00:00:01.836 --> 00:00:04.706
[MUSIC PLAYING]

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VAMIK: HISTORY AFFECTS US
WHETHER WE KNOW IT OR NOT.

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I WAS BORN IN CYPRUS,

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AN ISLAND
IN MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

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THERE WERE GREEKS
AND TURKS.

00:00:31.700 --> 00:00:36.171
EARLIER, THE ISLAND
WAS AN OTTOMAN ISLAND.

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WHEN I WAS BORN,
CYPRUS WAS A BRITISH COLONY.

00:00:45.413 --> 00:00:49.017
[GUNSHOTS
AND INDISTINCT VOICES]

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AND THEN WHEN BRITISH LEFT
IN EARLY 1960's,

00:00:56.391 --> 00:00:59.527
PEOPLE IN CYPRUS START FIGHTING,
GREEKS AND TURKS...

00:00:59.661 --> 00:01:01.196
[MACHINE GUN FIRING]

00:01:01.329 --> 00:01:05.266
AND TURKS GOT SEPARATED
FROM GREEKS.

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MY PEOPLE--
I'M A CYPRIOT TURK--

00:01:09.504 --> 00:01:11.673
THEY WERE PUT
IN ENCLAVES

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IN CERTAIN PARTS
OF THE CITIES

00:01:14.642 --> 00:01:17.712
IN ABSOLUTELY
SUBHUMAN CONDITIONS.

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AROUND THAT TIME,
I'M NOW A NEW ASSISTANT

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AT UNIVERSITY
OF NORTH CAROLINA.

00:01:24.185 --> 00:01:26.054
[BELLS TOLLING]

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AND ONE DAY, I TURNED
TELEVISION ON.

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NEWSMAN: THE FIGHTING
BETWEEN GREECE AND TURKEY

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ESCALATED TODAY
ON THE ISLAND OF CYPRUS.

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NEWSWOMAN: ...THE FIGHTING
ON CYPRUS IS FIERCE

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AND THE CITY
OF NICOSIA IS SURROUNDED.

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I SAW MY MOTHER
AND MY SISTER RUNNING.

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GREEKS HAD COME,
SHOOTING OR SOMETHING,

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AND MY SISTER AND MY MOTHER
WERE ESCAPING

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WITH FACES FULL OF FEAR.

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A FEW MINUTES LATER,
I THOUGHT THAT I HALLUCINATED,

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BECAUSE OF MY GUILT--
I WAS LIVING IN AMERICA,

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AND THEY WERE HAVING
SUCH A HARD TIME.

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SO, THE NEXT MORNING...

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NBC SHOWED
THE SAME PICTURE.

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NEWSMAN: SMALL-ARMS FIRE COULD
BE HEARD THROUGHOUT THE CITY.

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VAMIK: BUT THIS TIME,
I HAD MY WIFE NEXT TO ME,

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AND SO I KNOW
THAT THEY WERE REAL.

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NARRATOR: A TURK
FROM THE ISLAND OF CYPRUS,

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VAMIK VOLKAN GREW UP IN A NATION
RIDDEN WITH VIOLENCE

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DUE TO IMPERIALISM,
ENFORCED BORDERS,

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AND CLASHING ETHNIC
AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS.

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THE LESSONS
OF HIS HOMELAND

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INFORMED HIS
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS.

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VAMIK HAS CREATED
A NEW VOCABULARY

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FOR UNDERSTANDING
THE EMOTIONAL ASPECT

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OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

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DIPLOMACY IS RELATED TO WHAT
IS KNOWN AS "REALPOLITIK,"

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USE YOUR LOGIC
AND YOU PROTECT YOUR NATION,

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AND I GIVE YOU SOME,
YOU GIVE ME SOME, AND SO ON.

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IT WORKS VERY WELL
WHEN THINGS ARE KIND OF ROUTINE,

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BUT IN A WORLD NOW...

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WE ARE IN A HUGE
TRANSITION PERIOD

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TOWARDS THIS NEW
CIVILIZATION.

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AFTER SOVIET UNION
COLLAPSED,

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AFTER COLONIALISTS
LEFT AFRICA,

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AFTER WHAT HAPPENED
IN INDIA, SOUTH AMERICA,

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TERRORISM, GLOBALIZATION,

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MIGRATION BECAME SO GREAT
AROUND THE GLOBE.

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THIS IS WHY WE HAVE FEELINGS

00:03:45.393 --> 00:03:48.229
THAT PEOPLE WILL COME
FROM MEXICO.

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WITHIN 10 YEARS,
THE POPULATION IN VIENNA--

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VIENNA, THE CAPITAL
OF CHRISTIAN WORLD--

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IN 10 YEARS, 40% OF VIENNA
WILL BE MUSLIMS.

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WORLD CHANGING.

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THERE'S ANXIETY.
THERE'S FEELINGS ABOUT IT.

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DIPLOMACY HAS TO CHANGE.

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WE HAVE NOT YET
CAUGHT UP WITH IT.

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BECAUSE OF THE NUCLEAR AGE,
WE FOUND ALL THIS TECHNOLOGY,

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BUT THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF HUMAN BEINGS

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HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED.
WE DID NOT PAY ATTENTION TO IT.

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[APPLAUSE]

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[PRESIDENT SADAT
SPEAKING ARABIC]

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JERRY: A TURNING POINT
IN HIS CAREER

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WAS WHEN ANWAR SADAT SAID
THAT 70% OF THE TROUBLE

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BETWEEN THE ARAB WORLD
AND ISRAEL WAS PSYCHOLOGICAL.

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VAMIK TOOK THAT TO HEART.

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HE WAS A STRAIGHTFORWARD
PSYCHOANALYST,

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HE SAW PATIENTS FOR
A LONG TIME.

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HE HAD A FULL
CLINICAL PRACTICE.

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HIS OWN IDIOSYNCRATIC TURN
WAS IN THE DIRECTION

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OF TRYING TO APPLY
PSYCHOANALYTIC CONCEPTS

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TO SOCIAL CONFLICTS,
MEANING LOOKING AT THEM

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THROUGH THE LENS OF CONCEPTS
LIKE THE UNCONSCIOUS

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AND PROJECTION
AND GROUP REGRESSION

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AND IDENTITY.

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HE'S THE FIRST PSYCHOANALYST
TO HAVE DONE THAT,

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AND HE'S CERTAINLY DEDICATED
A LOT OF TIME, OVER 30 YEARS,

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IN TRYING TO COME
TO AN UNDERSTANDING

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OF THOSE THINGS AND ACTUALLY
TRIED TO REALLY CONTRIBUTE

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TO SOLVING SOME PROBLEMS.

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NARRATOR: THE FOUNDATION
OF VAMIK'S RADICAL APPROACH

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TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
IS LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY,

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SOMETHING HE DISCOVERED

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DURING HIS EARLY EXPERIENCES
IN THE FIELD.

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VAMIK: I GOT INVOLVED

00:06:02.566 --> 00:06:05.569
IN BRINGING ARABS
AND ISRAELIS TOGETHER.

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WE BROUGHT IN PALESTINIANS,
AND ONE DAY, DR. EYAD AL-SARRAJ,

00:06:10.474 --> 00:06:12.343
WHO IS A PSYCHIATRIST,
PALESTINIAN PSYCHIATRIST,

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WAS SITTING NEXT TO GENERAL
SHLOMO GAZIT, ISRAELI GENERAL.

