This film provides an intimate look at everyday life in Todos Santos,…
Todos Santos: The Survivors
- Description
- Reviews
- Citation
- Cataloging
- Transcript
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After five years of traumatic bloodshed and political violence in Guatemala, filmmaker Olivia Carrescia returns to look at the dramatic situation of the village she had documented in TODOS SANTOS CUCHUMATAN and its struggle to survive and maintain its cultural identity against a background of economic hardships, social and religious change, and violence between the army and guerilla forces for control of the area.
TODOS SANTOS: THE SURVIVORS goes on to demonstrate how the political turmoil affected this once quiet community. Farming and seasonal migration patterns have been altered. Many have fled to Guatemala City, while others are refugees in Mexico. The remaining males aged 15 to 60 are forced into civilian patrols as part of the army's counter-insurgency plan. Villagers who once spoke freely with outsiders are now afraid to talk at all.
A haunting look underneath the silence which blankets much of Guatemala today, TODOS SANTOS: THE SURVIVORS documents the legacy of a bloody civil war, and the wounds that remain unhealed even after the guns have stopped firing.
'An excellent teaching tool for courses in sociology, anthropology or political science.'-Allan F Burns, Professor of Anthropology, University of Florida
'Something extremely rare in anthropological film... An unsual grasp of the forces which connect political brutality and social change.'- Elizabeth Weatherford, Curator, Film and Video Center, Museum of the American Indian
'A very moving experience... A very accurate description of what happened in the Guatemalan highlands during the 1980's.'- Arturo Arias, Guatemalan novelist
Citation
Main credits
Carrescia, Olivia Lucia (film director)
Carrescia, Olivia Lucia (film producer)
Carrescia, Olivia Lucia (film editor)
Other credits
Cinematography, Vincent Galindez, Kyle Kibbe.
Distributor subjects
Anthropology; Central America; Cultural Anthropology; Economic Sociology; Guatemala; Human Rights; Latin American Studies; PsychologyKeywords
WEBVTT
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[music]
00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:19.999
In 1979, when I first visited Todos Santos
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in the Cuchumatanes Mountains of Guatemala,
it was a peaceful tightly knit community.
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At 9,000 feet above sea
level, it was a traditional
00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:34.999
and private Indian sanctuary
far from the political turmoil
00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:39.999
of mainstream Guatemala. Families
farm small plots of rocky land
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and after an elaborate fiesta
on November 1st and 2nd,
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travels long distances to work on
Guatemala’s cotton plantations.
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It was a friendly village of gentle
people, who struggled for basic survival
00:00:55.000 --> 00:00:59.999
with strength and dignity.
Fortunato, a schoolteacher,
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my friend Santiago,
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her nephew Francisco, his
sister, Rosa, Benito
00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:14.999
another schoolteacher, Desiderio,
who worked in the plant nursery.
00:01:15.000 --> 00:01:19.999
In 1987, when I returned,
the village looked the same
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but the people had changed.
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Guatemala is the richest country in
Central America. Yet 9 out of 10 families
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do not have enough land on
which to grow their food.
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[sil.]
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One hour to walk here, to give
back three quarters of an hour.
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How much land do you have here?
About half an acre.
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There are about 13 acres here
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but it’s all trees for firewood.
I plant some corn here,
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but mostly I have to rent land on
the coast. But it’s very expensive.
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So I work picking cotton. I go
with my wife and the children.
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We go to earn some money down there.
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The first of December, we’ll be going
down to the coast to pick cotton.
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For 30 years, Guatemala was ruled
by repressive military regimes,
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in which 60% of the land was
owned by 2% of the population.
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After decades of efforts
at peaceful social change,
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a guerilla movement began to grow. By 1981,
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the guerilla army of the poor occupied
most of the Guatemalan highlands.
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The government’s reprisal was swift and brutal.
Unlike others, Totos Santos was not destroyed
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but the community was torn apart.
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This is the story they told me of what
happened in Totos Santos in 1981 and 1982.
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[music]
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[non-English narration]
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The guerilla spoke of exploitation,
of racial discrimination
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and the general situation of the Indians.
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So the Indian people thought
it was an alternative,
00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:10.000
a chance for change but they didn’t think
of the problems that would come later.
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The guerillas painted walls
and scattered fliers.
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That’s when the army considered
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Todos Santos totally a guerrilla town.
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But it wasn’t true, there were groups who came
to paint the walls and distribute flyers.
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But not everyone was involved
with the guerrillas.
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[non-English narration]
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So when the army came to
check on the village,
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they had a list of those who were involved.
