE, HUH?
00:30:47.900 --> 00:30:48.900
HE WOULD HAVE LOVED THIS.
00:30:48.901 --> 00:30:50.399
MY FATHER WOULD HAVE LOVED THIS.
00:30:50.400 --> 00:30:51.632
- THIS IS WITH RUM.
00:30:51.633 --> 00:30:52.633
DO YOU LIKE?
- YES.
00:30:52.633 --> 00:30:53.633
- AND THIS IS WHAT?
00:30:53.634 --> 00:30:56.500
- THIS IS A...
[voices trail off]
00:31:18.367 --> 00:31:19.666
- SHE\'S A VERY NICE WOMAN.
00:31:19.667 --> 00:31:20.667
- VERY.
00:31:20.668 --> 00:31:22.366
- VERY ATTRACTIVE.
00:31:22.367 --> 00:31:24.099
- SHE SPEAKS ENGLISH VERY WELL.
00:31:24.100 --> 00:31:25.100
- OH, YES.
00:31:25.100 --> 00:31:26.100
[laughs]
00:32:15.633 --> 00:32:18.699
- I USED TO PLAY HERE
WHEN I WAS YOUNG.
00:32:18.700 --> 00:32:23.132
SO WE WOULD GO UP HERE,
AND WE COULD PLAY SOCCER HERE.
00:32:23.133 --> 00:32:26.799
- UH, THERE WERE SLIDES,
SO WE COULD GO DOWN SLIDES.
00:32:26.800 --> 00:32:29.600
AND JUST THROWING THE BALL.
00:32:33.667 --> 00:32:36.399
MY PARENTS WORKED FULL-TIME,
00:32:36.400 --> 00:32:37.999
SO WE HAD
A FULL-TIME HOUSEKEEPER
00:32:38.000 --> 00:32:39.566
WHO SLEPT IN THE APARTMENT.
00:32:39.567 --> 00:32:43.399
AND SHE WOULD TAKE US RIGHT HERE
UNTIL THE NAZIS CAME,
00:32:43.400 --> 00:32:45.632
SO I WAS EIGHT YEARS OLD.
00:32:45.633 --> 00:32:47.999
I WOULD COME WITH HER
OR WITH MY PARENTS.
00:32:48.000 --> 00:32:52.232
I WOULD NOT COME BY MYSELF.
00:32:52.233 --> 00:32:53.366
MITZI WAS WONDERFUL.
00:32:53.367 --> 00:32:55.066
SHE WAS THE EARLY WOMAN
IN MY LIFE
00:32:55.067 --> 00:32:57.899
AFTER MY MOTHER.
00:32:57.900 --> 00:32:59.399
AND I DESCRIBE IT IN MY BOOK,
THAT I HAD
00:32:59.400 --> 00:33:02.332
THIS REMARKABLE EPISODE
WITH HER
00:33:02.333 --> 00:33:04.632
WHICH I WILL
NEVER, NEVER FORGET.
00:33:04.633 --> 00:33:06.766
AND I FEEL VERY WARMLY
TOWARD HER.
00:33:06.767 --> 00:33:09.432
I SEE MYSELF SITTING IN THE BED.
00:33:09.433 --> 00:33:13.532
I WAS SICK ONE TIME WITH A COLD,
AND SHE CAME AND SHE SAT DOWN.
00:33:13.533 --> 00:33:19.766
AND SHE SORT OF EXPOSED
HER BOSOM, HER BREAST, TO ME
00:33:19.767 --> 00:33:22.299
AND SORT OF ENCOURAGED ME
TO TOUCH HER.
00:33:22.300 --> 00:33:27.632
UH, AND I DID, AND I FELT A,
YOU KNOW, WONDERFUL SENSATION
00:33:27.633 --> 00:33:31.266
RUSHING THROUGH MY BODY
THAT I\'D NOT EXPERIENCED BEFORE.
00:33:31.267 --> 00:33:33.766
AND YOU KNOW, WE JUST EMBRACED
FOR A MOMENT,
00:33:33.767 --> 00:33:36.966
AND THEN SHE SAID,
\"YOU KNOW, WE SHOULD STOP.\"
00:33:36.967 --> 00:33:38.366
AND I SAID, \"WHY?\"
00:33:38.367 --> 00:33:40.532
AND SHE SAID,
\"BECAUSE, YOU KNOW,
00:33:40.533 --> 00:33:43.432
IF WE GO ON,
YOU WILL BECOME PREGNANT.\"
00:33:43.433 --> 00:33:45.532
AND...
00:33:45.533 --> 00:33:48.499
I SAID, \"HOW CAN A BOY
BECOME PREGNANT?
00:33:48.500 --> 00:33:51.299
AND WHERE DOES THE BABY
COME FROM?\"
00:33:51.300 --> 00:33:54.632
AND SHE SAID,
\"FROM THE BELLY BUTTON.\"
00:33:54.633 --> 00:33:56.266
AND I SAID,
\"HOW CAN THAT HAPPEN?\"
00:33:56.267 --> 00:33:58.999
SHE SAYS, \"WELL, THE DOCTOR
PUTS ON A SPECIAL POWDER,
00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:01.466
AND THE BABY COMES OUT.
00:34:01.467 --> 00:34:02.666
THE BELLY BUTTON OPENS UP.\"
00:34:02.667 --> 00:34:06.432
AND I KNEW THIS WAS
EXTREMELY UNLIKELY.
00:34:06.433 --> 00:34:07.799
BUT NONETHELESS, I WAS WORRIED.
00:34:07.800 --> 00:34:10.832
I MEAN, IF I EVER GOT PREGNANT,
WHAT WOULD MY MOTHER SAY?
00:34:10.833 --> 00:34:11.933
[laughing]
00:34:17.333 --> 00:34:18.632
- OH,
THIS IS THE ORIGINAL COUCH?
00:34:18.633 --> 00:34:19.633
- THE COUCH IS IN LONDON.
00:34:19.634 --> 00:34:21.032
- THE COUCH IS IN LONDON.
00:34:21.033 --> 00:34:26.832
FROM 1902 ON, HERE MET THE
VIENNA PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
00:34:26.833 --> 00:34:29.499
- THE WEDNESDAY MEETING.
00:34:29.500 --> 00:34:30.999
VERY FAMOUS MEETINGS.
00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:32.832
- SO THIS IS A MICROTRON.
00:34:32.833 --> 00:34:35.666
NOW, FREUD WAS
A NEUROPHYSIOLOGIST.
00:34:35.667 --> 00:34:39.466
HE DID VERY FINE SECTIONS
OF THE BRAIN.
00:34:39.467 --> 00:34:42.199
- HE WAS AN EXTREMELY GOOD
NEUROANATOMIST.
00:34:42.200 --> 00:34:44.132
THESE ARE NERVE CELLS,
AND HE WAS
00:34:44.133 --> 00:34:47.966
ONE OF THE FIRST PEOPLE
TO REALIZE THAT THE NERVE CELL
00:34:47.967 --> 00:34:49.666
WAS AN INDIVIDUAL UNIT.
00:34:49.667 --> 00:34:51.766
HE ALSO REALIZED
THAT NERVE CELLS TALK
00:34:51.767 --> 00:34:53.466
TO EACH OTHER
THROUGH CONNECTIONS.
00:34:53.467 --> 00:34:55.066
HE CALLED THEM CONTACT BARRIERS.
00:34:55.067 --> 00:34:56.566
WE NOW CALL THEM SYNAPSES.
00:34:56.567 --> 00:34:58.366
BUT HE HAD ALL OF THESE IDEAS.
00:34:58.367 --> 00:35:01.399
HAD HE LIVED TO THIS TIME,
HE WOULD BE A NEUROBIOLOGIST,
00:35:01.400 --> 00:35:02.799
WITHOUT DOUBT.
00:35:02.800 --> 00:35:03.800
- NO QUESTION.
00:35:03.801 --> 00:35:05.232
- BUT ALSO, AS YOU INDICATED,
00:35:05.233 --> 00:35:08.066
HE WROTE TWO IMPORTANT WORKS
ON THE BRAIN,
00:35:08.067 --> 00:35:09.366
ONE ON APHASIA.
00:35:09.367 --> 00:35:11.199
AND THEN TOGETHER WITH REI,
00:35:11.200 --> 00:35:13.399
HE WROTE A BOOK
ON CEREBRAL PALSY.
00:35:13.400 --> 00:35:15.399
REISE IS ANNA\'S GRANDFATHER.
00:35:15.400 --> 00:35:17.866
- WHO\'S ANNA KRIS?
00:35:17.867 --> 00:35:19.032
- A FORMER GIRLFRIEND OF MINE.
00:35:19.033 --> 00:35:21.599
[laughter]
00:35:21.600 --> 00:35:25.499
AS FREUD POINTED OUT,
SEX IS SO MYSTERIOUS.
00:35:25.500 --> 00:35:28.166
WHO CAN FIGURE THIS OUT, RIGHT?
00:35:28.167 --> 00:35:31.632
LOOK, IN MY LIFETIME,
THE BIGGEST CONNECTION
00:35:31.633 --> 00:35:34.499
WAS BRIDGING PSYCHOLOGY
TO NEUROBIOLOGY.
00:35:34.500 --> 00:35:36.032
I HAD A SMALL ROLE IN THAT,
RIGHT?
00:35:36.033 --> 00:35:41.032
BUT THAT WAS THE MAJOR EVENT
OF MY CAREER IN NEUROSCIENCE.
00:35:41.033 --> 00:35:44.099
OF COURSE, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
CAME IN TO BOOST THAT ALONG,
00:35:44.100 --> 00:35:52.100
BUT THE BIG WORLD CHANGE
WAS BRINGING PSYCHOLOGY
00:35:52.867 --> 00:35:54.732
AND BRAIN SCIENCES TOGETHER,
00:35:54.733 --> 00:35:57.599
THE SCIENCE OF THE MIND
AND THE SCIENCE OF THE BRAIN
00:35:57.600 --> 00:36:03.199
INTO ONE UNIFIED NEW SCIENCE
OF MIND.
00:36:03.200 --> 00:36:05.767
THE NEW SCIENCE OF MIND.
00:36:06.967 --> 00:36:08.666
IT\'S A SHAME
IT\'S ALL COVERED UP,
00:36:08.667 --> 00:36:11.366
BECAUSE IF YOU STAND HERE,
YOU SEE THE WHOLE CITY.
00:36:11.367 --> 00:36:14.666
CAN YOU SEE IT?
00:36:14.667 --> 00:36:16.999
YOU SEE A VIEW.
00:36:17.000 --> 00:36:19.032
THIS IS ALSO MY VIENNA,
BECAUSE THIS IS THE ART
00:36:19.033 --> 00:36:21.900
THAT I MOST LOVE.
00:36:56.067 --> 00:36:59.332
- THIS IS ALMA MAHLER\'S
STEPFATHER.
00:36:59.333 --> 00:37:03.532
YOU SEE THE RED IS ON THE NOSE
AND THE RED ON THE CHEEKS.
00:37:03.533 --> 00:37:07.432
HE BRINGS OUT THE MAN\'S
INNER VALUES.
00:37:07.433 --> 00:37:12.933
THESE ARE PICTORIAL VERSIONS
OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, IF YOU WILL.
00:37:21.667 --> 00:37:24.799
AND AS I WAS GOING ALONG,
PLANNING A GRADUATE CAREER,
00:37:24.800 --> 00:37:28.899
I BEGAN TO BE INTERESTED
IN EUROPEAN HISTORY.
00:37:28.900 --> 00:37:30.499
I WANTED TO UNDERSTAND
00:37:30.500 --> 00:37:33.332
HOW CULTIVATED,
INTELLIGENT PEOPLE
00:37:33.333 --> 00:37:38.499
COULD LISTEN TO HAYDN, MOZART,
AND BEETHOVEN ONE DAY
00:37:38.500 --> 00:37:40.066
AND KILL JEWS THE NEXT.
00:37:40.067 --> 00:37:43.032
AND ERNST KRIS, WHO WAS A REALLY
WONDERFUL PSYCHOANALYST,
00:37:43.033 --> 00:37:44.899
SAID TO ME AFTER WE GOT
TO KNOW EACH OTHER,
00:37:44.900 --> 00:37:46.132
\"YOU SHOULD DO PSYCHOANALYSIS.
00:37:46.133 --> 00:37:47.532
\"YOU WANNA UNDERSTAND
MOTIVATION?
00:37:47.533 --> 00:37:49.232
\"YOU WANNA UNDERSTAND
WHAT DRIVES PEOPLE?
00:37:49.233 --> 00:37:51.366
YOU\'VE GOT TO UNDERSTAND
THE HUMAN MIND.\"
00:37:51.367 --> 00:37:55.766
AND SO I DECIDED I WOULD TAKE
AN ELECTIVE IN NEUROBIOLOGY.
00:37:55.767 --> 00:37:57.099
THERE WAS
A VERY GOOD PERSON THERE
00:37:57.100 --> 00:37:59.232
BY THE NAME
OF HARRY GRUNDFEST AT COLUMBIA.
00:37:59.233 --> 00:38:03.832
AND I SAID, \"I\'D LIKE TO FIND
THE LOCALIZATION IN THE BRAIN
00:38:03.833 --> 00:38:06.532
OF THE ID, THE EGO,
AND THE SUPEREGO.\"
00:38:06.533 --> 00:38:08.332
[laughter]
00:38:08.333 --> 00:38:10.432
AND HE LOOKED AT ME
AS IF I WAS MESHUGA.
00:38:10.433 --> 00:38:13.366
I MEAN, HIS EYES GLAZED OVER,
AND HE SAID, \"LOOK, BUBBY,
00:38:13.367 --> 00:38:17.566
\"IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND
HOW THE BRAIN WORKS,
00:38:17.567 --> 00:38:20.999
YOU HAVE TO STUDY IT
ONE CELL AT A TIME.\"
00:38:21.000 --> 00:38:23.199
AND THAT WAS REALLY,
IF YOU WILL, THE MOTTO,
00:38:23.200 --> 00:38:26.167
THE LEITMOTIF OF MY CAREER.
00:38:31.067 --> 00:38:33.099
- SO RIGHT HERE...
SO YOU CAN SEE,
00:38:33.100 --> 00:38:35.366
THESE ARE CONNECTING,
IF I LIFT THIS UP,
00:38:35.367 --> 00:38:37.699
TO THIS GUY RIGHT HERE.
00:38:37.700 --> 00:38:39.966
UM, SO THERE\'S A GROUP
OF THREE GANGLIAS HERE.
00:38:39.967 --> 00:38:41.566
I DON\'T KNOW IF YOU CAN SEE THAT
VERY WELL.
00:38:41.567 --> 00:38:43.266
AND THIS IS THE CONNECTION
THAT\'S INVOLVED
00:38:43.267 --> 00:38:45.099
IN THE GILL-WITHRAWAL REFLEX.
00:38:45.100 --> 00:38:48.366
WHEN THE GILL WAS TAPPED,
IT WOULD WITHDRAW IT.
00:38:48.367 --> 00:38:51.332
- SO IF I APPLIED
A WEAK TACTILE STIMULUS
00:38:51.333 --> 00:38:52.532
TO A PART OF THE BODY,
00:38:52.533 --> 00:38:55.099
I WOULD GET A WITHDRAWAL
OF THE REFLEX.
00:38:55.100 --> 00:38:57.932
IF THE STIMULUS WAS UNIMPORTANT,
00:38:57.933 --> 00:39:02.599
AS I CONTINUED
TO ELICIT THE REFLEX,
00:39:02.600 --> 00:39:04.232
THE ANIMAL WOULD GET BORED.
00:39:04.233 --> 00:39:05.932
IT WOULD LEARN
TO IGNORE THE STIMULUS.
00:39:05.933 --> 00:39:08.232
AND AFTER A WHILE,
I WOULD APPLY THE STIMULUS
00:39:08.233 --> 00:39:10.632
AND IT WOULD NOT WITHDRAW
AT ALL.
00:39:10.633 --> 00:39:13.866
IF I BANG ON THE TABLE,
AND I STARTLE THE ANIMAL,
00:39:13.867 --> 00:39:17.899
IF I SHOCK ITS TAIL
AND STARTLE IT,
00:39:17.900 --> 00:39:20.399
THE SAME WEAK TACTILE STIMULUS
00:39:20.400 --> 00:39:22.799
WOULD PRODUCE
A VERY POWERFUL WITHDRAWAL.
00:39:22.800 --> 00:39:26.099
BUT IF I GAVE FIVE OR MORE
TRAINING TRIALS,
00:39:26.100 --> 00:39:30.066
IT WILL WITHDRAW LIKE THIS
FOR WEEKS.
00:39:30.067 --> 00:39:32.266
IT HAS A LONG-TERM MEMORY.