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GENERAL GAZIT WAS THE HERO
OF SIX DAY WAR,

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WHERE HE WAS IN CHARGE
OF ALL THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES.

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HERE'S THE GENERAL SITTING,
AND NEXT TO HIM,

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A YOUNGER PALESTINIAN
PSYCHIATRIST SITTING,

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AND EYAD PUTS HIS HAND
IN HIS POCKET AND SAID,

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"AS LONG AS I HAVE THIS,

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I CAN SURVIVE,
AND I CAN BE SOMEBODY."

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AND WE WONDERED
ABOUT THIS.

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IT TURNED OUT TO BE
A SMALL STONE.

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PALESTINIAN COLORS
WERE PAINTED ON IT.

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HE TOLD US OF MANY PALESTINIANS
IN GAZA IN THOSE DAYS,

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THAT WAS THEIR
LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY,

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AND THEY HAD
TO PROTECT IT.

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[CHANTING]

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[SHOUTING INDISTINCTLY]

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VAMIK: HUMAN BEINGS
LIVE IN GROUPS,

00:07:12.236 --> 00:07:14.105
LARGE GROUPS,
ETHNIC GROUPS,

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NATIONAL GROUPS,
POLITICAL GROUPS, AND SO ON.

00:07:19.377 --> 00:07:23.981
"LARGE GROUP" MEANS
A GROUP OF PEOPLE

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WHO SHARE
CERTAIN SENTIMENTS,

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CULTURE,

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FOODS, DANCES,

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NURSERY RHYMES,

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AND HISTORY.

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GROUPS, SOME
OF THEM 10,000,

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SOME OF THEM
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS,

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SOME OF THEM MILLIONS,

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PEOPLE WHO WILL NEVER SEE EACH
OTHER DURING THEIR LIFETIMES.

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THEY SHARE
THE SAME SENTIMENTS,

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SAME SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS,

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AS IF THEY PUT THEMSELF
UNDER A GIGANTIC TENT,

00:08:00.451 --> 00:08:06.090
AND THE CLOTH OF THIS TENT
BELONGS TO EVERYBODY.

00:08:06.223 --> 00:08:08.125
THAT'S CALLED
LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY.

00:08:08.259 --> 00:08:12.763
WHEN I GOT INTO
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,

00:08:12.897 --> 00:08:15.766
I SOON REALIZED
THAT THIS ABSTRACT CONCEPT,

00:08:15.900 --> 00:08:23.441
IDENTITY, IS THE KEY CONCEPT
IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

00:08:24.909 --> 00:08:26.977
WHEN I WAS GOING
TO MEDICAL SCHOOL,

00:08:27.111 --> 00:08:29.447
I HAD A ROOMMATE
IN ANKARA.

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HE WAS A COUPLE OF YEARS
YOUNGER THAN I,

00:08:32.249 --> 00:08:34.151
ALSO GOING
TO MEDICAL SCHOOL,

00:08:34.285 --> 00:08:37.455
AND HE GOES TO CYPRUS
TO VISIT HIS AILING MOTHER.

00:08:37.588 --> 00:08:39.457
HE GOES TO THE PHARMACY,

00:08:39.590 --> 00:08:45.629
AND GREEK TERRORISTS SHOOT HIM
SEVEN TIMES AND KILL HIM.

00:08:45.763 --> 00:08:49.300
I DID NOT KNOW IT THEN,
BUT NOW I KNOW MORE ABOUT IT.

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HE WAS KILLED
IN THE NAME OF IDENTITY.

00:08:54.738 --> 00:08:57.475
THEY KILLED HIM
BECAUSE HE REPRESENTED

00:08:57.608 --> 00:09:02.746
A FUTURE BRIGHT MAN...

00:09:02.880 --> 00:09:05.416
COULD BE BRIGHT MAN
IN THE SOCIETY.

00:09:05.549 --> 00:09:07.418
THEY WANTED TO HURT
THE PEOPLE

00:09:07.551 --> 00:09:10.588
WHO BELONG TO ANOTHER IDENTITY
BY KILLING HIM.

00:09:10.721 --> 00:09:13.224
HUMANS, WE ARE KILLERS.

00:09:13.357 --> 00:09:15.292
PSYCHOANALYST
ERIK ERIKSON

00:09:15.426 --> 00:09:18.262
WONDERED WHY HUMANS
KILL EACH OTHER.

00:09:18.395 --> 00:09:21.932
WHEN ELEPHANTS FIGHT
OR LIONS FIGHT,

00:09:22.066 --> 00:09:24.135
THEY DON'T
KILL EACH OTHER.

00:09:24.268 --> 00:09:30.941
A MAMMAL ANIMAL KILLS
THE ANIMALS IN OTHER SPECIES.

00:09:34.745 --> 00:09:39.783
BUT HUMAN ANIMAL,
WE...WE KILL EACH OTHER.

00:09:39.917 --> 00:09:42.353
WE ARE THE KILLERS.

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ERIKSON SAID THAT ONE
LARGE GROUP OF HUMANS

00:09:50.594 --> 00:09:56.467
SEE OTHER LARGE GROUP OF HUMANS
AS PSEUDOSPECIES...

00:09:56.600 --> 00:09:59.937
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:10:00.070 --> 00:10:03.307
AS IF THEY ARE NOT
REALLY HUMAN

00:10:03.440 --> 00:10:08.479
OR THEY ARE NOT HUMAN
AT THE LEVEL OF THE FIRST GROUP.

00:10:08.612 --> 00:10:11.815
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:10:11.949 --> 00:10:16.520
THIS IS A NORMAL THING
IN HUMAN BEINGS,

00:10:16.654 --> 00:10:23.494
THAT IF YOU STINK,
YOU SAY, "NO, NO. I SMELL NICE.

00:10:23.627 --> 00:10:26.497
IT IS THE OTHER
WHO STINKS."

00:10:26.630 --> 00:10:30.935
WE CALL IT PROJECTION.

00:10:31.068 --> 00:10:35.005
LARGE GROUPS, BECAUSE THEY DON'T
HAVE ONE BRAIN OR TWO EYES,

00:10:35.139 --> 00:10:39.610
LARGE-GROUP INTERACTIONS
ARE VERY PRIMITIVE.

00:10:39.743 --> 00:10:41.512
YOU ARE THE GREATEST.
OTHERS STINK.

00:10:41.645 --> 00:10:43.314
I MEAN, YOU KNOW...

00:10:43.447 --> 00:10:46.250
EITHER YOU LOVE FREEDOM,
OR YOU'RE WITH THE ENEMY.

00:10:46.383 --> 00:10:49.520
I BELIEVE IN AMERICAN
EXCEPTIONALISM,

00:10:49.653 --> 00:10:52.022
JUST AS I SUSPECT
THAT THE BRITS

00:10:52.156 --> 00:10:53.691
BELIEVE IN BRITISH
EXCEPTIONALISM

00:10:53.824 --> 00:10:56.760
AND THE GREEKS BELIEVE
IN GREEK EXCEPTIONALISM.