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[non-English narration]
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They killed some, they beat some up
and others they took to headquarters.
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They were here several days.
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[non-English narration]
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Oh, and the people were scared. They cried,
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they got sick, some even
died of the fright.
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I said, \"No, please don’t
burn my house, my things.\"
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\"Where is your son?\" he said.
\"Where is your husband\"?
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[non-English narration]
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\"What do you have\"? \"Don’t cry,\" he said.
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He pulled my head up like this.
The soldier?
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[non-English narration]
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All the people around here, we all went to hide
in the mountains. We stayed up there all night.
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In some houses,
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they broke down the doors with their boots.
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There were soldiers everywhere.
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Of course, they came in to see
what we had, but we had nothing.
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[music]
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They came to get him in our house. They
said, \"Let’s go down the town hall,\"
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and I said, \"All right.\" And
my son didn’t come back,
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they killed him there.
They almost killed me too
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because I was crying for my son.
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On that day March 23rd, 1982,
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General Efraín Ríos Montt seized
power from General Lucas Garcia.
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By the time the military’s
intensive campaign had ended,
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440 Indian villages had been
destroyed, millions were displaced
00:12:55.000 --> 00:13:00.000
and between 50,000 and 75,000
Indians were dead or disappeared.
00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:13.000
[sil.]
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It is April, 1987, five years
since government troops
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swept through the Highlands around
Todo Santos. And over a year,
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since Guatemalans elected a civilian
president, their first in three decades,
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it is the season for planting
corn and harvesting potatoes.
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There have been changes, not all
are visible to the eye at first.
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It is also the time for building
00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:59.999
and repairing houses in
preparation for the rainy season.
00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:08.000
[sil.]
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It’s over. It’s over. The army says, it’s
over and we’re not going to remember.
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[sil.]
00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:24.999
Government troops burnt over 150 houses
00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:29.999
in the Todos Santos area in 1982.
00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.999
[non-English narration]
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There is a lot of pain and sorrow.
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There are people who had heart attacks,
who became ill from the fright,
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from the fear. Now things are getting back to
normal. The people don’t want it to happen again.
00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:54.999
They want to have peace
to work with no problems.
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That’s what the people want now.
00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:04.999
[non-English narration]
00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:09.999
Three years now we have been crying.
Now that pain is going away.
00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:14.999
But when I go to work up there,
every day I cry for my son.
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He was the oldest. The Army took him.
00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:24.999
Five men they took up to another
village and there they killed them.
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We can’t say anything.
00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:34.999
They don’t want us to
talk about what happened.
00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:39.999
The army came here,
00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:44.999
they said, \"You must be on our side.
These guerrillas have tricked you,
00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:49.999
they betrayed you, they’re subversives.\"
00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.999
That’s when Ríos Montt came to power
and the civil patrols were organized.
00:15:55.000 --> 00:15:59.999
Everyone was joined because
whoever is against the patrol,
00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:04.999
is assumed to be a leftist.
We are protecting our nation.
00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:09.999
So that we can be free
here in Todos Santos.
00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:14.999
It’s because the people wanted.
00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:19.999
In 1981, ‘82,
00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:24.999
they were very frightened.
00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.999
They don’t want that now, it might happen
again in my village, just doesn’t want that.
00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:34.999
[non-English narration]
00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:39.999
That’s when they began to
search out their brothers
00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:44.999
or friends whoever the guerillas and
that’s when they started to have problems.
00:16:45.000 --> 00:16:49.999
[non-English narration]
00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:54.999
These guerillas are bad people,
who don’t believe in God.
00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:59.999
They live in the mountains
like animals, like coyotes.
00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:04.999
The patrols were organized
and I was made commander
00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:09.999
to direct the patrol. And how
do you direct the patrol?
00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:14.999
[non-English narration]
00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:19.999
I had an order that the men
protects the population
00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:24.999
so that no enemy enters the village.
00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:29.999
To protect their village
according to the ideology
00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:34.999
that the Army has put into
the minds of their people,
00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:39.999
to protect their family, their property.
00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:44.999
This is the mentality of the army.
00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:53.000
[non-English narration]
00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:59.999
Are you paid for this work? No,
no, we are here voluntarily.
00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:04.999
And if someone doesn’t want to patrol?
00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:09.999
And if someone doesn’t want to patrol?
00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:14.999
If they don’t,
00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:19.999
well, we have orders to send them down to military
headquarters. Those who don’t fulfill their duty,
00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:24.999
we are here by order of the government.
00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:29.999
[sil.]