00:39:32.267 --> 00:39:34.766
SO I FOUND
THAT THE SKIN OF THE SNAIL
00:39:34.767 --> 00:39:38.466
HAS SENSORY NERVE CELLS
THAT MAKE CONNECTIONS
00:39:38.467 --> 00:39:42.932
WITH MOTOR NERVE CELLS
THAT MOVE THIS ORGAN, THE GILL,
00:39:42.933 --> 00:39:44.432
THAT I WAS LOOKING AT.
00:39:44.433 --> 00:39:46.499
- SO WHAT WE DO IS,
WE ISOLATE THESE NEURONS.
00:39:46.500 --> 00:39:49.099
WHAT I CAN DO RIGHT NOW,
WE CAN RECONSTITUTE THEM
00:39:49.100 --> 00:39:50.899
IN A CELL CULTURE SYSTEM,
00:39:50.900 --> 00:39:52.766
AND THEY WILL BEHAVE
THE SAME WAY
00:39:52.767 --> 00:39:54.899
IF WE APPLY THE SAME SORT
OF STIMULUS CONDITIONS
00:39:54.900 --> 00:39:57.733
THAT THEY ENCOUNTER IN VIVO.
00:39:58.933 --> 00:40:01.832
- WHAT HAPPENS
IF I TOOK THE SENSORY NEURON
00:40:01.833 --> 00:40:04.132
AND THE MOTOR NEURON
OUT OF THE ANIMAL,
00:40:04.133 --> 00:40:06.699
A SINGLE SENSORY NEURON
AND A SINGLE MOTOR NEURON,
00:40:06.700 --> 00:40:08.099
AND I PUT IT IN A DISH?
00:40:08.100 --> 00:40:11.166
COULD I RECAPITULATE
THE LEARNING IN A DISH?
00:40:11.167 --> 00:40:14.066
- SO THERE ARE TWO
THAT WE WANT TO PULL OUT,
00:40:14.067 --> 00:40:15.666
TWO SPECIFIC ONES
THAT WE WANT TO PULL OUT
00:40:15.667 --> 00:40:17.466
FROM THIS ENTIRE BATCH.
00:40:17.467 --> 00:40:21.633
WE\'LL USE THESE
VERY FINE MICROELECTRODES.
00:40:25.667 --> 00:40:29.699
AND YOU CAN SORT OF PUSH
THE NEURON OUT VERY GENTLY.
00:40:29.700 --> 00:40:31.899
- THIS IS DIFFICULT TO DO,
AND IT\'S EVEN MORE DIFFICULT
00:40:31.900 --> 00:40:34.433
TO DO WITH FOUR PEOPLE
WATCHING YOU.
00:40:44.400 --> 00:40:46.366
- SO YOU CAN THE AXON EMERGING.
00:40:46.367 --> 00:40:48.099
- YES.
00:40:48.100 --> 00:40:51.467
- SEE SOME SHEATH STILL STUCK
TO THE CELL BODY.
00:40:54.267 --> 00:40:57.733
AND THE AXON
HAS MULTIPLE BRANCHES.
00:40:59.500 --> 00:41:02.366
SO WHAT I\'M GONNA DO NOW
IS TAKE THIS PIPETTOR,
00:41:02.367 --> 00:41:05.199
AND I\'M GOING TO TAKE
THIS MOTOR NEURON
00:41:05.200 --> 00:41:07.232
AND TRANSFER IT
TO THE CULTURE DISH, OKAY?
00:41:07.233 --> 00:41:09.866
SO HE\'S NOW ISOLATED
ONE INGREDIENT
00:41:09.867 --> 00:41:14.799
OF THE CIRCUIT THAT MEDIATES
THE GILL-WITHDRAWAL REFLEX.
00:41:14.800 --> 00:41:16.600
NOW IT\'S TIME TO PULL OUT
THE SENSORY NEURONS.
00:41:26.667 --> 00:41:28.866
BUT ALL I\'VE DONE IS,
I\'VE USED THIS MICROELECTRODE
00:41:28.867 --> 00:41:30.632
TO FORCE CONTACT,
PHYSICAL CONTACT,
00:41:30.633 --> 00:41:34.332
BETWEEN THE END OF THIS AXON
AND THIS STRETCH
00:41:34.333 --> 00:41:35.699
OF THE MOTOR NEURONS.
00:41:35.700 --> 00:41:40.433
IT\'LL TAKE SEVERAL HOURS OR DAYS
TO FORM STABLE SYNAPSES.
00:41:48.500 --> 00:41:52.166
- I REMEMBER VIVIDLY
WHEN HITLER CAME INTO VIENNA.
00:41:52.167 --> 00:41:55.366
MY BROTHER HAD BUILT
A CRYSTAL SET.
00:41:55.367 --> 00:41:59.299
SO YOU COULD HEAR
SORT OF RADIO ANNOUNCERS
00:41:59.300 --> 00:42:03.999
ANNOUNCING HOW HITLER
FIRST CROSSED THE BORDER
00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:05.433
BETWEEN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA.
00:42:09.633 --> 00:42:12.233
YOU COULD HEAR
THIS BACKGROUND MUSIC:
00:42:30.133 --> 00:42:32.366
THEY WERE JUST WILD ABOUT HIM.
00:42:32.367 --> 00:42:34.399
THE RECEPTION
WAS JUST EXTRAORDINARY.
00:42:34.400 --> 00:42:36.699
THEY FELL OVER EACH OTHER
IN GREETING HIM.
00:42:36.700 --> 00:42:39.700
[crowd cheering]
00:42:48.833 --> 00:42:51.700
[man screaming]
00:42:52.967 --> 00:42:54.499
- THE EXPERIMENT WILL START
00:42:54.500 --> 00:42:56.599
WHEN YOU SEE
THE FIXATION POINT APPEAR.
00:42:56.600 --> 00:42:59.533
[man screaming]
00:43:00.867 --> 00:43:03.699
- THE SUBJECT MAKES
THE ASSOCIATION, THE CONNECTION,
00:43:03.700 --> 00:43:07.299
\"I SEE THE CIRCLE,
AND WHENEVER I SEE THE CIRCLE,
00:43:07.300 --> 00:43:10.532
SOMETHING BAD HAPPENS,
SCREAMS COME, AND IT\'S SCARY.\"
00:43:10.533 --> 00:43:13.099
[man screaming]
00:43:13.100 --> 00:43:16.266
IN THE FIRST RUN,
WE TRAIN THEM.
00:43:16.267 --> 00:43:19.299
THEY LEARN TO BE AFRAID ONLY
BY THE PRESENCE OF THE CIRCLE.
00:43:19.300 --> 00:43:20.300
[man screaming]
00:43:20.301 --> 00:43:21.399
AND THEN IN THE SECOND RUN,
00:43:21.400 --> 00:43:22.732
THERE ARE NO SCREAMS ANYMORE.
00:43:22.733 --> 00:43:24.432
WE JUST SHOW THE CIRCLE.
00:43:24.433 --> 00:43:27.566
BUT THEY WILL REACT
AS IF THEY WOULD HEAR SCREAMS,
00:43:27.567 --> 00:43:29.732
BECAUSE THEY ALREADY MADE
THIS CONNECTION.
00:43:29.733 --> 00:43:31.999
[man screaming]
00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:33.532
- OKAY, CHRIS, YOU\'RE ALL DONE.
00:43:33.533 --> 00:43:34.533
GREAT JOB.
00:43:34.534 --> 00:43:35.766
- ALL OVER.
00:43:35.767 --> 00:43:38.466
SO THE NEXT TIME YOU WILL SEE
THE CIRCLE,
00:43:38.467 --> 00:43:39.632
YOU WILL BE VERY AFRAID.
00:43:39.633 --> 00:43:40.633
- [chuckles]
00:43:40.634 --> 00:43:41.832
THAT WAS COOL.
[laughs]
00:43:41.833 --> 00:43:43.432
- SO NOW I\'M GOING
TO SHOW YOU PICTURES
00:43:43.433 --> 00:43:45.032
OF THE BRAIN ACTIVATION.
00:43:45.033 --> 00:43:46.999
THESE PARTS OF THE BRAIN
IN THE AMYGDALA
00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:48.432
BECAME VERY ACTIVE,
00:43:48.433 --> 00:43:50.899
THE PART OF THE BRAIN
THAT\'S INVOLVED IN PROCESSING
00:43:50.900 --> 00:43:53.499
AVERSIVE STIMULATION, FEAR.
00:43:53.500 --> 00:43:54.999
SO AS YOU MOVE
THROUGH YOUR LIFE
00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:57.332
AND EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT THINGS,
00:43:57.333 --> 00:44:00.299
YOU ACQUIRE INFORMATION
ABOUT THE WORLD,
00:44:00.300 --> 00:44:03.766
AND THAT BECOMES
PERMANENTLY ENCODED
00:44:03.767 --> 00:44:05.600
IN YOUR NERVOUS SYSTEM.
00:44:17.067 --> 00:44:20.199
- MY PARENTS HAD SOME FRIENDS
WHO WERE NOT JEWISH,
00:44:20.200 --> 00:44:24.032
UH, AND I DIDN\'T HAVE, YOU KNOW,
MANY CLOSE FRIENDS,
00:44:24.033 --> 00:44:27.799
BUT I CERTAINLY HAD CLASSMATES
THAT I INTERACTED WITH.
00:44:27.800 --> 00:44:29.599
AND THEY ALL ABANDONED US.
00:44:29.600 --> 00:44:30.832
NO ONE CAME TO HELP US.
00:44:30.833 --> 00:44:32.099
NOBODY EVEN SAID,
00:44:32.100 --> 00:44:33.932
\"YOU KNOW, THIS MUST BE VERY
DIFFICULT FOR YOU.\"
00:44:33.933 --> 00:44:38.032
AND THIS SHEER ABANDONMENT
WAS TERRIBLE,
00:44:38.033 --> 00:44:39.767
JUST ABSOLUTELY TERRIBLE.
00:44:42.467 --> 00:44:45.899
IT IS DIFFICULT TO TRACE
THE COMPLEX INTERESTS
00:44:45.900 --> 00:44:49.932
AND ACTIONS OF ONE\'S ADULT LIFE
TO SPECIFIC EXPERIENCES
00:44:49.933 --> 00:44:51.732
IN CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH,
00:44:51.733 --> 00:44:55.366
YET I CANNOT HELP BUT LINK
MY LATE INTEREST IN MIND
00:44:55.367 --> 00:44:57.266
AND HOW PEOPLE BEHAVE,
00:44:57.267 --> 00:44:59.199
THE UNPREDICTABILITY
OF MOTIVATION
00:44:59.200 --> 00:45:01.299
AND THE PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY,
00:45:01.300 --> 00:45:04.266
TO MY LAST YEAR IN VIENNA.
00:45:04.267 --> 00:45:06.866
ON THEME
OF POST-HOLOCAUST JEWRY
00:45:06.867 --> 00:45:09.166
HAS BEEN, \"NEVER FORGET.\"
00:45:09.167 --> 00:45:11.232
AN EXHORTATION
TO FURTHER GENERATIONS
00:45:11.233 --> 00:45:13.366
TO BE VIGILANT
AGAINST ANTI-SEMITISM,
00:45:13.367 --> 00:45:14.732
RACISM, AND HATRED,
00:45:14.733 --> 00:45:18.332
THE MINDSET THAT ALLOWED
THE NAZI ATROCITIES TO OCCUR.
00:45:18.333 --> 00:45:21.932
MY SCIENTIFIC WORK INVESTIGATES
THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS
00:45:21.933 --> 00:45:24.832
OF THAT MOTTO,
THE PROCESSES IN THE BRAIN
00:45:24.833 --> 00:45:26.667
THAT ENABLE US TO REMEMBER.
00:45:31.100 --> 00:45:32.532
DENISE.
00:45:32.533 --> 00:45:36.599
- DON\'T GO UPSTAIRS,
BECAUSE THE GARDEN IS HERE.
00:45:36.600 --> 00:45:40.999
- I THINK SO, OKAY.
- SHE POINTED LIKE THIS.
00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:44.232
HOFAUSGANG.
00:45:44.233 --> 00:45:46.599
- SO YOU FOUND SOMETHING?
00:45:46.600 --> 00:45:48.766
I FOUND SOMETHING.
00:45:48.767 --> 00:45:51.632
- THE SYNAGOGUE
WAS MUCH LARGER THAN THIS.
00:45:51.633 --> 00:45:52.899
[speaking German]
00:45:52.900 --> 00:45:55.299
EVERY SINGLE SYNAGOGUE IN VIENNA
WAS DESTROYED,
00:45:55.300 --> 00:45:57.432
WITH THE EXCEPTION
OF THE CENTRAL SYNAGOGUE.
00:45:57.433 --> 00:45:59.032
THIS WAS THE TIME
THAT ALL THE JEWS
00:45:59.033 --> 00:46:00.099
WERE ROUNDED UP.
00:46:00.100 --> 00:46:01.666
IT WAS A CATASTROPHE.
00:46:01.667 --> 00:46:03.132
AND WHEN WE GOT BACK
TO OUR APARTMENT,
00:46:03.133 --> 00:46:04.699
WE KNEW EVERYTHING
THAT HAD HAPPENED.
00:46:04.700 --> 00:46:07.399
ALL THE STORES HAD BEEN TAKEN
AWAY FROM THE JEWS.
00:46:07.400 --> 00:46:09.299
ALL THE SYNAGOGUES
HAD BEEN DESTROYED.
00:46:09.300 --> 00:46:10.999
MANY JEWS HAD BEEN ARRESTED.
00:46:11.000 --> 00:46:14.232
MY FATHER WAS ARRESTED
FOR A WEEK.
00:46:14.233 --> 00:46:17.766
SO WE KNEW IT WAS A CATASTROPHE.
00:46:17.767 --> 00:46:19.600
AND WE COULD NEVER
COME BACK HERE.
00:46:24.267 --> 00:46:27.399
[wind blowing through trees]
00:46:27.400 --> 00:46:29.999
WE KNEW IMMEDIATELY
THAT WE HAD TO GET OUT,
00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:33.132
AND WE WERE JUST HOLDING ON
UNTIL THE DOCUMENTATION
00:46:33.133 --> 00:46:34.766
FROM THE UNITED STATES ARRIVED.
00:46:34.767 --> 00:46:37.632
AND WE BEGAN TO READ
ABOUT WHAT AMERICA WAS LIKE.
00:46:37.633 --> 00:46:39.899
AND I REMEMBER
MY BROTHER AND I LAUGHING.
00:46:39.900 --> 00:46:42.932
WE HAD HEARD
THAT WHEN THE AMERICANS EAT,
00:46:42.933 --> 00:46:46.666
THEY EAT WITH THEIR FEET
ON THE TABLE, YOU KNOW?
00:46:46.667 --> 00:46:47.667
[laughs]
00:46:47.668 --> 00:46:49.166
SOMEBODY HAD SEEN A MOVIE
00:46:49.167 --> 00:46:50.832
IN WHICH SOMEBODY
PUT THEIR FEET ON THE...
00:46:50.833 --> 00:46:52.432
AND WE THOUGHT THEY ATE
THAT WAY.
00:46:52.433 --> 00:46:54.732
YOU SAY, \"HOW CAN YOU EAT
WITH YOUR FEET ON THE...\"
00:46:54.733 --> 00:46:57.399
AND WE LAUGHED!
00:46:57.400 --> 00:47:00.866
AND I REMEMBER MY PARENTS
TAKING US TO THE TRAIN STATION,
00:47:00.867 --> 00:47:03.466
AND WE\'RE GETTING
ONTO THIS TRAIN.
00:47:03.467 --> 00:47:05.966
MY PARENTS WERE VERY OPTIMISTIC
ALWAYS.
00:47:05.967 --> 00:47:08.366
YOU KNOW, THEY THOUGHT
THIS WOULD WORK OUT.
00:47:08.367 --> 00:47:10.366
THEY TRIED NOT TO FRIGHTEN US.
00:47:10.367 --> 00:47:14.599
THEY ALSO TRIED TO PROTECT US.
00:47:14.600 --> 00:47:19.299
KURT WEISS TOOK THE SAME SHIP
FROM ANTWERP TO HOBOKEN WITH US.
00:47:19.300 --> 00:47:22.632
RECENTLY, HE WROTE ME A NOTE:
00:47:22.633 --> 00:47:25.632
\"ARE YOU THE SAME ERIC KANDEL
THAT I MET AT THE TRAIN STATION
00:47:25.633 --> 00:47:28.199
IN APRIL 1939?\"
00:47:28.200 --> 00:47:30.399
- WELL, YEAH, OF COURSE
WE WERE CONCERNED
00:47:30.400 --> 00:47:34.899
THAT THIS MAY BE THE LAST TIME
WE EVER SEE OUR PARENTS AGAIN.
