WEBVTT

00:00:08.734 --> 00:00:12.533
(Katsi Cook) YOU GO BACK TO
THE FIRST BIRTH I WAS TOLD

00:00:12.533 --> 00:00:15.967
IF YOU WANT TO
UNDERSTAND ABOUT BIRTH,

00:00:15.967 --> 00:00:18.200
GO BACK TO THE FIRST ONE.

00:00:18.567 --> 00:00:20.667
(thunder)

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AND FOR US,
THAT\'S THE SKY WOMAN,

00:00:23.233 --> 00:00:27.433
THAT STORY OF THAT PREGNANT
WOMAN FALLING THROUGH THE SKY,

00:00:27.433 --> 00:00:30.367
THE ANIMALS,
THE BIRDS HELPING HER.

00:00:30.367 --> 00:00:34.967
AND WHEN SHE FELL SHE HAD
THAT CORN UNDER HER FINGERNAILS,

00:00:34.967 --> 00:00:38.967
THE CORN, BEAN,
SQUASH, SACRED TOBACCO,

00:00:38.967 --> 00:00:42.633
ALL OF THOSE THINGS THAT
WE NEED FOR A GOOD LIFE,

00:00:42.633 --> 00:00:45.767
SHE HAD THAT AS SHE
FELL THROUGH THAT HOLE.

00:00:45.767 --> 00:00:49.633
AND SHE PLANTED THOSE
SEEDS ON THAT CLUMP OF MUD

00:00:49.633 --> 00:00:52.867
THAT THE MUSKRAT BROUGHT UP
FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN

00:00:52.867 --> 00:00:55.200
AND PUT ON THE BACK
OF THE GREAT TURTLE

00:00:55.200 --> 00:00:57.800
AND SHE DANCED IN THE
DIRECTION THE SUN WENT

00:00:57.800 --> 00:00:59.700
AND WHEN HER DAUGHTER WAS BORN,

00:00:59.700 --> 00:01:03.633
HER DAUGHTER DID THE SAME
THING AND THE EARTH GREW.

00:01:06.300 --> 00:02:18.633
(♪)

00:02:39.567 --> 00:02:43.600
CORN IS
A COMPANION
OF HUMANITY

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AND IT\'S
NOT A PLANT THAT
GROWS ON ITS OWN.

00:02:46.533 --> 00:02:50.133
IT WAS CLEARLY A
CROP THAT WAS DEVELOPED

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BY HUMAN BEINGS OVER
MILLENNIA TO BE WHAT IT IS.

00:02:56.967 --> 00:02:59.133
THERE IS SOMETHING
TO SAY THAT THIS SEED

00:02:59.133 --> 00:03:04.233
IN THIS TRADITION OF CORN
MIGRATES FROM MESOAMERICA

00:03:04.233 --> 00:03:07.533
TO SOUTH AMERICA
AND TO NORTH AMERICA.

00:03:07.533 --> 00:03:09.967
AND THE CONNECTION,
THE COSMOLOGY AROUND CORN,

00:03:09.967 --> 00:03:13.000
AND THE STORIES AROUND CORN
IS TO BE FOUND THROUGHOUT

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THE AMERICAS EXCEPT FOR
THE VERY, VERY NORTHERN

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REACHES AND VERY
SOUTHERN REACHES.

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THE VAST LENGTH
OF THE HEMISPHERE

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IS THE CORN CULTURE
OF THE AMERICAS, REALLY,

00:03:26.266 --> 00:03:28.033
THE INDIAN
CIVILIZATION BY AND LARGE

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CAN BE REPRESENTED BY
THE CORN CIVILIZATION.

00:03:42.567 --> 00:03:47.166
(Norton Rickard) WE ARE
GETTING OUR SEED READY TO PLANT

00:03:47.166 --> 00:03:49.467
AND REALLY GETTING
READY TO PLANT,

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THE SEED THIS YEAR
STARTED LAST FALL.

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IT STARTED LAST FALL WHEN
WE HAD OUR ANNUAL HUSKING BEE.

00:03:58.033 --> 00:04:00.734
IN THE PROCESS OF
HUSKING THE CORN,

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WE TAKE SPECIAL
EFFORT TO PICK OUT

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THE VERY BEST OF
SEED THAT WE HAVE.

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AND THIS IS AN EXAMPLE
OF THE VERY BEST OF SEED

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THAT WE SELECTED LAST
YEAR AND SET ASIDE

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FOR PLANTING THIS SPRING.

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(Lehman Gibson)
WHEN THE MOON IS RIGHT

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AND THE WEATHER IS
RIGHT THEN WE CAN PLANT.

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WHAT I\'M DOING NOW IS
I HAVE-- FOR THE WINTER

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I\'VE COVERED IT UP WITH RYE
SO THE SOIL WON\'T WASH AWAY

00:04:42.934 --> 00:04:48.900
AND BACK FARTHER I\'VE GOT
CLOVER PLANTED THAT I\'M GOING

00:04:48.900 --> 00:04:52.633
TO BE PLOWING IT UNDER,
PLOWING IT BACK INTO THE GROUND

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TO BUILD UP THE
NITROGEN CONTENT.

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(Wilfred Jameson) IN
ANOTHER THREE WEEKS I\'LL BE 84.

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I\'VE BEEN PLANTING CORN HERE
EVER SINCE I GOT OUT OF SCHOOL,

00:05:16.233 --> 00:05:18.734
THAT\'S IN 1927.

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OH! I LIKE IT.

00:05:27.400 --> 00:05:30.433
IT\'S MAKE ME FEEL LIKE I\'M
WORKING WITH THE CREATOR.

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I ASK THE CREATOR
WHEN I PLANT THE SEED--

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I\'M TELLING HIM, I SAY I
PUT THE SEED IN THE GROUND

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NOW IT IS UP TO YOU
SO HOW THEY\'LL GROW.