00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:34.999
Every morning in villages
throughout Guatemala,
00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:39.999
15 to 30 men report for 24 hour patrol
duty, taking time away from the farming
00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:44.999
or paid work on the plantations.
00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:49.999
The patrol reports any event, for example,
00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:54.999
the appearance of a person with non
rightist ideas or ideas which are different
00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:59.999
from the present government.
00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:04.999
The patrol can very easily arrest him and
send him down to military headquarters.
00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:09.999
A village indeed had changed.
00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:14.999
In one of several eating
places, I met Faustina(ph).
00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:19.999
She had accepted the guerrillas at first but later they murdered
her common-law husband, who was considered a wealthy man.
00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:24.999
What do you think of the guerrillas?
00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.999
I don’t know,
00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.999
we are just listening, hoping, that’s all.
00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
No, we can’t say anything
00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
because we don’t understand.
00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
Thanks be to God it is quiet
now, nothing is happening.
00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
We’re not being scared.
00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
It was my daughter-in-law’s fault,
00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
she was very jealous.
00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
[non-English narration] She thought my son went with another
woman but it wasn’t true, that’s how he was killed.
00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
If like Marcellina, they do speak,
00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
it is to talk about how someone betrayed them to the
army or to the guerrillas for personal reasons.
00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
He was a leader of the guerrillas.
Who? Her father.
00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
Then why did they want to kill your son?
00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
Suppose, (inaudible) was a guerilla, which
he wasn’t but his father-in-law was.
00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
He help the guerillas
00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
who came here.
00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:53.000
[sil.]
00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
Some like (inaudible) was staunchly against
the guerrillas from the beginning.
00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
I have houses and lands and animals,
00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
that’s why they say I am
rich, but I worked for it.
00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
It’s not something that
should be given to me.
00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
It’s hard work that gives you things like
money and animals. And animals are necessary
00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
for fertilizer.
00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
So you don’t agree that the
rich should share with others?
00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
[non-English narration]
00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
No, because it’s mine.
00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
For example, would you agree
to give me your trousers
00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
just like that or your
shirt or your camera,
00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
will you just give it to me?
00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
Where you… and it’s yours to keep.
00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
The people had been warned not
to talk to any outsiders.
00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
I asked my friend Jorge about
the conflicts in the community,
00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
but our conversation was cut short
when a passer by signaled disapproval.
00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
He quickly changed the subject.
00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
So when did your friends get here?
00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
Uh… fear, because they know what happened,
00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
that’s why people are afraid. If they
didn’t see exactly what took place
00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
well, he would be different. But since
they saw it with their own eyes,
00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
that’s why they are afraid, they
don’t want it to happen again.
00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
They took him to another village
00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
but I’m not going to say
more because I’m afraid.
00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
[non-English narration]
00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
Because people listen
00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
and then they come and get you, that’s what they were doing.
Just recently, they killed some people here in San Sebastián.
00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
They come to get you in your house,
00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
the army, the civil patrols.
00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
I’m afraid. I want to live a while longer.
00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
Maybe God knows when I’m going to die.
00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
But if the Guerillas come
to kill me or the army…
00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
[music]
00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
These are the Cuchumatanes
mountains around Todos Santos
00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
where the guerilla army of the poor
was most active. In five years,
00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
a civil patrol of Todos Santos has yet to
report a single sighting of the enemy.
00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
The Army troops are gone from Todos Santos
00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
and the people are again practicing
their traditional dances.
00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
For centuries,
00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
the Indians have vented their anger against
those who treat them as inferior in mass dances
00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
and theatrical skits.
00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
[music]
00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
In the dance of the Ixcan
porous, the Todos Santeros
00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
mark Northern Spanish conquerors but
their descendants, the Ladinos.
00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
Guatemalans have mixed
Spanish and Indian ancestry.
00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
They put on the dull(ph) Ladino
clothing and imitate their drunkenness
00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
and rude behavior.
00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
[music]
00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
It is tolerated as folklore.
00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
When some dared to speak more directly
00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
on pressing issues, like land
reform and social equality,
00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
entire communities were exterminated.
00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
[music]
00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
Many who spent up to a
year in other villages
00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
have now returned to Todos
Santos to rebuild their lives.
00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
[music]
00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
After President Vinicio Cerezo
Arévalo took office in January 1986,
00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
financial aid was distributed to many
Indian villages. In Todos Santos,
00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
the market is being enlarged to
accommodate the growing population,
00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
but these projects are still approved
and directed by the military.
00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
[sil.]
