WEBVTT

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♪

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[ NARRATOR ]: A WOMAN\'S EGG
FLOATS IN A GLASS DISH.

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BY FERTILIZING IT
WITH A MAN\'S SPERM,

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DOCTORS CAN NOW PRODUCE
A HUMAN EMBRYO.

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IN VITRO FERTILIZATION.

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THEY CALL IT A MODERN MIRACLE.

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[ NEWSCASTER ]:
IN A SMALL HOSPITAL

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IN NORTHWEST ENGLAND,
MEDICAL HISTORY WAS MADE

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WHEN A PREMATURE BABY
WAS DELIVERED

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BY CAESARIAN SECTION.

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THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
FILMED THE HISTORIC BIRTH

00:00:37.918 --> 00:00:38.998
OF LOUISE BROWN, THE FIRST BABY

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EVER KNOWN TO BE CONCEIVED
OUTSIDE ITS MOTHER\'S BODY.

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GYNECOLOGIST PATRICK STEPTOE

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HANDED THE BABY TO PHYSIOLOGIST
ROBERT EDWARDS,

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WHO FIRST SAW LOUISE WHEN SHE
WAS A TINY SPECK IN A TEST TUBE.

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[ NARRATOR ]: WOMEN
HAVE BEEN MAKING BABIES

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SINCE THE BEGINNING OF TIME.

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WHEN DOCTORS DO IT IN A LAB,
IT\'S FRONT PAGE NEWS.

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THE MEDIA HAILS IVF

00:01:07.459 --> 00:01:09.998
AS A WONDER CURE
FOR INFERTILITY.

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DOCTORS HELPING WOMEN
TO HAVE CHILDREN,

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OR GAINING CONTROL
OVER REPRODUCTION?

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WITH THE NEW REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY,

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SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
BECOME PARTNERS

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IN THE PRODUCTION OF LIFE.

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PELVIC AREA AGAINST
SUGGEST BENIGN PATHOLOGY.

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THE ENDOSCOPIC SUSTASPORATOR

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WITH THE ATTACHED
SUCTION ADAPTOR

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IS PASSED THROUGH
AN 11-MILLIMETRE TROCARPORT,

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INTO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

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IN MOST CASES, THE ASPIRATOR
IS INTRODUCED

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ON THE SIDE OPPOSITE
THE OVARIAN CYST...

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[ NARRATOR ]: OVER 3,000 DOCTORS
AND SALESMEN GATHER IN PARIS

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TO PITCH THE LATEST
IN REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY.

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IS PLACED OVER THE SURFACE
OF THE OVARIAN CYST.

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THIS SYSTEM ANALYZES
THE MOTILITY OF SPERM.

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AND IT DOES SO BY SCANNING

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A TELEVISION IMAGE.

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THIS IS MORE
EXPENSIVE?

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IT\'S ABOUT 16,000.

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16,000? AND IT
INCLUDES WHAT?

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WE HAVE HERE TWO KINDS OF
AUTOMATIC FREEZING MACHINES.

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THE FIRST RANGE

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IS A PROGRAMMABLE FREEZER,

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WHICH IS USED,
WHICH HAS BEEN DESIGNED,

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TO FREEZE HUMAN EMBRYOS,
HUMAN OOCYTES.

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THE REASON WE CAME TO PARIS
IS BECAUSE AS PROFESSIONALS,

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AS LAY PROFESSIONALS
IN THIS FIELD,

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IT\'S IMPORTANT
FOR US TO BE AWARE

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OF WHAT THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY IS

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AND WHAT THE STATE
OF THE ART IS.

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THE TECHNOLOGY IS STILL
RELATIVELY NEW AND CHANGING.

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IF YOU CONSIDER THE FACT

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THAT AN EMBRYO BEING
CARRIED BY A PERSON OTHER THAN

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THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER
WAS CONSIDERED SCIENCE FICTION

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JUST THREE AND A HALF YEARS AGO,
IT WILL... THIS WILL GIVE YOU

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SOME IDEA AS TO HOW QUICKLY
THIS TECHNOLOGY IS EVOLVING.

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THE WOMEN WERE OVER 40 WHEN
WE COLLECTED THEIR EMBRYOS.

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[ NARRATOR ]:
MANUFACTURING HUMAN LIFE

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HAS ENTERED THE MARKETPLACE.

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A PLACE WHERE RISK
IS PART OF BUSINESS,

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AND EXPERIMENTATION MARKS
THE FIRST STAGE

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IN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.

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5%.

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SO IT\'S REALLY

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AN EXTRAORDINARY
ACHIEVEMENT.

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AND THAT\'S ASSUMING
A FUNCTIONING UTERUS.

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DURING ALL
THOSE TRIALS...

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[ NARRATOR ]: CRITIC
AND ACTIVIST GENA COREA

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WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TO QUESTION

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WHERE REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
IS TAKING US.

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HOW WOULD YOU
KNOW ABOUT IT?

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IT DON\'T SEEM
FROM EXPERIENCE...

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[ GENA COREA ]: IN THE LAST
DAYS OF THE CONGRESS,

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I\'VE BEEN REPEATEDLY GETTING

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THE IMAGE OF A KALEIDOSCOPE

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WHEN I THINK ABOUT THIS BATTLE
OVER REALITY.

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IF YOU HOLD THE KALEIDOSCOPE
UP ONE WAY, EVERYTHING SHIFTS

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SO THAT YOU SEE THIS IMAGE
OF PHYSICIANS WHO ARE NOBLE

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AND HELPING WOMEN,
AND, UM, THEY\'RE HEALERS,

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AND THE WOMEN DESPERATELY
WANT THEIR HELP.

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AND THEY USE A KIND OF LANGUAGE

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TO MAKE THAT VISION
OF REALITY, UH, APPEAR.

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THEY USE WORDS LIKE \"THERAPY\",
\"TREATMENT\", \"OUR PATIENTS\",

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THE \"INFERTILE COUPLE\" AND SO,
IF YOU SWITCH THE KALEIDOSCOPE,

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TURN IT AROUND A LITTLE BIT,

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YOU GET AN ENTIRELY
DIFFERENT PICTURE OF REALITY

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IF YOU\'RE LOOKING AT IT
THROUGH MY EYES,

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WITH MY BACKGROUND, AND THE
HISTORY OF WOMEN IN MEDICINE,

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AND WHAT YOU SEE IS HUMAN
EXPERIMENTATION ON WOMEN,

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AND FAIRLY RECKLESS
EXPERIMENTATION.

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AND, UH, YOU SEE A VIOLATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS, AS WOMEN...

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YOU SEE WOMEN REALLY
BEING DECEIVED

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ABOUT THE NATURE
OF THIS TECHNOLOGY,

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THROUGH MANY DIFFERENT MEANS.

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THEY TALK
ABOUT INFORMED CONSENT,

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BUT WHEN YOU ACTUALLY TALK

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WITH THE WOMEN WHO HAVE
BEEN THROUGH THE PROGRAMS,

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MANY OF THEM HAVE NO IDEA

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THAT THERE ARE REALLY SERIOUS
RISKS INVOLVED WITH THEM,

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AND NONE OF THEM KNOW
THAT WOMEN HAVE ACTUALLY DIED

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FROM THIS TECHNOLOGY.

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[ DR. MARSDEN WAGNER ]:
IT HAS TO BE SAID

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THAT THERE HAS BEEN A HYPE

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OF IVF AS A SUCCESSFUL
TECHNOLOGY,

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WITH VERY LITTLE ATTENTION

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GIVEN TO THE CAREFUL SCIENTIFIC
EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE

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OF THIS TECHNOLOGY.

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AND WE REVIEWED THE WORLD\'S
LITERATURE WITH THAT IN MIND,

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AND FOUND THAT THE SUCCESS RATE

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FOR ONE TREATMENT CYCLE
IS AROUND 10%.

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THE OTHER THING IS,
THE IVF DOCTORS INSIST

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THAT THIS IS A STANDARD
TREATMENT PROCEDURE,

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AND THEREFORE SHOULD

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BE FUNDED BY TAXES.

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WELL, THEN THEY TURN
RIGHT AROUND AND SAY,

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OH, BUT WELL, IT\'S RESEARCH

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AND WE\'RE GOING TO DO
THE RESEARCH TO MAKE IT BETTER.

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WELL, IS IT RESEARCH OR IS IT
A STANDARD TREATMENT PROCEDURE?

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THEY CAN\'T HAVE IT BOTH WAYS.

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AND IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT
THE GOVERNMENTS AND THE PEOPLE

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ARE VERY SENSITIVE ABOUT THIS
ISSUE BECAUSE IF IT\'S RESEARCH,

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THEN THESE WOMEN
ARE RESEARCH SUBJECTS,

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AND THEY SHOULD BE TOLD
THAT THEY\'RE RESEARCH SUBJECTS,

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AND THEY SHOULD GIVE
THEIR PERMISSION

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AND ALL OF THE OTHER THINGS
THAT PROTECT PEOPLE

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FROM BEING RESEARCH GUINEA PIGS.

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[ NARRATOR ]: COWS WERE
AMONG THE FIRST GUINEA PIGS

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FOR REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY.

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[ DR. BOB CHURCH ]:
IN MEDICAL RESEARCH

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FOR MANY, MANY YEARS,

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WE\'VE ALWAYS USED ANIMAL MODELS,
BUT IN THE CASE OF THE BOVINE,

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THERE\'S A LONGER PERIOD
OF PRE-IMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT.

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AND AS SUCH, WHAT WE COULD LEARN
FROM THE ANALOGIES OF THE BOVINE

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OR A SHEEP REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
AND REPRODUCTION,

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MIGHT BE MORE APPLICABLE
TO HUMAN INFERTILITY,

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AND THAT WAS WHERE
OUR MAJOR INTEREST WAS,

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THAN WERE
THE LABORATORY ANIMALS.

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AND HENCE THE RELATIONSHIP,
BESIDES MY BACKGROUND,

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BETWEEN THE MEDICAL SCHOOL
AND THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY,

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AND ALBERTA LIVESTOCK
TRANSPLANTS.

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[ NARRATOR ]:
THIS COW ISN\'T INFERTILE.

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SHE\'S A TOP BREEDER.

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FIRST SHE WAS GIVEN DRUGS
TO INCREASE EGG PRODUCTION,

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THEN ARTIFICIALLY INSEMINATED
WITH THE SPERM OF A PRIZE BULL.

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THE MULTIPLE EMBRYOS
SHE PRODUCED

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ARE BEING FLUSHED
FROM HER UTERUS.

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THEY WILL BE FROZEN, SHIPPED
TO LIVESTOCK BREEDERS

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AROUND THE WORLD, AND THEN
TRANSFERRED INTO OTHER COWS.

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ALL OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES
ARE USED ON WOMEN.

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OK, CATHY, HERE\'S YOUR UTERUS,

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AND IT\'S A NICE UTERUS,

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AND THERE\'S THE LINE
IN THE CENTRE

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WHERE THE ENDOMETRIAL CAVITY IS,

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AND HERE\'S YOUR OVARY.

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[ JAN REHNER ]:
WELL, I STARTED TRYING

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TO HAVE A CHILD WHEN I WAS 30,

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AND I WENT THROUGH
ABOUT SIX YEARS OF...

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PRETTY INTENSIVE, IT SEEMED
PRETTY INTENSIVE TO ME...

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PRETTY INTENSIVE MEDICAL
INTERVENTION,

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AND IT\'S A VERY DEBILITATING
EXPERIENCE.

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THE FIRST... THE FIRST PART OF IT
IS THAT YOU DON\'T REALLY BELIEVE

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THAT IT\'S HAPPENING TO YOU.

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THERE\'S A KIND OF...

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A KIND OF SHOCK AND DENIAL,
UM, THAT SETS IN,

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AND YOU JUST CAN\'T BELIEVE

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THAT YOU\'RE NOT ABLE
TO REPRODUCE,

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AND IT\'S SUCH AN ORDINARY
COMMON THING THAT TO BE

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EXCLUDED FROM THAT
IS REALLY A SHOCK.