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(♪)

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IT WASN\'T UNTIL I GOT
ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN MIDWIFERY

00:06:33.633 --> 00:06:42.934
THAT I BEGAN TO UNDERSTAND THAT
THERE\'S THIS BRIDGE BETWEEN

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THE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE THAT
I WOULD FOLLOW IN MY INTEREST

00:06:48.567 --> 00:06:53.400
AS AN UNDER-GRADUATE
STUDENT AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY

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AND SKIDMORE COLLEGE.
AND THEN, THE WHAT IS CALLED

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TRADITIONAL INDIGENOUS
KNOWLEDGE, AND ESPECIALLY WHEN

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I STARTED FOLLOWING MY
GRANDMOTHER\'S PATH OF MIDWIFERY

00:07:09.100 --> 00:07:14.633
I WOULD GET FRUSTRATED TALKING
TO THE ELDERS IN OUR COMMUNITY

00:07:14.633 --> 00:07:18.667
ABOUT WHERE DOES THIS
KNOWLEDGE COME FROM. THEY SAID:

00:07:18.667 --> 00:07:22.500
OH WELL, GEE, WE DON\'T
KNOW, WE FORGOT ALL OF THAT.

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AND I TRAVELED OUT WEST TO THE
PUEBLO, AND THE ZUNI AND HOPI

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AND THE LAKOTA, AND THE ...
IN THROUGH CALIFORNIA,

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ALL OVER SEMINOLES. EVERYBODY
HAS CORN AND EVERYBODY HAS

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A PIECE OF KNOWLEDGE THAT
FITS TOGETHER LIKE A PIECE OF

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A BIG PUZZLE ALL OVER NATIVE
AMERICA. AND SO, FROM GOING OUT

00:07:52.467 --> 00:07:57.000
AND LEARNING WHAT THEY KNEW,
WHEN I CAME HOME I COULD SEE

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WITH WHOLE NEW EYES WHAT OUR
KNOWLEDGE WAS AND WHAT IT MEANT.

00:08:05.433 --> 00:08:22.500
(♪)

00:08:25.767 --> 00:08:29.166
(Jose Barreiro) THERE IS SOME
SCIENCE TO IT AND SOME RESEARCH

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THAT INDICATES THE TRANSITION,
THE CULTIVATION OF CORN FROM

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THE TEOCINTE WHICH IS A GRASS
THAT\'S FOUND IN MESOAMERICA

00:08:38.700 --> 00:08:43.400
INITIALLY AND STILL FOUND
THERE. AND THERE IS A LOT TO

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RECOMMEND IN TERMS OF FINDINGS
AND DATING AND THE FINDING

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OF CORN IN THE EARLIEST PLACES
TO RECOMMEND THAT THE FIRST

00:08:51.433 --> 00:08:56.700
CULTIVATORS OF CORN DID SO IN
THAT AREA AND BROUGHT IT ALONG

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FROM THAT TEOCINTE THAT\'S
RECURRING NATURALLY, I GUESS

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AS A WILD PLANT AND BROUGHT
IT ALONG TO A BETTER AND BETTER

00:09:05.467 --> 00:09:08.800
KERNEL AND BETTER
AND BETTER EAR.

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I ASKED A MAYAN FRIEND OF MINE,
NOT TOO LONG AGO, WELL A FEW

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YEARS AGO ABOUT HIS GOVERNMENT,
WE WERE TALKING ABOUT, DIFFERENT

00:12:00.133 --> 00:12:02.433
FORMS OF NATIVE GOVERNMENTS. SO,
WHAT IS YOUR FORM OF GOVERNMENT?

00:12:02.433 --> 00:12:05.633
HOW WOULD YOU SAY YOUR
GOVERNMENT IS ORGANIZED ON A

00:12:05.633 --> 00:12:08.600
VILLAGE LEVEL? HE SAID, WELL,
OUR GOVERNMENT IS ORGANIZED BY

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CORN, OUR GOVERNMENT IS CORN,
IT\'S A CYCLE OF CORN AND IN

00:12:13.467 --> 00:12:15.900
A TRADITIONAL CONTEXT IF WE
FOLLOW THAT THROUGH THE YEAR,

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WE\'LL MEET ALL OF OUR NEEDS:
SOCIAL NEEDS, FAMILY NEEDS,

00:12:18.600 --> 00:12:26.266
BLESSINGS, NAMINGS, BIRTHINGS,
MARRIAGES, ALL THESE THINGS

00:12:26.266 --> 00:12:29.700
CAN BE FITTED INTO THE CYCLE
OF CORN AT VARIOUS POINTS.

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IN THE CEREMONIAL CONTEXT,
SO, HE WAS RIGHT IN SAYING THAT,

00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:38.867
CORN IS BASICALLY OUR LIVES
AND WE CAN ORGANIZE OUR SENSE

00:12:38.867 --> 00:12:42.900
OF OURSELVES
THROUGH THAT CROP.

00:17:42.000 --> 00:17:45.633
I SAID THERE, WE OUGHT
TO BE GLAD THE CREATOR

00:17:45.633 --> 00:17:48.667
GAVE US THIS CORN TO LIVE ON.

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IT HAS ALL THE
INGREDIENTS IN IT.

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YOU CAN GET BREAD, SOUP
AND ALL KINDS OF MEALS,

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ALL IN THIS HERE, ONE CORN.

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THE IDEA NOW IS TO TRY
TO KEEP THE CORN GOING

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AND KEEP IT THE ORIGINAL WAY,

00:18:09.433 --> 00:18:13.200
THE WAY THE
CREATOR GAVE IT TO US.

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IN \'31, THEY CALLED IT THE
DEPRESSION. THERE WAS NO WORK,

00:18:18.734 --> 00:18:23.767
NO MONEY. YOU HAD A DOLLAR,
YOU WERE RICH. ONE MORNING

00:18:23.767 --> 00:18:29.900
MY MOTHER AND I WE GOT UP, WE
HAD COWS BUT THEY WERE ALL DRY.

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WE COULDN\'T SELL CREAM. YOU
HAD TO SAVE CORN. IF YOU HAD

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:39.033
SOME CORN, PUT IT IN A MORTAR
WHERE YOU POUND THE CORN,

00:18:39.033 --> 00:18:45.700
AND POUND TO MAKE FLOUR. YOU
PUT WATER ON THE STOVE, MADE

00:18:45.700 --> 00:18:50.600
MUSH OUT OF THIS CORN. THAT\'S
WHAT WE HAD FOR OUR BREAKFAST.