00:47:34.900 --> 00:47:36.366
- KURT IS RIGHT.
WE WERE...
00:47:36.367 --> 00:47:38.366
I\'M AMAZED THAT I WAS NOT
MORE FRIGHTENED,
00:47:38.367 --> 00:47:39.966
CONSIDERING THE FACT
THAT I WAS GOING
00:47:39.967 --> 00:47:42.166
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
WITH JUST MY BROTHER.
00:47:42.167 --> 00:47:46.566
- YEAH, LISTEN, MY MEMORY
IS BEGINNING TO FADE,
00:47:46.567 --> 00:47:52.332
BUT YOUR PARENTS STAND OUT
SO CLEARLY IN MY MEMORY.
00:47:52.333 --> 00:47:57.766
I REMEMBER, UM, HIS MOTHER
COMING OVER TO ME,
00:47:57.767 --> 00:48:01.699
PUTTING A HAND ON MY SHOULDER,
AND SAID,
00:48:01.700 --> 00:48:03.899
\"WELL, YOU ARE THE OLDEST ONE.
00:48:03.900 --> 00:48:07.166
NOW, TAKE GOOD CARE OF MY BOYS.\"
00:48:07.167 --> 00:48:09.166
AND I SAID TO MYSELF,
\"OH, MY GOD,
00:48:09.167 --> 00:48:11.099
\"I\'M A 16-YEAR-OLD KID.
00:48:11.100 --> 00:48:13.299
I SHOULD TAKE GOOD CARE
OF HER BOYS.\"
00:48:13.300 --> 00:48:14.599
[laughs]
00:48:14.600 --> 00:48:16.066
SO I SAID, \"YES, I WILL.\"
00:48:16.067 --> 00:48:18.199
- YOU WERE, AND YOU ARE...
- WHAT, ERIC?
00:48:18.200 --> 00:48:19.332
- A WONDERFUL FRIEND.
00:48:19.333 --> 00:48:22.066
AND YOU HAVE TAKEN CARE OF ME,
EVEN HERE.
00:48:22.067 --> 00:48:23.499
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
00:48:23.500 --> 00:48:24.866
- IT\'S A REAL PLEASURE.
00:48:24.867 --> 00:48:26.966
- IT\'S A PLEASURE,
AND GIVE MY LOVE TO YOUR WIFE
00:48:26.967 --> 00:48:29.799
AND TELL HER I HOPE
SHE CONTINUES TO DO VERY WELL.
00:48:29.800 --> 00:48:31.399
- I SHALL.
00:48:31.400 --> 00:48:34.132
- GOOD.
- ANSWERED, \"I SHALL.\"
00:48:34.133 --> 00:48:36.667
- AUF WIEDERSEHEN.
00:48:38.667 --> 00:48:40.299
IT WAS JUST AMAZING,
WHAT WE DID,
00:48:40.300 --> 00:48:42.199
ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.
00:48:42.200 --> 00:48:47.966
AND I\'VE REMOVED ALL FEELING
OF FEAR FROM THAT
00:48:47.967 --> 00:48:49.232
FROM MY MIND,
IN THAT PERIOD.
00:48:49.233 --> 00:48:51.699
I\'VE JUST REPRESSED IT,
I GUESS.
00:48:51.700 --> 00:48:53.166
I REMEMBER
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY,
00:48:53.167 --> 00:48:56.166
BECAUSE EVERYBODY GOES ON DECK
TO SEE THE STATUE OF LIBERTY.
00:48:56.167 --> 00:49:00.132
AND YOU KNOW, I REALIZED
IT WAS THE SYMBOL OF FREEDOM.
00:49:00.133 --> 00:49:03.266
BUT SEEING MY GRANDPARENTS
AND MY UNCLE AND AUNT
00:49:03.267 --> 00:49:05.266
WHOM I\'D NEVER MET BEFORE
00:49:05.267 --> 00:49:08.099
WAS PERHAPS
EVEN MORE SIGNIFICANT FOR ME.
00:49:08.100 --> 00:49:10.266
WE FELT IMMEDIATELY SAFE.
00:49:10.267 --> 00:49:11.666
I MEAN, ONCE I GOT
ONTO THE SHIP,
00:49:11.667 --> 00:49:15.532
I NO LONGER FELT FRIGHTENED.
00:49:15.533 --> 00:49:19.466
SO THIS WAS A...
00:49:19.467 --> 00:49:24.067
NOT ONLY A TURNING POINT,
BUT THE TURNING POINT.
00:49:26.100 --> 00:49:29.866
YOU KNOW,
THE JEWS WILL NEVER RECOVER
00:49:29.867 --> 00:49:33.099
FROM THE LOSS OF LIVES
DURING THE HOLOCAUST.
00:49:33.100 --> 00:49:37.699
UM, THERE WERE,
WITHOUT QUESTION,
00:49:37.700 --> 00:49:41.232
SO MANY GIFTED PEOPLE,
MORE GIFTED THAN MYSELF,
00:49:41.233 --> 00:49:42.399
THAT WERE LOST.
00:49:42.400 --> 00:49:45.666
UM, IT WAS
AN UNBELIEVABLE TRAGEDY.
00:49:45.667 --> 00:49:49.766
I DON\'T THINK ABOUT THEM
EVERY DAY.
00:49:49.767 --> 00:49:51.866
I THINK ABOUT THEM PERIODICALLY,
00:49:51.867 --> 00:49:54.267
BUT I DON\'T THINK ABOUT THEM
EVERY DAY.
00:49:57.233 --> 00:50:01.932
THE BEST I CAN DO
IS TO DO THE BEST SCIENCE.
00:50:01.933 --> 00:50:04.732
I THINK THAT\'S MY USEFULNESS.
00:50:04.733 --> 00:50:06.199
SUSAN?
- HI.
00:50:06.200 --> 00:50:09.166
- HI, I LOOKED FOR YOU
THIS MORNING.
00:50:09.167 --> 00:50:12.632
GOOD, OKAY, TERRIFIC,
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
00:50:12.633 --> 00:50:14.466
ALL RIGHT, BYE.
00:50:14.467 --> 00:50:17.832
[applause]
00:50:17.833 --> 00:50:20.232
- I HAVE TO GET MYSELF
INTO A TEMPERAMENTAL
00:50:20.233 --> 00:50:22.866
SPANISH MOOD
FOR JUAN MARCUS.
00:50:22.867 --> 00:50:26.132
JUAN MARCOS
IS A WONDERFUL SCIENTIST.
00:50:26.133 --> 00:50:30.099
AND JUAN MARCOS FOUND
THE PARTNER OF HIS LIFE HERE.
00:50:30.100 --> 00:50:32.432
HE HAD A NUMBER OF VERY
INTERESTING POSSIBILITIES
00:50:32.433 --> 00:50:34.066
AND IS GOING TO GO
TO DOWNSTATE,
00:50:34.067 --> 00:50:36.366
WHERE THERE\'S A WONDERFUL
NEUROBIOLOGY COMMUNITY.
00:50:36.367 --> 00:50:38.532
SO JUAN MARCUS,
I\'M PROUD OF YOU.
00:50:38.533 --> 00:50:40.566
- I\'M GRATEFUL BECAUSE YOU HAVE
NEVER GIVEN UP ON ME,
00:50:40.567 --> 00:50:42.899
AND THAT\'S THE MAJOR THING,
00:50:42.900 --> 00:50:44.132
AT LEAST TO MY KNOWLEDGE.
00:50:44.133 --> 00:50:46.132
[laughter]
00:50:46.133 --> 00:50:47.799
I HAVE LEARNED SO MANY THINGS
FROM ERIC,
00:50:47.800 --> 00:50:49.866
BUT I\'M JUST GONNA RESCUE ONE.
00:50:49.867 --> 00:50:53.866
THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE
AN IDEA IS AS IMPORTANT
00:50:53.867 --> 00:50:55.166
AS THE IDEA ITSELF,
00:50:55.167 --> 00:50:58.766
AND THAT\'S SOMETHING
THAT ERIC HAS WITH 300%.
00:50:58.767 --> 00:51:00.866
AND ALL OF YOU,
ALL 30 OF YOU,
00:51:00.867 --> 00:51:03.766
YOU MADE ME FEEL HOME
AWAY FROM HOME.
00:51:03.767 --> 00:51:07.532
AND THAT\'S SOMETHING
THAT I CAN NEVER EXPRESS
00:51:07.533 --> 00:51:08.999
MY GRATITUDE TO IT.
00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:11.632
SEVEN YEARS AGO,
I STEP OUT OF ELEVATOR,
00:51:11.633 --> 00:51:13.699
AND I WAS
A TOTALLY DIFFERENT PERSON.
00:51:13.700 --> 00:51:14.700
YOU HAVE CHANGED ME.
00:51:14.701 --> 00:51:16.299
ALL OF YOU HAVE CHANGED ME.
00:51:16.300 --> 00:51:19.466
AND FOR THAT,
I WILL FOREVER BE GRATEFUL.
00:51:19.467 --> 00:51:20.699
THANK YOU.
00:51:20.700 --> 00:51:24.399
[applause]
00:51:24.400 --> 00:51:26.467
- BRAVO.
00:51:32.133 --> 00:51:34.432
- AND YOU CAN TAKE THIS ONE.
00:51:34.433 --> 00:51:36.399
ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR,
AND YOU HAVE THREE.
00:51:36.400 --> 00:51:40.032
HE WILL ARRIVE IN THE LAB
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DAY,
00:51:40.033 --> 00:51:43.332
AND HE\'S FLOWN ALL THE NIGHT,
AND HE\'S BEEN, YOU KNOW,
00:51:43.333 --> 00:51:45.066
ALL OVER EUROPE
IN THE LAST THREE DAYS,
00:51:45.067 --> 00:51:48.866
AND STILL HE\'S MORE FOCUSED
AND PAYING INCREDIBLE ATTENTION
00:51:48.867 --> 00:51:49.932
TO THINGS.
00:51:49.933 --> 00:51:52.732
HIS ENERGY IS REALLY... AMAZING.
00:51:52.733 --> 00:51:54.332
- I WANT TO KNOW;
IS THERE A PILL?
00:51:54.333 --> 00:51:57.866
\'CAUSE I\'LL TAKE IT,
BECAUSE IT\'S... I DON\'T KNOW.
00:51:57.867 --> 00:51:59.032
- COULD BE FISH TOO.
00:51:59.033 --> 00:52:01.799
YOU KNOW, I HEARD
HE ONLY EATS FISH
00:52:01.800 --> 00:52:04.166
FOR DINNER, SO...
00:52:04.167 --> 00:52:07.032
BUT ALL THIS FISH AND YOGURT,
THAT MIGHT BE THE SECRET.
00:52:07.033 --> 00:52:08.066
[laughs]
00:52:08.067 --> 00:52:09.532
GOOD THING I KNOW BETTER.
00:52:09.533 --> 00:52:11.766
[laughs]
00:52:11.767 --> 00:52:14.699
I HAVEN\'T TRIED IT YET, BUT...
00:52:14.700 --> 00:52:19.066
SOON...
I MIGHT FOLLOW HIS FOOTSTEPS
00:52:19.067 --> 00:52:23.532
AND BECOME, YOU KNOW,
A SMART.
00:52:23.533 --> 00:52:28.432
- THE NERVE CELL HAS
SEVERAL DIFFERENT COMPONENTS.
00:52:28.433 --> 00:52:30.966
IT HAS A CELL BODY.
00:52:30.967 --> 00:52:33.832
IT HAS EXTENSIONS
CALLED DENDRITES.
00:52:33.833 --> 00:52:37.199
THERE IS ANOTHER PROCESS
CALLED THE AXON.
00:52:37.200 --> 00:52:39.899
THIS CELL COMMUNICATES
WITH OTHER CELLS.
00:52:39.900 --> 00:52:44.666
SO HERE\'S ANOTHER CELL,
AND IT RECEIVES INFORMATION
00:52:44.667 --> 00:52:49.433
FROM THIS NEURON,
AND WE CALL THIS THE SYNAPSE.
00:52:51.467 --> 00:52:54.432
- WHAT WE\'RE DOING NOW IS,
WE\'RE GOING TO MEASURE
00:52:54.433 --> 00:52:56.699
HOW STRONG THE SYNAPSE IS.
00:52:56.700 --> 00:53:00.299
WANT TO DO THAT
BY ZAPPING THE SENSORY NEURON
00:53:00.300 --> 00:53:02.166
WITH AN ELECTRICAL PULSE.
00:53:02.167 --> 00:53:06.366
THEN WE TELL THE SENSORY NEURON,
\"SEND INFORMATION NOW.\"
00:53:06.367 --> 00:53:08.332
SO WE DO THAT ONCE.
00:53:08.333 --> 00:53:09.999
KEEP TURNING UP THE VOLTAGE
00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:12.566
UNTIL THE SENSORY NEURON
FINALLY DECIDES
00:53:12.567 --> 00:53:16.232
TO FIRE AN ACTION POTENTIAL.
00:53:16.233 --> 00:53:18.599
WHAT YOU SEE IS,
WHEN THE SENSORY NEURON
00:53:18.600 --> 00:53:22.666
DOES SEND INFORMATION
DOWN ITS AXON VIA THE SYNAPSE
00:53:22.667 --> 00:53:24.432
TO THE POST-SYNAPTIC NEURON,
00:53:24.433 --> 00:53:28.132
WE SEE, BY THIS RED TRACE,
IS THAT THE MOTOR NEURON
00:53:28.133 --> 00:53:29.732
RECEIVED THAT INFORMATION.
00:53:29.733 --> 00:53:32.966
THIS HAS BEEN GROWING
FOR ABOUT FOUR OR FIVE DAYS.
00:53:32.967 --> 00:53:36.432
THE TWO CELLS TOUCH,
AND THEY START FORMING SYNAPSES.
00:53:36.433 --> 00:53:39.132
- HOW DO YOU TURN
A SHORT-TERM MEMORY
00:53:39.133 --> 00:53:40.966
INTO A LONG-TERM MEMORY?
00:53:40.967 --> 00:53:43.466
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN
WHEN YOU REMEMBER SOMETHING
00:53:43.467 --> 00:53:45.166
FOR YOUR LIFETIME?
00:53:45.167 --> 00:53:48.132
AND WE FOUND THAT WHEN YOU
PRODUCE SHORT-TERM MEMORY,
00:53:48.133 --> 00:53:49.632
THERE WAS NO CHANGE
00:53:49.633 --> 00:53:53.799
IN HOW THE SYNAPSES LOOKED
ANATOMICALLY.
00:53:53.800 --> 00:53:55.766
ALL THE CHANGES
WERE BIOCHEMICAL.
00:53:55.767 --> 00:53:59.266
THEY WERE OCCURRING IN THE CELL.
00:53:59.267 --> 00:54:01.499
BUT WHEN YOU STIMULATED IT
THROUGH REPEATED TRAINING,
00:54:01.500 --> 00:54:03.232
WHEN YOU PRODUCE
LONG-TERM MEMORY,
00:54:03.233 --> 00:54:04.932
WE SAW, TO OUR ASTONISHMENT,
00:54:04.933 --> 00:54:07.966
THERE WAS A GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.
00:54:07.967 --> 00:54:09.267
WOW!
00:54:32.300 --> 00:54:34.399
- SO THIS IS A NEURON,
A SENSORY NEURON,
00:54:34.400 --> 00:54:37.499
THAT WE\'VE PUT IN A DISH
ALL BY ITSELF.
00:54:37.500 --> 00:54:39.966
IT IS PROGRAMMED
INTO THESE NEURONS
00:54:39.967 --> 00:54:41.399
TO FIND A PARTNER.
00:54:41.400 --> 00:54:42.632
THAT\'S WHAT THEY DO.
00:54:42.633 --> 00:54:44.599
THAT\'S THEIR PURPOSE,
IS TO FORM A SYNAPSE
00:54:44.600 --> 00:54:46.366
TO TRANSMIT INFORMATION.
00:54:46.367 --> 00:54:49.166
SO THIS SENSORY NEURON
WOULD CONTINUE GROWING,
00:54:49.167 --> 00:54:51.566
SENDING PROCESSES OUT
IN ALL DIRECTIONS,
00:54:51.567 --> 00:54:53.532
CONSTANTLY LOOKING
FOR A PARTNER
00:54:53.533 --> 00:54:55.432
UNTIL IT FINDS ONE.
00:54:55.433 --> 00:54:59.132
ONCE THE SENSORY NEURON FINDS
IT\'S POST-SYNAPTIC PARTNER,
00:54:59.133 --> 00:55:02.132
IT WILL SEND PROCESSES
VERY RAPIDLY
00:55:02.133 --> 00:55:04.366
ALL OVER
THAT POST-SYNAPTIC PARTNER.