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THEN ONCE YOU GET OVER THE SHOCK
AND DENIAL, YOU KNOW, YOU START

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WITH THE MEDICAL INTERVENTION
AND YOU START GOING THROUGH

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WHAT I WOULD DESCRIBE AS A KIND
OF EMOTIONAL, UM, ROLLERCOASTER,

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BECAUSE EVERY MONTH YOUR HOPES
RISE, AND YOU THINK,

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OH, THIS WILL WORK,
THIS TREATMENT WILL WORK,

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UM, AND THEN IT...

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IT ALL FALLS APART, AND THEN
YOU RECONSTRUCT ALL THAT HOPE,

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AND YOU GO THROUGH IT ALL AGAIN.

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IT\'S A VERY, VERY UP AND DOWN
KIND OF PROCESS.

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1.6.

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1.1.

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HIGH LUPRON.

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IT\'S PERCONAL-DAY 8
ESTRADIAL YESTERDAY;

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2,150 AND SHE\'S BEEN
ON ONE AMP PERG.

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IF YOU THINK ABOUT INFERTILITY
AS A FAILURE,

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IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT AS YOUR
INABILITY TO DO ONE THING,

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THEN YOU\'RE ALMOST AUTOMATICALLY
FRAGMENTING YOURSELF,

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SO THAT THE ONLY PART OF YOU
WHICH BECOMES IMPORTANT

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IS YOUR REPRODUCTIVE PARTS.

00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:37.998
AND WHEN YOU GO TO A DOCTOR\'S
OFFICE, THE ONLY PART OF YOU

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WHICH IS IMPORTANT IS HOW WELL
VARIOUS PARTS OF YOUR,

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YOU KNOW, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM,
IS FUNCTIONING.

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THIS IS
A SUPER ONE.

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SHE\'S GOT ONE,
TWO, THREE,

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FOUR, FIVE,
SIX FOLLICLES

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IN THE APPROPRIATE
RANGE.

00:10:51.999 --> 00:10:54.583
[ NARRATOR ]:
IVF FRAGMENTS REPRODUCTION

00:10:54.584 --> 00:10:56.875
INTO A SERIES OF DISCRETE STEPS.

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AT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
IN LONDON, ONTARIO,

00:10:59.292 --> 00:11:02.583
DR. JEFFREY NISKER
OVERSEES STEP ONE,

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THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
TO CONTROL OVULATION

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AND INCREASE EGG PRODUCTION.

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SHE\'S BEEN ON PERGONAL ONE AMP
FOR THE LAST FIVE DAYS.

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OK, LET\'S GO
TO TWO,

00:11:12.999 --> 00:11:13.999
AND SEE IF WE

00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:15.416
CAN STIMULATE
HER A LITTLE.

00:11:15.417 --> 00:11:18.791
[ NARRATOR ]: A WOMAN MUST
UNDERGO DAILY BLOOD TESTS

00:11:18.792 --> 00:11:20.998
AND ULTRASOUND
TO MONITOR HER REACTIONS.

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WANT TO WAIT AND SOUND HER
TOMORROW, THEN?

00:11:22.999 --> 00:11:23.999
SOUND HER
TOMORROW, SURE.

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BACK TO THE LAB AND WE\'LL GIVE
HER PERGONAL THIS AFTERNOON.

00:11:27.167 --> 00:11:29.584
ESTRADIAL AND
SOUND TOMORROW.

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ALONG THE WALLS OF THE POSTER
HALL AT THE PARIS CONFERENCE,

00:11:34.459 --> 00:11:38.998
DOCTOS ADVERTISE THEIR FINDINGS
IN DRUG RESEARCH.

00:11:38.999 --> 00:11:42.041
[ COREA ]: STARTING IN ABOUT
1984, DOCTORS BEGAN USING,

00:11:42.042 --> 00:11:45.917
AGANUS, WHICH IS A KIND OF DRUG
TO USE IN SUPER-STIMULATING

00:11:45.918 --> 00:11:49.833
THE OVARIES OF THE WOMEN,
AND AS PHYSICIANS EXPLAIN,

00:11:49.834 --> 00:11:52.998
WHAT THIS DRUG DOES IS REALLY
CUT OFF THE BRAIN\'S

00:11:52.999 --> 00:11:56.625
CONNECTION TO THE OVARIES,
SO THEY TALK ABOUT

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CHEMICAL CASTRATION,

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OR THEY REFER TO IT
AS A WOMAN WITHOUT A HEAD,

00:12:00.584 --> 00:12:04.374
AND THE REASON THEY DO THAT IS
THAT WHEN THEY STOP THE WOMAN\'S

00:12:04.375 --> 00:12:07.917
OWN CONTROL OVER HER OVARIES
THROUGH THE BRAIN,

00:12:07.918 --> 00:12:11.917
THEN THE PHYSICIANS CAN
COMPLETELY CONTROL OVULATION

00:12:11.918 --> 00:12:14.041
THROUGH THEIR USE
OF OTHER DRUGS.

00:12:14.042 --> 00:12:14.999
OUR PRODUCTS

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TREAT PREDOMINANTLY
THE FEMALE PART OF THE PROBLEM,

00:12:18.792 --> 00:12:19.998
AND IT WASN\'T UNTIL 19...

00:12:19.999 --> 00:12:21.998
THE EARLY PART
OF THE \'60s, 1960s,

00:12:21.999 --> 00:12:25.875
SERONO REALLY BOOMED
INTO A MUCH LARGER COMPANY

00:12:25.876 --> 00:12:28.999
WITH THE DISCOVERY OF PERGONAL.

00:12:38.292 --> 00:12:40.666
[ VIDEO NARRATOR ]: EACH MONTH
DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE,

00:12:40.667 --> 00:12:43.998
PITUITARY HORMONES STIMULATE THE
OVARIES TO PRODUCE A FOLLICLE

00:12:43.999 --> 00:12:44.999
WHICH CONTAINS THE EGG.

00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:48.249
IT\'S A COMPLICATED PROCESS,
SO LET\'S CONSIDER THE ANALOGY

00:12:48.250 --> 00:12:49.583
OF AN AUTOMOBILE RACE,

00:12:49.584 --> 00:12:52.834
WHICH WE WILL CALL
THE FOLLICLE 400.

00:12:53.792 --> 00:12:56.791
THE OBJECT OF EACH FOLLICLE
IS TO FINISH FIRST.

00:12:56.792 --> 00:12:58.291
THERE ARE ABOUT ONE MILLION
FOLLICLES

00:12:58.292 --> 00:12:59.833
PRESENT IN A WOMAN\'S OVARIES.

00:12:59.834 --> 00:13:01.999
BUT ONLY ABOUT 400
WILL WIN THE RIGHT

00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:04.998
TO RELEASE THEIR EGGS
DURING HER LIFETIME.

00:13:04.999 --> 00:13:07.833
THE PIT, SHORT FOR PITUITARY,

00:13:07.834 --> 00:13:10.709
GIVES THE SIGNAL
TO START THE ENGINES.

00:13:12.250 --> 00:13:16.583
THE PIT PROVIDES THE FUEL FSH
TO ALL THE FOLLICLES.

00:13:16.584 --> 00:13:18.998
BUT AFTER THE FIRST TURNS
OF THE COURSE,

00:13:18.999 --> 00:13:20.374
OR DAYS OF THE CYCLE,

00:13:20.375 --> 00:13:22.998
THE LEADING FOLLICLE
IS REFUELED,

00:13:22.999 --> 00:13:24.208
AND SENDS A MESSAGE BY WAY

00:13:24.209 --> 00:13:26.998
OF THE HORMONES
ESTROGEN AND INHIBIN,

00:13:26.999 --> 00:13:30.998
TELLING THE PIT TO SHUT OFF
THE SUPPLY OF FSH.

00:13:30.999 --> 00:13:33.998
BUT WHEN FUEL IN THE FORM
OF PERGONAL OR METRODIN

00:13:33.999 --> 00:13:36.208
IS MADE AVAILABLE
TO THE FOLLICLE 400,

00:13:36.209 --> 00:13:38.082
THE RACE BECOMES
MORE COMPETITIVE.

00:13:38.083 --> 00:13:41.998
ALTHOUGH THE DOMINANT FOLLICLE
STILL HOLDS THE LEAD,

00:13:41.999 --> 00:13:42.999
THE PERGONAL OR METRODIN KEEPS

00:13:43.000 --> 00:13:45.998
THE SUPPLY OF FSH PUMPING
TO THE TRAILING FOLLICLES.

00:13:45.999 --> 00:13:47.708
AS A RESULT,

00:13:47.709 --> 00:13:50.041
SEVERAL FOLLICLES HAVE
A CHANCE TO FINISH THE RACE

00:13:50.042 --> 00:13:53.249
AND RELEASE THEIR EGGS
INTO THE WINNER\'S CIRCLE,

00:13:53.250 --> 00:13:56.167
WHICH MAY RESULT
IN A MULTIPLE PREGNANCY.

00:13:57.667 --> 00:14:00.998
SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 2 AND 4%
OF ALL WOMEN

00:14:00.999 --> 00:14:03.625
WHO GET THIS PROCEDURE
WILL GET WHAT IS CALLED

00:14:03.626 --> 00:14:07.082
A HYPERSTIMULATION SYNDROME,
WHICH CAUSES ALL KINDS

00:14:07.083 --> 00:14:09.833
OF CHANGES AND SHIFTS
AND DERANGEMENTS

00:14:09.834 --> 00:14:12.998
IN THE HORMONE SYSTEM
IN THE WOMAN\'S WHOLE BODY,

00:14:12.999 --> 00:14:15.998
AND CAN LEAD TO ALL KINDS
OF SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS

00:14:15.999 --> 00:14:18.999
AND IN A FEW CASES, EVEN DEATH.

00:14:19.999 --> 00:14:21.998
[ NARRATOR ]:
A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION,

00:14:21.999 --> 00:14:27.666
SERONO MARKETS ITS DRUG PRODUCTS
IN OVER 70 COUNTRIES.

00:14:27.667 --> 00:14:30.998
BUT SERONO DOESN\'T
JUST SELL DRUGS.

00:14:30.999 --> 00:14:33.208
IT ALSO OWNS THE LARGEST
IVF RESEARCH

00:14:33.209 --> 00:14:36.416
(AND TEACHING CLINIC
IN THE WORLD.)ó

00:14:36.417 --> 00:14:42.998
THE COMPANY BOASTS A NET WORTH
OF OVER $600 MILLION.

00:14:42.999 --> 00:14:45.374
THE LEADING CAUSE OF INFERTILITY

00:14:45.375 --> 00:14:48.416
IS AN INFECTION
CALLED CHLAMYDIA.

00:14:48.417 --> 00:14:52.791
NOW, THIS IS AN INFECTION
IN THE WOMEN\'S SEXUAL ORGANS,

00:14:52.792 --> 00:14:54.998
IT IS SOMETIMES
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED.

00:14:54.999 --> 00:14:57.625
THERE IS A GOOD WAY
TO DIAGNOSE IT,

00:14:57.626 --> 00:14:59.998
THERE IS A GOOD WAY TO TREAT IT.

00:14:59.999 --> 00:15:01.041
THERE IS... THE TECHNOLOGY

00:15:01.042 --> 00:15:04.791
IS THERE TO DEVELOP
PREVENTIVE PROGRAMS.

00:15:04.792 --> 00:15:07.998
IT\'S NOT EVEN A REPORTABLE
DISEASE IN CANADA.

00:15:07.999 --> 00:15:11.082
IN SWEDEN, FOR EXAMPLE,
EVERY CASE HAS TO BE REPORTED,

00:15:11.083 --> 00:15:14.292
SO THAT YOU CAN DEVELOP
THESE PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

00:15:15.459 --> 00:15:18.999
[ NARRATOR ]: LACK OF PREVENTION
CREATES THE MARKET.

00:15:19.999 --> 00:15:22.667
SCIENCE DEVELOPS THE TECHNOLOGY.

00:15:22.999 --> 00:15:26.999
AND THEN INDUSTRY MARKETS
WHAT IT CALLS THE CURE.