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THAT\'S THE REASON WHY I SAY,
IF I GOT CORN I CAN LIVE.

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THERE ARE ALL KINDS OF MEALS
THAT YOU CAN GET OUT OF IT.

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YOU CAN SAY THAT THE CORN IS
THE FIRST TREATY BETWEEN THE

00:19:04.100 --> 00:19:10.033
HUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE IN THE
AMERICAS. IT\'S THE PLACE WHERE

00:19:10.033 --> 00:19:16.900
THE OFFERINGS OF NATURE HAVE
GONE BEYOND JUST THE NATURAL

00:19:16.900 --> 00:19:20.967
OFFERINGS WHERE THE HUMAN
BEING HAS REALLY CRAFTED

00:19:20.967 --> 00:19:26.867
A RELATIONSHIP THAT HAS EVERY
KIND OF CONNOTATION FROM BASIC

00:19:26.867 --> 00:19:35.100
NUTRITIONAL VALUE, AND
THE CROP, CROPPING OF IT,

00:19:35.100 --> 00:19:40.400
AND THE CROPPING PRACTICES
TO THE WHOLE CYCLE OF LIFE.

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I WAS BORN HERE, RAISED HERE,
BORN IN 1942 AND I\'VE LIVED

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HERE ALL MY LIFE AND I
FARMED HERE WITH MY BROTHER

00:19:52.667 --> 00:20:00.133
AND MY FATHER MY ENTIRE LIFE.
AND WHEN MY FATHER PASSED AWAY

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AFTER ALL THESE YEARS OF GROWING
INDIAN CORN, I KNEW IT WAS MY

00:20:05.166 --> 00:20:10.700
DUTY TO CONTINUE TO RAISING
THE CORN AND KEEPING ALL

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OF THE ORIGINAL SEEDS AND
CORNS THAT WE\'VE BEEN RAISING

00:20:15.900 --> 00:20:22.867
ALL THESE YEARS, KEEP
THEM ALIVE AND PROSPEROUS.

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THERE IS OVER A HUNDRED
BRAIDS OF CORN HANGING THERE.

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THIS IS THE TUSCARORA CORN.
THESE BRAIDS ON THE END HERE

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ACTUALLY ARE THE SEED GRADE,
BRAIDS THAT WERE SET ASIDE

00:20:40.900 --> 00:20:45.333
SPECIAL WITH GOOD QUALITY CORN
FOR THAT WE REPLANT IT.

00:20:45.333 --> 00:20:50.333
THEN WE MOVE ON TO THIS OTHER
COLOURED CORN HERE WHICH IS

00:20:50.333 --> 00:20:54.633
CALLED THE HUKUWA CORN. THAT\'S
A FLINT TYPE OF CORN, IT\'S

00:20:54.633 --> 00:21:00.000
VERY HARD. AND THIS ONE HERE
QUITE SIMILAR IS A HAMAE CORN

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:06.233
A MULTI-COLOURED; AND
THIS ONE, NEXT ONE IS ALSO--

00:21:06.233 --> 00:21:10.467
THAT\'S A FLINT, THIS ONE IS A
FLINT, IT\'S A PURPLE FLINT CORN.

00:21:10.467 --> 00:21:14.467
THEY ALL HAVE THEIR SPECIAL
USES IN THE CEREMONIES IN

00:21:14.467 --> 00:21:17.700
THE LONGHOUSE. SO WE HAVE
A GOOD SUPPLY OF CORN ON HAND.

00:21:17.700 --> 00:21:20.533
IT\'S A GOOD FEELING BECAUSE
WE KNOW WE SHOULD EVER HAVE

00:21:20.533 --> 00:21:23.967
A CROP FAILURE; WE AT LEAST HAVE
A YEAR OR A TWO-YEARS SUPPLY

00:21:23.967 --> 00:21:26.767
ON HAND. I DO HAVE A LOT
OF PEOPLE THAT COME FROM

00:21:26.767 --> 00:21:30.967
OTHER RESERVES TO GET CORN
ALL THE WAY FROM UP IN QUEBEC

00:21:30.967 --> 00:21:36.166
TO ALLEGHANY RESERVE TO
OHNADANGA TO MOSTLY FROM

00:21:36.166 --> 00:21:40.066
THE TUHNOWONGA
RESERVATIONS THEY COME.

00:21:40.400 --> 00:22:05.867
(♪)

00:22:08.100 --> 00:22:12.967
WE PLANT THE CORN, BEANS AND
SQUASH, THE THREE SISTERS,

00:22:12.967 --> 00:22:16.000
THE LIFE SUSTAINERS IN A HILL;
THAT\'S HOW WE\'RE SUPPOSED

00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:20.934
TO DO IT. AND MY GRANDMOTHER
WOULD PUT A FISH HEAD

00:22:20.934 --> 00:22:25.333
UNDER THERE, A FISH HEAD
IN THE BOTTOM OF THAT HILL.

00:22:25.333 --> 00:22:30.500
AND SHE SAID THAT WAS
TO HELP FERTILIZE THAT.

00:22:30.900 --> 00:22:36.934
HERE WE HAVE SOME BEANS THAT
WERE RECENTLY THOUGHT TO BE

00:22:36.934 --> 00:22:44.333
EXTINCT. BUT AS YOU CAN SEE,
THEY\'RE NOT. THEY\'RE DOING

00:22:44.333 --> 00:22:47.967
REALLY WELL. THAT\'S THE
ONE WE CALL THE HIYUKE BEAN.

00:22:47.967 --> 00:22:50.834
IT WAS PROBABLY ONE
OF THE MOST USED BEANS

00:22:50.834 --> 00:22:55.066
THE IROQUOIS PEOPLE
USED. VERY PROLIFIC.