00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
The soldiers made friends with the people and little
by little, the people began to trust the soldiers.
00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
And now the people of Todos Santos
trust in the soldiers a lot.
00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
Since there is little paid work available,
the men consider themselves lucky
00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
to get a few days’ work on
the project at $2 a day.
00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
[sil.]
00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
I went to visit Jorge, who we met on the
road at his Commodore in the market.
00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
In spite of hardships and obstacles,
00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
the Todos Santeros never seem to give up on
trying to better their lives. Jorge and his wife
00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:44.999
run their commodore two days a week,
when people from outlying areas
00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.999
come to town to buy, sell and to socialize.
00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:54.999
When the last customer had gone,
we were finally able to talk.
00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
[non-English narration]
00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
Well, at first I was thinking
of joining the guerrillas
00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
but then I went away for three months
00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
because I was afraid of the Army
00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
and of the guerrillas, because
they were killing… killing.
00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
And when I returned,
00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
there was a civil patrol. And now?
00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
It’s more peaceful. Do you
still go to the coast?
00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:39.999
In August and in December.
00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.999
I thought the men couldn’t go to
the coast because of patrol duty.
00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:49.999
Yes, at first they didn’t
want us to go to the coast
00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:54.999
but out of necessity we have to go there.
00:27:55.000 --> 00:27:59.999
So we have to speak to the patrol leader
00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:04.999
and ask permission for one or two months.
00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:09.999
We must go to the coast.
Do you have to pay?
00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:14.999
Oh, yes. We have to pay for
someone to take our place.
00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:19.999
Santiago spent most of 1982,
00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.999
in Guatemala City.
00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.999
[non-English narration]
00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:34.999
Starting with ‘83, when we
returned, oh, there was nothing.
00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:39.999
The house was empty, no
plates, no wood, no corn,
00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:44.999
they had stolen everything.
00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:49.999
In 1979, Santiago lived with her mother,
00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:54.999
sisters-in-law and their 12 children.
Santiago had two children.
00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.999
Today, she lives with her mother
00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:04.999
and her four children. I asked Santiago,
00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:09.999
\"How things were going now?\"
00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.999
Oh, it’s difficult, not like before.
A man could get work quickly,
00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:19.999
now it’s hard to find work
and they pay very little.
00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:24.999
And the orphans, they killed
men with 10 or 12 children.
00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.999
Sometimes they can’t get
food, clothing, shoes.
00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:34.999
I asked Santiago, \"Why her younger children
were not wearing traditional clothes?\"
00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:39.999
The thread is expensive,
00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:44.999
with 50 quetzales, you can get just a little
of each collar but if you have no money.
00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:49.999
In 1979, Guatemala’s
inflation rate was 15%,
00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:54.999
by 1987, it was 100% and rising.
00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:59.999
Are you teaching Christina? Yes, I’m
teaching Christina to do as I do.
00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:04.999
You see, I’m not dying of hunger, I’m just
00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.999
weaving… weaving… weaving, that’s how
Christina will be and I must teach her.
00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:14.999
[non-English narration]
00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:19.999
Santiago still tries to sell her weavings
00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:24.999
but when she returned in 1983, tourists
were rare, so she and her husband
00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:29.999
borrowed money and set up a
cornmeal in front of their house.
00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:38.000
[sil.]
00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:44.999
And so we brought the cornmeal
00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.999
and we began to work. We earned a
little money, we bought new utensils
00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.999
and we’re starting again.
00:30:55.000 --> 00:30:59.999
But peas are not so cheap. Before a hundred
pounds of corn cost 8 or 10 quetzales,
00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:04.999
now it is 22 quetzales.
00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:09.999
Life is harder now
00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:14.999
because everything is more expensive.
But I’m still working.
00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:19.999
I go to the mill, I weave a bit.
00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:24.999
Because if I always stay here in the mill
and nobody comes, I don’t earn anything.
00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.999
But if I go to the mill and then come here, that is
something, I can make a shirt, we peel something.
00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.999
[non-English narration]
00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:39.999
Santiago’s husband has gone
to Mexico to look for work.
00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.999
Her sisters-in-law and their families
are now living in Guatemala City.
00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:50.000
[music]
00:31:55.000 --> 00:32:03.000
[music]
00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:09.999
In 1982,
00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:14.999
an estimated 3,00,000 people
clustered to Guatemala City.
00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:19.999
There were hundreds of assassinations and
disappearances in the city each month
00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:24.999
of union members, journalists,
teachers, and suspected leftists.
00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.999
But most of the Indians melted
into a silent underclass.