00:15:28.417 --> 00:15:31.583
SERONO\'S HELPING HAND REACHES
INTO EVERY ASPECT

00:15:31.584 --> 00:15:34.083
OF THE INFERTILITY BUSINESS.

00:15:42.667 --> 00:15:45.917
AT A SERONO-SPONSORED NURSES\'
CONFERENCE, TOP BILLING

00:15:45.918 --> 00:15:50.998
GOES TO FORMER SERONO EMPLOYEE
DR. ROBERT EDWARDS.

00:15:50.999 --> 00:15:52.708
OUR FIRST
GUEST SPEAKER

00:15:52.709 --> 00:15:53.998
IS PROFESSOR EDWARDS,

00:15:53.999 --> 00:15:58.791
WHO CAN BE CALLED THE SPIRITUAL
FATHER OF THE FIRST IVF BABY,

00:15:58.792 --> 00:16:05.583
WILL GO THROUGH THE CHANGING
ETHICS IN IVF.

00:16:05.584 --> 00:16:06.917
WHAT HAS FASCINATED ME IS

00:16:06.918 --> 00:16:07.998
HOW MANY OF THESE
THEORETICAL DEBATES

00:16:07.999 --> 00:16:10.999
WE USED TO HAVE YEARS AGO
IN LABORATORIES IN CAMBRIDGE

00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:14.998
AND ELSEWHERE ON MODERN
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS,

00:16:14.999 --> 00:16:16.998
OR MODERN TECHNIQUES
THAT WE WERE DOING

00:16:16.999 --> 00:16:18.998
IN MICE OR RATS OR RABBITS,

00:16:18.999 --> 00:16:21.998
ARE NOW APPLIED IN MEDICAL
PRACTICE THROUGH IVF.

00:16:21.999 --> 00:16:23.998
AND IT\'S ONLY THE BEGINNING
OF THE FIELD,

00:16:23.999 --> 00:16:26.374
IT\'S ONLY THE BEGINNING,
WHAT WE SEE TODAY.

00:16:26.375 --> 00:16:27.998
AND YOU\'LL
JUST FEEL ME

00:16:27.999 --> 00:16:30.416
PUT THE
PROBE IN.

00:16:30.417 --> 00:16:31.998
[ NARRATOR ]: IF THE DRUGS WORK,

00:16:31.999 --> 00:16:36.998
DOCTORS CALL THE NEXT STEP
IN IVF OOCYTE RETRIEVAL,

00:16:36.999 --> 00:16:40.708
HARVESTING EGGS
FROM A WOMAN\'S OVARIES.

00:16:40.709 --> 00:16:43.998
THE DOCTOR MAY EXTRACT
AS MANY AS 40 EGGS.

00:16:43.999 --> 00:16:46.998
THE WOMAN FACES
A NUMBER OF RISKS.

00:16:46.999 --> 00:16:49.249
AS THE NEEDLE PIERCES
THE VAGINAL WALL

00:16:49.250 --> 00:16:50.998
ON ITS WAY TO THE OVARIES,

00:16:50.999 --> 00:16:53.791
SHE MAY BEGIN TO BLEED
INTERNALLY.

00:16:53.792 --> 00:16:56.998
THE NEEDLE COULD ALSO PERFORATE
HER BLADDER OR BOWEL.

00:16:56.999 --> 00:16:59.999
ONE, TWO, THREE
PIN PRICK...

00:17:01.999 --> 00:17:03.875
YOU\'RE DOING
JUST SUPER.

00:17:03.876 --> 00:17:05.999
GOING WONDERFULLY.

00:17:12.209 --> 00:17:14.998
CAN WE HAVE THE COUNTS
FOR JERRY SO FAR?

00:17:14.999 --> 00:17:16.500
SHE HAS
FOUR SO FAR.

00:17:16.501 --> 00:17:17.998
WE\'VE ALREADY GOT FOUR OOCYTES.

00:17:17.999 --> 00:17:21.167
AND I KNOW THERE\'S
GOING TO BE SOME MORE.

00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:25.166
DOCTORS, OF COURSE,
ARE VERY, VERY POSITIVE

00:17:25.167 --> 00:17:26.998
ABOUT WHAT THEY\'RE DOING.

00:17:26.999 --> 00:17:31.875
SO THAT IF YOU HAVE A DOCTOR
WHO HAS MAYBE 200 PATIENTS

00:17:31.876 --> 00:17:34.998
THAT HE SEES IN A MONTH,
IF 50 OF THOSE PATIENTS,

00:17:34.999 --> 00:17:38.998
OR EVEN 30 OF THOSE PATIENTS,
OR EVEN 25 OF THOSE PATIENTS,

00:17:38.999 --> 00:17:42.998
BECOME PREGNANT,
THEN WHAT HE\'S DOING,

00:17:42.999 --> 00:17:44.998
THE WORK HE\'S DOING
IS VALIDATED.

00:17:44.999 --> 00:17:47.791
AND SO HE\'S VERY POSITIVE
AND VERY OPTIMISTIC.

00:17:47.792 --> 00:17:49.998
SO YOU GO TO SEE HIM,
AND HE\'S... YOU KNOW...

00:17:49.999 --> 00:17:52.791
AND UNFORTUNATELY
IT USUALLY IS A \"HE\",

00:17:52.792 --> 00:17:55.875
IS KIND OF, YOU KNOW,
CHEERING YOU ALONG

00:17:55.876 --> 00:17:56.998
AND, YOU KNOW, DON\'T GIVE UP,

00:17:56.999 --> 00:17:59.708
BECAUSE, YOU KNOW,
IT WILL WORK, AND SO ON.

00:17:59.709 --> 00:18:01.833
BUT IF YOU\'RE NOT
ONE OF THOSE 25,

00:18:01.834 --> 00:18:03.998
FOR YOU, THE EXPERIENCE
IS QUITE DIFFERENT.

00:18:03.999 --> 00:18:05.999
AND IT BECOMES A KIND
OF ENDLESS CYCLE

00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:09.166
OF TRYING AND HAVING
IT NOT WORK,

00:18:09.167 --> 00:18:11.041
AND TRYING AND HAVING
IT NOT WORK,

00:18:11.042 --> 00:18:13.833
AND SO YOU\'RE GETTING MORE
AND MORE DEPRESSED

00:18:13.834 --> 00:18:16.875
BUT THEY ARE ALWAYS VERY,
VERY, VERY POSITIVE.

00:18:16.876 --> 00:18:20.998
SO MAKING THE DECISION TO STOP
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY

00:18:20.999 --> 00:18:22.998
AND TO DO OTHER THINGS
WITH YOUR LIFE

00:18:22.999 --> 00:18:27.666
OR, UM, EXPLORE OTHER OPTIONS
IS REALLY HARD,

00:18:27.667 --> 00:18:30.998
BECAUSE YOU DON\'T GET
THE SUPPORT TO DO THAT

00:18:30.999 --> 00:18:32.166
FROM THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY.

00:18:32.167 --> 00:18:38.458
WELL, WE STARTED IVF IN 1984
WITH OUR FIRST LAPAROSCOPY,

00:18:38.459 --> 00:18:41.998
AT WHICH POINT WE WERE
RECOMMENDED FOR THE PROGRAM,

00:18:41.999 --> 00:18:47.998
AND IN 1985, WE HAD
OUR FIRST TWO IVF ATTEMPTS,

00:18:47.999 --> 00:18:51.458
THAT WERE BOTH UNSUCCESSFUL,
WE HAD TRANSFERS,

00:18:51.459 --> 00:18:55.500
BUT NEITHER RESULTED
IN A PREGNANCY.

00:18:55.501 --> 00:18:58.998
IN 1986, ON OUR THIRD ATTEMPT,

00:18:58.999 --> 00:19:03.625
WE WERE DELIGHTED
TO BECOME PREGNANT,

00:19:03.626 --> 00:19:06.082
AND EVEN MORE SO DELIGHTED
WHEN WE FOUND OUT

00:19:06.083 --> 00:19:08.249
WE WERE EXPECTING TWINS.

00:19:08.250 --> 00:19:12.791
UNFORTUNATELY, OUR TWINS
WERE BORN PREMATURELY.

00:19:12.792 --> 00:19:14.998
AND THEY ONLY LIVED A DAY.

00:19:14.999 --> 00:19:17.998
WE HAD TWO LITTLE BOYS,
AND THEY DIED.

00:19:17.999 --> 00:19:23.998
AFTER THAT IT WAS REALLY
HARD TO KEEP GOING, AND...

00:19:23.999 --> 00:19:27.291
BUT WE DECIDED THAT WE WOULD
COME BACK AND TRY AGAIN,

00:19:27.292 --> 00:19:32.208
AND WE HAD A COUPLE MORE
UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS,

00:19:32.209 --> 00:19:35.583
AND I BELIEVE BOTH
OF THOSE ATTEMPTS

00:19:35.584 --> 00:19:38.291
I WAS CANCELLED PART WAY
THROUGH THE CYCLE.

00:19:38.292 --> 00:19:42.998
AND THEN IN 1988,
WE TRIED AGAIN,

00:19:42.999 --> 00:19:46.208
THAT WAS GOING TO BE OUR
LAST TRY, AND I GOT PREGNANT.

00:19:46.209 --> 00:19:51.917
AND IN JANUARY 1989,
OUR DAUGHTER WAS BORN.

00:19:51.918 --> 00:19:53.998
SO SHE\'S NOW 2 YEARS OLD.

00:19:53.999 --> 00:19:56.833
AND WHEN SHE WAS
ABOUT A YEAR OLD,

00:19:56.834 --> 00:20:00.416
WE DECIDED THAT WE\'D
COME BACK AND TRY AGAIN,

00:20:00.417 --> 00:20:05.998
AND SO WE CAME BACK
FOR A SEVENTH CYCLE,

00:20:05.999 --> 00:20:06.999
WHICH WAS CANCELLED,

00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:11.998
BECAUSE I SURGED BEFORE
THE RETRIEVAL COULD HAPPEN.

00:20:11.999 --> 00:20:19.998
AND THEN ON OUR EIGHTH ATTEMPT,
I GOT PREGNANT,

00:20:19.999 --> 00:20:25.208
BUT UNFORTUNATELY, THAT RESULTED
IN AN EARLY MISCARRIAGE.

00:20:25.209 --> 00:20:31.998
BUT THERE WERE SEVERAL EGGS
TAKEN IN THAT RETRIEVAL,

00:20:31.999 --> 00:20:36.625
AND SOME OF THEM
WERE FERTILIZED AND FROZEN,

00:20:36.626 --> 00:20:39.998
AND SO THIS ATTEMPT
AND THE LAST ONE,

00:20:39.999 --> 00:20:40.999
I\'VE BEEN COMING BACK

00:20:41.000 --> 00:20:45.999
TO HAVE THOSE FROZEN
EMBRYOS TRANSFERRED.

00:20:49.375 --> 00:20:51.875
[ NARRATOR ]: 48 HOURS AGO,
THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGIST

00:20:51.876 --> 00:20:54.998
COMBINED A WOMAN\'S EGGS
WITH A MAN\'S SPERM.

00:20:54.999 --> 00:20:59.999
IF FERTILIZATION HAPPENS,
IT HAPPENS IN A PETRI DISH.

00:21:03.999 --> 00:21:05.416
HOW\'S IT LOOKING
FOR OUR COUPLE?

00:21:05.417 --> 00:21:06.833
IT\'S LOOKING REALLY
GOOD FOR THEM.

00:21:06.834 --> 00:21:10.458
THEY HAD FOUR EGGS ORIGINALLY,
AND OF THOSE FOUR,

00:21:10.459 --> 00:21:13.041
WE HAVE TWO THAT ARE
AT THE FOUR CELL STAGE,

00:21:13.042 --> 00:21:17.166
AND THEN WE HAVE ANOTHER ONE
THAT\'S AT THE TWO CELL STAGE.

00:21:17.167 --> 00:21:18.583
THE FOURTH ONE DIDN\'T GO ON.

00:21:18.584 --> 00:21:20.998
SO THEY\'LL HAVE THREE
PUT BACK TODAY.