00:22:55.400 --> 00:23:00.233
THE CORN GROWS AND IS A
PHYSICAL SUPPORT FOR THE BEANS

00:23:00.233 --> 00:23:03.700
THAT WIND AROUND IT AND THE
BEANS FIX NITROGEN IN THE SOIL

00:23:03.700 --> 00:23:09.667
THAT THE CORN NEEDS TO GROW. AND
THE CORN PROVIDES THE SUPPORT

00:23:09.667 --> 00:23:13.967
THAT THE BEANS NEED TO GROW
AND THEN THE SQUASH, THE LEAVES

00:23:13.967 --> 00:23:19.867
KEEP ANY SUN SO THE WEEDS
CAN\'T GROW AND IT KEEPS MOISTURE

00:23:19.867 --> 00:23:24.166
IN SO THAT TOGETHER THEY TAKE
THEIR LITTLE UNIT TAKING CARE

00:23:24.166 --> 00:23:29.767
OF EVERYTHING, WHATEVER
THEY NEED TO BEAR FRUIT.

00:23:30.033 --> 00:23:33.600
THIS SQUASH HERE, THEY TOOK
FROM THE INDIANS OF THE BUFFALO

00:23:33.600 --> 00:23:39.033
CREEK AREA. THE SEEDS WERE
PROBABLY FROM THE SENECA PEOPLE.

00:23:39.033 --> 00:23:44.900
THEY WILL GET TO GOOD SIZE, I\'VE
HAD \'EM WELL OVER 50 POUNDS,

00:23:44.900 --> 00:23:48.834
ALMOST 60 POUNDS ONE SQUASH.
THESE ARE PROBABLY MAYBE 30.

00:23:48.834 --> 00:23:54.767
WE CUT THEM UP AND BAKE IT.
IT\'S GOOD!. OH! YEA, VERY GOOD.

00:23:56.500 --> 00:24:19.367
(♪)

00:25:33.800 --> 00:25:37.633
(Lehman Gibson) I THINK MYSELF
THAT THERE IS A LOT OF THINGS

00:25:37.633 --> 00:25:40.800
THAT THE AVERAGE PERSON DON\'T
LOOK, DON\'T LOOK AT ANYMORE.

00:25:40.800 --> 00:25:44.667
THEY DON\'T PAY ATTENTION TO
THE WIND, DON\'T PAY ATTENTION

00:25:44.667 --> 00:25:49.233
LIKE I SAY TO THE MOON. THE
PROBLEM WITH THE CORN IS THE

00:25:49.233 --> 00:25:53.133
NEWER VARIETIES DON\'T TAKE
TO THE GROUND LIKE A NATURAL--

00:25:53.133 --> 00:25:57.633
NATURALLY FIXED GROUND-- LIKE
THEY ARE KIND OF DEPENDENT ON

00:25:57.633 --> 00:26:05.266
THE FERTILIZER TOO MUCH,
KIND OF MUTATING. IT\'S MUTATING

00:26:05.266 --> 00:26:08.567
THE PLANT SO IT\'S DEPENDENT
ON IT TO HAVE THAT SUPPLY

00:26:08.567 --> 00:26:13.300
OF ARTIFICIAL
FERTILIZER RIGHT THERE.

00:28:17.467 --> 00:28:22.300
I THINK MYSELF, NATURALLY
THE GROUND WILL REBUILD ITSELF

00:28:22.300 --> 00:28:27.767
IF YOU HELP IT ALONG. BUT,
IT CAN\'T BE A ONE WAY STREET

00:28:27.767 --> 00:28:32.266
WHERE YOU JUST TAKE AND TAKE.
THE GROUND IS ALIVE. THAT\'S

00:28:32.266 --> 00:28:36.967
A MISCONCEPTION PEOPLE HAVE
THAT a) IT\'S AN INANIMATE OBJECT

00:28:36.967 --> 00:28:42.133
AND THAT YOU CAN DO WHATEVER
YOU WANT TO IT, AND IT\'S NOT SO.

00:28:42.133 --> 00:28:48.633
IT CAN DIE AND ONCE IT DIES,
YOU KNOW WE\'RE IN TROUBLE.

00:28:49.400 --> 00:28:53.367
(John) THIS IS A MEETING WITH
AN ORGANIZATION CALLED PRETECH,

00:28:53.367 --> 00:28:58.734
WHICH IS THE SPANISH ACRONYM FOR
PROJECT ON ANDEAN TECHNOLOGY.

00:28:58.734 --> 00:29:03.934
WHAT THEY ARE PROPOSING IS
THAT THE HUNDRED YEARS OF ATTACK

00:29:03.934 --> 00:29:07.700
ON LOCAL FARMERS THINKING THAT
THE MESSAGE FROM COMMERCIAL

00:29:07.700 --> 00:29:11.567
AGRICULTURE WAS THAT YOU PEOPLE
WHO DON\'T HAVE AN EDUCATION IN

00:29:11.567 --> 00:29:14.867
AGRONOMY AREN\'T CLEAR THINKERS.
YOU DON\'T KNOW HOW TO FARM.

00:29:14.867 --> 00:29:17.667
YOU KNOW THESE GUYS HAVE BEEN
FARMING FOREVER. THESE OTHER

00:29:17.667 --> 00:29:20.734
PEOPLE WHO DON\'T FARM CAME TO
THEM AND SAID YOU DON\'T KNOW

00:29:20.734 --> 00:29:23.100
HOW TO FARM. IF YOU ONLY HAD ALL
THESE CHEMICALS YOU WOULD KNOW

00:29:23.100 --> 00:29:25.467
HOW TO FARM. BUT FIRST YOU HAVE
TO BUY THE CHEMICALS THEN YOU

00:29:25.467 --> 00:29:27.967
HAVE TO BUY THE MACHINE THAT
SPRAYS THE CHEMICALS THEN YOU\'VE

00:29:27.967 --> 00:29:31.166
GOT, YOU KNOW BASICALLY BUY THE
THING THAT CLEANS THE CHEMICALS

00:29:31.166 --> 00:29:34.233
OFF. THEY HAD A LOT OF
THINGS TO SELL YOU. WHAT PRETECH

00:29:34.233 --> 00:29:39.467
IS BASICALLY PROPOSING IS
THAT THE ORIGINAL FARMERS
WERE RIGHT THE FIRST TIME.