00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:34.999
[music]
00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.999
In the center of town, I found
Francisco, Santiago’s nephew.
00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:44.999
When I first met Francisco,
he was a 12 year old
00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:49.999
doing the chores in Todos Santos, while
his father was away on the plantation.
00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:54.999
Today he is 19.
00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:59.999
In 1981,
00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:04.999
I was working on the coast,
lots of coffee there.
00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.999
Picking it, putting it in
a sack and weighing it.
00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.999
Now thank God, I have a job.
00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.999
Eight hours in the pizzeria, when I finish
here I have another job with an auto mechanic.
00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:24.999
[sil.]
00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.999
Would you like to go back to Todo Santos?
00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:34.999
Yes, I would like to. But I have no land,
00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:39.999
nowhere to live. If I had land there,
00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.999
I would plant, have animals,
everything, if I had land.
00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:49.999
Francisco’s younger sister Rosa
00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:54.999
works as a maid in a wealthy household.
00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.999
I came here in April 1982,
00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:04.999
I was 11 years old. I remember it well
00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:09.999
because there in my village, they were killing
people and many died and many people left.
00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:14.999
[sil.]
00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
Many Indians from the countryside,
if they speak some Spanish,
00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
work as servants, or sell produce in the market.
Because of a weakened economy and high prices,
00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.999
aggravated by the political turmoil, many
of the products Rosa buys for her employer
00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:34.999
are beyond the reach of the
majority of the population.
00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.999
[sil.]
00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
Rosa and Francisco live on the very fringes
of the city along with other Indians
00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
and poor Latino families.
00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:54.999
[sil.]
00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:59.999
My family consists of my brothers,
00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:04.999
sisters-in-law, mother and nephews.
There are 13 of us
00:35:05.000 --> 00:35:09.999
and we have two rooms. There are
seven other families, mostly Latino
00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:14.999
living off this courtyard.
00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:19.999
I asked Maria,
00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:24.999
Rosa’s sister-in-law, whether she liked
it better here or in Todos Santos.
00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:29.999
Oh, in Todos Santos because it’s not
so noisy. We are really at a home.
00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:34.999
In Todos Santos, Maria lived
and worked with Santiago.
00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:39.999
Here we have to pay,
00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.999
the men earn money but it’s only
to pay the rent. Will you return?
00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:49.999
Oh, yes, next year. Santiago’s sister gone
00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
because it is more tranquil there.
00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
Rosa, who is 17 has found a
whole new world in the capital.
00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
[non-English narration]
00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
I leave here at 6:00 in the morning to get to work at 7:00.
I leave work at 4:00 and come here to help my mother
00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.999
and make T-shirts tejer or to weave a
little. So I don’t lose anytime time.
00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:19.999
[non-English narration]
00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.999
Now that I have this job, I leave
at 4:00, I have time to come home
00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:29.999
and get my books and go to school.
00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:34.999
[non-English narration]
00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
Classes start at 7:00 at night and
finish at 10:00. In Todos Santos,
00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
I didn’t go school because I have a lot of brothers
and I am the only girl, so I had to help my mother.
00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
I also went to pick cotton
00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:54.999
with my father and brother. And another time, I went
to the coast along with Francisco, just the two of us.
00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:59.999
[sil.]
00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.999
At 17, Rosa is in the third grade at night
school but she is also taking a typing course
00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.999
to help her get a better job.
00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:14.999
Well, now I am making this,
00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
we peel, because it’s our custom.
00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
Even though we are in the capital,
00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
my mother, another women, we will always
do this. So we won’t lose our custom.
00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
[non-English narration]
00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:39.999
And even though we might worth
of clothing they wear here,
00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:44.999
we will always weave.
00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:49.999
I asked Rosa, what she liked
about living in the city.
00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:54.999
I like it here because
00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:59.999
it is a big city. And we like
to take walks on Sunday.
00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.999
And I’d like to go and visit my friends.
00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:09.999
I live here now. I like it.
00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:14.999
And of course, I love my village too.
00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
[sil.]
00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
On the far outskirts of the city,
00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
I located another Todos Santero,
living in a new development site
00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:34.999
called San José La Comunidad.
00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.999
In Todos Santos, Desiderio had a job
in the government plant nursery
00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:44.999
and was a community leader.
00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:49.999
I didn’t want to help either side and
that’s why I left everything and came here.
00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:54.999
His wife told me that
00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.999
Desiderio had been pressured by
both the Army and the guerrillas.
00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.999
Why didn’t you want to
help the people organize?