00:21:20.999 --> 00:21:22.082
WELL,
THAT\'S GOOD.

00:21:22.083 --> 00:21:24.041
THEY WERE
EXPECTING THAT.

00:21:24.042 --> 00:21:26.416
YEAH, THEY LOOKED
REALLY GOOD YESTERDAY.

00:21:26.417 --> 00:21:29.917
WHEN WE PUT THE EMBRYOS IN,
THEY DO REALLY...

00:21:29.918 --> 00:21:30.998
THEY JUST CAN\'T FALL OUT,

00:21:30.999 --> 00:21:34.041
WE HAVEN\'T DETERMINED YET
EXACTLY HOW TO MAKE THEM STICK

00:21:34.042 --> 00:21:35.625
IN 100% OF CASES,

00:21:35.626 --> 00:21:36.999
HOW TO MAKE THEM DEVELOP.

00:21:37.000 --> 00:21:38.500
IAN\'S OUR BIOLOGIST,

00:21:38.501 --> 00:21:42.998
HE\'S JUST GOING TO BE
INJECTING THEM IN NOW,

00:21:42.999 --> 00:21:43.999
AND THEY\'RE IN.

00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:46.583
[ NARRATOR ]: TO INCREASE
THE CHANCE OF PREGNANCY,

00:21:46.584 --> 00:21:50.625
DOCTORS TRANSFER THREE TO SIX
EMBRYOS INTO A WOMAN\'S WOMB.

00:21:50.626 --> 00:21:51.999
FLOAT AWAY
FROM THE CATHETER TIP.

00:21:52.000 --> 00:21:54.416
WHAT ARE THE
CHANCES FROM HERE

00:21:54.417 --> 00:21:56.041
OF... OF
IT TAKING?

00:21:56.042 --> 00:22:03.291
WITH THREE PUT BACK, YOU HAVE
ROUGHLY A 19 TO 20% CHANCE

00:22:03.292 --> 00:22:05.625
OF HAVING A PREGNANCY
RESULT FROM THAT.

00:22:05.626 --> 00:22:07.917
AND CAN ALL THREE
OF THEM TAKE?

00:22:07.918 --> 00:22:08.998
YES, OH YEAH, THEY CAN.

00:22:08.999 --> 00:22:11.999
MAYBE JUST ONE,
MAYBE TWO, MAYBE THREE.

00:22:12.999 --> 00:22:14.998
WHEN WE WERE TALKING
BEFORE ABOUT...

00:22:14.999 --> 00:22:17.791
YESTERDAY SHE WAS TOLD
FOUR WERE FERTILIZED,

00:22:17.792 --> 00:22:19.416
AND TODAY THERE
ARE THREE EMBRYOS.

00:22:19.417 --> 00:22:20.917
SO WHAT
HAPPENED?

00:22:20.918 --> 00:22:22.458
ONE OF THEM JUST DIDN\'T MAKE IT.

00:22:22.459 --> 00:22:24.249
THE, UH, CELL STRUCTURE
STARTED TO FALL APART.

00:22:24.250 --> 00:22:27.998
AND BY THE TIME I GOT TO IT
THIS MORNING, IT WAS JUST,

00:22:27.999 --> 00:22:30.917
YOU KNOW, IT LOOKED LIKE
A LOT OF CELLS

00:22:30.918 --> 00:22:32.998
JUST A SORT OF A MASS OF TISSUE.

00:22:32.999 --> 00:22:34.998
SO I DIDN\'T PUT THAT ONE BACK.

00:22:34.999 --> 00:22:35.999
IT WON\'T DIVIDE ANY FURTHER.

00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:39.708
THE NUMBER OF LIVE BABIES
FOR ONE TREATMENT CYCLE

00:22:39.709 --> 00:22:44.583
IS SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 5%
OF ALL TREATMENT CYCLES

00:22:44.584 --> 00:22:47.998
AND ABOUT 15% OF ALL
TREATMENT CYCLES.

00:22:47.999 --> 00:22:52.875
HOWEVER, IT REALLY IS ACADEMIC
WHETHER IT\'S 5 OR IT\'S 15.

00:22:52.876 --> 00:22:58.998
IF IT\'S EITHER ONE, IF IT\'S 15,
THIS MEANS 85% FAILURE.

00:22:58.999 --> 00:23:00.998
YOU KNOW, THEY ALWAYS TALK
ABOUT SUCCESS.

00:23:00.999 --> 00:23:03.999
LET\'S TALK ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE COIN.

00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:04.999
THAT\'S 85% FAILURE.

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:08.998
OLD REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
SUCH AS CONTRACEPTIVES

00:23:08.999 --> 00:23:12.082
WERE PROMOTED FOR WOMEN
ON THE BASIS OF STUDIES

00:23:12.083 --> 00:23:14.583
THAT WERE REALLY
VERY INADEQUATE,

00:23:14.584 --> 00:23:15.998
AND SHODDY, ACTUALLY.

00:23:15.999 --> 00:23:18.998
UH, BUT THEY WERE INTERPRETED
AS SHOWING DEFINITIVELY

00:23:18.999 --> 00:23:22.998
THAT THIS WAS A SAFE
AND EFFECTIVE CONTRACEPTIVE.

00:23:22.999 --> 00:23:25.998
AND CERTAINLY THAT WAS THE CASE
WITH THE DALKON SHIELD

00:23:25.999 --> 00:23:27.500
AND WITH OTHER I.U.D.\'S.

00:23:27.501 --> 00:23:30.625
DRUGS SUCH AS D.E.S.,
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL,

00:23:30.626 --> 00:23:32.998
WERE ALSO USED ON WOMEN
IN OBSTETRICS.

00:23:32.999 --> 00:23:37.458
UM, AND DESPITE THE FACT
THAT THERE WAS STRONG EVIDENCE

00:23:37.459 --> 00:23:40.249
THAT, THAT DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
DID NOT DO

00:23:40.250 --> 00:23:42.998
WHAT IT WAS SUPPOSED TO DO,
PREVENT MISCARRIAGE,

00:23:42.999 --> 00:23:44.917
DESPITE THE EVIDENCE THAT,

00:23:44.918 --> 00:23:46.583
THAT IT CAUSED CANCER
IN ANIMALS,

00:23:46.584 --> 00:23:47.791
IT WAS USED ON WOMEN.

00:23:47.792 --> 00:23:49.708
NOW WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES,

00:23:49.709 --> 00:23:52.374
WE FIND THAT MANY WOMEN
WHO HAVE BEEN INJURED

00:23:52.375 --> 00:23:54.998
IN A PREVIOUS CYCLE
OF EXPERIMENTATION,

00:23:54.999 --> 00:23:59.166
THEY THEN BECOME CANDIDATES
FOR THE NEW EXPERIMENTATION

00:23:59.167 --> 00:24:01.998
ON WOMEN\'S BODIES BECAUSE
THEY HAVE BECOME INFERTILE,

00:24:01.999 --> 00:24:05.625
SO THEY THEN BECOME CANDIDATES
FOR IN VITRO FERTILIZATION,

00:24:05.626 --> 00:24:09.998
AND FOR A WHOLE RANGE OF OTHER
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

00:24:09.999 --> 00:24:11.833
THAT DEVELOPED FROM THAT.

00:24:11.834 --> 00:24:14.208
[ NARRATOR ]: IF IVF WORKS,

00:24:14.209 --> 00:24:15.875
THE WOMAN FACES ANOTHER PROBLEM,

00:24:15.876 --> 00:24:19.459
THE PROSPECT
OF A MULTIPLE BIRTH.

00:24:19.999 --> 00:24:24.875
MULTI-FETAL REDUCTION
IS DONE BY INSTILLING

00:24:24.876 --> 00:24:26.791
INTO THE GESTATIONAL SACS

00:24:26.792 --> 00:24:32.998
OF TWO OR THREE OF THE MULTIPLE,
UM, FETUSES, BECAUSE IT IS...

00:24:32.999 --> 00:24:36.998
TEND TO BE DONE AFTER
EIGHT WEEKS GESTATION...

00:24:36.999 --> 00:24:42.917
A SOLUTION THAT WILL CAUSE THE
DEMISE OF THAT PARTICULAR FETUS.

00:24:42.918 --> 00:24:46.998
IT IS HOPED THAT IT WILL NOT
HARM THE OTHER FETUSES,

00:24:46.999 --> 00:24:51.250
SO THAT YOU WILL NOT
LOSE ALL THE PREGNANCIES.

00:24:56.417 --> 00:24:58.998
[ NARRATOR ]: WHETHER SHE
CHOOSES MULTI-FETAL REDUCTION,

00:24:58.999 --> 00:25:01.500
OR TRIES TO CARRY
ALL THE BABIES TO TERM,

00:25:01.501 --> 00:25:04.998
THE RESULTS CAN BE
EQUALLY OVERWHELMING.

00:25:04.999 --> 00:25:06.791
WE\'RE USUALLY
RUNNING AT FULL

00:25:06.792 --> 00:25:08.041
CAPACITY
IN HERE,

00:25:08.042 --> 00:25:09.791
AND WE\'RE A LITTLE
STRETCHED TODAY.

00:25:09.792 --> 00:25:11.625
YOU ALL KNOW THE
REASON WHY THAT IS.

00:25:11.626 --> 00:25:14.998
WHAT I\'D LIKE TO DO IS
INTRODUCE YOU TO, UH, DOROTA

00:25:14.999 --> 00:25:16.291
AND MARION BOROWITZ.

00:25:16.292 --> 00:25:19.999
ON MAY 16th THEY BECAME THE
PROUD PARENTS OF QUADRUPLETS...

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:20.999
TWO BOYS AND TWO GIRLS.

00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:23.708
ALSO WITH US TODAY IS
ISABELLA, THEIR PROUD SISTER.

00:25:23.709 --> 00:25:26.998
SO WHAT WE\'LL DO NOW IS OPEN
THE FLOOR TO QUESTIONS,

00:25:26.999 --> 00:25:30.042
AND ACCOMMODATE ANY PHOTO
OPPORTUNITIES THAT YOU HAVE.

00:25:31.250 --> 00:25:33.708
WERE YOU EXPECTING
SOMETHING LIKE THIS?

00:25:33.709 --> 00:25:35.458
UH, IT WAS
REALLY...

00:25:35.459 --> 00:25:38.208
IT WAS A BIG
SURPRISE FOR US.

00:25:38.209 --> 00:25:39.998
WERE YOU PREPARED
FOR THIS?

00:25:39.999 --> 00:25:42.999
MENTALLY, YES;
FINANCIALLY NEVER.

00:25:43.000 --> 00:25:44.625
I WAS ON THE IVF PROGRAM.

00:25:44.626 --> 00:25:46.998
HOW LONG HAD
YOU BEEN ON IT?

00:25:46.999 --> 00:25:49.626
IT WAS THE FIRST TIME.

00:25:51.375 --> 00:25:52.917
SMILE!

00:25:52.918 --> 00:25:54.249
THAT\'S GREAT.

00:25:54.250 --> 00:25:55.998
WONDERFUL.

00:25:55.999 --> 00:26:00.791
WITH THE IVF PROGRAMS AND
ANY OF THE FERTILITY DRUGS

00:26:00.792 --> 00:26:02.999
THAT STIMULATE OVULATION,
YOU HAVE AN INCREASE

00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:04.291
IN THE INCIDENCE
OF MULTIPLE BIRTHS.

00:26:04.292 --> 00:26:08.249
BECAUSE THAT INCREASES THE
INCIDENCE OF MULTIPLE BIRTHS,

00:26:08.250 --> 00:26:09.998
THERE\'S AN INCREASED
INCIDENCE OF PREMATURITY.

00:26:09.999 --> 00:26:12.708
WHEN THE BABIES ARE
BORN, WE REQUIRE, UH,

00:26:12.709 --> 00:26:13.917
AN EXCESSIVE NUMBER
OF PERSONNEL.