00:29:44.700 --> 00:29:48.734
DO YOU LOVE YOUR
PLANTS HE\'S ASKING.

00:29:48.734 --> 00:29:52.266
I GUESS YOU COULD
SAY IT LIKE THAT

00:29:52.266 --> 00:29:57.700
BECAUSE THEY
NEED NURTURING

00:29:57.700 --> 00:30:00.166
AND YOU HAVE TO
WATCH FOR SIGNS

00:30:00.166 --> 00:30:04.100
IF THEY START GETTING
SICK YOU HAVE TO BE THERE.

00:30:04.100 --> 00:30:10.934
YES, IT\'S LIKE
WITH LITTLE CHILDREN.

00:30:15.467 --> 00:30:18.400
DO YOU HAVE
A PREFERENCE FOR
ANY...ANY PLANTS?

00:30:18.400 --> 00:30:21.734
IS THERE ANY
PLANTS YOU LOVE
MORE THAN OTHERS?

00:30:21.734 --> 00:30:25.166
UM...

00:30:25.166 --> 00:30:27.734
I DON\'T KNOW.

00:30:27.734 --> 00:30:30.467
(laughter)

00:30:33.266 --> 00:30:37.500
(drums)

00:30:54.033 --> 00:30:58.200
(Katsi) WE TESTED SOME OF OUR
CORN HERE FOR NUTRIENT LEVELS

00:30:58.200 --> 00:31:04.467
BEFORE IT WAS WASHED BY THE
OLD WOOD ASH PROCESS AND AFTER.

00:31:04.467 --> 00:31:09.667
AND AFTER YOU WASH THE CORN WITH
THE HARDWOOD ASH ITS CALCIUM

00:31:09.667 --> 00:31:19.533
CONTENT GOES UP BY ASTRONOMICAL-
IT GOES FROM MAYBE SO MANY

00:31:19.533 --> 00:31:24.533
GRAMS, MILLIGRAMS OF CALCIUM TO
MUCH- A THOUSAND TIMES HIGHER

00:31:24.533 --> 00:31:29.166
BECAUSE THE WOOD ASH, OF COURSE
ADDS TO THAT CALCIUM CONTENT.

00:31:29.166 --> 00:31:33.800
BUT IT ALSO RELEASES THE
AMINO-ACID USING THAT WOOD ASH

00:31:33.800 --> 00:31:42.300
WASHING PROCESS MAKES
AVAILABLE THE NUTRIENTS
THAT ARE IN THE CORN.

00:31:46.734 --> 00:32:29.600
(♪)

00:32:32.533 --> 00:32:35.433
THEY SAY THE CORN IS THE BREAST
MILK OF THE MOTHER EARTH AND IT

00:32:35.433 --> 00:32:40.700
REALLY IS TRUE IN TERMS OF THE
NUTRIENTS THAT IT GIVES US IN

00:32:40.700 --> 00:32:45.633
COMPLEMENT WITH
THE BEANS AND THE SQUASH
IT\'S A PERFECT PROTEIN.

00:34:26.400 --> 00:34:32.367
(Jose) THE CROPPING OF CORN
WORLDWIDE THIS YEAR WILL BE

00:34:32.367 --> 00:34:35.567
WORTH MANY TIMES MORE THAN
ALL THE GOLD EVER TAKEN OUT

00:34:35.567 --> 00:34:38.934
OF THE AMERICAS. THE
CORN IS A WHOLE OTHER GIFT

00:34:38.934 --> 00:34:42.867
OF THE AMERICAS. CORN MAKES
IT POSSIBLE FOR THE SLAVE TRADE

00:34:42.867 --> 00:34:47.800
TO TAKE PLACE. THE CORN IS
SUCH A COMPACT GRAIN THAT IT IS

00:34:47.800 --> 00:34:52.166
PRECISELY THE FOOD THAT IS
ABLE TO TAKE THE LONG VOYAGES

00:34:52.166 --> 00:34:57.066
AND FEED THE GREATEST NUMBER OF
PEOPLE ON THE AFRICAN CROSSING

00:34:57.066 --> 00:35:01.100
OF THE OCEAN WITH SLAVERY,
WITH AFRICAN SLAVES.

00:35:14.467 --> 00:35:17.900
CORN IS FOUND WITHIN 50 YEARS
OF CONTACT BEING GROWN IN LARGE

00:35:17.900 --> 00:35:23.066
PARTS OF CHINA. IT TRAVELS VERY
QUICKLY TO OTHER PLACES AND IT

00:35:23.066 --> 00:35:28.066
BECOMES IMMEDIATELY IN THE
AMERICAS, WHEN YOU SEE THE

00:35:28.066 --> 00:35:32.400
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN
GRAINS OF THE TIME AND CORN

00:35:32.400 --> 00:35:37.066
AT THE MOMENT OF CONTACT,
THE RATIO THAT IS ASCRIBED

00:35:37.066 --> 00:35:41.834
TO CROPPING IS YOU KNOW,
UNIT OF SEED PER UNIT OF YIELD.

00:35:41.834 --> 00:35:46.133
SO, IF YOU PLANT IN THE CASE
OF SOME OF THE EUROPEAN GRAIN

00:35:46.133 --> 00:35:49.667
SOME THE HIGHEST THAT YOU
CAN GET WITH OATS FOR INSTANCE

00:35:49.667 --> 00:35:53.600
WOULD BE ONE TO SIX, ONE TO
EIGHT UNITS. WHEN YOU PLANT CORN

00:35:53.600 --> 00:35:59.900
YOU\'RE INVESTING ONE UNIT FOR
80 KERNELS IN THAT EAR OF CORN

00:35:59.900 --> 00:36:02.934
OR IN SOME CASES A PLANT OF TWO
EARS OF CORN. SO, YOU HAVE AS

00:36:02.934 --> 00:36:07.500
MUCH AS 160 TO 200 UNITS COMING
BACK FOR ONE. AND THE RATIO,

00:36:07.500 --> 00:36:12.600
THE ECONOMICS OF THAT
REVOLUTIONIZED POOR PEOPLE\'S

00:36:12.600 --> 00:36:16.233
EXISTENCE ALL OVER THE WORLD.
IN FACT, YOU KNOW, CREATED THAT

00:36:16.233 --> 00:36:20.400
POTENTIAL FOR EUROPEAN EVEN
EUROPEAN POPULATION EXPLOSIONS.