00:10:56.894 --> 00:10:59.096
BELIEVE ME, OUR PEOPLE
ARE THE SMARTEST

00:10:59.230 --> 00:11:00.631
AND THE HARDEST-WORKING,

00:11:00.764 --> 00:11:03.901
SMARTER THAN ANYBODY
AND THE HARDEST-WORKING.

00:11:04.034 --> 00:11:07.304
WELL, I COME FROM
A TURKISH BACKGROUND,

00:11:07.438 --> 00:11:10.641
AND ONCE UPON A TIME,
TURKS HAD THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE,

00:11:10.774 --> 00:11:12.142
AND YOU READ
HISTORY BOOKS.

00:11:12.276 --> 00:11:15.980
WE WERE LIKE AMERICA.
WE WERE THE GREATEST.

00:11:17.113 --> 00:11:19.816
I WAS IN MOSCOW,

00:11:19.949 --> 00:11:25.021
AND THEY SELL SOVIET
PROPAGANDA POSTERS,

00:11:25.154 --> 00:11:29.158
AND IN ALL OF THEM, AMERICANS
ARE DEPICTED LESS THAN HUMAN.

00:11:29.292 --> 00:11:31.794
WE ARE LIKE ANIMALS.

00:11:31.928 --> 00:11:34.831
WE ARE THE MOST GREEDY
PEOPLE ON EARTH.

00:11:34.964 --> 00:11:37.500
WE ARE EATING UP
EVERYTHING.

00:11:37.634 --> 00:11:41.004
SO THESE KINDS OF THINGS
ARE NORMAL

00:11:41.137 --> 00:11:44.340
IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

00:11:44.474 --> 00:11:47.176
WHEN LARGE GROUPS
GO TO KILL EACH OTHER

00:11:47.310 --> 00:11:48.845
AND THEY ARE IN CONFLICT

00:11:48.978 --> 00:11:51.147
AND THE CONFLICT
GETS BIGGER AND BIGGER,

00:11:51.281 --> 00:11:53.016
THE MAIN IDENTITY
OF THESE PEOPLE

00:11:53.149 --> 00:11:55.151
IS LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY.

00:11:55.285 --> 00:11:57.353
YOU WILL DO EVERYTHING,
EVERYTHING

00:11:57.487 --> 00:12:00.189
TO PROTECT YOUR
LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY.

00:12:00.323 --> 00:12:06.629
SO, ALL THE THINGS
THAT WE CALL...BORDERS,

00:12:06.763 --> 00:12:09.465
YOU KNOW, MY BENEFITS
VERSUS YOUR BENEFIT,

00:12:09.599 --> 00:12:11.467
AND THEY'RE REAL...
THEY'RE REAL-WORLD ISSUES,

00:12:11.601 --> 00:12:14.304
LEGAL ISSUES,
ECONOMIC ISSUES.

00:12:14.437 --> 00:12:16.806
OH, MY GOD.
SO MANY REAL ISSUES.

00:12:16.939 --> 00:12:19.809
YOU HAVE TO DEAL WITH THEM
REALISTICALLY, OF COURSE,

00:12:19.942 --> 00:12:23.313
AS LONG AS THEY ARE OK,
BUT UNDERNEATH,

00:12:23.446 --> 00:12:26.816
THERE ARE THESE LARGE-GROUP
IDENTITY ISSUES,

00:12:26.949 --> 00:12:32.155
AND WHEN THINGS ARE NOT
GOING LOGICALLY,

00:12:32.288 --> 00:12:34.991
LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY
ISSUES GET INTO IT.

00:12:35.124 --> 00:12:41.331
IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE PEACE
UNLESS YOU UNDERSTAND THIS.

00:12:41.464 --> 00:12:44.334
NARRATOR: PEOPLE OFTEN THINK
GROUP IDENTITY IS DEFINED

00:12:44.467 --> 00:12:47.437
BY THE FOOD WE EAT,
THE STORIES WE SHARE,

00:12:47.570 --> 00:12:50.073
OR THE COLOR
OF OUR SKIN.

00:12:50.206 --> 00:12:51.841
VAMIK SEES
LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY

00:12:51.974 --> 00:12:54.310
DEFINED BY A DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTIC--

00:12:54.444 --> 00:12:58.114
HOW AND WHAT
A GROUP MOURNS.

00:13:00.252 --> 00:13:02.455
VAMIK: SOMEBODY
YOU LOVE DIES,

00:13:02.588 --> 00:13:04.890
BUT YOU HAVE AN IMAGE
OF THIS PERSON,

00:13:05.024 --> 00:13:06.792
THAT PERSON IN YOUR MIND.

00:13:07.426 --> 00:13:11.630
YOU LOSE SOMEBODY PHYSICALLY,
BUT YOU NEVER LOSE

00:13:11.763 --> 00:13:15.567
THE MENTAL REPRESENTATION,
MENTAL DOUBLE OF THAT PERSON

00:13:15.701 --> 00:13:17.369
UNTIL YOU DIE.

00:13:17.502 --> 00:13:21.773
MOURNING MEANS PREOCCUPATION
WITH THIS MENTAL DOUBLE.

00:13:21.907 --> 00:13:24.142
YOUR RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE MENTAL DOUBLE

00:13:24.276 --> 00:13:28.380
OF THE DEAD PERSON
CAN BE VERY CREATIVE.

00:13:28.513 --> 00:13:30.249
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:13:30.382 --> 00:13:33.085
NARRATOR: AN INDIAN EMPEROR
BUILT THE TAJ MAHAL

00:13:33.218 --> 00:13:36.355
FOR HIS DECEASED WIFE,
WHO DIED DURING CHILDBIRTH.

00:13:36.488 --> 00:13:39.258
SOME OF MOZART'S WORK
WAS INSPIRED

00:13:39.391 --> 00:13:43.262
BY THE LOSS OF HIS CHILDREN
AND FAMILY.

00:13:43.395 --> 00:13:48.901
EACH INDIVIDUAL FINDS
HIS OR HER OWN WAY TO MOURN.

00:13:49.034 --> 00:13:51.937
VAMIK SAYS MOURNING
IS AS INDIVIDUALIZED

00:13:52.070 --> 00:13:54.106
AS A FINGERPRINT.

00:13:54.239 --> 00:13:58.110
VAMIK: MOURNING CAN BE, ON THE
OTHER HAND, VERY TROUBLESOME.

00:13:58.243 --> 00:14:00.279
YOUR FATHER DIES.

00:14:00.412 --> 00:14:04.049
SIX YEARS LATER,
EVERY NIGHT YOU HAVE DREAMS,

00:14:04.182 --> 00:14:06.718
YOU STRUGGLE.
YOU FIGHT.

00:14:06.852 --> 00:14:09.288
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:14:29.041 --> 00:14:32.744
NARRATOR: WHEN A TRAUMA OCCURS
ON A MASSIVE SCALE,

00:14:32.878 --> 00:14:36.915
LARGE GROUPS HAVE
A SHARED MOURNING PROCESS.

00:14:40.252 --> 00:14:45.157
THERE'S A MENTAL DOUBLE...
SHARED MENTAL DOUBLE...

00:14:46.725 --> 00:14:48.427
OF A TRAUMA.