00:26:13.918 --> 00:26:16.875
FOR EACH ONE OF THESE BABIES
AT THE TIME OF THEIR BIRTH,

00:26:16.876 --> 00:26:19.458
WE NEEDED TO HAVE ONE PHYSICIAN,
ONE RESPIRATORY THERAPIST

00:26:19.459 --> 00:26:22.999
AND ONE NURSE TO BE
PRESENT AT THE DELIVERY.

00:26:24.209 --> 00:26:26.875
THERE, PERFECT. THAT\'S GREAT.

00:26:26.876 --> 00:26:28.999
[ SHUTTER CLICKING ]

00:26:30.792 --> 00:26:34.458
[ NARRATOR ]: THIS BABY
WON\'T BE ON THE 6:00 NEWS.

00:26:34.459 --> 00:26:36.875
ACCORDING TO THE WORLD
HEALTH ORGANIZATION,

00:26:36.876 --> 00:26:39.458
IN THE FIRST HOURS AFTER
BIRTH, THE DEATH RATE

00:26:39.459 --> 00:26:41.998
AMONG IVF BABIES
IS FOUR TIMES HIGHER.

00:26:41.999 --> 00:26:46.998
IN THE FIRST FEW DAYS,
IT\'S TWICE AS HIGH.

00:26:46.999 --> 00:26:49.374
THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS
ON THESE CHILDREN

00:26:49.375 --> 00:26:50.791
HAVE NOT YET BEEN DOCUMENTED.

00:26:50.792 --> 00:26:53.998
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
IS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD,

00:26:53.999 --> 00:26:58.625
SO THAT WOMEN WHO DECIDE
NOT TO USE IT, UM,

00:26:58.626 --> 00:27:02.166
THAT COURAGE IS IGNORED, BUT IT
ALSO BECOMES ANOTHER REASON

00:27:02.167 --> 00:27:04.998
FOR THEIR FAILURE, UM, BECAUSE
IF THERE\'S SOMETHING ELSE

00:27:04.999 --> 00:27:07.998
THAT YOU CAN TRY AND SOMETHING
ELSE THAT YOU CAN DO,

00:27:07.999 --> 00:27:10.583
PEOPLE THINK THAT YOU\'RE
GIVING UP TOO SOON.

00:27:10.584 --> 00:27:12.249
I MEAN, I DID THIS
FOR SIX YEARS.

00:27:12.250 --> 00:27:13.998
I THOUGHT THAT WAS
REALLY A LONG TIME,

00:27:13.999 --> 00:27:16.998
AND YET I WAS REALLY
SURPRISED THAT PEOPLE THOUGHT,

00:27:16.999 --> 00:27:18.999
\"WELL, GEE, SIX YEARS
ISN\'T VERY LONG AT ALL.\"

00:27:19.000 --> 00:27:22.875
AND I KNOW LOTS OF WOMEN
WHO\'VE DONE THIS FOR 10 YEARS

00:27:22.876 --> 00:27:23.998
AND 12 YEARS AND SO ON.

00:27:23.999 --> 00:27:29.998
UM... IT REALLY BECOMES,
UM, A SITUATION

00:27:29.999 --> 00:27:33.833
WHERE YOU DON\'T EVEN HAVE
CONTROL OVER WHEN IS ENOUGH;

00:27:33.834 --> 00:27:37.209
IF THERE\'S ALWAYS SOMETHING
MORE THAT YOU CAN DO.

00:27:40.375 --> 00:27:43.998
[ NARRATOR ]: IVF MAKES
A LOT OF THINGS POSSIBLE.

00:27:43.999 --> 00:27:48.792
FREEZING AND SHIPPING HUMAN
EMBRYOS IS NOW BIG BUSINESS.

00:27:49.999 --> 00:27:51.041
WE BROUGHT EMBRYOS
IN FROM AUSTRALIA,

00:27:51.042 --> 00:27:54.998
WHERE WE HAD PREGNANCIES, AND
WE\'RE ABOUT TO BRING EMBRYOS IN

00:27:54.999 --> 00:27:55.834
FROM FRANCE AND ISRAEL.

00:27:55.835 --> 00:28:00.374
WE HAD TO DEVELOP A SPECIAL
CONTAINER, BECAUSE IT IS SHIPPED

00:28:00.375 --> 00:28:02.500
IN A LIQUID NITROGEN FLASK,

00:28:02.501 --> 00:28:03.998
WHICH LOOKS SOMEWHAT
LIKE A BULLET,

00:28:03.999 --> 00:28:06.833
AND THAT HAS TO BE PUT
INTO ANOTHER CONTAINER,

00:28:06.834 --> 00:28:07.998
WHICH IS SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED

00:28:07.999 --> 00:28:08.709
TO PUT IN THE HOLD
OF

00:28:08.710 --> 00:28:10.998
N AIRPLANE.

00:28:10.999 --> 00:28:14.917
[ GENA COREA ]: THIS A POSTER
THAT TALKS ABOUT ZONA DRILLING,

00:28:14.918 --> 00:28:17.998
AND THAT\'S DRILLING THE
OUTSIDE WALL OF THE EGG.

00:28:17.999 --> 00:28:21.791
AND THIS IS A TECHNIQUE
THAT HAS REALLY EXPLODED

00:28:21.792 --> 00:28:23.833
IN THE LAST COUPLE OF YEARS.

00:28:23.834 --> 00:28:26.998
THE POINT OF THIS
DRILLING OF THE ZONA

00:28:26.999 --> 00:28:29.458
IS TO TREAT MALE INFERTILITY.

00:28:29.459 --> 00:28:31.998
THEY WANT TO MAKE IT
EASIER FOR THE SPERM

00:28:31.999 --> 00:28:34.666
TO FERTILIZE THE EGG,
SO THEY DRILL A HOLE

00:28:34.667 --> 00:28:39.166
IN THE WALL OF THE EGG SO
THAT THE SPERM CAN SWIM IN.

00:28:39.167 --> 00:28:43.998
THIS WALL OF THE EGG
MAY HAVE A MECHANISM

00:28:43.999 --> 00:28:46.583
FOR KEEPING OUT SPERM
THAT IS ABNORMAL,

00:28:46.584 --> 00:28:49.583
AND THAT CANNOT
FERTILIZE AN EGG.

00:28:49.584 --> 00:28:53.999
SO WHEN YOU DRILL A HOLE IN IT,
IT JUST LETS ANY OLD SPERM IN.

00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:56.998
SO WE REALLY DON\'T KNOW
THE LONG-RANGE EFFECTS OF THIS.

00:28:56.999 --> 00:29:00.166
THEY ALSO SAY THAT IN THE AREA
OF DIAGNOSIS, IT SEEMS LIKELY

00:29:00.167 --> 00:29:03.998
THAT EMBRYO BIOPSY COULD BE
SUCCESSFULLY UNDERTAKEN

00:29:03.999 --> 00:29:07.041
WITH THE PRECISION AND
THE TECHNICAL FLEXIBILITY

00:29:07.042 --> 00:29:07.999
OF OUR NEW METHOD.

00:29:08.000 --> 00:29:10.998
IN OTHER WORDS, THAT THEY
COULD USE THE TECHNIQUES

00:29:10.999 --> 00:29:12.998
THEY\'RE DEVELOPING HERE

00:29:12.999 --> 00:29:13.999
FOR EMBRYO BIOPSY.

00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:18.666
HERE WE\'RE GETTING INTO
DIAGNOSING THE EMBRYO,

00:29:18.667 --> 00:29:21.998
TRYING TO SEE WHAT
QUALITIES THIS EMBRYO HAS.

00:29:21.999 --> 00:29:26.918
THAT REALLY DOESN\'T HAVE
TO DO WITH INFERTILITY.

00:30:53.876 --> 00:30:56.998
[ NARRATOR ]: MANUFACTURING
EMBRYOS OUTSIDE A WOMAN\'S BODY

00:30:56.999 --> 00:31:01.249
OPENS THE WAY TO HUMAN
EXPERIMENTATION.

00:31:01.250 --> 00:31:03.998
NOW, WHOEVER
PRODUCES THE EMBRYO

00:31:03.999 --> 00:31:06.999
CONTROLS THE WAY IT\'S USED.

00:31:08.999 --> 00:31:12.374
IN THE FIRST SEVEN TO
10 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION,

00:31:12.375 --> 00:31:16.249
THE EMBRYO MOVES DOWN THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT,

00:31:16.250 --> 00:31:18.998
FROM THE OVARY THROUGH
THE FALLOPIAN TUBES,

00:31:18.999 --> 00:31:21.998
TO THE MAIN BODY OF THE UTERUS,

00:31:21.999 --> 00:31:24.999
WHERE IT WILL HATCH OUT OF
THIS PROTECTIVE EGGSHELL,

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.917
AND SUBSEQUENTLY ESTABLISH
A PLACENTA AND IMPLANTATION.

00:31:29.918 --> 00:31:31.999
NOW, DURING THIS PHASE
IN WHICH THE EMBRYO IS

00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:36.998
INSIDE THE ZONA PELLUCIDA, THIS
AMORPHOUS SHELL, IF YOU LIKE,

00:31:36.999 --> 00:31:40.374
THAT YOU AND I BOTH
HATCHED OUT OF EONS AGO,

00:31:40.375 --> 00:31:43.791
UH, WE HAD AN OPPORTUNITY
TO REMOVE IT

00:31:43.792 --> 00:31:46.708
FROM IT FROM THE FEMALE
AND MANIPULATE IT

00:31:46.709 --> 00:31:50.998
OR TRANSFER IT TO A RECIPIENT,
OR HOST MOTHER,

00:31:50.999 --> 00:31:53.998
THAT HAS A SYNCHRONISED
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.

00:31:53.999 --> 00:31:58.998
SO IF WE HAVE TWO REPRODUCTIVE
TRACTS ON TWO WOMEN OR TWO COWS

00:31:58.999 --> 00:32:02.583
THAT ARE IN THE SAME BIOLOGIC
SYNCHRONY, AN EMBRYO CAN BE

00:32:02.584 --> 00:32:06.998
TAKEN FROM PARENT \"A\" AND PUT IT
INTO PARENT \"B\", AND VICE VERSA.

00:32:06.999 --> 00:32:09.998
AND IN EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS,
THAT\'S DONE ALL THE TIME.

00:32:09.999 --> 00:32:12.166
AND IN IVF PROGRAMS
IT\'S DONE IN HUMANS.

00:32:12.167 --> 00:32:17.998
WE HAD ONE COW THAT HAD BEEN
PURCHASED FOR OVER $200,000,

00:32:17.999 --> 00:32:22.374
AND HER EIGHT OFFSPRING,
AFTER SHE WAS SUPER-OVULATED

00:32:22.375 --> 00:32:23.998
AND THE EIGHT EGGS
WERE TRANSFERRED

00:32:23.999 --> 00:32:26.249
TO RECIPIENT MOTHER,
HER EIGHT OFFSPRING,

00:32:26.250 --> 00:32:30.291
EACH AVERAGED OVER $100,000.

00:32:30.292 --> 00:32:32.998
THE RECIPIENTS THAT CARRIED
THEM WERE COMMERCIAL COWS

00:32:32.999 --> 00:32:35.292
WORTH ABOUT $800 EACH.

00:32:38.626 --> 00:32:42.998
[ BILL HANDEL ]: ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION IS CURRENTLY

00:32:42.999 --> 00:32:44.998
RUNNING ABOUT $40,000 U.S.

00:32:44.999 --> 00:32:47.082
IN THE CASE OF IN VITRO
FERTILIZATION WHERE THE EMBRYO

00:32:47.083 --> 00:32:52.666
IS BEING IMPLANTED, IT\'S RUNNING
ABOUT $45,000 U.S. AT A MINIMUM.

00:32:52.667 --> 00:32:56.208
EGG DONATION RUNS
ABOUT $17,000 U.S.

00:32:56.209 --> 00:33:00.166
THE CENTER HAS THREE MAJOR
PROGRAMS THAT WE OFFER:

00:33:00.167 --> 00:33:02.998
TRADITIONAL SURROGACY, THAT\'S
ARTIFICAL INSEMINATION

00:33:02.999 --> 00:33:04.998
OF A SURROGATE, WHEREBY
THE FATHER IS GENETICALLY

00:33:04.999 --> 00:33:08.208
CONNECTED TO THE CHILD AND THE
SURROGATE DONATES HER EGG

00:33:08.209 --> 00:33:09.666
AS WELL AS CARRIES THE CHILD.