00:55:04.367 --> 00:55:08.499
AND EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE,
YOU CAN SEE A LITTLE SWELLING.
00:55:08.500 --> 00:55:10.599
FOR EXAMPLE, THERE,
IN THE GREEN PROCESS,
00:55:10.600 --> 00:55:13.299
IN THE GREEN SENSORY PROCESS,
YOU SEE A LITTLE SWELLING.
00:55:13.300 --> 00:55:15.466
THAT\'S SOMETHING THAT WE CALL
A VARICOSITY.
00:55:15.467 --> 00:55:17.866
AND THE VARICOSITY
IS THE SYNAPSE.
00:55:17.867 --> 00:55:19.699
THAT\'S WHERE THE SYNAPSES
ARE FOUND.
00:55:19.700 --> 00:55:22.066
THAT\'S WHERE INFORMATION
TRANSFER OCCURS.
00:55:22.067 --> 00:55:25.599
- WHAT MY WORK HAS SHOWN
IS THAT THE CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
00:55:25.600 --> 00:55:28.632
IS THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING
LEARNING AND MEMORY.
00:55:28.633 --> 00:55:32.399
THE CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
IS NOT FIXED.
00:55:32.400 --> 00:55:34.832
IT IS PLASTIC.
00:55:34.833 --> 00:55:37.832
IT CAN BE ALTERED
BY ACTIVITY.
00:55:37.833 --> 00:55:40.199
IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY,
WHEN YOU ACTIVATE THIS SYSTEM
00:55:40.200 --> 00:55:42.399
ONLY ONCE,
YOU JUST INCREASE THE FUNCTION.
00:55:42.400 --> 00:55:46.632
SO YOU RELEASE
MORE TRANSMITTER.
00:55:46.633 --> 00:55:50.232
IN LONG-TERM MEMORY,
YOU ACTUALLY TURN ON GENES,
00:55:50.233 --> 00:55:52.799
AND YOU GROW
NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.
00:55:52.800 --> 00:55:54.332
- WHAT YOU\'RE SEEING HERE
IS AN EXAMPLE
00:55:54.333 --> 00:55:57.366
OF THE KIND OF CHANGES
THAT GO ON WHEN WE LEARN,
00:55:57.367 --> 00:55:58.932
WHEN A NEW MEMORY IS FORMED.
00:55:58.933 --> 00:56:02.799
YOU HAVE A PREEXISTING SYNAPSE
THAT BUDS.
00:56:02.800 --> 00:56:05.699
IT FORMS
A COMPLETELY NEW SYNAPSE.
00:56:05.700 --> 00:56:08.999
SO THIS SWELLING GIVES RISE
TO A COMPLETELY NEW SWELLING.
00:56:09.000 --> 00:56:11.532
SO THAT\'S THE TYPE
OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE
00:56:11.533 --> 00:56:13.299
THAT OCCURS WHEN WE LEARN.
00:56:13.300 --> 00:56:16.866
- SO SHORT-TERM MEMORY
IS RESTRICTED TO THE SYNAPSE.
00:56:16.867 --> 00:56:20.799
- LONG-TERM MEMORY
INVOLVES THE NUCLEUS,
00:56:20.800 --> 00:56:24.266
WHICH MESSENGER RNAs
TO THE SYNAPSES.
00:56:24.267 --> 00:56:28.032
AND IT GIVES RISE TO THE GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.
00:56:28.033 --> 00:56:30.832
- WHAT YOU\'RE SEEING
IS A LOT OF THE MESSENGER RNA
00:56:30.833 --> 00:56:32.766
BEING PRODUCED
INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
00:56:32.767 --> 00:56:35.799
AND THEN SPILLING OUT
AND BEING SHUTTLED
00:56:35.800 --> 00:56:38.066
ALL THE WAY DOWN THE AXONS.
00:56:38.067 --> 00:56:41.499
AND THAT BRIGHT PARTICLE
THAT\'S TRAVELING DOWN THAT AXON
00:56:41.500 --> 00:56:44.132
IS A BUNDLE OF A LARGE NUMBER
OF INSTRUCTIONS
00:56:44.133 --> 00:56:45.799
FOR HOW TO MAKE PROTEINS.
00:56:45.800 --> 00:56:49.432
AND THEN THE SYNAPSE USES
WHATEVER RESOURCES IT HAS
00:56:49.433 --> 00:56:52.132
AVAILABLE TO IT LOCALLY
TO TAKE THOSE INSTRUCTIONS
00:56:52.133 --> 00:56:54.566
AND MAKE A PROTEIN.
00:56:54.567 --> 00:56:56.566
THE TARGET OF DOING ALL OF THAT,
00:56:56.567 --> 00:56:59.132
OF SENDING PROTEINS
DOWN THE AXON,
00:56:59.133 --> 00:57:01.599
OF SENDING MESSAGES
DOWN THE AXONS,
00:57:01.600 --> 00:57:04.766
ALL OF THAT IS TRYING
TO ACCOMPLISH ONE THING,
00:57:04.767 --> 00:57:09.799
WHICH IS TO MAKE THAT
GENERATE THAT.
00:57:09.800 --> 00:57:11.499
THIS IS THE END PRODUCT.
00:57:11.500 --> 00:57:13.267
THIS IS LEARNING.
00:57:17.100 --> 00:57:19.132
- BEHIND EVERY ONE
OF THOSE DISCOVERIES,
00:57:19.133 --> 00:57:24.466
THERE ARE JUST YEARS AND DECADES
OF VERY HARD,
00:57:24.467 --> 00:57:26.266
VERY RIGOROUS WORK.
00:57:26.267 --> 00:57:29.332
- HE WORKED VERY LONG HOURS WITH
THE SAME PEOPLE ALL THE TIME,
00:57:29.333 --> 00:57:32.332
AND WE ALSO OFTEN WORK WEEKENDS,
MANY OF US DO.
00:57:32.333 --> 00:57:36.932
AND SO IT\'S MORE
THAN A SOURCE OF INCOME.
00:57:36.933 --> 00:57:38.299
- IT\'S NOT FOR MONEY.
00:57:38.300 --> 00:57:40.232
YOU\'RE NOT GONNA MAKE
VERY MUCH MONEY IN SCIENCE.
00:57:40.233 --> 00:57:41.799
YOU\'RE HERE
BECAUSE YOU HAVE A PASSION,
00:57:41.800 --> 00:57:44.366
AND WHENEVER PASSIONS
ARE INVOLVED,
00:57:44.367 --> 00:57:46.566
THINGS ARE GOING
TO GET INTERESTING.
00:57:46.567 --> 00:57:51.399
BUT, YOU KNOW, YOU DO HAVE
TO KEEP IN MIND
00:57:51.400 --> 00:57:55.832
THAT EVERYONE IS HERE,
ULTIMATELY, FOR THE SAME REASON,
00:57:55.833 --> 00:57:58.399
AND WE\'RE ALL INTERESTED
AND INCREDIBLY FASCINATED
00:57:58.400 --> 00:58:02.066
BY NATURE, AND WE WANT
TO FIGURE OUT HOW IT WORKS.
00:58:02.067 --> 00:58:04.566
- THAT\'S VERY IMPORTANT,
CERTAINLY, YES.
00:58:04.567 --> 00:58:07.166
- I THINK HAVE OUR LIMITS
OF... ON FRUSTRATION AS WELL,
00:58:07.167 --> 00:58:09.366
BUT IT\'S, UH...
00:58:09.367 --> 00:58:10.466
- I THINK THEY\'RE WONDERFUL,
00:58:10.467 --> 00:58:11.866
BUT YOU SHOULD NOT
BE TALKING TO ME.
00:58:11.867 --> 00:58:13.032
YOU SHOULD BE TALKING TO THEM.
00:58:13.033 --> 00:58:14.999
I\'M ONLY MAKING
A PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT.
00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:16.600
I\'M GOING SWIMMING.
00:58:30.100 --> 00:58:31.932
I LOVE THE WATER.
00:58:31.933 --> 00:58:34.266
SYMBOLIZES LIFE.
00:58:34.267 --> 00:58:36.132
YOU THINK YOUR DAILY THOUGHTS.
00:58:36.133 --> 00:58:38.532
SOMETIMES I THINK
WHAT\'S HAPPENING IN MY LIFE.
00:58:38.533 --> 00:58:40.299
SOMETIMES I\'M MAD AT SOMEBODY.
00:58:40.300 --> 00:58:42.232
SOMETIMES I\'M HAPPY
WITH SOMEBODY.
00:58:42.233 --> 00:58:47.199
BUT I TRY MOSTLY TO RELAX.
00:58:47.200 --> 00:58:48.900
THAT\'S IT, FOLKS.
00:58:54.367 --> 00:58:57.366
THIS IS THE HOUSE
WHERE PRESIDENT KENNEDY LIVED
00:58:57.367 --> 00:58:58.367
WHEN HE WAS IN NEW YORK.
00:58:58.368 --> 00:58:59.933
HE WENT TO SCHOOL HERE.
00:59:03.000 --> 00:59:05.067
THIS IS THE HOUSE RIGHT HERE.
00:59:13.700 --> 00:59:16.332
IT\'S US.
00:59:16.333 --> 00:59:22.866
DENISE AND I STARTED TO COLLECT
IN AROUND 1961
00:59:22.867 --> 00:59:25.299
A FEW YEARS
AFTER WE WERE MARRIED,
00:59:25.300 --> 00:59:28.599
AND OVER THE YEARS, WE BEGAN
TO SPECIALIZE, TO FOCUS IN
00:59:28.600 --> 00:59:32.267
ON GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN
EXPRESSIONISTS.
00:59:35.767 --> 00:59:38.032
I\'VE BEEN STRUGGLING ALL MY LIFE
TO COME TO GRIPS
00:59:38.033 --> 00:59:41.066
WITH MY VIENNESE HERITAGE,
00:59:41.067 --> 00:59:44.999
AND SO THIS IS A FURTHER ATTEMPT
TO DO THAT.
00:59:45.000 --> 00:59:47.199
ONE I PARTICULARLY LOVE
IS THE KISS.
00:59:47.200 --> 00:59:50.299
IT HAS MEANINGS ON SO MANY
DIFFERENT LEVELS TO ME.
00:59:50.300 --> 00:59:53.332
IT SORT OF REPRESENTS
DENISE AND MYSELF...
00:59:53.333 --> 00:59:55.232
WHEN WE\'RE NICE TO EACH OTHER.
00:59:55.233 --> 00:59:56.766
AND I LIKE IT VERY MUCH.
00:59:56.767 --> 00:59:59.532
THE MOST DIFFICULT PERIOD
I EVER HAD
00:59:59.533 --> 01:00:07.533
WAS WHILE I WAS A RESIDENT
AT HARVARD.
11:00:02.100 --> 11:00:07.266
UM, SO I WOULD WORK
DURING THE DAYTIME,
11:00:07.267 --> 11:00:09.732
AND I WOULD DO EXPERIMENTS
IN THE EVENING
11:00:09.733 --> 11:00:12.299
AND ON THE WEEKENDS.
11:00:12.300 --> 11:00:14.232
SO IMAGINE, YOU TAKE
YOUR SATURDAY AND SUNDAY
11:00:14.233 --> 11:00:16.299
AND YOU SPEND IN THE LAB,
AND IT\'S COMPLETELY WASTED,
11:00:16.300 --> 11:00:19.132
WHICH IS WHAT HAPPENED
70% OF THE TIME.
11:00:19.133 --> 11:00:20.966
TO DRAG YOURSELF HOME
ON SUNDAY NIGHT
11:00:20.967 --> 11:00:22.666
AFTER TWO DAYS OF FAILURE,
11:00:22.667 --> 11:00:25.032
AND TO HAVE YOUR WIFE UNHAPPY
ABOUT THE FACT
11:00:25.033 --> 11:00:26.999
THAT YOU WERE AWAY FOR SO LONG,
11:00:27.000 --> 11:00:29.432
THAT\'S VERY PAINFUL
AND VERY DIFFICULT.
11:00:29.433 --> 11:00:34.066
SHORTLY AFTER OUR SON PAUL
WAS BORN IN MARCH, 1961,
11:00:34.067 --> 11:00:37.199
DENISE AND I HAD
A SERIOUS CRISIS,
11:00:37.200 --> 11:00:40.599
BY FAR THE MOST SERIOUS
OF OUR LIFE TOGETHER.
11:00:40.600 --> 11:00:41.632
I THOUGHT WE HAD HAD
11:00:41.633 --> 11:00:44.399
AN UNUSUALLY HARMONIOUS
RELATIONSHIP.
11:00:44.400 --> 11:00:47.132
SHE HAD STRONGLY SUPPORTED ME
AS I WAS STRUGGLING
11:00:47.133 --> 11:00:49.699
TO DEFINE MY CAREER
AND SHE WAS WORKING
11:00:49.700 --> 11:00:50.966
AS A POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW
11:00:50.967 --> 11:00:53.032
AT THE MASSACHUSETTS
MENTAL HEALTH CENTER,
11:00:53.033 --> 11:00:54.532
BUT ONE SUNDAY AFTERNOON,
11:00:54.533 --> 11:00:57.066
SHE SHOWED UP
WHILE I WAS WORKING IN THE LAB
11:00:57.067 --> 11:00:59.332
AND SIMPLY EXPLODED ON ME.
11:00:59.333 --> 11:01:02.032
CARRYING PAUL IN HER ARMS,
SHE SCREAMED,
11:01:02.033 --> 11:01:03.899
\"YOU CAN\'T GO ON LIKE THIS!
11:01:03.900 --> 11:01:06.732
YOU\'RE ONLY THINKING OF YOURSELF
AND YOUR WORK!
11:01:06.733 --> 11:01:09.099
YOU\'RE JUST IGNORING
THE TWO OF US!\"
11:01:09.100 --> 11:01:12.199
I WAS STARTLED AND DEEPLY HURT.
11:01:12.200 --> 11:01:15.066
I WAS SO TRANSFIXED
BY MY SCIENCE,
11:01:15.067 --> 11:01:18.132
BOTH ENJOYING IT
AND ALSO WORRYING ABOUT IT
11:01:18.133 --> 11:01:20.732
WHEN MY EXPERIMENTS FAILED,
AS THEY OFTEN DID,
11:01:20.733 --> 11:01:23.866
THAT IT NEVER DAWNED ON ME
THAT I WAS NEGLECTING
11:01:23.867 --> 11:01:27.432
OR IN ANY WAY DEVALUATING
DENISE AND PAUL,
11:01:27.433 --> 11:01:29.099
WITHDRAWING MY LOVE FROM THEM.
11:01:29.100 --> 11:01:32.066
I WAS UPSET AND ANGRY
ABOUT BEING CONFRONTED
11:01:32.067 --> 11:01:33.666
SO HARSHLY AND SO SUDDENLY.
11:01:33.667 --> 11:01:37.332
I SULKED AND POUTED
AND TOOK DAYS TO RECOVER.
11:01:37.333 --> 11:01:41.366
IN RESPONSE, I DECIDED
TO SPEND MORE TIME AT HOME
11:01:41.367 --> 11:01:45.166
WITH HER AND PAUL.
11:01:45.167 --> 11:01:47.732
NOW YOU\'LL SEE THE FIRST PLACE
WHERE I STAYED.
11:01:47.733 --> 11:01:49.132
I HOPE THE BUILDING
IS STILL THERE.
11:01:49.133 --> 11:01:52.232
I HAVE NOT BEEN THERE
FOR SIXTY YEARS.
11:01:52.233 --> 11:01:54.932
UM, MY GRANDPARENTS
HAD ALREADY BEEN
11:01:54.933 --> 11:01:56.866
IN THE UNITED STATES
FOR TWO MONTHS.
11:01:56.867 --> 11:01:58.932
MY BROTHER AND I CAME IN APRIL,
11:01:58.933 --> 11:02:01.199
AND MY PARENTS CAME
IN SEPTEMBER.
11:02:01.200 --> 11:02:03.932
1115, IT\'S JUST RIGHT HERE.
11:02:03.933 --> 11:02:06.166
1119, WHOOPS.
11:02:06.167 --> 11:02:08.066
THAT\'S IT.
11:02:08.067 --> 11:02:16.067
IT\'S AMAZING HOW IT\'S COME DOWN.
11:02:20.733 --> 11:02:23.932
[knocking]
11:02:23.933 --> 11:02:26.532
HI.
11:02:26.533 --> 11:02:27.999
CAN WE COME IN FOR A MINUTE?
11:02:28.000 --> 11:02:29.632
I USED TO LIVE HERE.
11:02:29.633 --> 11:02:31.532
HOW MANY BEDROOMS ARE THERE
IN THIS APARTMENT?