00:36:20.400 --> 00:36:25.233
THIS ALL COMES OUT OF THIS
INDIAN CROP. THAT\'S REALLY

00:36:25.233 --> 00:36:28.667
THE MAJOR CROP OF THE
WORLD EVEN TODAY, NOW.

00:36:31.433 --> 00:36:34.166
AN ARMY OF SOMETHING IN THE
NEIGHBORHOOD OF 2800 MEN

00:36:34.166 --> 00:36:39.734
ARRIVED HERE IN THE MIDDLE OF
JULY OF 1687 WITH THE INTENT

00:36:39.734 --> 00:36:42.533
TO WIPE OUT THE SENECA.

00:36:45.567 --> 00:36:49.467
WHEN THEY ARRIVED THE 600
WARRIORS THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN

00:36:49.467 --> 00:36:53.600
HERE ORDINARILY ARE OFF IN THE
MIAMI COUNTRY OUT TOWARD WHAT IS

00:36:53.600 --> 00:36:56.867
TODAY THE PRESENT STATE OF
ILLINOIS. SO, LEFT BEHIND AS A

00:36:56.867 --> 00:37:00.800
COLLECTION OF SOME 500 YOUNG
MEN, BOYS REALLY, TO PROTECT

00:37:00.800 --> 00:37:06.633
THEIR TOWN. THEY CREATE
AN AMBUSH OF THE FRENCH ARMY,

00:37:06.633 --> 00:37:10.767
TO HOLD THEM OFF, LONG ENOUGH
FOR THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN

00:37:10.767 --> 00:37:15.400
AND ELDERS TO ESCAPE THIS AREA.
THE ARMY CAMPS ON THE BATTLE

00:37:15.400 --> 00:37:19.567
FIELD AND THE NEXT DAY THEY
COME HERE, THEY FIND THE TOWN

00:37:19.567 --> 00:37:23.834
BURNT TO THE GROUND. WHAT THEY
FIND STANDING ARE FOUR HUGE

00:37:23.834 --> 00:37:28.600
BARK SILOS FILLED WITH CORN
AND THEY FIND FIELDS, ACRES

00:37:28.600 --> 00:37:32.333
AND ACRES OF CORN. AND THE
FRENCH SET ABOUT AND THEY SPEND

00:37:32.333 --> 00:37:36.000
SOMETHING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD
OF FOUR DAYS CUTTING DOWN ALL

00:37:36.000 --> 00:37:39.266
THE NEW GROWING CORN AND SETTING
FIRE TO ANY OF THE CORN THAT IS

00:37:39.266 --> 00:37:43.700
STORED, THAT THEY CAN BURN.
AND SO, THEY RECORD THAT THEY

00:37:43.700 --> 00:37:48.867
DESTROYED SOMETHING IN THE
NEIGHBORHOOD OF 1,500,000 BUSHES

00:37:48.867 --> 00:37:52.266
OF CORN. AND THEY DESTROYED
ALL THIS FOOD IN THE ATTEMPT TO

00:37:52.266 --> 00:37:56.934
STARVE THE SENECA
WHERE THEY COULD NOT
DEFEAT THEM MILITARILY.

00:38:01.233 --> 00:38:04.867
(Jose) NAFTA AND THE AGREEMENT
THAT WAS CUT WITH THE MEXICAN

00:38:04.867 --> 00:38:08.567
ECONOMISTS, MEXICAN GOVERNMENT
THAT DROPPED THAT ARTICLE 27

00:38:08.567 --> 00:38:11.867
WHICH GUARANTEED THE .....,
AND THE COMMON LANDS AND

00:38:11.867 --> 00:38:18.100
ALSO WAS PART OF A LARGER SOCIAL
PACT GUARANTEE SUBSIDIZATION

00:38:18.100 --> 00:38:23.367
OF CORN WITHIN THE ECONOMY WHICH
HAD TWO ASPECTS: IT CREATED A

00:38:23.367 --> 00:38:30.266
GOOD CROP AT LEAST AN ECONOMIC
CROP, TO GROW FOR THE INDIAN

00:38:30.266 --> 00:38:34.600
PEOPLE THAT WERE GROWING IT, IT
ALSO PROVIDED CHEAP CORN FLOUR

00:38:34.600 --> 00:38:38.033
FOR TORTILLA MAKING WHICH
TORTILLA IS THE BASIC STAPLE OF

00:38:38.033 --> 00:38:43.533
POOR MEXICO. AND BY MESSING WITH
THAT AND DESTROYING THAT YOU

00:38:43.533 --> 00:38:49.467
SET IN MOTION ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
OF GREAT, GREAT POTENTIAL.

00:39:25.667 --> 00:39:29.233
IN SOME PLACES THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

00:39:29.233 --> 00:39:33.200
AND THE OLD CORN GROWING
SYSTEM. THE VILLAGE LEVEL CORN

00:39:33.200 --> 00:39:37.266
GROWING SYSTEMS HAVE CONFLUENCED
IN THE ISSUE THAT OCCURRED

00:39:37.266 --> 00:39:41.934
IN MEXICO OVER THE LAST COUPLE
OF YEARS THAT RESULTED IN THIS

00:39:41.934 --> 00:39:46.667
ZAPATISTA FIGHT AND ALL
OF THAT, ZAPATISTA REPRESENTING

00:39:46.667 --> 00:39:51.033
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
ESSENTIALLY OVER THE CHANGING