00:33:09.667 --> 00:33:12.998
WE HAVE IVF GESTATIONAL
SURROGACY, WHEREBY THE SURROGATE

00:33:12.999 --> 00:33:16.791
HAS NO GENETIC CONNECTION TO THE
CHILD AT ALL, AND THE BIOLOGICAL

00:33:16.792 --> 00:33:19.875
PARENTS IMPLANT THEIR
EMBRYO INTO THE SURROGATE.

00:33:19.876 --> 00:33:22.998
AND WE OFFER EGG DONATION,
WHEREBY A WOMAN WHO HAS

00:33:22.999 --> 00:33:26.708
THE ABILITY TO CARRY A CHILD
BUT IS UNABLE TO OVULATE,

00:33:26.709 --> 00:33:29.998
WE WILL HAVE AN EGG
DONOR, UH, DONATE HER EGG,

00:33:29.999 --> 00:33:32.166
FERTILIZE THAT WITH
THE FATHER\'S SPERM

00:33:32.167 --> 00:33:34.249
AND IMPLANT THAT
INTO THE MOTHER TO BE.

00:33:34.250 --> 00:33:35.998
THOSE ARE THE THREE
MAJOR PROGRAMS.

00:33:35.999 --> 00:33:39.374
RECENTLY, WE HAVE HAD
SOME OTHER TECHNOLOGY

00:33:39.375 --> 00:33:43.166
THAT INVOLVES EMBRYO BIOPSY.

00:33:43.167 --> 00:33:46.875
SO WE INVOLVE IN VITRO
FERTILIZATION TECHNIQUES,

00:33:46.876 --> 00:33:51.998
UH, EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO,
AND WHEN THE EMBRYO BECOMES

00:33:51.999 --> 00:33:55.500
EIGHT CELL STAGE, WE DO
A BIOPSY IN THE EMBRYO,

00:33:55.501 --> 00:34:00.917
REMOVE ONE CELL, AND WE HAVE
MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL MARKERS

00:34:00.918 --> 00:34:06.998
THAT WE CAN IDENTIFY WITH A \"Y\"
PROBE FROM THE \"Y\" CHROMOSOME,

00:34:06.999 --> 00:34:08.998
IF THAT\'S A BOY OR A GIRL.

00:34:08.999 --> 00:34:12.166
[ RALPH FAGEN ]: THE LAST TOTAL
NUMBER OF BABIES BORN WAS 147.

00:34:12.167 --> 00:34:15.875
HAS THERE BEEN ANY CHANGES
THIS WEEK AS FAR AS BIRTHS?

00:34:15.876 --> 00:34:17.458
HAVE WE HAD A BIRTH THIS WEEK?

00:34:17.459 --> 00:34:19.374
NO, WE HAVEN\'T
HAD ANY BIRTHS.

00:34:19.375 --> 00:34:20.708
ONE DUE.

00:34:20.709 --> 00:34:21.998
ONE DUE
ANY MINUTE.

00:34:21.999 --> 00:34:23.166
WHAT ABOUT PREGNANCIES ON IVF?

00:34:23.167 --> 00:34:26.082
HAVE WE HAD A NEW CONFIRMED
PREGNANCY THIS WEEK?

00:34:26.083 --> 00:34:28.998
LET\'S GO TO ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION.

00:34:28.999 --> 00:34:30.917
ANY NEW PREGNANCIES THERE?

00:34:30.918 --> 00:34:33.998
SAME STATUS ON, UH,
EGG RECIPIENT AS WELL?

00:34:33.999 --> 00:34:35.416
UH-HUH.

00:34:35.417 --> 00:34:35.999
OK.

00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:40.041
OUR EGG DONOR PROGRAM, WE HAVE
BEEN WORKING WITH THE CENTER

00:34:40.042 --> 00:34:41.998
FOR SURROGATE PARENTING AS WELL,

00:34:41.999 --> 00:34:46.082
AND WE HAVE A NON-ANONYMOUS
EGG DONATION PROGRAM.

00:34:46.083 --> 00:34:50.708
A COUPLE HAS THE ABILITY
TO MEET THE EGG DONOR.

00:34:50.709 --> 00:34:54.166
WE KNOW THEIR
GENETIC BACKGROUND,

00:34:54.167 --> 00:34:57.998
AND ALSO THEY\'RE
HIGHLY SCREENED FOR ANY

00:34:57.999 --> 00:34:59.998
SOCIALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES.

00:34:59.999 --> 00:35:03.833
WE HAVE SOME EGG DONORS
THAT THEY PRODUCE A BABY

00:35:03.834 --> 00:35:05.998
IN EVERY SINGLE CYCLE,

00:35:05.999 --> 00:35:08.082
AS SUCH AS THAT
I HAVE SPERM DONORS.

00:35:08.083 --> 00:35:10.999
AND I HAVE A GENTLEMAN
WHO HAS GIVEN ME

00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:13.583
NINE BABIES OUT OF 10 TRIALS.

00:35:13.584 --> 00:35:15.791
THAT\'S ABSOLUTELY FANTASTIC.

00:35:15.792 --> 00:35:18.208
BY THE WAY, HE\'S ITALIAN.

00:35:18.209 --> 00:35:20.291
STEVE AND KAREN,
THE NEXT ONE DOWN.

00:35:20.292 --> 00:35:21.998
THREE FROZEN WERE TRANSFERRED.

00:35:21.999 --> 00:35:23.708
AND IT TOOK
PLACE... ONE.

00:35:23.709 --> 00:35:24.998
ON THE FIRST.

00:35:24.999 --> 00:35:26.666
OK, 6-1, WITH THREE FROZEN.

00:35:26.667 --> 00:35:27.917
ALL THREE
WERE IMPLANTED?

00:35:27.918 --> 00:35:29.998
UH-HUH, WELL, THEY HAVE
MANY IN THE FREEZER.

00:35:29.999 --> 00:35:31.791
THEY IMPLANTED THREE
OF THE LEFTOVERS.

00:35:31.792 --> 00:35:32.998
THEY WERE
ONES WHO HAD

00:35:32.999 --> 00:35:34.998
AN EXTRAORDINARY
NUMBER OF EMBRYOS.

00:35:34.999 --> 00:35:36.249
YEAH, TOO MANY.

00:35:36.250 --> 00:35:37.708
REALLY TOO MANY.

00:35:37.709 --> 00:35:38.998
SHE SORT OF HYPER-OVULATED.

00:35:38.999 --> 00:35:40.583
DOES THAT LESSEN
THE QUALITY?

00:35:40.584 --> 00:35:42.291
HYPOTHETICALLY.
THEORETICALLY.

00:35:42.292 --> 00:35:42.999
YEAH, IT DOES.

00:35:43.000 --> 00:35:46.998
YOU WANT SIX PERFECT EGGS
MORE THAN 18 MEDIOCRE EGGS.

00:35:46.999 --> 00:35:52.208
IF YOU JUST THINK THAT IT\'S
SO UNNATURAL TO HAVE 24 EMBRYOS,

00:35:52.209 --> 00:35:55.833
YOU CAN\'T IMAGINE THAT
THEY\'RE ALL TOP QUALITY.

00:35:55.834 --> 00:35:59.208
THE REASON ONE WOULD CHOOSE
THE FROZEN TECHNOLOGY

00:35:59.209 --> 00:36:03.998
AND USE, UH, FREEZING, UH, FIRST
OF ALL, IT\'S VERY CONVENIENT.

00:36:03.999 --> 00:36:07.458
ONE OF THE MAJOR DIFFICULTIES
IN MATCHING SURROGATES

00:36:07.459 --> 00:36:10.998
AND, UH, ADOPTING PARENTS
IS THE CYCLING PROBLEM.

00:36:10.999 --> 00:36:13.625
IF YOU\'RE TAKING FRESH EMBRYOS
AND MOVING THEM FROM COUPLE

00:36:13.626 --> 00:36:16.708
TO SURROGATE, THE TWO WOMEN
HAVE TO BE VIRTUALLY MATCHED

00:36:16.709 --> 00:36:17.667
IN TERMS OF THEIR CYCLES.

00:36:17.668 --> 00:36:20.998
IF YOU HAVE FROZEN AN EMBRYO,
YOU DON\'T HAVE TO WORRY

00:36:20.999 --> 00:36:22.374
ABOUT THE MATCHING PROCESS.

00:36:22.375 --> 00:36:23.998
YOU SIMPLY WAIT
UNTIL THE SURROGATE

00:36:23.999 --> 00:36:24.999
COMES BY HER NATURAL CYCLE

00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:30.416
AND SIMPLY DEFROST THE EMBRYO
AND PLACE IT INTO HER BODY.

00:36:30.417 --> 00:36:31.708
[ KATHY GOMEZ ]:
BEING A SURROGATE MOTHER,

00:36:31.709 --> 00:36:35.998
YOU NEED TO MONITOR YOUR CYCLE,
AND IN MY CASE, THE DOCTOR FELT

00:36:35.999 --> 00:36:40.249
I NEEDED AN ESTROGEN SHOT THE
DAY BEFORE WE DID THE TRANSFER.

00:36:40.250 --> 00:36:41.708
AND THE, UH, INFERTILE MOTHER,

00:36:41.709 --> 00:36:45.998
SHE\'S ALREADY GONE THROUGH
DAYS AND DAYS OF MEDICAL SHOTS

00:36:45.999 --> 00:36:49.998
AND PILLS AND THINGS TO MAKE
HER HORMONES SLOW DOWN

00:36:49.999 --> 00:36:52.833
OR SPEED UP OR WHATEVER
IT NEEDED TO DO.

00:36:52.834 --> 00:36:56.998
THEN SHE FLEW OUT HERE FROM
MASSACHUSETTS AND GAVE ME,

00:36:56.999 --> 00:36:58.998
UH, GAVE THE EGGS TO THE DOCTOR.

00:36:58.999 --> 00:37:00.416
THE DOCTOR TOOK THE EGGS OUT,

00:37:00.417 --> 00:37:01.998
FERTILIZED THEM WITH
HER HUSBAND\'S SPERM,

00:37:01.999 --> 00:37:04.999
AND THEY INCUBATE
IT FOR TWO DAYS.

00:37:09.999 --> 00:37:13.249
[ FILM NARRATOR ]:
FIRST MONTH OF PREGNANCY,

00:37:13.250 --> 00:37:15.625
NO CHANGE IN BODY SIZE.

00:37:15.626 --> 00:37:18.041
KNOWING THAT WE, WE GO
THROUGH STAGES 1 TO 5

00:37:18.042 --> 00:37:19.500
IN A CLEARANCE FOR
THESE SURROGATES,

00:37:19.501 --> 00:37:21.998
HAVE WE CHANGED THE POINT
AT WHICH WE ARE DOING

00:37:21.999 --> 00:37:24.291
THE CRIMINAL BACKGROUND
CHECKS ON THESE THINGS?

00:37:24.292 --> 00:37:25.250
WE DO IT THE FIRST...

00:37:25.251 --> 00:37:27.998
AS SOON AS THEY GO TO, UH,
A SUPPORT GROUP MEETING.

00:37:27.999 --> 00:37:31.458
THE FIRST THING THE SURROGATE
HAS TO DO AFTER SHE\'S SENT

00:37:31.459 --> 00:37:33.998
A LETTER THAT SHE IS
IN THE PROGRAM,

00:37:33.999 --> 00:37:36.082
SHE HAS TO GO TO
A SUPPORT GROUP MEETING

00:37:36.083 --> 00:37:38.041
TO TALK WITH THE
OTHER SURROGATES.

00:37:38.042 --> 00:37:39.458
THEN WE DO THE
CRIMINAL BACKGROUND.

00:37:39.459 --> 00:37:41.875
HOW MANY TRAFFIC TICKETS
DO WE DROP A SURROGATE?

00:37:41.876 --> 00:37:43.998
YOU KNOW, WE\'VE NEVER
ACTUALLY DISCUSSED THIS.