00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:09.999
But in what way? I saw that
both sides were dangerous,
00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
so why organize, just one
side against the other?
00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
All I saw were dead people.
00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
So I thought why kill one another. For me in
a struggle concerning lands and so forth,
00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
I believe it is better that
both sides sit down and talk.
00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.999
[non-English narration]
00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:39.999
Suppose I have a problem in my house, well, we have
to sit down and talk and see if there is a solution.
00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.999
But if I grab one of my sons and kill him,
00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:49.999
or if they kill me, that is not
a solution, that’s what I saw.
00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:54.999
But personally, which do you think are
better, the ideas of the guerrillas
00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.999
or the politics of the military?
00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:04.999
Okay, I’m going to tell you something.
00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:09.999
In all my 50 years, I have
never seen the best among men.
00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:14.999
Each politician starts out
saying that he is the best
00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:19.999
and they just get worse, that’s
why I don’t believe in them.
00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
What I believe in is my work
00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
and my days that come
and go and in my death.
00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
Your death?
00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
Yes, because that’s for sure,
I know I’m going to die.
00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
So you don’t believe that
politics can help people?
00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
I help people but with work.
00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
I help with advice, with deeds, with works.
00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
And not just words which say, next week
you will be better off, I can’t say that.
00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
I say, let’s work today
00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
and reap tomorrow, but let’s work.
00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
For four years, Desiderio worked in factories, but
the fumes and chemicals made him seriously ill.
00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
Now according to Mayan
tradition, he grows his own food
00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
and get some help from his elder sons.
00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
I love this work, it has given me my life.
00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.999
I can’t read or write too well
00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.999
to get a good job like a teacher for
instance, so I have to do this.
00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
And thank God, I like it. I have about 600
square yards in all, it’s very little.
00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
I have oranges, lemons,
00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
some vegetables that’s what I have here.
00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:59.999
If I had more land, I would plant more.
00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:04.999
More fruit, corn,
everything the earth gives.
00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:09.999
Desiderio and Rosa’s family were lucky, thousands
of other Todos Santeros became refugees in Mexico.
00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:14.999
But to tell their story, we must
go back to the early 1970s,
00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.999
when there was a different kind
of exodus from Todos Santos
00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.999
to a remote jungle area of
Guatemala, called the Ixcan.
00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.999
Through the efforts of Maryknoll missions, hundreds of Indians
were given the opportunity to purchase large tracts of land
00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
and to settle there.
00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
The Todos Santeros were the first to make
clearings in the dense tropical forest.
00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
They and other groups developed
flourishing communities
00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
in the warm and fertile lowlands.
00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:54.999
We grew cardamom, coffee, yucca, bananas,
00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:59.999
whatever you want that
you could grow in Ixcan.
00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
In 1982, because it’s a step to guerrilla
activity, army troops swept through the Ixcan,
00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
wiping out hundreds of communities. Ten
years of hard work were abandoned,
00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
as thousands fled over the border to
Mexico. Five days I walked in the mud
00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
and to eat, nothing. You
couldn’t even build a fire,
00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
it was pouring rain. Up to 100 camps
were set up along the Mexican border
00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
holding 46,000 refugees, the
majority were from the Ixcan.
00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.999
Now nutrition and malaria were
widespread, while food and medicines
00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:39.999
were unevenly distributed
by the Mexican authorities.
00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.999
After two years in the camps, the Mexican
government decided to relocate the refugees
00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:49.999
to Campeche province in
the southern Yucatan.
00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:54.999
Most Guatemalans refused, hoping
to return soon to their country.
00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:59.999
The Mexican soldiers said, if any
of you want to stay here, you can.
00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:04.999
But we are going to burn the camp.
00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:09.999
Now voluntarily you will
all go to Campeche.
00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:14.999
First in a boat, then in a bus,
00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:19.999
after the bus, a train
to get us to Campeche.
00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:24.999
A lot of travel, four years with
the children as we are now.
00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:29.999
We were all unhappy because it was so
dry and rocky, not a bit of green.
00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:34.999
What were we going to eat? In desperation,
00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:39.999
some refugees left Campeche and returned to
Guatemala, many were arrested and held to questioning
00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:44.999
or accused of subversion and put
into army supervised model villages.
00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:49.999
Sound like these Todos Santoro’s
managed to get back to the village.
00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:54.999
When we got to the border
over there they said,
00:44:55.000 --> 00:44:59.999
\"Where are your papers, where were you?\"
\"Oh, we just want to do a little farming.\"
00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:04.999
\"Okay,\" they said. But that’s the only way
we could get in. Will you go back to Ixcan?