00:14:48.560 --> 00:14:50.095
A THOUSAND PEOPLE
GOT KILLED,

00:14:50.228 --> 00:14:51.964
A THOUSAND PEOPLE LOST
THEIR HOMES.

00:14:52.097 --> 00:14:56.101
IT'S CONNECTED WITH
HUMILIATION, DEHUMANIZATION,

00:14:56.234 --> 00:14:58.337
MURDER, MUTILATION,

00:14:58.470 --> 00:15:00.772
HORRIBLE THINGS
THAT YOU CANNOT WORK

00:15:00.906 --> 00:15:03.442
THROUGH THE FEELINGS
WITH THAT.

00:15:05.844 --> 00:15:11.216
SO "MOURNING" MEANS
WHAT SOCIETY DOES

00:15:11.350 --> 00:15:16.421
TO DEAL WITH THE MENTAL DOUBLE
OF LOST THINGS.

00:15:18.857 --> 00:15:21.126
WE BUILD MONUMENTS.

00:15:35.340 --> 00:15:39.411
IN THE UNITED STATES,
DURING THE LAST 19 YEARS,

00:15:39.544 --> 00:15:44.916
I HAVE BEEN EXAMINING
THE WORLD WAR II ORPHANS

00:15:45.050 --> 00:15:47.919
WHEN, IN DAILY LIFE,
WE DON'T EVEN THINK

00:15:48.053 --> 00:15:50.288
ABOUT WORLD WAR II ORPHANS.

00:15:50.422 --> 00:15:55.594
THERE WAS 180,000 CHILDREN
AFTER WORLD WAR II

00:15:55.727 --> 00:15:57.763
WHO WERE LEFT
WITHOUT THEIR FATHERS.

00:15:57.896 --> 00:16:00.265
SOME OF THEM NEVER SAW
THEIR FATHERS.

00:16:00.399 --> 00:16:04.870
THEY WERE BORN
AFTER THEIR FATHER DIED.

00:16:05.003 --> 00:16:08.206
IT TOOK AMERICANS TO BUILD
WORLD WAR II MEMORIAL

00:16:08.340 --> 00:16:10.042
A VERY LONG TIME.

00:16:10.175 --> 00:16:12.377
I WAS THERE
AT ITS OPENING

00:16:12.511 --> 00:16:16.548
WITH PROBABLY 400
WORLD WAR II ORPHANS,

00:16:16.681 --> 00:16:21.386
AND IT WAS A TREMENDOUSLY
BIG DAY FOR THEM,

00:16:21.520 --> 00:16:23.488
A TURNING POINT.

00:16:23.622 --> 00:16:26.558
AT LAST, THEY HAD A MONUMENT
THAT THEY COULD PUT

00:16:26.691 --> 00:16:30.228
UNFINISHED PARTS OF THEIR
MOURNING INTO THAT MONUMENT.

00:16:30.362 --> 00:16:34.733
VIETNAM MEMORIAL IS THE BEST...
IS THE BEST MONUMENT

00:16:34.866 --> 00:16:37.803
FOR HELPING AMERICANS
TO MOURN.

00:16:37.936 --> 00:16:40.906
YOU GO THERE,
THE NAMES AND LOSSES ARE THERE.

00:16:41.039 --> 00:16:45.077
IT IS BLACK MARBLE,
SO YOUR PICTURE GETS REFLECTED.

00:16:45.210 --> 00:16:48.246
YOU CAN NOW TOUCH
THE IMAGES OF THE LOST.

00:16:48.380 --> 00:16:52.984
WHEN YOU CRY,
YOU LEAVE SOMETHING THERE.

00:16:53.118 --> 00:16:56.121
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:17:04.162 --> 00:17:09.000
SOME MONUMENTS,
THEY REMAIN VERY HOT,

00:17:09.134 --> 00:17:12.270
BECAUSE MOURNING
HAS NOT TAKEN PLACE.

00:17:16.842 --> 00:17:20.045
EXAMPLE--REPUBLIC
OF GEORGIAN PEOPLE

00:17:20.178 --> 00:17:22.047
AND SOUTH OSSETIAN PEOPLE
FOUGHT.

00:17:22.180 --> 00:17:26.218
SOUTH OSSETIA IS
IN THE LEGAL BOUNDARY

00:17:26.351 --> 00:17:28.186
OF THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA.

00:17:28.320 --> 00:17:31.223
GEORGIANS COME, AND THEY
CONQUER THE CEMETERY.

00:17:31.356 --> 00:17:34.693
SOUTH OSSETIANS
CONTINUE DYING.

00:17:37.395 --> 00:17:40.465
WHERE ARE THEY GOING
TO BURY THEM?

00:17:40.599 --> 00:17:43.068
SO, THERE'S
A BIG SCHOOLYARD.

00:17:43.201 --> 00:17:45.937
SO THEY BURY
YOUNG PEOPLE WHO DIED

00:17:46.071 --> 00:17:48.740
DURING THIS WARLIKE SITUATION
IN THE SCHOOLYARD,

00:17:48.874 --> 00:17:51.409
AND THEY PUT
A MONUMENT ON IT

00:17:51.543 --> 00:17:54.246
CALLED "THE CRYING FATHER."

00:17:54.379 --> 00:17:57.082
ACCORDING TO SOUTH OSSETIAN
TRADITION,

00:17:57.215 --> 00:17:59.584
FATHERS ARE NOT
SUPPOSED TO CRY.

00:17:59.718 --> 00:18:04.356
SO IF YOU MAKE A MONUMENT
AND CALL IT "CRYING FATHER,"

00:18:04.489 --> 00:18:09.528
THAT MEANS
HORRIBLE MOURNING,

00:18:09.661 --> 00:18:12.531
AND IT BECAME
A SACRED PLACE,

00:18:12.664 --> 00:18:17.035
AND PEOPLE LIKE ME,
WITHOUT PREPARATION, STUPIDLY,

00:18:17.169 --> 00:18:19.371
WHEN WE WENT
TO VISIT THIS PLACE,

00:18:19.504 --> 00:18:22.207
IT WAS LIKE CONTAMINATING
THIS SACRED PLACE.

00:18:22.340 --> 00:18:25.377
AS SOON AS WE ARRIVED THERE,
IT TOOK ABOUT THREE MINUTES,

00:18:25.510 --> 00:18:27.712
THEY HAD THE KALASHNIKOV
ON MY HEAD.

00:18:27.846 --> 00:18:29.714
I ALMOST DIED.

00:18:29.848 --> 00:18:32.784
HOW DARE THAT I WENT TO...

00:18:34.853 --> 00:18:39.224
CONTAMINATE, DO SOMETHING
AT THE SACRED PLACE LIKE THAT.

00:18:39.357 --> 00:18:43.728
IT ALL HAS TO DO
WITH LARGE-GROUP MOURNING.

00:18:43.862 --> 00:18:47.532
WE ARE NOW ON OUR WAY
TO A HOT SPOT.

00:18:47.666 --> 00:18:50.902
IN MY PROFESSION, WHEN I GO
TO A CONFLICTED AREA,

00:18:51.036 --> 00:18:53.238
I NEED TO KNOW
WHAT'S GOING ON,

00:18:53.371 --> 00:18:55.073
NOT ONLY BY READING
NEWSPAPERS

00:18:55.207 --> 00:18:59.077
OR TALKING TO LEADERS
OR TAXI DRIVERS OR CHILDREN,

00:18:59.211 --> 00:19:02.347
YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT ELSE
IN THIS SOCIETY.