00:39:51.033 --> 00:39:57.266
OF THE ECONOMY IN MEXICO AND
THE DROPPING OF THE INDIAN LAND

00:39:57.266 --> 00:40:01.667
PROTECTION, OUT OF MEXICAN
CONSTITUTION. IT REFLECTS THE,

00:40:01.667 --> 00:40:08.100
THE FEAR OF PEOPLE ON THE
GROUND, OF MAYBE SOME 25,000,000

00:40:08.100 --> 00:40:12.533
CORN GROWING FARMERS IN MEXICO,
THAT THE BOTTOM OF THEIR ECONOMY

00:40:12.533 --> 00:40:16.834
IS GONNA DROP OUT FROM UNDER
THEM, THAT THE COMPACT THAT THE

00:40:16.834 --> 00:40:20.266
NATIVE PEOPLE IN MEXICO, AND
THIS I THINK WILL SPREAD OVER

00:40:20.266 --> 00:40:23.934
CENTRAL AMERICA AND INTO
THE ANDES, WHERE THE MASSIVE

00:40:23.934 --> 00:40:28.100
POPULATIONS OF NATIVE PEOPLE
ARE, THE GREATEST SOCIAL SAFETY

00:40:28.100 --> 00:40:33.467
NET, ECONOMIC SOCIAL SAFETY
NET FOR THE PEOPLE IS LAND,

00:40:33.467 --> 00:40:37.300
IS THE ABILITY TO CROP, IT\'S
THE ABILITY TO AT LEAST STAVE

00:40:37.300 --> 00:40:42.367
OFF HUNGER AND STARVATION WITH
YOUR OWN CROPPING SYSTEM.

00:41:33.333 --> 00:42:01.200
(♪)

00:42:03.133 --> 00:42:06.433
I WAS TOLD THAT YOU\'RE NEVER
TO HARVEST ALL OF IT. YOU ARE

00:42:06.433 --> 00:42:10.166
TO LEAVE SOME IN THE FIELD
FOR THE ANIMALS BECAUSE WE, WE

00:42:10.166 --> 00:42:13.300
ALSO AS YOU SEE, WE HAVE A DEER
THAT MY SON HAS JUST KILLED,

00:42:13.300 --> 00:42:16.934
THAT DEER COME AND EAT TOO.
SO I\'VE EATEN A LOT OF DEER,

00:42:16.934 --> 00:42:19.433
I\'M GOING TO LEAVE A
LITTLE BIT FOR HIM TOO.

00:42:19.433 --> 00:42:22.934
HE\'S GOING TO HAVE TO FACE
WINTER JUST LIKE WE ARE.

00:42:24.033 --> 00:42:29.834
(Katsi) CORN, REMEMBER WAS PART
OF THE WORLD THAT WAS CONTROLLED

00:42:29.834 --> 00:42:35.600
BY THE WOMEN. THEY SAY THAT WAS
A LOT OF THE POWER OF THE WOMEN

00:42:35.600 --> 00:42:39.700
IN THOSE DAYS. WAS THAT WE
CONTROL THE AGRICULTURE, IN THAT

00:42:39.700 --> 00:42:46.333
WAY HAD A BIG PART OF THE
ECONOMY, TO FEED PEOPLE.

00:42:52.600 --> 00:42:55.400
TUSCARO IS A FUNNY KIND OF
COMMUNITY THIS WAY IN THAT

00:42:55.400 --> 00:42:58.834
WE DON\'T HAVE THE LONGHOUSE
BUT I THINK WHAT WE HAVE

00:42:58.834 --> 00:43:02.800
IS THE ABILITY-- WE KNOW HOW TO
WORK TOGETHER-- WHICH I THINK

00:43:02.800 --> 00:43:06.133
IS SOMETHING YOU ARE SUPPOSED
TO LEARN THROUGH THE LONGHOUSES.

00:43:06.133 --> 00:43:09.734
SO, THIS TO ME IS ANOTHER
WAY THAT OUR COMMUNITY

00:43:09.734 --> 00:43:14.667
COMES TOGETHER AND DOES,
YOU KNOW, MAKES IT HAPPEN.

00:43:15.600 --> 00:43:18.533
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT MY
PARENTS HAVE BEEN REALLY CLEAR

00:43:18.533 --> 00:43:20.166
WITH ME ABOUT IT, AT SOME
POINT IN TIME YOU HAVE TO BE

00:43:20.166 --> 00:43:24.934
RESPONSIBLE FOR KNOWING HOW TO
DO THIS. EVERY YEAR I FEEL LIKE

00:43:24.934 --> 00:43:27.266
I GET A LITTLE CLOSER
TO REALLY BEING ABLE

00:43:27.266 --> 00:43:30.467
TO REPRODUCE THESE EVENTS.

00:43:31.300 --> 00:43:33.433
(♪)

00:43:33.433 --> 00:43:36.700
(laughter)

00:43:40.033 --> 00:43:43.266
THE KIND OF DEDICATION THAT YOU
HAVE TO HAVE I THINK TO KEEPING

00:43:43.266 --> 00:43:47.967
SOMETHING LIKE THIS GOING
IS SIGNIFICANT. DEFINITELY SEE

00:43:47.967 --> 00:43:53.600
OTHERS HERE IS- REALLY BEING
THE ONES THAT ARE, YOU KNOW,

00:43:53.600 --> 00:43:58.934
THE ONES THAT I WOULD
RELY ON TO BRING THE SEED

00:43:58.934 --> 00:44:01.967
TO THE NEXT GENERATION.

00:44:05.467 --> 00:44:10.266
THE ACT OF HARVESTING THE
CORN, EVERY HUSK YOU PULL BACK,

00:44:10.266 --> 00:44:14.333
THAT\'S LIKE A NEW BABY, THAT
EAR OF CORN. AH! LOOK HOW

00:44:14.333 --> 00:44:18.500
BEAUTIFUL THIS ONE IS.
LOOK IT\'S GOT ONE RED KERNEL.

00:44:18.500 --> 00:44:22.166
I WONDER WHERE THAT CAME
FROM. MAYBE LONG AGO WHEN THE

00:44:22.166 --> 00:44:27.467
TUSCARORA MIXED THEIR SEED
WITH OURS, YOU KNOW, WHO KNOWS?