00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:09.999
People say there are lots
of problems in Ixcan,
00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:14.999
that’s why I’m not going back.
00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:19.999
Lots of soldiers there now. But
don’t you have land there?
00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:24.999
Yes, I have land there but it’s lost now,
00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:29.999
I left it.
00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:34.999
I like to go back but
I’m afraid, I’m afraid.
00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:39.999
Christina was starting over again.
00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:44.999
He works on his grandfather’s small plot and
will return soon to the coast to pick cotton.
00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:49.999
On the other side of the
valley, I meet a woman
00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:54.999
who had just returned
from Campeche, Juana(ph).
00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:59.999
(ph) We left Ixcan eight years ago.
Are you waiting for your husband?
00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:08.000
[non-English narration]
00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:14.999
(ph) Yes, he’s coming in one or two months.
00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:19.999
He’s in Mexico.
00:46:20.000 --> 00:46:24.999
Why doesn’t he come here?
00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:29.999
(ph) Well, maybe he will come but later.
Why doesn’t he come now?
00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:34.999
(ph) Maybe he won’t come. Don’t
you know what happened to us?
00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:39.999
Is he afraid? (ph) Of course, he’s afraid.
00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:44.999
Juana’s(ph) father.
00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:49.999
If you go back to Guatemala, the
government authorities will kill you,
00:46:50.000 --> 00:46:54.999
that’s what the people there told him.
Don’t go, they say.
00:46:55.000 --> 00:46:59.999
[sil.]
00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:04.999
Weren’t you afraid to come back? No, because
I am not on the side of the guerrillas,
00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:09.999
I am on this side of the army. The army?
00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:14.999
Yes, because I didn’t like the guerrillas,
because according to the Bible,
00:47:15.000 --> 00:47:19.999
the guerrillas are the angels of the devil.
00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:24.999
Are you evangelical?
Yes, we are evangelical.
00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:29.999
And all the evangelicals think this way? All the evangelicals
who didn’t agree with the guerillas left right away,
00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:34.999
because the Bible says, the evangelicals
don’t fight with flesh and blood
00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:39.999
but only with the spirits.
Do you understand?
00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:44.999
Were there Catholics there too?
00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:49.999
Yes.
00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:54.999
What side were the Catholics on? That’s
where the guerrilla movement got started.
00:47:55.000 --> 00:47:59.999
And to this day, no Catholics
have returned to Guatemala,
00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:04.999
they are still there. Now of the
believers, many have returned.
00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:09.999
And now that you have no
land, how will you live?
00:48:10.000 --> 00:48:14.999
Oh, I go to the coast, to the cotton
plantation, the coffee plantations.
00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:19.999
[non-English narration]
00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:24.999
I earn money, buy corn and eat,
00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:29.999
that’s it now. It’s not like before.
00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:34.999
I go with my wife and the children,
00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:39.999
they’re kind of suffering.
What happened to your child?
00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:44.999
He died from the heat, from
working on the plantation.
00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:49.999
How do you feel in your heart about
what happened to your house,
00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:54.999
your land, in the Ixcan?
00:48:55.000 --> 00:48:59.999
Well, I’m not thinking of anything now
because maybe it’s a sign from Jesus Christ,
00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:04.999
because Jesus Christ is
coming soon, who knows?
00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:09.999
And besides. I’m not the only
one who lost these things,
00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:14.999
many people, thousands of people
00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:19.999
had to leave their land in the Ixcan.
00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:24.999
General Efraín Ríos Montt, who
seized power that day in March 1982,
00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:29.999
and intensified the military campaign
was also an evangelist preacher.
00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:34.999
Members of the Catholic Church were
singled out and accused of subversion.
00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:39.999
Since that time, there has
been a sharp increase
00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:44.999
in the number of evangelical
churches throughout Guatemala.
00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:49.999
[non-English narration]
00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:58.000
[music]
00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:24.999
In the Templo Evangelico of Todos Santos,
00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:29.999
services lasting up to four hours,
take place three times a week.
00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:38.000
[music]
00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:04.999
[sil.]
00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:09.999
Yes, it’s different,
00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:14.999
things have changed a lot in the community,
00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:19.999
because of the religions.
00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:24.999
Not only do we have three Churches here
00:51:25.000 --> 00:51:29.999
but even in the hamlets, they have an
Evangelist Church and the Catholic Church.
00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:34.999
And so that people are
divided into three parts.
00:51:35.000 --> 00:51:39.999
That’s why they don’t want to see
the Shamans rituals anymore.