11:02:31.533 --> 11:02:33.832
- THIS IS ONE,
AND THAT ONE\'S A...
11:02:33.833 --> 11:02:36.899
- ISN\'T THERE A THIRD BEDROOM?
11:02:36.900 --> 11:02:39.099
I SOMEHOW REMEMBER
THREE BEDROOMS.
11:02:39.100 --> 11:02:41.132
- [speaking a foreign language]
11:02:41.133 --> 11:02:42.332
- I DON\'T REMEMBER THIS LAYOUT.
11:02:42.333 --> 11:02:43.932
- [speaking a foreign language]
11:02:43.933 --> 11:02:45.966
- EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS
A CURTAIN OVER THE DOORS,
11:02:45.967 --> 11:02:47.132
I COULD HEAR THE PRAYERS
11:02:47.133 --> 11:02:51.566
THAT MY GRANDFATHER
WAS CHANTING.
11:02:51.567 --> 11:02:53.667
YEAH.
11:02:56.467 --> 11:02:58.332
SO CONCEIVABLY,
WE WERE ON THE NEXT FLOOR.
11:02:58.333 --> 11:03:01.566
I REMEMBER
A SOMEWHAT LARGER APARTMENT.
11:03:01.567 --> 11:03:04.033
[knocking]
11:03:06.033 --> 11:03:09.299
HI, EXCUSE ME,
I\'M ERIC KANDEL.
11:03:09.300 --> 11:03:11.499
I USED TO LIVE HERE
MANY YEARS AGO.
11:03:11.500 --> 11:03:14.432
CAN WE COME IN
JUST FOR A FEW MINUTES?
11:03:14.433 --> 11:03:17.132
AND HOW DOES ONE GET
TO THE OTHER SIDE?
11:03:17.133 --> 11:03:18.532
IT GOES AROUND?
11:03:18.533 --> 11:03:19.533
- NO.
11:03:19.534 --> 11:03:20.799
- THAT\'S A SEPARATE APARTMENT.
11:03:20.800 --> 11:03:21.800
- YEAH.
11:03:21.801 --> 11:03:22.932
- IS THAT A LARGER APARTMENT?
11:03:22.933 --> 11:03:24.966
- YEAH.
11:03:24.967 --> 11:03:26.466
- THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
11:03:26.467 --> 11:03:27.866
WHEN WE CAME HERE,
11:03:27.867 --> 11:03:30.232
WE WERE AT THE SAME
FINANCIAL LEVEL AS THESE PEOPLE.
11:03:30.233 --> 11:03:32.633
WE WERE EXTREMELY POOR.
11:03:36.300 --> 11:03:38.432
- HELLO.
11:03:38.433 --> 11:03:40.899
- MY FATHER USED TO OWN
THIS STORE
11:03:40.900 --> 11:03:42.932
THAT YOU OWN ACROSS THE STREET,
411 CHURCH AVENUE.
11:03:42.933 --> 11:03:44.266
- YEAH?
11:03:44.267 --> 11:03:46.399
- HE HAD A HABERDASHERY STORE
THERE MANY YEARS AGO.
11:03:46.400 --> 11:03:47.466
- OH, THAT\'S A LONG TIME AGO.
11:03:47.467 --> 11:03:48.632
- YES, KANDEL.
11:03:48.633 --> 11:03:49.966
- I WAS ON THE AVENUE
AT THAT TIME.
11:03:49.967 --> 11:03:51.266
- YOU WERE ALREADY
IN THE AVENUE?
11:03:51.267 --> 11:03:53.166
- I WAS NEXT TO THE PIZZERIA,
NEXT TO THE TONY.
11:03:53.167 --> 11:03:55.632
YOU REMEMBER THAT THIS
WAS A MEN\'S SHOP?
11:03:55.633 --> 11:03:57.432
- YES, I SEE, FANTASTIC.
11:03:57.433 --> 11:03:58.999
- SO I THINK SO;
I KNOW HIM.
11:03:59.000 --> 11:04:00.099
- YEAH, YEAH, YEAH.
11:04:00.100 --> 11:04:03.766
AND I REMEMBER
WHEN MY FATHER, UM,
11:04:03.767 --> 11:04:05.766
MOVED INTO THE STORE.
11:04:05.767 --> 11:04:07.332
HE HAD ALL THE THINGS AT HOME,
YOU KNOW,
11:04:07.333 --> 11:04:08.766
WHAT HE WAS SELLING
FROM DAY TO DAY,
11:04:08.767 --> 11:04:11.399
AND I WOULD SCHLEP THEM
11:04:11.400 --> 11:04:14.899
IN ORDER TO HELP HIM
MOVE THE STUFF
11:04:14.900 --> 11:04:16.932
FROM THE APARTMENT TO HERE.
11:04:16.933 --> 11:04:18.966
AND THEN AFTER A WHILE,
WE ACTUALLY MOVED UPSTAIRS,
11:04:18.967 --> 11:04:21.832
WHICH WAS FANTASTIC,
BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, MY MOTHER
11:04:21.833 --> 11:04:23.666
WOULD PREPARE DINNER;
SHE\'D JUST GO UPSTAIRS,
11:04:23.667 --> 11:04:26.866
YOU KNOW, AND WE\'D HAVE A BELL
AND YOU COULD RING.
11:04:26.867 --> 11:04:29.066
THE APARTMENT RUNS LIKE THIS.
11:04:29.067 --> 11:04:31.499
YOU COME UP THE STAIRS,
AND THERE ARE TWO ENTRANCES,
11:04:31.500 --> 11:04:33.166
ONE HERE AND ONE THERE.
11:04:33.167 --> 11:04:36.132
BUT OFF HERE IS A ROOM,
A SINGLE ROOM BY ITSELF,
11:04:36.133 --> 11:04:39.232
WITH ITS OWN ENTRANCE, A LOCK,
AND THIS WAS MY ROOM.
11:04:39.233 --> 11:04:41.266
IT OVERLOOKS CHURCH AVENUE.
11:04:41.267 --> 11:04:44.699
AND I REALLY FELT
THIS WAS MY LITTLE CASTLE.
11:04:44.700 --> 11:04:47.766
YEAH, IT WAS A SMALL ROOM,
BUT IT WAS VERY NICE.
11:04:47.767 --> 11:04:50.366
MY FATHER ACTUALLY CAME
FROM GALITZIA ORIGINALLY.
11:04:50.367 --> 11:04:55.732
HE WAS A VERY, UM, HYPER GUY,
YOU KNOW, LIKE ME A LITTLE BIT,
11:04:55.733 --> 11:04:56.866
BUT MORE VOLATILE.
11:04:56.867 --> 11:04:59.766
HE WOULD OCCASIONALLY SCREAM
AT CUSTOMERS
11:04:59.767 --> 11:05:01.666
IF THEY DIDN\'T TREAT HIM RIGHT.
11:05:01.667 --> 11:05:03.066
MY FATHER WOULD NOT
TRUST ANYBODY.
11:05:03.067 --> 11:05:04.067
DIDN\'T TRUST MY MOTHER.
11:05:04.068 --> 11:05:05.332
[laughs]
11:05:05.333 --> 11:05:08.032
BECAUSE SHE WOULD TAKE MONEY
FROM THE DRAWER...
11:05:08.033 --> 11:05:09.732
THERE\'S A DRAWER
WHERE YOU KEEP THE MONEY...
11:05:09.733 --> 11:05:11.299
AND GIVE IT TO ME.
11:05:11.300 --> 11:05:14.433
ANYWAY, THEY WERE VERY NICE
TO ME.
11:05:17.700 --> 11:05:19.499
THANK YOU.
- OKAY, THANK YOU, DOCTOR.
11:05:19.500 --> 11:05:22.200
- THANK YOU.
- IT\'S NICE TO MEET YOU, DOCTOR.
11:05:24.767 --> 11:05:27.932
- OH, IT\'S AN OPTICAL ILLUSION,
BUT IT\'S CORRECT.
11:05:27.933 --> 11:05:29.366
THAT\'S THE ROOM.
11:05:29.367 --> 11:05:32.232
THE ROOM THAT\'S OFF BY ITSELF
IS, I\'M ALMOST CERTAIN,
11:05:32.233 --> 11:05:33.432
THE ONE ON THE LEFT.
11:05:33.433 --> 11:05:34.899
I COULD NEVER BRING
ANY GIRLS THERE,
11:05:34.900 --> 11:05:36.732
BUT IT WAS PERFECT.
11:05:36.733 --> 11:05:40.232
BUT I LIKE THIS TIME OF YEAR
SO MUCH,
11:05:40.233 --> 11:05:41.766
WHEN IT WOULD GET WARM
AND I WOULD HEAR
11:05:41.767 --> 11:05:42.966
THE NOISES IN THE STREET.
11:05:42.967 --> 11:05:45.566
IT WOULD SOMEHOW
BUOYED ME UP.
11:05:45.567 --> 11:05:47.732
HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED
IN THIS NEIGHBORHOOD?
11:05:47.733 --> 11:05:51.466
- OH, HERE, I LIVE SEVEN,
EIGHT YEAR.
11:05:51.467 --> 11:05:53.366
- THAT\'S OKAY;
YOU\'RE A YOUNGSTER.
11:05:53.367 --> 11:05:55.032
- [laughing] YES.
- THANK YOU.
11:05:55.033 --> 11:05:56.699
I WANTED TO KNOW
WHETHER YOU KNEW MY FATHER
11:05:56.700 --> 11:05:58.132
WHO HAD THE STORE
ACROSS THE STREET,
11:05:58.133 --> 11:05:59.932
BUT IF YOU DIDN\'T LIFE
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD...
11:05:59.933 --> 11:06:01.332
- NO, I JUST WAS PASSING BY.
- OKAY.
11:06:01.333 --> 11:06:02.632
- WHAT STORE HE HAD DUTIES
THERE?
11:06:02.633 --> 11:06:03.866
- HE HAD A HABERDASHERY STORE.
11:06:03.867 --> 11:06:05.166
- LONG TIME AGO?
11:06:05.167 --> 11:06:06.699
- YOU\'RE TOO YOUNG;
YOU WOULDN\'T KNOW.
11:06:06.700 --> 11:06:07.899
- THAT\'S IT.
11:06:07.900 --> 11:06:10.366
- HOW LONG HAVE YOU PEOPLE
BEEN LIVING HERE?
11:06:10.367 --> 11:06:11.466
- PARDON ME, SIR?
11:06:11.467 --> 11:06:12.899
- HOW LONG HAVE YOU
BEEN LIVING HERE?
11:06:12.900 --> 11:06:14.566
- WHAT IS YOUR PROBLEM?
- I HAVE NO PROBLEM.
11:06:14.567 --> 11:06:16.899
- YEAH, BUT WHAT IS
YOUR EXPLANATION?
11:06:16.900 --> 11:06:18.199
- I JUST WANT TO SPEAK
TO SOMEBODY
11:06:18.200 --> 11:06:19.366
WHO MIGHT REMEMBER MY FATHER,
11:06:19.367 --> 11:06:20.699
BUT YOU DON\'T
REMEMBER MY FATHER.
11:06:20.700 --> 11:06:21.899
- I PROBABLY REMEMBER, BUDDY.
11:06:21.900 --> 11:06:23.432
I HAD TO COME BACK
BECAUSE I\'M A OLD MAN.
11:06:23.433 --> 11:06:25.532
I\'M 79 YEARS OLD.
- YOU DON\'T LOOK LIKE YOU\'RE 79.
11:06:25.533 --> 11:06:27.566
- WELL I AM 79.
- YOU\'RE DOING WELL.
11:06:27.567 --> 11:06:32.032
- WELL, GOD LET ME DO WELL
BECAUSE I LIVE FOR GOD.
11:06:32.033 --> 11:06:34.032
WELL, I\'M BORN AS A PROPHET.
- I SEE.
11:06:34.033 --> 11:06:35.232
- I\'M A DIVINE HEALER.
11:06:35.233 --> 11:06:36.499
MY NAME IS PROPHET ALEC.
11:06:36.500 --> 11:06:38.099
YOU LOOK GOOD FOR YOURSELF TOO,
MAN.
11:06:38.100 --> 11:06:39.866
WHAT ARE YOU, ABOUT 82?
11:06:39.867 --> 11:06:41.332
- I\'M 40.
11:06:41.333 --> 11:06:42.666
- [laughs]
11:06:42.667 --> 11:06:43.667
YOU\'RE FUNNY!
11:06:43.668 --> 11:06:45.266
- 82?
11:06:45.267 --> 11:06:47.199
YOU RASCAL, FOR GOD\'S SAKE.
11:06:47.200 --> 11:06:48.299
- [laughing]
11:06:48.300 --> 11:06:49.632
- 82?
11:06:49.633 --> 11:06:51.732
I DIDN\'T HAVE TO COME
TO BROOKLYN TO HEAR THAT.
11:06:51.733 --> 11:06:53.666
[laughter]
11:06:53.667 --> 11:06:56.832
- HE\'S A CHARACTER.
11:06:56.833 --> 11:06:58.932
OH, MY, HE\'S A CHARACTER.
11:06:58.933 --> 11:07:00.199
THAT\'S YOUR FATHER?
11:07:00.200 --> 11:07:01.832
- FATHER?
- [laughs]
11:07:01.833 --> 11:07:03.332
- I\'M HER LOVER!
11:07:03.333 --> 11:07:05.766
FATHER; HE\'S DESTROYING
MY REPUTATION.
11:07:05.767 --> 11:07:08.767
[laughter]
11:07:11.067 --> 11:07:13.099
SOME SORT OF A PROPHET YOU ARE.
11:07:13.100 --> 11:07:15.966
[laughter]
11:07:15.967 --> 11:07:18.566
- OH, BOY, HE GETTING
A BEAUTIFUL CONVERSATION
11:07:18.567 --> 11:07:19.732
HERE TODAY.
11:07:19.733 --> 11:07:21.332
- [laughs]
11:07:21.333 --> 11:07:22.566
- BLESS YOU;
NOW, SIT DOWN.
11:07:22.567 --> 11:07:23.599
- NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO.
11:07:23.600 --> 11:07:24.832
I RESPECT YOU; I RESPECT YOU.
11:07:24.833 --> 11:07:27.232
- I RESPECT YOU ALSO;
YOU\'RE A GREAT MAN.
11:07:27.233 --> 11:07:28.399
- PEACE AND LOVE TO YOU.
11:07:28.400 --> 11:07:29.566
- PEACE AND LOVE TO YOU.
11:07:29.567 --> 11:07:30.567
- BLESS YOU.
11:07:30.568 --> 11:07:36.199
- AYE AYE AYE.
11:07:36.200 --> 11:07:37.499
PARDON ME.
11:07:37.500 --> 11:07:39.632
HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD?
11:07:39.633 --> 11:07:41.066
- 70 SOME ODD YEARS.
11:07:41.067 --> 11:07:42.232
- 70 SOME ODD YEARS?
11:07:42.233 --> 11:07:43.799
YOU\'RE JUST THE PERSON
I\'M LOOKING FOR.
11:07:43.800 --> 11:07:44.932
- PARDON?
11:07:44.933 --> 11:07:46.532
- YOU\'RE JUST THE PERSON
I\'M LOOKING FOR.
11:07:46.533 --> 11:07:47.599
- [laughs]
11:07:47.600 --> 11:07:48.799
WHY?
11:07:48.800 --> 11:07:51.666
- UM, I USED TO LIVE
AROUND THE CORNER.
11:07:51.667 --> 11:07:54.432
AND MY FATHER HAD
A DRY GOOD STORE,
11:07:54.433 --> 11:07:55.832
A HABERDASHERY STORE.
11:07:55.833 --> 11:07:58.466
HE WAS IN... IT\'S IN
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE STREET.
11:07:58.467 --> 11:07:59.467
DO YOU REMEMBER THAT?
11:07:59.468 --> 11:08:00.632
- I THINK SO.
11:08:00.633 --> 11:08:03.132
I COME FROM THE OTHER SIDE
OF BROOKLYN.
11:08:03.133 --> 11:08:05.232
- WE\'RE REMINISCING
ABOUT THE GOOD OLD DAYS.
11:08:05.233 --> 11:08:06.632
WERE YOU HERE
FOR THE GOOD OLD DAYS?
11:08:06.633 --> 11:08:08.632
HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN LIVING
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD?
11:08:08.633 --> 11:08:10.132
- I\'VE BEEN LIVING IN THIS AREA,
11:08:10.133 --> 11:08:14.766
A RADIUS OF THREE MILES,
ALL MY LIFE.
11:08:14.767 --> 11:08:16.666
- SIT DOWN, FOR GOD\'S SAKES.
- NOPE, I\'M GOING UP.