00:19:02.480 --> 00:19:04.849
WE FIRST FOUND
THESE THINGS

00:19:04.983 --> 00:19:09.421
WHEN WE WERE WORKING
IN THE BALTIC REPUBLICS.

00:19:11.323 --> 00:19:14.025
A PLACE LIKE PALDISKI,

00:19:14.159 --> 00:19:18.096
WHERE THEY HAD A SOVIET
NUCLEAR FACTORY,

00:19:18.230 --> 00:19:21.366
AND NOW SOVIETS ARE GONE.

00:19:24.169 --> 00:19:29.207
ESTONIANS WERE NOT ALLOWED
TO ENTER THIS AREA.

00:19:29.341 --> 00:19:33.044
IT WAS FORBIDDEN TO THEM.

00:19:33.178 --> 00:19:34.980
NOW IT'S THEIRS.

00:19:35.113 --> 00:19:38.617
THAT AREA BECOMES
SYMBOLIC.

00:19:44.855 --> 00:19:48.491
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:20:21.559 --> 00:20:24.695
HOT PLACES BECAME
A VERY IMPORTANT AREA

00:20:24.829 --> 00:20:26.264
FOR US TO VISIT.

00:20:26.397 --> 00:20:29.367
IT'S JUST LIKE HAVING
A PATIENT ON THE COUCH,

00:20:29.500 --> 00:20:32.370
AND THE PATIENT TELLS YOU
A VERY IMPORTANT DREAM,

00:20:32.503 --> 00:20:35.606
AND SUDDENLY YOU UNDERSTAND
PATIENT'S INTERNAL WORLD.

00:20:35.740 --> 00:20:39.610
SO, HOT PLACES BECAME
LIKE DREAMS FOR US

00:20:39.744 --> 00:20:43.614
TO UNDERSTAND
SOCIETAL PROCESSES.

00:20:43.748 --> 00:20:46.951
IT WILL TAKE SOME TIME
TO FIGURE OUT

00:20:47.084 --> 00:20:52.356
HOW THIS MEMORIAL IS GOING
TO BE HELPFUL TO US.

00:20:54.258 --> 00:20:56.460
NARRATOR: VAMIK SEES MOURNING
AS A PROCESS

00:20:56.594 --> 00:21:00.731
THAT CAN HEAL AN INDIVIDUAL
OR A GROUP.

00:21:00.865 --> 00:21:05.236
AMERICA HAS BUILT A MONUMENT
AND BEGUN TO MOURN HER DEAD,

00:21:05.369 --> 00:21:07.738
BUT THE INITIAL TRAUMA OF 9/11

00:21:07.872 --> 00:21:10.741
IS NOW EMBEDDED
IN OUR GROUP IDENTITY,

00:21:10.875 --> 00:21:14.245
INDELIBLE TO OUR SENSE
OF WHO WE ARE.

00:21:14.378 --> 00:21:18.249
JERRY: 9/11 WAS NOT ONLY

00:21:18.382 --> 00:21:21.586
AN ENORMOUS AND TRAGIC
LOSS OF LIFE,

00:21:21.719 --> 00:21:24.589
IT WAS TRAUMA IN THE SENSE
OF A RUPTURE

00:21:24.722 --> 00:21:26.090
OF OUR BOUNDARIES AROUND...

00:21:26.224 --> 00:21:29.093
OF THE NARCISSISTIC BUBBLE
AROUND AMERICA

00:21:29.227 --> 00:21:31.262
AND ITS SENSE
OF INVULNERABILITY,

00:21:31.395 --> 00:21:33.931
AND AMERICANS DON'T TOLERATE
HELPLESSNESS WELL,

00:21:34.065 --> 00:21:36.434
WHICH IS...WHICH IS
A CORE EXPERIENCE OF TRAUMA

00:21:36.567 --> 00:21:38.836
FOR THE INDIVIDUAL
AND THE GROUP.

00:21:38.970 --> 00:21:42.273
AND SO, YOU KNOW,
REACTIVE POWER

00:21:42.406 --> 00:21:44.775
CAME INTO THE PICTURE
VERY QUICKLY

00:21:44.909 --> 00:21:48.512
AS A WAY NOT ONLY
OF PROTECTING OURSELVES,

00:21:48.646 --> 00:21:52.116
BUT OF SHORING UP THE BOUNDARY
THAT HAD BEEN RUPTURED.

00:21:52.250 --> 00:21:55.953
NOW, WOULD THERE BE OTHER WAYS
TO DEAL WITH TRAUMA?

00:21:56.087 --> 00:21:57.955
PROBABLY...
BUT THAT WAS THE WAY

00:21:58.089 --> 00:22:00.024
AMERICA CHOSE
TO DEAL WITH IT.

00:22:00.157 --> 00:22:02.727
NARRATOR: THE EMOTIONAL
REACTIONS TO TRAUMA

00:22:02.860 --> 00:22:05.129
CAN INTERFERE WITH
THE WORK OF MOURNING.

00:22:05.263 --> 00:22:09.700
WE ARE TOO ANGRY OR DEPRESSED
TO ACCEPT LOSS.

00:22:09.834 --> 00:22:12.737
WE ARE TOO FILLED
WITH SHAME AND HUMILIATION,

00:22:12.870 --> 00:22:16.240
WITH A SENSE
OF APPALLING INJUSTICE.

00:22:18.376 --> 00:22:20.745
THROUGHOUT HISTORY,
THINKERS AND ARTISTS

00:22:20.878 --> 00:22:25.416
HAVE CONTEMPLATED
THE EXPERIENCE OF TRAUMA.

00:22:25.549 --> 00:22:29.287
HIERONYMUS BOSCH PAINTINGS
SHOW THE RELIGIOUS,

00:22:29.420 --> 00:22:31.756
THE EVERYDAY,
AND THE SURREAL

00:22:31.889 --> 00:22:34.926
WITH TRAUMA
PERMEATING ALL.

00:22:35.059 --> 00:22:39.530
VAMIK: TRAUMA IS A LAYMAN TERM
AS WELL AS A TECHNICAL TERM

00:22:39.664 --> 00:22:43.768
THAT REFERS TO
UNFORTUNATE THINGS

00:22:43.901 --> 00:22:48.673
THAT HAPPEN
TO AN INDIVIDUAL.

00:22:48.806 --> 00:22:51.842
WE ALL HAVE OUR OWN
COPING MECHANISMS.

00:22:51.976 --> 00:22:53.778
SOMEBODY DIES, YOU MOURN.

00:22:53.911 --> 00:22:58.749
SOMEBODY LOSES A JOB,
YOU GET VERY FRUSTRATED.

00:22:58.883 --> 00:23:01.719
BUT WE COPE WITH THAT.
WE HAVE OUR OWN WAYS,

00:23:01.852 --> 00:23:03.888
AND WE KNOW
THAT DIFFERENT PEOPLE

00:23:04.021 --> 00:23:06.557
DEVELOP DIFFERENT
COPING MECHANISMS.