00:44:35.867 --> 00:44:39.166
(Jose) THERE IS A CONCEPTUAL
ELEMENT IN INDIAN CULTURES

00:44:39.166 --> 00:44:41.934
THAT HAS TO DO WITH A GREAT
DEAL OF APPRECIATION FOR--

00:44:41.934 --> 00:44:45.967
FOR THE FOOD, FOR THE FOOD
THAT COMES OUT OF THE GROUND,

00:44:45.967 --> 00:44:48.367
FOR THE ANIMAL FOOD THAT
IS OFFERED BY NATURE.

00:44:48.367 --> 00:44:53.867
AND SO MOST NATIVE CULTURES
APPRECIATE THE THINGS

00:44:53.867 --> 00:44:59.200
THAT SUSTAIN THE HUMAN BEINGS
AND SO THE CEREMONIAL CYCLE

00:44:59.200 --> 00:45:02.333
AND THE CONNECTION OF THE
SPIRIT ENTITY THAT STANDS BEHIND

00:45:02.333 --> 00:45:07.467
THESE CROPS IS TOTALLY
THERE, TOTALLY THERE.

00:45:27.367 --> 00:45:31.100
FOOD IS SACRED AND FOOD NEEDS
TO BE TREATED AS THOUGH IT WAS

00:45:31.100 --> 00:45:35.934
SACRED TO US AND ESPECIALLY
OUR CORN IS A SACRED THING

00:45:35.934 --> 00:45:39.567
BECAUSE IT\'S A GIFT TO US.
IT\'S A GIFT FROM OUR CREATOR.

00:45:39.567 --> 00:45:43.867
HE GAVE US THIS FOOD.
SO, WHEN WE USE THE óóóóó

00:45:43.867 --> 00:45:47.333
WHICH IS OUR THANKSGIVING\'S
SPEECH, IT IS MENTIONED IN THERE

00:45:47.333 --> 00:45:51.967
SPECIFICALLY WE MENTION
JOHEWKO GIVING THANKS FOR THIS

00:45:51.967 --> 00:45:55.333
PARTICULAR FOOD THAT
WE RECEIVED, THESE THREE

00:45:55.333 --> 00:45:58.200
VEGETABLES: CORN, BEANS
AND SQUASH. SO THAT\'S A STRONG

00:45:58.200 --> 00:46:02.133
SPIRITUAL CONNECTION TO
THEM. EVERY CEREMONY WE HAVE,

00:46:02.133 --> 00:46:05.400
THERE WILL BE SOME TYPE OF A
SOUP SERVED. AND WHEN I SEE THE

00:46:05.400 --> 00:46:08.533
WOMEN ENGAGED IN THIS INTENSIVE
PROCESS OF PREPARING IT

00:46:08.533 --> 00:46:13.300
BECAUSE IT\'S NOT AN EASY FOOD
TO MAKE. OUR CORN SOUP IS LABOUR

00:46:13.300 --> 00:46:15.300
INTENSIVE BUT WHEN I SEE THEM
MAKING IT AND THE WAY IT BRINGS

00:46:15.300 --> 00:46:18.500
THE COMMUNITY TOGETHER,
THE YOUNG PEOPLE DO THEIR PART

00:46:18.500 --> 00:46:21.867
POUNDING THE CORN PERHAPS; THE
WOMEN DO THEIR PART IN SIFTING

00:46:21.867 --> 00:46:24.834
AND SORTING AND MAKING SURE THAT
WE\'VE GOT, YOU KNOW, THE HULLS

00:46:24.834 --> 00:46:28.200
OUT OF IT. AND THEN, YOU KNOW,
THE MEN MAY GET INVOLVED IN

00:46:28.200 --> 00:46:31.200
GETTING THE FIRE GOING AND THEN
GET INVOLVED IN GETTING ALL

00:46:31.200 --> 00:46:34.200
THE FOODS OUT THERE TO THE
AREA WHERE WE ARE GONNA COOK.

00:46:34.200 --> 00:46:37.467
AND THIS BECOMES A COMPLETE
BALANCED, YOU KNOW, TOTAL,

00:46:37.467 --> 00:46:41.600
THE WHOLE LONGHOUSE, THE WHOLE
COMMUNITY INVOLVED IN THE

00:46:41.600 --> 00:46:45.066
PREPARING OF THIS FOOD. THEN
IT IS DISTRIBUTED TO EVERY ONE

00:46:45.066 --> 00:46:47.400
THAT COMES. AND WE TAKE IT
HOME AND WE SHARE IT WITH OUR

00:46:47.400 --> 00:46:50.800
FAMILIES. THIS IS THE TOTAL
PROCESS THAT IS STILL GOING ON.

00:46:50.800 --> 00:46:55.633
IT\'S STILL A PART OF OUR WAY OF
LIFE, YOU KNOW, IT\'S ONWAYKAW

00:46:55.633 --> 00:47:00.066
THE INDIAN WAY OF LIFE.
THAT\'S STILL A PART OF
OUR INDIAN WAY OF LIFE.

00:47:07.734 --> 00:47:12.266
IN MOHAWK THE WORD FOR WHEN
YOU BUNDLE A NEW-BORN BABY

00:47:12.266 --> 00:47:16.934
TRANSLATES TO PUTTING THE HUSK
BACK ON THE CORN. SO EVERYONE

00:47:16.934 --> 00:47:22.000
OF THESE BABIES THAT COMES TO
US IS AN EAR OF CORN. SO THAT

00:47:22.000 --> 00:47:26.367
CONNECTION IS VERY, VERY CLOSE
TO US. THAT CORN AND THE WOMEN

00:47:26.367 --> 00:47:31.233
AND THE MIDWIFERY AND THE
CYCLES OF CONTINUOUS CREATION,

00:47:31.233 --> 00:47:35.734
THAT SKY WOMAN PUT INTO PLACE
IN THE VERY BEGINNING THAT\'S

00:47:35.734 --> 00:47:40.300
STILL GOING ON. AND SO
WHEN I\'M IN A FIELD OF CORN,

00:47:40.300 --> 00:47:45.600
I FEEL THE CREATOR\'S
ENERGY IN THERE.