11:08:16.667 --> 11:08:18.766
I HAVE TO TAKE CHICKEN
OUT OF THE FREEZER.
11:08:18.767 --> 11:08:20.366
- TAKE CHICKEN
OUT OF THE FREEZER.
11:08:20.367 --> 11:08:21.666
DID YOU GO
TO THE SYNAGOGUE HERE?
11:08:21.667 --> 11:08:23.366
WHAT SYNAGOGUE?
- OH, SURE, I BELONG.
11:08:23.367 --> 11:08:25.899
- YEAH, WE ARE MEMBERS
OF THE SISTERHOOD.
11:08:25.900 --> 11:08:29.166
- WONDERFUL PLACE.
11:08:29.167 --> 11:08:31.499
I MEAN, I FEEL
A LITTLE BIT HYPOCRITICAL,
11:08:31.500 --> 11:08:34.199
BECAUSE I\'M NOT ORTHODOX
IN ANY WAY,
11:08:34.200 --> 11:08:40.166
BUT I FEEL CULTURALLY
SO COMPLETELY JEWISH.
11:08:40.167 --> 11:08:41.666
- BUT TO SIT IN THE AUDIENCE
11:08:41.667 --> 11:08:45.866
AND HEAR A NOBEL PRIZE WINNER
SPEAK IS TO BE IN HEAVEN.
11:08:45.867 --> 11:08:47.766
AND PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT.
11:08:47.767 --> 11:08:50.199
ERIC WILL NEVER SAY THIS,
BUT I WILL TELL YOU.
11:08:50.200 --> 11:08:52.499
IT\'S SOMETHING SO SPECIAL.
11:08:52.500 --> 11:08:55.266
- [stuttering]
11:08:55.267 --> 11:08:56.499
LET ME EXPLAIN TO YOU WHY...
11:08:56.500 --> 11:08:58.332
- SHUSH, SHUSH, SHUSH;
DON\'T SAY TOO MUCH.
11:08:58.333 --> 11:09:01.632
- NO, NO, NO...
NO, NOT FOR MYSELF.
11:09:01.633 --> 11:09:08.366
IN THE JEWISH VALUE SYSTEM,
11:09:08.367 --> 11:09:11.232
HAVE A SON A SCHOLAR
IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.
11:09:11.233 --> 11:09:12.632
- YEAH, WE VALUE EDUCATION.
11:09:12.633 --> 11:09:14.099
- YES, AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT.
11:09:14.100 --> 11:09:15.599
- EDUCATION TO US...
- IS EVERYTHING.
11:09:15.600 --> 11:09:16.600
- EVERYTHING.
11:09:16.601 --> 11:09:19.699
THESE TWO ARE CALLED
RIMONIM,
11:09:19.700 --> 11:09:21.632
WHICH IN ENGLISH REALLY MEANS
POMEGRANATE,
11:09:21.633 --> 11:09:24.899
BUT IT\'S ALSO CALLED
ETZ HACHAYIM, THE TREE OF LIFE.
11:09:24.900 --> 11:09:28.466
THESE SCROLLS
ARE THE TREES OF LIFE.
11:09:28.467 --> 11:09:29.532
THEY HOLD OUR LIFE.
11:09:29.533 --> 11:09:30.966
THEY HOLD JEWISH LIFE,
11:09:30.967 --> 11:09:34.599
BECAUSE WHAT\'S WRITTEN
ON THE SCROLLS, ON THE PAPERS,
11:09:34.600 --> 11:09:36.166
IS THE LIFE OF THE JEW.
11:09:36.167 --> 11:09:39.032
- IN ADDITION TO THE COVER,
YOU HAVE SEVERAL OTHER THINGS.
11:09:39.033 --> 11:09:42.766
YOU HAVE THE CROWN,
AND THEN YOU HAVE THE POINTER,
11:09:42.767 --> 11:09:44.432
BECAUSE WHEN YOU READ,
11:09:44.433 --> 11:09:46.999
YOU USE IT, REALLY,
TO HELP YOU ALONG.
11:09:47.000 --> 11:09:48.032
- AND YOU SPEAK YIDDISH?
11:09:48.033 --> 11:09:49.432
- I UNDERSTAND YIDDISH
QUITE WELL.
11:09:49.433 --> 11:09:52.433
- [speaking Yiddish]
11:09:54.733 --> 11:09:56.799
YEAH.
11:09:56.800 --> 11:09:58.399
- WHY DID YOU JUST CRY?
11:09:58.400 --> 11:10:00.799
- I DON\'T KNOW;
MY CRYING IS UNRELATED
11:10:00.800 --> 11:10:02.066
TO SPECIFIC EVENTS.
11:10:02.067 --> 11:10:05.132
THEY PULL UP SOME EMOTION TO ME,
11:10:05.133 --> 11:10:09.866
MY IDENTITY WITH JUDAISM,
MY ASKING FOR FORGIVENESS.
11:10:09.867 --> 11:10:12.399
BUT YOU KNOW, I CRY EASILY.
11:10:12.400 --> 11:10:15.432
- YEAH, BUT YOU CRY ALL THE TIME
WHEN IT\'S ABOUT THIS.
11:10:15.433 --> 11:10:19.332
- ABOUT JUDAISM, YEAH.
11:10:19.333 --> 11:10:20.966
SHVER TO ZAIN A YID.
11:10:20.967 --> 11:10:25.099
[laughs]
11:10:25.100 --> 11:10:26.132
YEAH.
11:10:26.133 --> 11:10:27.432
- YOU DON\'T CRY
BECAUSE IT HURTS.
11:10:27.433 --> 11:10:29.066
IT\'S EMOTIONAL.
11:10:29.067 --> 11:10:31.232
- NO, NO, NO, IT\'S NOT...
I DON\'T FEEL PAIN.
11:10:31.233 --> 11:10:36.599
IT HAS AN EMOTIONAL MEANING
TO ME, AND YOU KNOW,
11:10:36.600 --> 11:10:38.666
BEING A JEW HAS BEEN
A WONDERFUL EXPERIENCE
11:10:38.667 --> 11:10:40.966
FOR ME IN AMERICA,
11:10:40.967 --> 11:10:44.499
BUT CERTAINLY, BEING A JEW
IN VIENNA WAS VERY PAINFUL.
11:10:44.500 --> 11:10:47.632
I WAS NEVER, FOR A MOMENT,
CONSIDERED GIVING IT UP,
11:10:47.633 --> 11:10:52.999
BUT WAS KEENLY AWARE OF IT.
11:10:53.000 --> 11:10:55.932
BUT WE\'RE NOT GONNA HAVE
A SUCCESSFUL ANALYSIS
11:10:55.933 --> 11:11:00.432
OF MY EMOTIONAL...
[laughing]
11:11:00.433 --> 11:11:01.966
- NO, BUT IT\'S...
11:11:01.967 --> 11:11:03.199
- YEAH, IT\'S PART OF ME.
11:11:03.200 --> 11:11:05.366
IT IS PART OF ME.
11:11:05.367 --> 11:11:09.166
[applause]
11:11:09.167 --> 11:11:10.999
AND SO NOW WE\'RE ABOUT 1990,
11:11:11.000 --> 11:11:15.132
AND TIME HAS COME TO GO BACK
TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS,
11:11:15.133 --> 11:11:18.466
TO REALLY TRY TO TACKLE MORE
COMPLICATED FORMS OF MEMORY,
11:11:18.467 --> 11:11:21.432
AND AS IT HAPPENS, I MEAN,
THE FIELD DID NOT STAND STILL.
11:11:21.433 --> 11:11:23.199
PEOPLE HAD BEEN WORKING
ON THE HIPPOCAMPUS
11:11:23.200 --> 11:11:25.232
SINCE ALDEN SPENCER
AND I BEGAN IT.
11:11:25.233 --> 11:11:26.666
A LOT OF PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE.
11:11:26.667 --> 11:11:29.099
AND JUST BRIEFLY STATED,
WE FOUND THAT,
11:11:29.100 --> 11:11:31.599
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS,
WITH COMPLEX FORMS OF LEARNING,
11:11:31.600 --> 11:11:35.266
LIKE SPACE OR OBJECTS
THAT MICE CAN LEARN,
11:11:35.267 --> 11:11:37.932
THE PRINCIPLES
WERE VERY MUCH THE SAME.
11:11:37.933 --> 11:11:40.932
AND WHAT MADE THE MOUSE
SO WONDERFUL
11:11:40.933 --> 11:11:43.432
AND CONTINUES
TO MAKE IT WONDERFUL IS,
11:11:43.433 --> 11:11:44.932
MOUSE IS LIKE US.
11:11:44.933 --> 11:11:48.832
IT\'S A LITTLE FURRY MAMMAL,
A PERSON,
11:11:48.833 --> 11:11:53.966
AND YOU CAN BEGIN TO LOOK
AT ANIMAL MODELS
11:11:53.967 --> 11:11:56.699
OF BRAIN FUNCTION.
11:11:56.700 --> 11:11:59.099
MICE DO NOT SHOW
ALZHEIMER\'S DISEASE
11:11:59.100 --> 11:12:00.166
SPONTANEOUSLY.
11:12:00.167 --> 11:12:01.332
YOU CAN PUT INTO THEM
11:12:01.333 --> 11:12:04.032
THE HUMAN MUTATION
FOR ALZHEIMER\'S DISEASE,
11:12:04.033 --> 11:12:08.232
BUT THEY DEVELOP, ON THEIR OWN,
AN AGE-RELATED MEMORY LOSS.
11:12:08.233 --> 11:12:12.299
IF YOU TAKE 100 PEOPLE,
40%, EVERYBODY IN THIS AUDIENCE,
11:12:12.300 --> 11:12:14.799
FUNCTIONS LIKE THEY WERE
TEENAGERS.
11:12:14.800 --> 11:12:18.432
THIS IS CALLED, EUPHEMISTICALLY,
SUCCESSFUL AGING.
11:12:18.433 --> 11:12:22.432
THE OTHER 60% HAVE ONE
OR ANOTHER KIND OF TSURIKTS.
11:12:22.433 --> 11:12:28.066
30% GO ON TO A MILD DISORDER
CALLED AGE-RELATED MEMORY LOSS,
11:12:28.067 --> 11:12:30.332
OR BENIGN SENESCENT
FORGETFULNESS,
11:12:30.333 --> 11:12:33.599
NONALZHEIMER
AGE-RELATED MEMORY LOSS.
11:12:33.600 --> 11:12:38.132
AND THE OTHER 30% GO ON
TO A VERY SEVERE ILLNESS
11:12:38.133 --> 11:12:40.399
THAT YOU KNOW ABOUT
CALLED ALZHEIMER\'S DISEASE.
11:12:40.400 --> 11:12:42.299
SO I LOOK AT THEIR BRAIN
AND I SEE
11:12:42.300 --> 11:12:45.666
THAT THE SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS
THAT NORMALLY GET STRENGTHENED
11:12:45.667 --> 11:12:48.532
WITH LONG-TERM MEMORY
DON\'T GET STRENGTHENED.
11:12:48.533 --> 11:12:53.166
AND THE CYCLIC AMP SIGNAL,
WHICH IS SUPPOSED TO GO UP,
11:12:53.167 --> 11:12:54.599
DOESN\'T GO UP.
11:12:54.600 --> 11:12:56.532
BASED ON WHAT I\'VE TOLD YOU,
11:12:56.533 --> 11:12:58.666
YOU RAISE THE LEVEL
OF CYCLIC AMP.
11:12:58.667 --> 11:13:00.899
THE MOUSE,
NOT ONLY THE PHYSIOLOGY,
11:13:00.900 --> 11:13:04.532
BUT THE BEHAVIOR RETURNS
BACK TO THE ADOLESCENT LEVEL.
11:13:04.533 --> 11:13:06.666
SO IF YOU\'RE A MOUSE,
WE CAN DO A LOT FOR YOU.
11:13:06.667 --> 11:13:08.532
PEOPLE, WE\'RE NOT SURE YET.
11:13:08.533 --> 11:13:10.332
SO TOGETHER
WITH SEVERAL COLLEAGUES,
11:13:10.333 --> 11:13:13.232
I STARTED A COMPANY
CALLED MEMORY PHARMACEUTICALS.
11:13:13.233 --> 11:13:15.232
THIS COMPANY NOW IS
IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH THIS
11:13:15.233 --> 11:13:17.932
AND AN NUMBER OF OTHER DRUGS,
BUT OUR COMPANY\'S NOT ALONE.
11:13:17.933 --> 11:13:20.599
EVERYBODY AND HIS UNCLE
IS TRYING TO GET DRUGS FOR THIS.
11:13:20.600 --> 11:13:23.666
MOREOVER, MIKE SHILANSKI
NEXT DOOR
11:13:23.667 --> 11:13:27.499
HAS PUT AN ALZHEIMER GENE
INTO A MOUSE,
11:13:27.500 --> 11:13:29.466
AS HAVE DONE MANY
OTHER PEOPLE,
11:13:29.467 --> 11:13:32.632
AND HE\'S FOUND THAT THE ANIMAL
HAS A MEMORY LOSS,
11:13:32.633 --> 11:13:35.099
THAT THE FACILITATION
THAT YOU NORMALLY SEE
11:13:35.100 --> 11:13:36.332
IS DEPRESSED,
11:13:36.333 --> 11:13:39.766
AND YOU LOSE CONNECTIONS,
ANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS.
11:13:39.767 --> 11:13:42.366
YOU GIVE THIS DRUG
THAT BOOSTS UP CYCLIC AMP,
11:13:42.367 --> 11:13:47.266
AND YOU REVERSE MUCH OF THAT.
11:13:47.267 --> 11:13:48.466
SO WE\'RE LOOKING FOR THE RABBI.
11:13:48.467 --> 11:13:50.332
IS HE IN HERE,
OR IS HE NEXT DOOR?
11:13:50.333 --> 11:13:52.499
- UM, WELL, THAT\'S YOUNG ISRAEL.
11:13:52.500 --> 11:13:53.599
THIS IS YESHIVA FLATBUSH.
11:13:53.600 --> 11:13:55.066
- OKAY, WE WANT THE YESHIVA
FLATBUSH.
11:13:55.067 --> 11:13:56.432
[indistinct speech]
11:13:56.433 --> 11:14:02.199
- OKAY, GOOD TO SEE YOU.
- NICE TO SEE YOU.
11:14:02.200 --> 11:14:04.199
THIS SCHOOLYARD,
I REMEMBER PARTICULARLY WELL.
11:14:04.200 --> 11:14:06.132
WE PLAYED THERE ALL THE TIME.
11:14:06.133 --> 11:14:07.366
NOW, THIS IS MY CLASS.
11:14:07.367 --> 11:14:08.699
THIS IS ME.
11:14:08.700 --> 11:14:11.499
- OH, MY GOODNESS.
- AND THIS IS DANNY NEWMAN.
11:14:11.500 --> 11:14:13.166
BRAVERMAN HERE.
11:14:13.167 --> 11:14:15.066
RATHER INEFFECTIVE NICE MAN.
11:14:15.067 --> 11:14:16.766
MARVIN LEICHTUNG.
11:14:16.767 --> 11:14:19.266
THERE\'S ERNIE BOGAN.
11:14:19.267 --> 11:14:26.799
ERNIE BOGAN.
11:14:26.800 --> 11:14:30.532
WE SANG HEBREW SONGS.
11:14:30.533 --> 11:14:33.533
[singing in Hebrew]
11:14:35.367 --> 11:14:36.966
I\'VE FORGOTTEN ALL OF IT, BUT...
11:14:36.967 --> 11:14:38.232
- [speaking Hebrew]
11:14:38.233 --> 11:14:39.966
- SO WE\'D LEARNED HEBREW SONGS,
11:14:39.967 --> 11:14:42.699
AND WE CONSIDERED OURSELVES
AS PEOPLE
11:14:42.700 --> 11:14:44.099
WHO MIGHT SOMEDAY GO TO ISRAEL.
11:14:44.100 --> 11:14:45.999
- YEAH.
- OH, ABSOLUTELY.
11:14:46.000 --> 11:14:50.132
THIS WAS VERY IMPORTANT HERE,
BIG EMPHASIS.
11:14:50.133 --> 11:14:52.099
WHAT WAS NOT DISCUSSED AT ALL
11:14:52.100 --> 11:14:54.266
WAS WHAT WAS HAPPENING
IN EUROPE.
11:14:54.267 --> 11:14:57.099
MA DERHARGENEN YIDI
WAS NEVER MENTIONED.
11:14:57.100 --> 11:14:58.366
- I DON\'T KNOW THAT TERM.
11:14:58.367 --> 11:15:00.599
- YOU REALLY...
AND I\'M WORSE.