00:23:06.691 --> 00:23:10.227
WHEN SOMETHING
SO BAD HAPPENS

00:23:10.361 --> 00:23:14.732
AND YOU CANNOT USE
YOUR USUAL COPING MECHANISM,

00:23:14.865 --> 00:23:16.500
THEN YOU ARE TRAUMATIZED.

00:23:16.634 --> 00:23:19.070
LET'S SAY
SOMEBODY GETS RAPED.

00:23:19.203 --> 00:23:20.571
THE REST OF THEIR LIVES
SOMETIMES,

00:23:20.705 --> 00:23:23.274
THEY KEEP REPEATING
THIS TRAUMA.

00:23:23.407 --> 00:23:25.576
DEALING WITH INDIVIDUALS
IS ONE THING,

00:23:25.710 --> 00:23:28.479
BUT HOW DO YOU
DEAL WITH...

00:23:30.715 --> 00:23:34.185
THOUSANDS OR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
WHO ARE TRAUMATIZED?

00:23:34.318 --> 00:23:36.087
NARRATOR:
VAMIK HAS WRITTEN

00:23:36.220 --> 00:23:39.323
THAT IF DIPLOMACY IS LIKE
A BASKETBALL GAME,

00:23:39.457 --> 00:23:41.959
THEN THE HISTORICAL TRAUMAS
OF A PEOPLE

00:23:42.093 --> 00:23:44.762
ARE LIKE A THOUSAND BOTTLES
OF OLIVE OIL

00:23:44.895 --> 00:23:48.032
POURED ON THE COURT.

00:23:48.165 --> 00:23:51.702
DIPLOMATS CAN TRY TO PLAY
BY THE RULES OF THE GAME,

00:23:51.836 --> 00:23:53.704
BUT IF THEY DON'T
FULLY UNDERSTAND

00:23:53.838 --> 00:23:56.107
THE HISTORICAL TRAUMAS
OF THE LARGE GROUPS

00:23:56.240 --> 00:23:57.808
THEY ARE NEGOTIATING WITH,

00:23:57.942 --> 00:24:00.978
DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS
WILL FAIL.

00:24:01.112 --> 00:24:04.382
ONE SOCIETY THAT
WE CONSTANTLY HEAR

00:24:04.515 --> 00:24:07.551
IS PALESTINIAN SOCIETY.

00:24:07.685 --> 00:24:10.554
THEY CALL THEMSELVES
TRAUMATIZED.

00:24:10.688 --> 00:24:12.223
AND THEN YOU THINK,

00:24:12.356 --> 00:24:14.892
MY GOD, THERE WAS SOMETHING
CALLED THE HOLOCAUST,

00:24:15.026 --> 00:24:18.229
AND YOU HAVE MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE WHO WERE TRAUMATIZED,

00:24:18.362 --> 00:24:22.400
AND WE NOW KNOW
THAT THERE ARE THINGS

00:24:22.533 --> 00:24:25.903
CAUSING TRANSGENERATIONAL
TRANSMISSIONS OF TRAUMA.

00:24:26.537 --> 00:24:27.938
THEY DON'T END.

00:24:28.071 --> 00:24:30.240
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:24:30.374 --> 00:24:36.079
AFTER A TRAUMA, THE ORIGINAL
SUFFERERS SUFFER,

00:24:36.213 --> 00:24:38.448
BUT THE NEXT GENERATIONS

00:24:38.582 --> 00:24:40.751
CONTINUE THE EFFECTS
OF THIS TRAUMA,

00:24:40.884 --> 00:24:45.022
SOMETIME FOR GENERATIONS
TO COME.

00:24:45.155 --> 00:24:47.024
NARRATOR: TOO GREAT
TO BE MOURNED,

00:24:47.157 --> 00:24:49.960
IT IS PASSED ON
FOR OTHERS TO HOLD.

00:24:50.093 --> 00:24:51.228
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:24:55.432 --> 00:24:57.968
JERRY: THE TRANSMISSION
OF TRAUMA ACROSS GENERATIONS

00:24:58.101 --> 00:25:01.772
REALLY BEGAN IN EARNEST
WITH HOLOCAUST STUDIES,

00:25:01.905 --> 00:25:03.907
SECOND-GENERATION
HOLOCAUST STUDIES.

00:25:06.176 --> 00:25:09.379
I CAME ACROSS
THIS VERY INTERESTING STORY.

00:25:09.513 --> 00:25:13.650
MY COLLEAGUE WAS THE CONSULTANT
TO THE HOLOCAUST MUSEUM

00:25:13.784 --> 00:25:16.386
AS IT WAS BEING BUILT
AND OPENED,

00:25:16.520 --> 00:25:19.056
AND HE SAID THERE WERE
A NUMBER OF THINGS

00:25:19.189 --> 00:25:20.724
THAT HAPPENED REGULARLY.

00:25:20.857 --> 00:25:23.560
ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT HAPPENED WAS

00:25:23.694 --> 00:25:27.230
AN 85-YEAR-OLD MAN
IN A RUMPLED SUIT

00:25:27.364 --> 00:25:30.734
WOULD GO UP TO THE FIRST PERSON
HE MET ON THE STAFF,

00:25:30.867 --> 00:25:34.805
USUALLY THE INFORMATION DESK,
WITH A BOX, A LITTLE BOX.

00:25:34.938 --> 00:25:38.742
IN THE BOX WAS THE DRIED-UP SKIN
THAT HE'D CUT OFF OF HIS ARM

00:25:38.875 --> 00:25:40.277
WITH A TATTOO
WITH A NUMBER ON IT,

00:25:40.410 --> 00:25:43.246
AND HE SAID
TO THE INFORMATION DESK,

00:25:43.380 --> 00:25:46.583
"I'M GONNA DIE SOON. MY FAMILY
DOESN'T KNOW ABOUT THIS.

00:25:46.717 --> 00:25:48.218
"THEY'RE GONNA FIND IT.

00:25:48.352 --> 00:25:49.853
WOULD YOU HOLD THIS
FOR ME?"

00:25:49.987 --> 00:25:52.089
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:25:52.222 --> 00:25:54.091
YOU KNOW,
WHAT YOU SEE IS

00:25:54.224 --> 00:25:56.827
PEOPLE CARRYING SOMETHING
HUGELY TRAUMATIC

00:25:56.960 --> 00:25:59.529
MAKE AN EFFORT BOTH
TO DENY IT FOR THEMSELVES,

00:25:59.663 --> 00:26:04.701
TO DISSOCIATE IT, AND TO PROTECT
THE NEXT GENERATION FROM IT

00:26:04.835 --> 00:26:08.705
THROUGH SILENCE,
AND YET THE NEXT GENERATION

00:26:08.839 --> 00:26:10.874
PICKS UP
BITS AND PIECES,

00:26:11.008 --> 00:26:13.210
OFTEN VERY CONFUSED
BITS AND PIECES,

00:26:13.343 --> 00:26:16.046
SOMETIMES HIGHLY CHARGED
BITS AND PIECES

00:26:16.179 --> 00:26:18.382
THAT SOMEBODY EVENTUALLY
IS NOMINATED

00:26:18.515 --> 00:26:20.884
TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF.

00:26:22.352 --> 00:26:29.459
VAMIK: SOME TRAUMAS, THEY BECOME
MARKERS OF A LARGE GROUP.

00:26:31.361 --> 00:26:35.399
THEY ARE CHOSEN TRAUMAS.