00:37:43.999 --> 00:37:47.666
I THINK WE\'VE SORT OF
TACITLY AGREED WITHOUT EVER

00:37:47.667 --> 00:37:49.917
HAVING DISCUSSED IT THAT
CERTAINLY TRAFFIC TICKETS

00:37:49.918 --> 00:37:52.374
WOULD NOT RULE ANYONE OUT
UNLESS IT\'S CHRONIC.

00:37:52.375 --> 00:37:53.833
AND THERE\'S
A NUMBER OF THEM.

00:37:53.834 --> 00:37:56.998
[ FILM NARRATOR ]:
FOURTH MONTH OF PREGNANCY.

00:37:56.999 --> 00:37:58.999
BODY BECOMES LARGER.

00:38:00.999 --> 00:38:02.791
WE HAVE, AND HAVE HAD
FROM THE BEGINNING,

00:38:02.792 --> 00:38:05.999
FOR ABOUT THE LAST 11 YEARS,
HAVE HAD MONTHLY SUPPORT GROUP

00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:07.998
MEETINGS FOR ALL
THE SURROGATE MOTHERS.

00:38:07.999 --> 00:38:09.583
UM, THE SURROGATES ARE DIVIDED

00:38:09.584 --> 00:38:11.998
INTO WHAT REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY THEY\'RE USING.

00:38:11.999 --> 00:38:14.500
THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
SURROGATES MEET IN ONE GROUP,

00:38:14.501 --> 00:38:16.500
AND THE IVF GESTATIONAL
SURROGATE MOMS HAVE

00:38:16.501 --> 00:38:17.998
THEIR OWN SUPPORT GROUP MEETING.

00:38:17.999 --> 00:38:20.998
NO ONE IN THAT GROUP BELIEVES
SURROGATES ARE DOING IT

00:38:20.999 --> 00:38:21.999
JUST FOR THE MONEY.

00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:24.998
NO ONE IN THAT GROUP BELIEVES
SURROGATES ARE IGNORANT WOMEN

00:38:24.999 --> 00:38:25.999
WHO ARE BEING EXPLOITED.

00:38:26.000 --> 00:38:28.998
THERE\'S A LOT OF COMFORT
BEING WITH A GROUP OF WOMEN

00:38:28.999 --> 00:38:30.998
WHO KNOW ABOUT
PROGESTERONE SHOTS, WHO

00:38:30.999 --> 00:38:32.166
KNOW ABOUT THE BED-REST RULES,

00:38:32.167 --> 00:38:33.833
WHAT IT\'S LIKE TO MEET A COUPLE,

00:38:33.834 --> 00:38:35.999
WHAT IT\'S LIKE TO HAVE
TO EXPLAIN TO YOUR BOSS

00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:38.500
THAT YOU\'LL BE MISSING
WORK BECAUSE YOU\'RE BEING

00:38:38.501 --> 00:38:39.998
IMPLANTED WITH SOME
OTHER COUPLE\'S EMBRYOS.

00:38:39.999 --> 00:38:45.583
THE SURROGATES THAT I MET AT
THE CENTER, IN GROUP THERAPY,

00:38:45.584 --> 00:38:47.998
A LOT OF THEM WERE
DOING IT FOR THE MONEY.

00:38:47.999 --> 00:38:50.291
UM, BASICALLY, THEY WENT
AROUND THE ROOM AND SAID,

00:38:50.292 --> 00:38:54.917
\"WHY ARE YOU DOING IT, WHY ARE
YOU BEING A SURROGATE MOTHER?\"

00:38:54.918 --> 00:39:00.998
THERE WERE ANSWERS, FROM NEW
CARS, DOWN PAYMENTS ON HOUSE,

00:39:00.999 --> 00:39:02.041
PUT THEMSELVES THROUGH SCHOOL,

00:39:02.042 --> 00:39:05.999
HELP THEIR HUSBAND OUT WHO
WASN\'T BRINGING ENOUGH HOME.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:07.666
THERE WAS A LOT OF SURROGATES

00:39:07.667 --> 00:39:09.500
THAT WERE DOING IT
STRICTLY FOR THE MONEY.

00:39:09.501 --> 00:39:12.583
KNEW THEY COULD GIVE UP
THE CHILD IN NINE MONTHS.

00:39:12.584 --> 00:39:14.416
BUT WHERE COULD YOU GET $10,000

00:39:14.417 --> 00:39:16.833
IN A SHORT PERIOD OF
TIME IN ONE LUMP SUM?

00:39:16.834 --> 00:39:21.458
THE CALIFORNIA COURTS RECOGNIZE
THAT PAR... BIOLOGICAL PARENTS

00:39:21.459 --> 00:39:25.291
ARE, IN FACT, PARENTS,
AND THAT THE SURROGATES HAVE

00:39:25.292 --> 00:39:27.833
NO RIGHTS TO THE CHILD AT ALL.

00:39:27.834 --> 00:39:30.166
AND SIX MONTHS
INTO THE PREGNANCY,

00:39:30.167 --> 00:39:32.998
A CALIFORNIA COURT
ISSUES AN ORDER SAYING

00:39:32.999 --> 00:39:35.917
THE BIOLOGICAL PARENTS,
NO MATTER WHERE THEY LIVE,

00:39:35.918 --> 00:39:38.998
ARE IN FACT THE LEGAL
PARENTS OF THE CHILD,

00:39:38.999 --> 00:39:40.998
AND THE SURROGATE
IS A BABYSITTER,

00:39:40.999 --> 00:39:44.166
ALBEIT A BABYSITTER
WITH A CHILD IN UTERO.

00:39:44.167 --> 00:39:46.833
AND THE LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS
ARE FASCINATING.

00:39:46.834 --> 00:39:49.998
DOES THAT MEAN THAT SHE CAN\'T,
FOR EXAMPLE, TAKE A VACATION

00:39:49.999 --> 00:39:51.625
WITHOUT INFORMING THE PARENTS?

00:39:51.626 --> 00:39:52.708
THAT\'S EXACTLY WHAT IT MEANS.

00:39:52.709 --> 00:39:55.791
SHE\'D BE KIDNAPPING THEIR BABY
IF SHE DIDN\'T TELL THEM

00:39:55.792 --> 00:39:57.666
WHERE SHE WAS
TAKING THEIR CHILD.

00:39:57.667 --> 00:40:01.998
[ FILM NARRATOR ]: AFTER 18
TO 20 WEEKS HAVE PASSED,

00:40:01.999 --> 00:40:04.998
THE MOVEMENTS OF THE
FETUS USUALLY BEGIN

00:40:04.999 --> 00:40:06.458
TO BE FELT BY THE MOTHER.

00:40:06.459 --> 00:40:09.166
I MADE MY KIDS VERY AWARE
OF WHAT WAS GOING ON,

00:40:09.167 --> 00:40:12.998
FROM THE FIRST DAY THAT I HAD
MET THE COUPLE I WAS PRESENTED

00:40:12.999 --> 00:40:15.998
A PICTURE OF THE COUPLE,
AND FROM THE VERY FIRST DAY,

00:40:15.999 --> 00:40:17.998
THAT COUPLE\'S PICTURE
HUNG ON MY REFRIGERATOR

00:40:17.999 --> 00:40:19.998
FOR THE WHOLE
ENTIRE NINE MONTHS.

00:40:19.999 --> 00:40:25.708
MY CHILDREN ALSO HAD A LOT
OF CONTACT WITH THE MOTHER

00:40:25.709 --> 00:40:27.998
DURING MY WHOLE NINE
MONTHS OF PREGNANCY.

00:40:27.999 --> 00:40:31.041
UM, MY CHILDREN WOULD ACCO-
YOU KNOW, ACCOMPANY ME

00:40:31.042 --> 00:40:34.875
TO THE DOCTORS, OF COURSE,
WHICH THE MOTHER MET ME

00:40:34.876 --> 00:40:35.998
EVERY DOCTOR\'S APPOINTMENT.

00:40:35.999 --> 00:40:37.998
AND WE WOULD ALL
GO TO LUNCH TOGETHER.

00:40:37.999 --> 00:40:42.291
[ FILM NARRATOR ]:
SIXTH MONTH OF PREGNANCY.

00:40:42.292 --> 00:40:45.500
UTERUS REACHES HEIGHT OF NAVEL.

00:40:45.501 --> 00:40:48.166
NINTH MONTH OF PREGNANCY.

00:40:48.167 --> 00:40:51.626
UTERUS REACHES
HEIGHT OF DIAPHRAGM.

00:40:52.709 --> 00:40:54.998
THE SURROGATE IS ON BED REST,

00:40:54.999 --> 00:40:56.374
TINA\'S ON BED REST.

00:40:56.375 --> 00:40:59.998
UH, SHE\'S CARRYING TWINS AND...

00:40:59.999 --> 00:41:01.666
SO IS IT
OFFICIAL?

00:41:01.667 --> 00:41:02.998
IS IT THE TWINS?

00:41:02.999 --> 00:41:04.998
IT\'S TWINS, IT\'S TWINS.

00:41:04.999 --> 00:41:06.583
HOW DOES
THE COUPLE

00:41:06.584 --> 00:41:07.999
FEEL ABOUT
THE TWINS?

00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:09.500
TWICE AS HAPPY.

00:41:09.501 --> 00:41:13.082
I\'VE BEEN PAID $10,000
FOR HAVING THE TWINS.

00:41:13.083 --> 00:41:15.416
I DIDN\'T GET ANY EXTRA
FOR HAVING TWO.

00:41:15.417 --> 00:41:18.998
UM, THERE WAS, UH...
I\'VE HEARD FROM OTHER AGENCIES

00:41:18.999 --> 00:41:22.998
THAT THE FEE HAS GONE UP NOW TO
ABOUT 12,000, THE STANDARD FEE.

00:41:22.999 --> 00:41:24.999
UM, SOME PEOPLE
DO IT FOR NOTHING.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.666
SOME PEOPLE DO IT FOR SET
AMOUNTS THAT ARE MORE OR LESS.

00:41:29.667 --> 00:41:33.998
BUT IF I DID IT AGAIN I WOULD
ASK FOR CLOSER TO $50,000.

00:41:33.999 --> 00:41:36.998
I JUST FEEL THAT\'S WHAT
I DESERVE, I\'M SORRY.

00:41:36.999 --> 00:41:38.249
BUT, WE\'LL SEE, YOU KNOW.

00:41:38.250 --> 00:41:40.416
THAT\'S NOT GOING
TO HAPPEN, SO...

00:41:40.417 --> 00:41:42.041
IT\'S A LOT OF WORK ON YOUR BODY

00:41:42.042 --> 00:41:44.583
FOR ABOUT A YEAR AND
A HALF TO TWO YEARS.

00:41:44.584 --> 00:41:47.998
[ FILM NARRATOR ]:
THE PRESSURE OF THE CHILD\'S HEAD

00:41:47.999 --> 00:41:48.999
OPENS THE CERVIX.

00:41:49.000 --> 00:41:51.166
ONCE THE CERVIX IS
COMPLETELY OPENED,

00:41:51.167 --> 00:41:54.999
THE WATER BREAKS AND
EXPULSION BEGINS.

00:41:55.417 --> 00:41:57.998
THE MOTHER HELPS AT
THIS TIME BY BEARING DOWN

00:41:57.999 --> 00:41:59.917
WITH EACH UTERINE CONTRACTION.

00:41:59.918 --> 00:42:03.458
WHEN I RELINQUISHED THE
CHILD, I HAD NO FEELINGS,

00:42:03.459 --> 00:42:06.998
NO ATTACHMENT... BASICALLY
FOR THE WHOLE NINE MONTHS.

00:42:06.999 --> 00:42:10.875
SO I KNEW IF I WASN\'T ATTACHED
TO IT WHILE I WAS CARRYING IT,

00:42:10.876 --> 00:42:13.291
I WOULDN\'T BE ATTACHED
TO IT WHEN I SAW IT

00:42:13.292 --> 00:42:14.998
AND HAVE A HARD TIME
GIVING IT UP.