11:15:00.600 --> 11:15:01.832
BUT IT\'S \"KILLING JEWS.\"
11:15:01.833 --> 11:15:02.866
IT\'S A JEWISH EXPRESSION.
11:15:02.867 --> 11:15:04.199
- WHAT WAS...
11:15:04.200 --> 11:15:07.266
- MA DERHARGET...
DERHARGET, \"TO KILL.\"
11:15:07.267 --> 11:15:08.499
- OH, DERHARGET.
11:15:08.500 --> 11:15:10.066
- DERHARGET; I\'M SORRY.
IT\'S MY ACCENT,
11:15:10.067 --> 11:15:11.067
MY VIENNESE ACCENT.
11:15:11.068 --> 11:15:13.466
[laughter]
11:15:13.467 --> 11:15:14.532
YOU\'RE NOT AN AMORIST.
11:15:14.533 --> 11:15:15.866
YOU\'RE JUST A GERMAN JEW.
11:15:15.867 --> 11:15:16.966
[laughs]
11:15:16.967 --> 11:15:18.432
- WHEN YOU\'RE DOING
YOUR RESEARCH,
11:15:18.433 --> 11:15:20.599
DO YOU SOMETIMES FEEL
LIKE YOU\'RE PLAYING GOD?
11:15:20.600 --> 11:15:21.732
- NO.
11:15:21.733 --> 11:15:23.299
- OR YOU\'RE COMING CLOSE
TO DISCOVERING
11:15:23.300 --> 11:15:25.766
SOME OF THE SECRETS OF...
- NO, NO, NO, NO.
11:15:25.767 --> 11:15:27.832
I\'D SAY I\'M...
YOU\'RE SHOEMAKER.
11:15:27.833 --> 11:15:28.999
YOU\'RE REALLY MAKING SHOES,
11:15:29.000 --> 11:15:30.399
AND YOU WANT THE PRODUCT
TO BE NICE.
11:15:30.400 --> 11:15:32.999
I SEE RELIGION
AS PROVIDING
11:15:33.000 --> 11:15:36.199
SOME MORAL BOUNDARIES
FOR MY LIFE,
11:15:36.200 --> 11:15:39.832
PROVIDING A BONDING
BETWEEN MEMBERS
11:15:39.833 --> 11:15:43.599
OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY,
WHICH IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT,
11:15:43.600 --> 11:15:47.432
SOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR MY FAMILY
TO GET TOGETHER.
11:15:47.433 --> 11:15:48.832
AND ALSO I LIKE THE HISTOR...
11:15:48.833 --> 11:15:51.866
I LIKE, AS TALKED ABOUT BEFORE,
I LIKE WHAT JEWS STAND FOR,
11:15:51.867 --> 11:15:54.466
BY AND LARGE,
THE CENTRAL VALUES.
11:15:54.467 --> 11:15:57.366
I\'M NOT AN ORTHODOX JEW,
BUT IF I WERE AN ORTHODOX JEW,
11:15:57.367 --> 11:16:02.099
I SEE NO CONFLICT
BETWEEN RELIGIOSITY
11:16:02.100 --> 11:16:04.199
AND EVEN A BELIEF IN GOD
AND SCIENCE.
11:16:04.200 --> 11:16:05.566
THEY\'RE TWO SEPARATE WORLDS.
11:16:05.567 --> 11:16:08.699
SEE, FOR EXAMPLE, JEWS DON\'T
BELIEVE IN AN AFTERLIFE.
11:16:08.700 --> 11:16:11.432
I MEAN, THERE\'S A CONFLICT;
THERE\'S NOT A CLEAR VIEW.
11:16:11.433 --> 11:16:13.899
SO MANY OF THE ISSUES
THAT COME UP,
11:16:13.900 --> 11:16:16.666
YOU KNOW, THE SOUL,
THE NESHOME,
11:16:16.667 --> 11:16:18.399
IT\'S NOT A REAL CONFLICT
FOR MANY JEWS.
11:16:18.400 --> 11:16:19.866
IT\'S NO CONFLICT FOR ME.
11:16:19.867 --> 11:16:21.966
YOU KNOW, MOST JEWS,
WHEN YOU\'RE DEAD, YOU\'RE DEAD.
11:16:21.967 --> 11:16:23.732
YOU WANT THE MEMORY TO GO ON
11:16:23.733 --> 11:16:26.366
IN THE IDENTIFICATION
OF OTHER PEOPLE.
11:16:26.367 --> 11:16:28.566
- YOU EVER THINK ABOUT DEATH?
11:16:28.567 --> 11:16:33.232
- UH, PERIODICALLY.
11:16:33.233 --> 11:16:37.066
YEAH.
11:16:37.067 --> 11:16:39.099
I\'M NOT LOOKING FORWARD TO IT,
BUT...
11:16:39.100 --> 11:16:42.466
YOU KNOW, I HAVE TO FACE IT
SOONER OR LATER, YEAH.
11:16:42.467 --> 11:16:44.932
- AND WHAT DO YOU THINK?
WHAT COMES AFTER DEATH?
11:16:44.933 --> 11:16:48.033
- NOTHINGNESS,
NOTHINGNESS.
11:16:59.400 --> 11:17:02.566
- THIS IS A GOOD EXAMPLE
OF HOW A PRESYNAPTIC NEURON,
11:17:02.567 --> 11:17:05.332
LABELED IN GREEN,
FINDS ITS PARTNER
11:17:05.333 --> 11:17:09.299
AND THEN SENDS ITS AXONS
GROWING ALL OVER ITS PARTNER.
11:17:09.300 --> 11:17:10.866
- HOW IS THIS GROWTH STIMULATED?
11:17:10.867 --> 11:17:14.499
NOW, THERE\'S REASON TO BELIEVE
THAT DURING THE DEVELOPMENT,
11:17:14.500 --> 11:17:18.832
AND MAYBE EVEN DURING LEARNING,
THERE ARE GROWTH FACTORS,
11:17:18.833 --> 11:17:22.099
LIKE HORMONES,
SECRETED BY NERVE CELLS,
11:17:22.100 --> 11:17:23.799
THAT STIMULATE GROWTH.
11:17:23.800 --> 11:17:26.699
AND THERE\'S BEEN
INDIRECT EVIDENCE IN APLYSIA
11:17:26.700 --> 11:17:30.632
THAT A PRIMITIVE GROWTH FACTOR
EXISTS.
11:17:30.633 --> 11:17:33.432
AND BELIEVE IT OR NOT,
LITTLE STEFAN
11:17:33.433 --> 11:17:36.132
HAS NOT ONLY DISCOVERED
THE GROWTH FACTOR.
11:17:36.133 --> 11:17:38.499
HE\'S DISCOVERED THE RECEPTOR
FOR IT.
11:17:38.500 --> 11:17:41.466
THIS LITTLE BOY FROM BULGARIA
CAME TO MY LAB
11:17:41.467 --> 11:17:43.966
WITHOUT ANY SHOES,
WITHOUT A SHIRT,
11:17:43.967 --> 11:17:45.166
AND LOOK AT HIM NOW,
11:17:45.167 --> 11:17:47.832
HAVING DISCOVERED
A GROWTH FACTOR.
11:17:47.833 --> 11:17:49.599
- IT WAS A VERY HAPPY DAY
OF MINE,
11:17:49.600 --> 11:17:52.732
BECAUSE WE LOOKED
AT SOME SEQUENCES.
11:17:52.733 --> 11:17:54.332
ACTUALLY, I WAS SITTING
ON THE COMPUTER.
11:17:54.333 --> 11:17:57.332
WHAT YOU DO IS, YOU SEND OUT
WHAT YOUR DATA IS,
11:17:57.333 --> 11:17:59.499
AND THEN YOU GET THE SEQUENCE,
AND THEN YOU READ IT.
11:17:59.500 --> 11:18:02.466
AND WHEN I READ AND I LOOKED,
I IMMEDIATELY REALIZED
11:18:02.467 --> 11:18:03.832
THAT THIS LOOKS LIKE THE ONE,
11:18:03.833 --> 11:18:05.699
THE ONE ONE THAT WE
WERE LOOKING FOR FOR SO LONG.
11:18:05.700 --> 11:18:07.166
IT WAS VERY MUCH
LIKE FALLING IN LOVE,
11:18:07.167 --> 11:18:09.632
BUT AND THEN LOOKING
FOR YOUR PARTNER,
11:18:09.633 --> 11:18:11.666
BUT THEN THIS PARTNER
WAS NOT RESPONSE.
11:18:11.667 --> 11:18:13.632
I EVEN BEGAN LOOKING FOR OTHERS,
11:18:13.633 --> 11:18:16.466
BECAUSE THERE WERE OTHER
GROWTH FACTORS WE KNEW EXIST,
11:18:16.467 --> 11:18:18.932
EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE NOT
QUITE WHAT WE WERE LOOKING FOR.
11:18:18.933 --> 11:18:20.432
BUT THEN IT CAME
ON THE LAST ONE.
11:18:20.433 --> 11:18:23.199
I WAS ABOUT TO GIVE UP
AND MOVE ON
11:18:23.200 --> 11:18:24.299
TO A DIFFERENT PROJECT.
11:18:24.300 --> 11:18:26.932
SO IT WAS VERY DRAMATIC, YES.
11:18:26.933 --> 11:18:28.466
THIS IS IT.
11:18:28.467 --> 11:18:29.999
BASICALLY, THIS IS
THE GROWTH FACTOR.
11:18:30.000 --> 11:18:33.866
WE CAN SEE IT IS MOVING NOW,
MOVING INSIDE THE CELL.
11:18:33.867 --> 11:18:36.866
- THE PROTEIN IS INVISIBLE
LIKE ITSELF,
11:18:36.867 --> 11:18:39.666
SO WE DRESS IT
WITH A GREEN SHIRT
11:18:39.667 --> 11:18:41.299
SO THAT WE CAN SEE IT.
11:18:41.300 --> 11:18:45.532
AND WE CAN SEE HOW VERY NICELY
IT\'S TRAFFICKING AROUND.
11:18:45.533 --> 11:18:48.099
AND TO KNOW THAT
INSIDE OUR HEAD,
11:18:48.100 --> 11:18:51.699
WE HAVE EXACTLY THE SAME
OCCURRING AT THIS MOMENT.
11:18:51.700 --> 11:18:53.899
WHEN WE .....,
WHEN WE ARE SINGING,
11:18:53.900 --> 11:18:56.399
WHEN WE MOVE,
IT\'S LIKE WHAT WE HAVE HERE.
11:18:56.400 --> 11:18:58.432
IT\'S A REPRESENTATION
OF WHAT IS GOING ON
11:18:58.433 --> 11:18:59.433
IN OUR HEADS.
11:18:59.434 --> 11:19:00.766
I THINK IT\'S AMAZING.
11:19:00.767 --> 11:19:02.932
IT\'S BEAUTIFUL.
11:19:02.933 --> 11:19:04.966
- THIS WAS SUCH
AN UNUSUAL DISCOVERY,
11:19:04.967 --> 11:19:07.099
I THOUGHT WE SHOULD BREAK OPEN
A BOTTLE OF CHAMPAGNE.
11:19:07.100 --> 11:19:09.032
IT\'S THE FIRST TIME
IN MY WHOLE CAREER
11:19:09.033 --> 11:19:13.132
THAT I DRANK CHAMPAGNE
ON A DISCOVERY IN THE LAB.
11:19:13.133 --> 11:19:15.799
THIS IS... FOR A NEW YORK CITY
HIGH SCHOOL
11:19:15.800 --> 11:19:18.466
TO HAVE SOMETHING LIKE THIS,
AND LOOK AT THIS.
11:19:18.467 --> 11:19:19.999
YOU KNOW,
FOR THE CHRISTMAS CONCERT,
11:19:20.000 --> 11:19:21.866
IT WOULD BE COMPLETELY PACKED,
11:19:21.867 --> 11:19:24.633
SO WE WOULD SIT UP THERE
IN THE BALCONY.
11:19:33.267 --> 11:19:35.966
I COULDN\'T HAVE ASKED
FOR FOUR BETTER YEARS HERE.
11:19:35.967 --> 11:19:38.199
I REALLY FELT I CAME INTO MY...
11:19:38.200 --> 11:19:42.932
AND THEN TO HAVE MR. CAMPANA
FACILITATE MY APPLICATION
11:19:42.933 --> 11:19:48.999
AND MY GOING TO HARVARD WAS JUST
A LIFE-CHANGING EXPERIENCE.
11:19:49.000 --> 11:19:51.632
WHEN I WAS CLOSE TO GRADUATING,
11:19:51.633 --> 11:19:53.666
MR. CAMPANA,
MY HISTORY TEACHER,
11:19:53.667 --> 11:19:56.099
SAID, \"WHERE DO YOU PLAN
TO GO TO COLLEGE?\"
11:19:56.100 --> 11:19:58.766
AND I SAID, \"BROOKLYN COLLEGE.\"
11:19:58.767 --> 11:20:00.666
AND HE SAID, \"HAVE YOU EVER
THOUGHT OF HARVARD?\"
11:20:00.667 --> 11:20:02.066
AND I SAID, \"NO.\"
11:20:02.067 --> 11:20:04.132
AND HE SAID, \"WELL, WHY DON\'T
YOU APPLY TO HARVARD?\"
11:20:04.133 --> 11:20:06.032
AND WHEN I ASKED MY FATHER
ABOUT THIS,
11:20:06.033 --> 11:20:08.399
HE SAID, \"LOOK, WE\'VE ALREADY
PUT OUT THE $15
11:20:08.400 --> 11:20:09.832
TO APPLY TO BROOKLYN COLLEGE.
11:20:09.833 --> 11:20:13.899
THERE IS NOTHING TO BE GAINED
BY DOING THIS FOR HARVARD.\"
11:20:13.900 --> 11:20:16.099
UH, AND I CAME BACK
TO MR. CAMPANA,
11:20:16.100 --> 11:20:17.699
AND HE SAID, \"HERE\'S THE $15.
11:20:17.700 --> 11:20:19.932
WHY DON\'T YOU APPLY TO HARVARD?\"
11:20:19.933 --> 11:20:26.699
SO TWO OF US
OUT OF A CLASS OF 1,140 KIDS
11:20:26.700 --> 11:20:29.966
WHO GRADUATED WITH ME
IN JUNE OF \'48
11:20:29.967 --> 11:20:31.832
GOT INTO HARVARD,
AND I WAS ONE OF THEM.
11:20:31.833 --> 11:20:34.199
AND YOU KNOW,
HARVARD IS NOT A BAD PLACE.
11:20:34.200 --> 11:20:35.799
IT\'S NOT BROOKLYN COLLEGE,
BUT, LISTEN;
11:20:35.800 --> 11:20:38.067
YOU GOTTA GET AN EDUCATION
SOMEPLACE.
11:20:45.667 --> 11:20:47.432
MY HERO.
11:20:47.433 --> 11:20:49.332
HE\'S A VERY FAMOUS LAWYER.
11:20:49.333 --> 11:20:51.066
THE REASON I GO WITH HIM IS,
YOU NEVER KNOW
11:20:51.067 --> 11:20:52.966
WHEN YOU GET INTO TROUBLE;
YOU NEED A LAWYER.
11:20:52.967 --> 11:20:55.032
- SINCE THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION
11:20:55.033 --> 11:20:57.599
SEEMS TO WANT
TO CRIMINALIZE DISSENT,
11:20:57.600 --> 11:20:59.666
IF HE STARTS DISSENTING
AND OPENING HIS MOUTH,
11:20:59.667 --> 11:21:03.766
WHO KNOWS WHAT\'S GONNA HAPPEN
TO HIM?
11:21:03.767 --> 11:21:06.199
SO DID YOU SEE
MY BIRTHDAY PRESENT?
11:21:06.200 --> 11:21:07.599
- OH, THAT\'S BEAUTIFUL.
11:21:07.600 --> 11:21:08.832
YOU LOOK TERRIFIC.
11:21:08.833 --> 11:21:11.133
ALL RIGHT.
11:21:18.400 --> 11:21:19.600
AH.
11:21:35.800 --> 11:21:36.800
WHOO!
11:21:36.801 --> 11:21:38.132
- NICE SHOT.
11:21:38.133 --> 11:21:39.432
WHY\'D YOU HAVE TO MAKE ME RUN?
11:21:39.433 --> 11:21:40.466
YOU NEED THE EXERCISE.
11:21:40.467 --> 11:21:43.266
- YOU REALLY GAVE ME A WORKOUT,
BABY.
11:21:43.267 --> 11:21:44.899
- WELL, I PLAY WITH ERIC
EVERY WEEK
11:21:44.900 --> 11:21:46.466
DURING THE INDOOR SEASON.
11:21:46.467 --> 11:21:49.266
AND WE\'VE BEEN DOING IT
FOR MAYBE 15 YEARS.