00:26:35.532 --> 00:26:39.403
"CHOSEN TRAUMA" MEANS
A HUGE TRAUMATIC STORY

00:26:39.536 --> 00:26:42.906
OF YOUR ANCESTORS.

00:26:43.040 --> 00:26:46.476
POETS WRITE ABOUT THEM
FOR GENERATIONS TO COME.

00:26:46.610 --> 00:26:50.414
LEADERS REFER TO THEM
GENERATIONS TO COME.

00:26:50.547 --> 00:26:52.416
IT IS SO DRAMATIC

00:26:52.549 --> 00:26:57.754
THAT IT BECOMES, LIKE,
A MYTHOLOGICAL STORY,

00:26:57.888 --> 00:27:01.858
AND THAT IS WHAT IS CALLED
"CHOSEN TRAUMA,"

00:27:01.992 --> 00:27:07.030
AN IMAGE OF HISTORY
IN THAT...A TRAUMA,

00:27:07.164 --> 00:27:09.866
MASSIVE TRAUMA
HAD OCCURRED,

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:17.274
IS USED AS A MARKER
OF THAT LARGE GROUP'S IDENTITY.

00:27:17.407 --> 00:27:19.276
NARRATOR: FOR GREEKS,
THIS CHOSEN TRAUMA

00:27:19.409 --> 00:27:22.946
IS THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
IN 1453.

00:27:23.080 --> 00:27:28.285
SCOTS KEEP ALIVE
THE BATTLE OF CULLODEN.

00:27:28.418 --> 00:27:30.887
SIOUX INDIANS STILL GATHER
EVERY YEAR

00:27:31.021 --> 00:27:36.226
TO COMMEMORATE THE ANNIVERSARY
OF WOUNDED KNEE.

00:27:36.359 --> 00:27:39.229
VAMIK: WHEN
A MAJOR TRAUMA

00:27:39.362 --> 00:27:42.566
AFFECTS HUNDREDS
OF THOUSAND OF PEOPLE

00:27:42.699 --> 00:27:45.402
OR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE

00:27:45.535 --> 00:27:48.572
AND WHEN AN IMAGE
OF TRAUMA

00:27:48.705 --> 00:27:52.075
AND EFFECTS OF A TRAUMA
ARE SHARED,

00:27:52.209 --> 00:27:55.579
YOU DON'T SEE IT LIKE YOU SEE
IN AN INDIVIDUAL.

00:27:55.712 --> 00:27:59.249
IN AN INDIVIDUAL,
YOU SEE CRYING, FOR EXAMPLE.

00:27:59.382 --> 00:28:04.187
IN THE INDIVIDUAL, YOU SEE
PAINTING THE WAR, FOR EXAMPLE.

00:28:04.321 --> 00:28:08.859
BUT WHEN A MILLION, TWO MILLION,
THREE MILLION PEOPLE

00:28:08.992 --> 00:28:13.029
DO THE SAME THING,
YOU SEE THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA

00:28:13.163 --> 00:28:16.199
AS A SOCIETAL PROCESS.

00:28:16.333 --> 00:28:18.201
NARRATOR: FOR CERTAIN GROUPS
OF MUSLIMS,

00:28:18.335 --> 00:28:20.537
THEIR CHOSEN TRAUMA IS
THE LOSS OF THE CALIPHATE,

00:28:20.670 --> 00:28:24.708
A UNIFIED ISLAMIC STATE
THAT WAS ABOLISHED IN 1924

00:28:24.841 --> 00:28:27.711
AS PART OF TURKEY'S
SECULAR REFORMS.

00:28:27.844 --> 00:28:31.214
TODAY, A HUNDRED YEARS LATER,
THE SOCIETAL REPERCUSSIONS

00:28:31.348 --> 00:28:34.251
OF THIS TRAUMA
ARE BEING PLAYED OUT

00:28:34.384 --> 00:28:37.053
AS GROUPS LIKE AL-QAEDA
AND ISIS

00:28:37.187 --> 00:28:39.489
CALL FOR THE RETURN
OF THE CALIPHATE.

00:28:44.861 --> 00:28:47.898
VAMIK: YOU SEE
THAT SOCIETY DEVELOPS

00:28:48.031 --> 00:28:51.902
AN ENTITLEMENT IDEOLOGY--

00:28:52.035 --> 00:28:56.740
"ONE DAY, I WILL GET
WHAT I LOST BACK."

00:29:05.549 --> 00:29:08.185
CHOSEN TRAUMA IS SOMETHING
THAT WE "DISCOVERED"--

00:29:08.318 --> 00:29:09.853
I DON'T MEAN
WE DISCOVERED,

00:29:09.986 --> 00:29:11.855
BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN
ALWAYS THERE,

00:29:11.988 --> 00:29:14.691
BUT WE SUDDENLY REALIZED
HOW IMPORTANT THIS IS

00:29:14.825 --> 00:29:17.027
AND HOW IT CAN BE
REACTIVATED,

00:29:17.160 --> 00:29:19.863
AND HOW IT IS
A PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR

00:29:19.996 --> 00:29:21.765
IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

00:29:21.898 --> 00:29:24.901
I LEARNED ABOUT THIS
WHEN WE BROUGHT

00:29:25.035 --> 00:29:26.369
VERY HIGH-LEVEL ESTONIANS,

00:29:26.503 --> 00:29:29.706
LET'S SAY SIX MEMBERS
OF PARLIAMENT,

00:29:29.840 --> 00:29:36.379
FORMER LEADERS OF ESTONIA,
POETS, PSYCHOLOGISTS,

00:29:36.513 --> 00:29:39.549
WITH PEOPLE FROM RUSSIA,
PARLIAMENTARIANS,

00:29:39.683 --> 00:29:43.887
CHIEFS OF N.G.O.'s
AND SO ON TOGETHER,

00:29:44.020 --> 00:29:45.722
AND HERE THEY'RE TALKING

00:29:45.856 --> 00:29:48.225
TO FIND SOLUTIONS
TO THEIR PROBLEMS,

00:29:48.358 --> 00:29:51.895
AND WHEN RUSSIANS
FELT HUMILIATED,

00:29:52.028 --> 00:29:54.898
THEY WOULD GO
TO TARTAR INVASION.

00:29:55.031 --> 00:29:59.569
HOW MANY CENTURIES AGO
TARTARS CAME AND HURT RUSSIANS?

00:29:59.703 --> 00:30:03.907
WE NEVER EVEN THINK OF IT.
THAT'S THEIR CHOSEN TRAUMA.

00:30:04.040 --> 00:30:07.244
THEY START TALKING ABOUT
SUFFERING UNDER TARTARS.

00:30:07.377 --> 00:30:09.079
IT HAPPENED CENTURIES AGO.

00:30:09.212 --> 00:30:11.815
THEY'RE TALKING
ABOUT IT TODAY.

00:30:26.496 --> 00:30:29.866
THESE ENTITLEMENT IDEOLOGIES
BECOME THE POLITICAL PROCESS

00:30:30.033 --> 00:30:34.604
THEY LIVE IN SOCIETIES FOR AGES,
SOMETIMES HUNDREDS OF YEARS.