00:42:14.999 --> 00:42:17.998
THE WHOLE TIME, THAT COUPLE,
YOU CAN\'T, YOU CAN\'T DENY THEM

00:42:17.999 --> 00:42:20.500
THAT MOMENT WHEN YOU
HAND IT OVER TO THEM,

00:42:20.501 --> 00:42:22.998
THAT THEY\'VE BEEN
WAITING FOR FOR YEARS.

00:42:22.999 --> 00:42:23.792
IT WAS NATURAL.

00:42:23.793 --> 00:42:27.998
IT WAS A NATURAL FEELING TO JUST
HAND IT OVER AND SAY GOODBYE.

00:42:27.999 --> 00:42:29.998
SHE\'S YOURS, GOOD LUCK.

00:42:29.999 --> 00:42:32.500
[ HILARY HANIFIN ]:
I DON\'T THINK THAT IS

00:42:32.501 --> 00:42:36.374
INHERENTLY A BAD THING,
A CHILD HAVING TO COMPREHEND

00:42:36.375 --> 00:42:39.249
THAT IT HAS, TECHNICALLY,
THREE MOTHERS.

00:42:39.250 --> 00:42:41.875
THREE WOMEN WERE INVOLVED
IN ITS CREATION.

00:42:41.876 --> 00:42:44.998
AND ONE, COULD BE TWO, FATHERS.

00:42:44.999 --> 00:42:45.999
FOR SOME OF THE
CHILDREN ALREADY,

00:42:46.000 --> 00:42:48.998
THE WAY THEY CAME INTO THE
WORLD, HAS BEEN AN AVENUE

00:42:48.999 --> 00:42:51.708
FOR THEM TO UNDERSTAND
A WHOLE PART OF HUMAN NATURE,

00:42:51.709 --> 00:42:54.374
AND A WHOLE DIFFERENT
KIND OF LOVE AND COMMITMENT

00:42:54.375 --> 00:42:56.999
THAT CHILDREN WHO
ARE HOME-MADE BABIES,

00:42:57.000 --> 00:42:57.999
UM, MIGHT NOT KNOW ABOUT

00:42:58.000 --> 00:43:02.999
IN THE WAY THAT REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY BABIES GET TO KNOW.

00:44:07.083 --> 00:44:13.416
[ NARRATOR ]: A TECHNOLOGY
THAT IS TRANSFORMING HUMAN LIFE.

00:44:13.417 --> 00:44:15.291
AT ANOTHER KIND OF
CONFERENCE IN PARIS,

00:44:15.292 --> 00:44:20.166
EXPERTS AND ACTIVISTS CHALLENGE
OUR IDEAS ABOUT WHO REPRODUCTIVE

00:44:20.167 --> 00:44:23.998
TECHNOLOGY IS BEING
DEVELOPED FOR AND WHY.

00:44:23.999 --> 00:44:25.998
ORGANISE.

00:44:25.999 --> 00:44:26.999
NON!

00:44:27.000 --> 00:44:28.082
NON,
PARCE QUE...

00:44:28.083 --> 00:44:32.998
10 YEARS AGO, THERE HAD PROBABLY
BEEN ONLY 10 HUMAN BEINGS

00:44:32.999 --> 00:44:35.666
IN THE ENTIRE HISTORY
OF THE HUMAN RACE

00:44:35.667 --> 00:44:37.998
WHO HAD EVER SEEN A HUMAN EGG.

00:44:37.999 --> 00:44:41.041
AND NOW THERE ARE HUNDREDS
AND THOUSANDS OF HUMAN EGGS

00:44:41.042 --> 00:44:45.875
AVAILABLE FOR MANIPULATION
AND FOR THE CREATION OF EMBRYOS.

00:44:45.876 --> 00:44:48.998
I BELIEVE THE TRUTH BEHIND
THE TECHNOLOGIES IS NOT,

00:44:48.999 --> 00:44:52.998
AS WE HAVE BEEN LED TO BELIEVE,
THAT WOMEN NEED DOCTORS

00:44:52.999 --> 00:44:54.500
TO GIVE THEM THIS HELP.

00:44:54.501 --> 00:44:58.041
THE TRUTH IS THAT THEY NEED US.

00:44:58.042 --> 00:45:00.917
THEY NEED OUR EGGS
IF THEY\'RE GOING

00:45:00.918 --> 00:45:03.000
TO CONTROL HUMAN EVOLUTION.

00:45:57.999 --> 00:46:00.208
ONE OF THE REAL TURNING
POINTS WAS A FRIEND

00:46:00.209 --> 00:46:03.791
WHO SAID TO ME... AT ONE POINT
SHE SAID, \"DON\'T YOU THINK\"

00:46:03.792 --> 00:46:05.625
\"IT TAKES COURAGE
TO BE DIFFERENT?\"

00:46:05.626 --> 00:46:08.082
AND THAT WAS REALLY
IMPORTANT FOR ME,

00:46:08.083 --> 00:46:10.041
BOTH THE RECOGNITION
THAT IT WAS DIFFERENCE,

00:46:10.042 --> 00:46:13.998
AND NOT FAILURE, AND THE IDEA
THAT THERE WAS COURAGE INVOLVED.

00:46:13.999 --> 00:46:16.374
THAT WAS PROBABLY THE
FIRST TIME IN THREE YEARS

00:46:16.375 --> 00:46:19.166
THAT I\'D BEEN ABLE TO THINK
ABOUT THE EXPERIENCE

00:46:19.167 --> 00:46:21.208
IN ANY KIND OF POSITIVE LIGHT.

00:46:21.209 --> 00:46:24.625
AND SO SEEING IT FROM A
DIFFERENT KIND OF PERSPECTIVE,

00:46:24.626 --> 00:46:28.875
WHERE, UH, YOU\'RE NOT A FAILURE,
AND THE WAYS IN WHICH YOU THINK

00:46:28.876 --> 00:46:32.999
ABOUT YOURSELF ARE NOT NEGATIVE,
I WASN\'T A WOMAN ANY MORE

00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:34.791
BECAUSE I COULDN\'T
DO THIS THING.

00:46:34.792 --> 00:46:40.998
AND FEMINISM WAS A WAY OF ME,
UH, FEELING PART OF THE SORT

00:46:40.999 --> 00:46:44.416
OF WOMEN\'S COLLECTIVE AGAIN,
AND THEN ALL KINDS

00:46:44.417 --> 00:46:46.082
OF WONDERFUL THINGS
BEGAN TO HAPPEN, YOU KNOW.

00:46:46.083 --> 00:46:48.998
I REALIZED HOW MANY WOMEN
IN HISTORY DON\'T HAVE CHILDREN,

00:46:48.999 --> 00:46:51.875
BUT WHO DID REALLY WONDERFUL
THINGS AND WHO BECAME

00:46:51.876 --> 00:46:52.998
REALLY IMPORTANT TO OTHER WOMEN.

00:46:52.999 --> 00:46:55.041
I MEAN, THEY HAD
A REAL ROLE TO PLAY.

00:46:55.042 --> 00:47:03.042
UM, AND SO I BEGAN TO SEE THAT
IF I STOPPED THINKING ABOUT...

00:47:03.375 --> 00:47:06.208
HAVING A CHILD AS THE ONLY
DEFINITION OF PURPOSE,

00:47:06.209 --> 00:47:09.998
THEN THERE WERE LOTS OF OTHER
POSSIBILITIES THAT COULD EMERGE.

00:47:09.999 --> 00:47:12.583
[ GENA COREA ]:
I DON\'T WANT THE WOMEN

00:47:12.584 --> 00:47:14.998
WHO COME AFTER ME,
FOR OUR DAUGHTERS

00:47:14.999 --> 00:47:16.998
AND GRANDDAUGHTERS AND
GREAT-GRANDDAUGHTERS, TO LIVE

00:47:16.999 --> 00:47:19.998
IN A WORLD THAT THESE DOCTORS
ARE NOW PLANNING FOR THEM,

00:47:19.999 --> 00:47:21.625
BECAUSE IT\'S A WORLD
IN WHICH THEIR DIGNITY

00:47:21.626 --> 00:47:25.208
WILL BE TOTALLY VIOLATED, IN
WHICH THEY WILL BE NOTHING MORE

00:47:25.209 --> 00:47:31.917
THAN, UH, THAN EGGS AND WOMBS
AND, AND MATERIAL AND CYCLES.

00:47:31.918 --> 00:47:34.998
IF YOU READ IN THEIR LITERATURE,
WE\'RE REDUCED TO CYCLES,

00:47:34.999 --> 00:47:37.998
OR WE\'RE CALLED \"OC\'s\",
OOCYTE DONORS.

00:47:37.999 --> 00:47:41.416
OR WE\'RE CALLED \"SGM\'s\",
SURROGATE GESTATIONAL MOTHERS.

00:47:41.417 --> 00:47:45.249
I DON\'T WANT, UH, I DON\'T WANT
THE WOMEN OF THE FUTURE TO HAVE

00:47:45.250 --> 00:47:48.041
TO LIVE IN THAT KIND
OF DEGRADING WORLD,

00:47:48.042 --> 00:47:50.998
WHERE THEY\'RE SIMPLY,
UH, BREEDERS.

00:47:50.999 --> 00:47:53.998
OR NOT EVEN BREEDERS,
NOT EVEN WITH THE DIGNITY

00:47:53.999 --> 00:47:55.998
OF BEING A BREEDER,
\'CAUSE YOU\'RE ONLY

00:47:55.999 --> 00:47:57.500
MATERIAL FOR BREEDING.

00:47:57.501 --> 00:47:58.459
MAYBE ONLY YOUR EGG IS USED.

00:47:58.460 --> 00:48:01.998
OR MAYBE THEY NEED A LITTLE
PIECE OF YOUR FALLOPIAN TUBE

00:48:01.999 --> 00:48:03.998
TO PUT IN THE CULTURE
THAT THEY\'RE GOING

00:48:03.999 --> 00:48:07.249
TO CULTURE AN EMBRYO
FROM ANOTHER WOMAN.

00:48:07.250 --> 00:48:10.917
AND I\'M CONVINCED THAT AS WOMEN
INCREASINGLY BECOME AWARE

00:48:10.918 --> 00:48:14.999
OF WHAT IS HAPPENING HERE,
AND, UH, AS INCREASINGLY

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:17.249
AS THE DOCTOR\'S REALITY
IS SHIFTED,

00:48:17.250 --> 00:48:19.625
AS WE TURN THAT
KALEIDOSCOPE AROUND,

00:48:19.626 --> 00:48:23.625
THAT MORE WOMEN ARE GOING
TO BE WORKING ON THIS ISSUE,

00:48:23.626 --> 00:48:26.374
SO THAT, FOR OUR DAUGHTERS
AND GRANDDAUGHTERS,

00:48:26.375 --> 00:48:29.876
WE CAN HAVE A LIFE OF DIGNITY.

00:48:30.999 --> 00:48:34.166
[ JAN REHNER ]: I KNOW
EXACTLY WHAT IT FEELS LIKE

00:48:34.167 --> 00:48:39.208
FOR WOMEN TO LOSE CONTROL OVER
THEIR REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS.

00:48:39.209 --> 00:48:43.791
AND I THINK THAT WOMEN HAVE TO
THINK SERIOUSLY ABOUT BEING MADE

00:48:43.792 --> 00:48:46.082
SECONDARY TO THE PROCESS.

00:48:46.083 --> 00:48:48.998
AND, AND I THINK THAT THAT\'S
DANGEROUS BECAUSE I THINK

00:48:48.999 --> 00:48:51.998
THAT ULTIMATELY THAT WILL CHANGE
THE WAY WE THINK

00:48:51.999 --> 00:48:57.082
ABOUT OURSELVES IN
TERMS OF OUR HUMANITY.

00:48:57.083 --> 00:49:00.375
UH, WHAT DOES IT
MEAN TO BE HUMAN?

00:50:37.999 --> 00:50:40.291
CAPTIONS PROVIDED BY
TELEFILM CANADA

00:50:40.292 --> 00:50:45.209
CAPTIONS PERFORMED BY
THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING CENTRE