11:21:49.267 --> 11:21:52.466
AND THEN ONE MORNING,
I\'M SITTING THERE AT HOME
11:21:52.467 --> 11:21:55.466
OPENING UP MY NEWSPAPER,
AND LO AND BEHOLD,
11:21:55.467 --> 11:21:58.799
I SEE THAT MY TENNIS PARTNER
HAS WON A NOBEL PRIZE.
11:21:58.800 --> 11:22:01.766
I WAS LIKE... I MEAN, I KNEW
HE WAS A HEAVY-DUTY RESEARCHER,
11:22:01.767 --> 11:22:04.032
BUT GEE WHIZ.
11:22:04.033 --> 11:22:07.666
- ON THE DAY OF YOM KIPPUR,
OCTOBER 9TH, 2000,
11:22:07.667 --> 11:22:09.766
I WAS AWAKENED BY THE RINGING
OF THE TELEPHONE
11:22:09.767 --> 11:22:11.766
AT 5:15 IN THE MORNING.
11:22:11.767 --> 11:22:14.066
THE PHONE IS IN DENISE\'S SIDE
OF THE BED,
11:22:14.067 --> 11:22:17.932
SO SHE ANSWERED IT
AND GAVE ME A SHOVE IN THE RIBS.
11:22:17.933 --> 11:22:20.399
\"ERIC, THIS CALL
IS FROM STOCKHOLM.
11:22:20.400 --> 11:22:21.400
IT MUST BE FOR YOU.
11:22:21.401 --> 11:22:22.632
IT\'S NOT FOR ME.\"
11:22:22.633 --> 11:22:25.332
- ERIC KANDEL\'S WORK
HAS SHOWN US
11:22:25.333 --> 11:22:29.399
HOW THESE TRANSMITTERS,
THROUGH PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION,
11:22:29.400 --> 11:22:32.099
CREATE SHORT
AND LONG-TERM MEMORY,
11:22:32.100 --> 11:22:35.166
FORMING THE VERY BASIS
FOR OUR ABILITY
11:22:35.167 --> 11:22:38.832
TO INTERACT MEANINGFULLY
IN OUR WORLD.
11:22:38.833 --> 11:22:40.899
- WHEN I GOT OFF THE PHONE
AND TOLD DENISE
11:22:40.900 --> 11:22:42.266
WHAT I\'D JUST LEARNED,
11:22:42.267 --> 11:22:45.432
SHE WAS PLEASED TO LEARN
THAT I\'D WON THE NOBEL PRIZE.
11:22:45.433 --> 11:22:48.132
SHE THEN SAID,
\"LOOK, IT\'S EARLY.
11:22:48.133 --> 11:22:49.932
WHY DON\'T YOU GO BACK TO SLEEP?\"
11:22:49.933 --> 11:22:51.766
\"ARE YOU KIDDING?\" I REPLIED.
11:22:51.767 --> 11:22:56.732
\"HOW CAN I POSSIBLY SLEEP?\"
11:22:56.733 --> 11:22:57.733
[fanfare]
11:23:06.100 --> 11:23:09.100
[applause]
11:23:22.467 --> 11:23:26.866
THIS IS VERY BEAUTIFUL.
11:23:26.867 --> 11:23:28.799
I MEAN, MY LIFE WAS
PRETTY WONDERFUL BEFORE THEN,
11:23:28.800 --> 11:23:31.732
BUT IT CHANGED IT DRAMATICALLY,
YES.
11:23:31.733 --> 11:23:35.166
IT\'S A GREAT PRIVILEGE
TO GET THE NOBEL PRIZE.
11:23:35.167 --> 11:23:37.733
THIS IS MY...
I LOVE THIS PICTURE.
11:23:47.467 --> 11:23:49.799
- ALL RIGHT.
11:23:49.800 --> 11:23:52.199
- [shouts indistinctly]
11:23:52.200 --> 11:23:53.200
- WOW.
11:23:53.201 --> 11:23:54.732
- YAY, I CAN MAKE IT!
11:23:54.733 --> 11:23:56.199
- IZAK, CAN I HAVE A HUG?
11:23:56.200 --> 11:23:57.799
- MAYA, HEY, MAYA!
11:23:57.800 --> 11:23:59.866
- HELLO.
11:23:59.867 --> 11:24:01.199
- STRAINED A MUSCLE
IN MY BACK.
11:24:01.200 --> 11:24:04.200
[indistinct chatter]
11:24:07.400 --> 11:24:09.232
- I DON\'T THINK
IT\'S A COINCIDENCE
11:24:09.233 --> 11:24:12.132
THAT BOTH MY BROTHER AND I
ARE IN CAREERS
11:24:12.133 --> 11:24:15.099
THAT ARE VERY DISTINCT
FROM SCIENCE.
11:24:15.100 --> 11:24:17.766
I WORK WITH WOMEN
WHO ARE BEING ABUSED
11:24:17.767 --> 11:24:20.732
IN THEIR INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
AND TRY AND HELP THEM
11:24:20.733 --> 11:24:24.532
SO THAT I CAN CONTINUE
THAT STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE,
11:24:24.533 --> 11:24:26.566
UM, AND ALSO,
IN SOME WAYS, YOU KNOW,
11:24:26.567 --> 11:24:29.332
PAY BACK THE DEBT
THAT I OWE FOR OTHER PEOPLE
11:24:29.333 --> 11:24:31.699
HELPING MY FAMILY SURVIVE.
11:24:31.700 --> 11:24:34.700
[indistinct chatter]
11:24:37.100 --> 11:24:38.266
ding!
11:24:38.267 --> 11:24:39.999
- LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
11:24:40.000 --> 11:24:41.699
AS YOU KNOW...
[chatter continues]
11:24:41.700 --> 11:24:43.166
MAY I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION,
PLEASE?
11:24:43.167 --> 11:24:48.299
WE COMMEMORATE THE SEDER
IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WAYS,
11:24:48.300 --> 11:24:51.499
INCLUDING A SEDER PLATE.
11:24:51.500 --> 11:24:53.332
- SO FIRST THING
IS THE ROASTED EGG.
11:24:53.333 --> 11:24:54.666
SO EGG IS FOR NEW LIFE.
11:24:54.667 --> 11:24:56.066
IT SYMBOLIZES SPRING,
11:24:56.067 --> 11:24:57.799
THE SEASON
IN WHICH WE HAVE PASSOVER.
11:24:57.800 --> 11:25:00.899
NEXT WE HAVE THE KARPAS,
OR THE PARSLEY.
11:25:00.900 --> 11:25:02.832
AL, YOU REMEMBER
WHAT THAT\'S FOR?
11:25:02.833 --> 11:25:04.666
ANYBODY ELSE?
11:25:04.667 --> 11:25:05.866
- SINCE SHE DOESN\'T REMEMBER.
11:25:05.867 --> 11:25:08.399
- OKAY, SO A HORSERADISH
AND ROMAINE LETTUCE
11:25:08.400 --> 11:25:10.432
ARE BOTH, UM,
SYMBOLS FOR THE SAME THING.
11:25:10.433 --> 11:25:11.499
DOES ANYONE KNOW?
11:25:11.500 --> 11:25:12.932
- BITTER.
- BITTER; AND WHY BITTER?
11:25:12.933 --> 11:25:14.399
- \'CAUSE WE HAD A BITTER LIFE
IN EGYPT.
11:25:14.400 --> 11:25:16.332
- THAT\'S RIGHT; TO REMIND US
OF HOW BITTER IT WAS
11:25:16.333 --> 11:25:17.532
TO BE SLAVES IN EGYPT.
11:25:17.533 --> 11:25:19.866
- AND THE EGYPTIAN [...]
TURNED THEM INTO SLAVES.
11:25:19.867 --> 11:25:20.867
NOT TO WORRY.
11:25:20.868 --> 11:25:22.732
THIS HAPPENS AT EVERY PASSOVER.
11:25:22.733 --> 11:25:24.232
- [indistinct speech]
11:25:24.233 --> 11:25:25.966
- DENISE\'S FAVORITE TABLE.
11:25:25.967 --> 11:25:28.266
DON\'T WORRY, DENISE.
11:25:28.267 --> 11:25:29.366
- ONE MORE LITTLE COMMENT...
11:25:29.367 --> 11:25:30.367
- PLEASE.
11:25:30.368 --> 11:25:32.466
- WHICH IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT
FOR YOU.
11:25:32.467 --> 11:25:34.632
WHICH IS THE IMPORTANCE
OF ASKING QUESTIONS
11:25:34.633 --> 11:25:37.099
FOR JEWS AND FOR SCIENTISTS.
11:25:37.100 --> 11:25:40.599
SO, UM, ISIDOR RABI,
THE NOBEL LAUREATE IN PHYSICS,
11:25:40.600 --> 11:25:42.832
WAS ONCE ASKED,
\"WHY DID YOU BECOME A SCIENTIST
11:25:42.833 --> 11:25:45.732
RATHER THAN A DOCTOR OR LAWYER
OR BUSINESSPERSON?\"
11:25:45.733 --> 11:25:48.466
AND HE ANSWERED, \"MY MOTHER
MADE ME A SCIENTIST
11:25:48.467 --> 11:25:49.899
\"WITHOUT EVER INTENDING IT.
11:25:49.900 --> 11:25:51.632
\"EVERY OTHER JEWISH MOTHER
IN BROOKLYN
11:25:51.633 --> 11:25:53.432
\"WOULD ASK HER CHILD
AFTER SCHOOL,
11:25:53.433 --> 11:25:55.732
\"\'LOU, DID YOU LEARN ANYTHING
TODAY?\'
11:25:55.733 --> 11:25:56.966
\"BUT NOT MY MOTHER.
11:25:56.967 --> 11:25:58.832
\"SHE ALWAYS ASKED ME
A DIFFERENT QUESTION.
11:25:58.833 --> 11:26:00.266
\"\'IZZY, \' SHE WOULD SAY...
11:26:00.267 --> 11:26:02.866
together: \'DID YOU ASK A GOOD
QUESTION TODAY?\'
11:26:02.867 --> 11:26:05.266
- \"THAT DIFFERENCE,
ASKING GOOD QUESTIONS,
11:26:05.267 --> 11:26:06.899
MADE ME BECOME A SCIENTIST.\"
11:26:06.900 --> 11:26:07.900
- THAT\'S WONDERFUL.
11:26:07.901 --> 11:26:09.932
I LOVE THAT.
I LOVE THAT.
11:26:09.933 --> 11:26:10.933
- VERY NICE.
11:26:10.934 --> 11:26:13.933
[all singing in Hebrew]
11:27:38.367 --> 11:27:41.699
- I THINK IT\'S AN AMAZING
COMPLETION OF THE CIRCLE,
11:27:41.700 --> 11:27:44.166
TO BE KICKED OUT OF VIENNA,
AND THEN TO BE WELCOMED BACK
11:27:44.167 --> 11:27:46.699
BY THE LEADERS
OF THE AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT
11:27:46.700 --> 11:27:48.366
AND BY THE CITY OF VIENNA.
11:27:48.367 --> 11:27:54.699
IT\'S IRONIC
ON THE ONE HAND,
11:27:54.700 --> 11:27:57.166
SOMEWHAT SATISFYING
ON THE OTHER.
11:27:57.167 --> 11:27:58.399
UM...
11:27:58.400 --> 11:27:59.966
- IT\'S HEALING?
11:27:59.967 --> 11:28:01.166
- IT\'S HEALING.
11:28:01.167 --> 11:28:02.266
IT\'S VERY HEALING.
11:28:02.267 --> 11:28:04.632
THAT\'S A VERY NICE WAY
TO PUT IT.
11:28:04.633 --> 11:28:06.467
IT\'S VERY HEALING.
11:28:17.167 --> 11:28:21.599
THERE IS, I THINK,
IN EVERY VIENNESE JEW,
11:28:21.600 --> 11:28:23.866
A STRONG AMBIVALENCE,
ON THE ONE HAND,
11:28:23.867 --> 11:28:28.166
A TREMENDOUS HATRED
FOR THE WAY WE WERE TREATED,
11:28:28.167 --> 11:28:33.399
BUT A LOVE AFFAIR WITH VIENNA
THE CITY.
11:28:33.400 --> 11:28:35.399
IT IS A FA... FOR ME,
A FANTASTIC CITY.
11:28:35.400 --> 11:28:36.699
I LIKE BEING HERE.
11:28:36.700 --> 11:28:38.032
I LOVE THE PHYSICAL BEAUTY.
11:28:38.033 --> 11:28:39.432
I LOVE THE MUSIC.
11:28:39.433 --> 11:28:46.332
EVERY TIME I HEAR A WALTZ,
IT SORT OF LIFTS MY SPIRITS.
11:28:46.333 --> 11:28:48.299
[opera music]
11:28:48.300 --> 11:28:51.032
I MUST TELL YOU.
11:28:51.033 --> 11:28:54.199
THIS MUSIC IS SO CORNY,
BUT IT GETS TO ME.
11:28:54.200 --> 11:28:56.132
I CAN FEEL TERRIBLE,
11:28:56.133 --> 11:28:58.766
BUT I HEAR
ONE OF THESE VIENNA WALTZES.
11:28:58.767 --> 11:29:06.767
IT JUST CHEERS ME UP
IMMENSELY.
11:29:10.833 --> 11:29:13.833
[applause]
11:29:54.000 --> 11:29:58.266
- THIS WINTER,
WE HAD AN EXCITING TIME,
11:29:58.267 --> 11:30:00.866
ALTHOUGH THERE WAS ONLY
LITTLE SNOW.
11:30:00.867 --> 11:30:06.066
LUCKILY, WE HAD PLENTY
OF STIMULI FOR OUR MINDS.
11:30:06.067 --> 11:30:09.999
WE CHOSE TO STUDY THE BRAIN
DURING OUR SPARE TIME.
11:30:10.000 --> 11:30:13.366
KANDEL DESCRIBED
HOW HE MADE A BRAIN OUT OF CLAY
11:30:13.367 --> 11:30:15.332
WHEN HEW AS A STUDENT.
11:30:15.333 --> 11:30:17.866
WE LIKE THIS IDEA STRAIGHTAWAY.
11:30:17.867 --> 11:30:22.232
FIRST, WE STARTED TO BUILD
NEURONS OUT OF PLASTICINE.
11:30:22.233 --> 11:30:24.932
ALTHOUGH WE\'VE BEEN LEARNING
A LOT THIS WINTER,
11:30:24.933 --> 11:30:27.766
WE HAD FUN IN THE SNOW.
11:30:27.767 --> 11:30:31.299
WHOEVER THOUGHT THAT OUR STUDIES
IN WINTERTIME
11:30:31.300 --> 11:30:37.132
WOULD END LIKE A FAIRY TALE
SUCH AS SLEEPING BEAUTY?
11:30:37.133 --> 11:30:41.666
DORMAN MESSENGER RNA
IS OUR SLEEPING BEAUTY.
11:30:41.667 --> 11:30:48.266
SHE\'S KISSED BY CPEB,
PRINCE CHARMING.
11:30:48.267 --> 11:30:51.366
AT THE END,
AWAKE SLEEPING BEAUTY,
11:30:51.367 --> 11:30:55.299
MESSENGER RNA,
IS CREATING NEW SYNAPTIC LIFE.
11:30:55.300 --> 11:30:58.099
WE STILL ENJOY THE WINTERTIME.
11:30:58.100 --> 11:31:01.167
[applause]
11:31:57.067 --> 11:32:00.133
[applause]
11:32:01.767 --> 11:32:04.767
[indistinct chatter]
11:32:36.633 --> 11:32:38.233
- THANK YOU.
11:32:50.900 --> 11:32:52.799
- I THINK I TOLD YOU
THAT BOTH MY PARENTS
11:32:52.800 --> 11:32:56.167
WERE EXTRAORDINARILY IMPRESSED
WITH MY BROTHER\'S INTELLECT.
11:33:00.733 --> 11:33:02.166
THEY THOUGHT
I WAS MORE ATTRACTIVE.
11:33:02.167 --> 11:33:04.466
I THINK THEY THOUGHT
I WAS LESS BRILLIANT
11:33:04.467 --> 11:33:05.767
AND MORE ATTRACTIVE.
11:33:10.100 --> 11:33:14.666
MY FATHER THOUGHT
THAT I WOULD GO TO HOLLYWOOD,
11:33:14.667 --> 11:33:16.000
AND HERE I AM.
11:33:17.500 --> 11:33:20.500
Captioning by CaptionMax
www.captionmax.com
Distributor: Icarus Films
Length: 95 minutes
Date: 2008
Genre: Expository
Language: English; French; German
Grade: 9-12, College, Adult
Color/BW:
Closed Captioning: Available
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