00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:44.999
Some do, but only about 1%.
00:51:45.000 --> 00:51:49.999
Before they were shamming teaching
others, but then they religions came
00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:54.999
and it was all over.
00:51:55.000 --> 00:51:59.999
[non-English narration]
00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:04.999
Our culture has a strong
foundation, it is a rich culture.
00:52:05.000 --> 00:52:09.999
But after the Spanish conquest, it fell apart
and little by little was made less important.
00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:14.999
And so our people have also lost
this very rich cultural heritage.
00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:19.999
Now some people want to revive the culture
00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:24.999
but only the ones who understand
our historical situation
00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:29.999
can do this. And so they want
to know what it was like
00:52:30.000 --> 00:52:34.999
but others who don’t know where
they stand are confused.
00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:39.999
They don’t know what culture is.
00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:44.999
Benito, one of two Indian
schoolteachers is back in Todos Santos.
00:52:45.000 --> 00:52:49.999
He also left in 1982.
00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:54.999
I could not be with the right because
they humiliated and exploited.
00:52:55.000 --> 00:52:59.999
I could not be with the left
because they had no foundation.
00:53:00.000 --> 00:53:04.999
And so I left the country.
It was an entire year
00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:09.999
in which the children did not receive their
education, we had no books, no desks,
00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:14.999
because the desks were
being used as barricades.
00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:19.999
[sil.]
00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:24.999
Right now the army,
00:53:25.000 --> 00:53:29.999
the government monitors the Indian people,
and they do it through the schools.
00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:34.999
[non-English narration]
00:53:35.000 --> 00:53:39.999
Among this group, there are people who are with the army
and they observe how the Indian expresses his ideas.
00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:44.999
If they hear him say,
he’s against the soldiers
00:53:45.000 --> 00:53:49.999
or doesn’t like the rich, he is
considered the leftist and in this case,
00:53:50.000 --> 00:53:54.999
must be eliminated. We are being watched.
00:53:55.000 --> 00:53:59.999
[non-English narration]
00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:04.999
The Indians will never have power
00:54:05.000 --> 00:54:09.999
because power belongs to
those who have money.
00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:14.999
Is armed revolution necessary? Was
there another way to change this?
00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:19.999
[non-English narration]
00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:24.999
An ideological revolution, possibly,
but a revolution of man killing man,
00:54:25.000 --> 00:54:29.999
I don’t think it’s possible.
We must educate ourselves.
00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:34.999
Education will be like a trampoline which will
help the Indians attain a higher academic level
00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:39.999
and one day aspire to power. We must struggle
but our struggle will be for survival.
00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:44.999
We go with the strongest
while preparing ourselves,
00:54:45.000 --> 00:54:49.999
raising our consciousness.
00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:58.000
[sil.]
00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:04.999
[non-English narration]
00:55:05.000 --> 00:55:09.999
What the people want now
is not a bloody war,
00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:14.999
they want peace, they
want to struggle to live,
00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:19.999
they want to cultivate the land,
planting corn, planting beans,
00:55:20.000 --> 00:55:24.999
cultivating potatoes,
00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:29.999
finding markets for their products.
00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:34.999
It seems like that people of Todos Santos
00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:39.999
are not interested in a
political movement, some.
00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:44.999
Others, of course, are probably
thinking of something,
00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:49.999
each person has his own ideas.
00:55:50.000 --> 00:55:54.999
If someone comes from the extreme left,
00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:59.999
I say, \"Fine, your ideas seem good.\"
Someone comes from the right,
00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:04.999
I say, \"Okay, very good.\" And
I simply take both concepts,
00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:09.999
make an analysis, use my judgments
00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:14.999
without telling anyone.
00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:19.999
I don’t have to be with the
right or with the left.
00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:24.999
I pretend to be very neutral.
00:56:25.000 --> 00:56:29.999
Of course, this takes great effort because
one bad move and I could be killed.
00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:34.999
You never know who you are talking to.
00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:39.999
I want to live, so that I can do more.
00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:44.999
We need change in this country,
00:56:45.000 --> 00:56:49.999
we just can’t find a path. In March 1989,
00:56:50.000 --> 00:56:54.999
army troops again occupy Todos
Santos for several weeks,
00:56:55.000 --> 00:57:00.000
they gave no explanation
for their presence.
Distributor: Icarus Films
Length: 58 minutes
Date: 1989
Genre: Expository
Language: English; Spanish
Grade: 10-12, College, Adult
Color/BW:
Closed Captioning: Available
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