00:30:34.738 --> 00:30:38.074
[APPLAUSE AND MAN
SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY]

00:30:38.208 --> 00:30:42.412
VAMIK: IN SERBIAN SOCIETY,
THE MENTAL REPRESENTATION,

00:30:42.545 --> 00:30:46.483
THE MENTAL IMAGE OF A BATTLE
THAT HAD TAKEN PLACE

00:30:46.616 --> 00:30:49.819
600 YEARS AGO WAS
STIMULATED.

00:30:49.953 --> 00:30:52.989
[SPEAKING SERBIAN]

00:31:03.500 --> 00:31:06.436
[CROWD CHANTING "SLOBO!"]

00:31:10.173 --> 00:31:12.909
NARRATIVE: SERBIA'S CHOSEN
TRAUMA IS THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO

00:31:13.043 --> 00:31:15.879
AND THE DEATH OF THEIR LEADER,
PRINCE LAZAR.

00:31:16.012 --> 00:31:19.382
FOR VAMIK, LOOKING
AT HOW THIS ANCIENT BATTLE

00:31:19.516 --> 00:31:21.885
WAS REACTIVATED
IN THE 20th CENTURY

00:31:22.018 --> 00:31:24.888
BY SERBIA'S NEW CHARISMATIC
LEADER, SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC,

00:31:25.021 --> 00:31:27.891
SHOWS HOW CHOSEN TRAUMA
IS AT THE HEART

00:31:28.024 --> 00:31:31.461
OF GROUP IDENTITY
AND GROUP CONFLICT.

00:31:33.730 --> 00:31:37.901
600 YEARS AGO, OTTOMANS
AND SERBS FOUGHT.

00:31:38.034 --> 00:31:39.736
600 YEARS AGO.

00:31:39.869 --> 00:31:44.574
THAT WAS THE SEPTEMBER 11
600 YEARS AGO.

00:31:44.708 --> 00:31:46.409
ISLAMIC PEOPLE
AND CHRISTIAN PEOPLE

00:31:46.543 --> 00:31:50.513
MEET IN A BATTLE CALLED
THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO,

00:31:50.647 --> 00:31:55.719
AND BOTH LEADERS ARE DEAD
IN ONE DAY.

00:31:55.852 --> 00:31:58.922
THEY MAKE PEACE
AFTER THIS.

00:31:59.055 --> 00:32:01.257
NARRATOR: BUT PEACE
WAS ONLY TEMPORARY.

00:32:01.391 --> 00:32:04.361
75 YEARS LATER,
MUSLIMS FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

00:32:04.494 --> 00:32:09.332
RETURNED AND INVADED
THE LAND OF CHRISTIAN SERBIANS.

00:32:09.466 --> 00:32:12.369
THE SERBIANS THEN
DUG UP LAZAR'S BODY

00:32:12.502 --> 00:32:14.704
AND TOOK IT NORTH
OF BELGRADE

00:32:14.838 --> 00:32:18.208
IN THE HOPES OF PROTECTING
THEIR HERO'S REMAINS

00:32:18.341 --> 00:32:20.043
FROM THE INVADING OTTOMANS.

00:32:20.176 --> 00:32:22.912
FOR MANY YEARS,
ARTISTS DEPICTED LAZAR

00:32:23.046 --> 00:32:25.615
AND THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO
IN THOUSANDS OF PAINTINGS

00:32:25.749 --> 00:32:28.051
AND SKETCHES.

00:32:28.184 --> 00:32:30.553
POETS WROTE
ENDLESS LINES OF VERSE.

00:32:30.687 --> 00:32:35.725
GUSLARS, SERBIAN BARDS
WITH ONE-STRING FIDDLES,

00:32:35.859 --> 00:32:38.561
SANG FOLK SONGS
ABOUT THE BATTLE.

00:32:38.695 --> 00:32:41.231
LAZAR APPEARS
IN CHURCHES THROUGHOUT SERBIA

00:32:41.364 --> 00:32:44.901
SIDE BY SIDE
WITH JESUS CHRIST.

00:32:45.035 --> 00:32:46.903
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:32:47.037 --> 00:32:49.472
HE EVEN POPS UP
ON THE LABELS OF RED WINES,

00:32:49.606 --> 00:32:51.908
AND SO, SYMBOLICALLY,
HIS BLOOD WAS CONSUMED

00:32:52.042 --> 00:32:55.578
BY THE SERBIAN PEOPLE.

00:32:55.712 --> 00:32:57.414
VAMIK: LAZAR,
BATTLE OF KOSOVO,

00:32:57.547 --> 00:33:01.184
BECOMES A MARKER
OF BEING SERBIAN.

00:33:01.317 --> 00:33:05.021
THEY CHOOSE IT
AS THEIR MARKER.

00:33:05.155 --> 00:33:09.859
NO OTHER GROUP ON EARTH
HAS A MARKER

00:33:09.993 --> 00:33:13.930
OF A CHOSEN TRAUMA
LIKE SERBS.

00:33:14.064 --> 00:33:16.866
NARRATOR: AFTER THE COLLAPSE
OF THE SOVIET UNION

00:33:17.000 --> 00:33:18.868
AND BREAKUP
OF YUGOSLAVIA,

00:33:19.002 --> 00:33:20.870
SERBIA BECOMES
ITS OWN NATION

00:33:21.004 --> 00:33:23.706
FOR THE FIRST TIME
IN HUNDREDS OF YEARS,

00:33:23.840 --> 00:33:27.210
AND A BANKER AND LAWYER
NAMED SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC

00:33:27.343 --> 00:33:30.046
IS ITS LEADER.

00:33:30.180 --> 00:33:34.884
VAMIK: SOMETIMES
LEADERS COME ALONG,

00:33:35.018 --> 00:33:39.389
AND THEY REACTIVATE
THESE CHOSEN TRAUMAS

00:33:39.522 --> 00:33:41.891
AS IF IT OCCURRED YESTERDAY.

00:33:42.025 --> 00:33:43.893
WE CALL THIS
"TIME COLLAPSE."

00:33:44.027 --> 00:33:48.231
YOU GO BACK AND TAKE
AN EVENT FROM HISTORY

00:33:48.364 --> 00:33:50.834
AND YOU CONDENSE THEM.

00:33:50.967 --> 00:33:52.735
NARRATOR: MILOSEVIC
COMMISSIONED A MONUMENT

00:33:52.869 --> 00:33:56.072
AND HELD A RALLY AT THE SITE
OF THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO

00:33:56.206 --> 00:33:58.908
FOR ITS 600th ANNIVERSARY.

00:33:59.042 --> 00:34:01.911
HE RETRIEVED LAZAR'S REMAINS
FROM NORTH OF BELGRADE,

00:34:02.045 --> 00:34:05.415
PLACED THEM IN A COFFIN WHICH,
OVER THE COURSE OF A YEAR,

00:34:05.548 --> 00:34:08.184
WAS CARRIED THROUGH SERBIAN
VILLAGES AND TOWNS,

00:34:08.318 --> 00:34:12.188
WHERE IT WAS RECEIVED
BY MOURNERS DRESSED IN BLACK.

00:34:12.322 --> 00:34:15.191
AGAIN AND AGAIN
OVER THIS LONG JOURNEY,

00:34:15.325 --> 00:34:18.194
LAZAR'S REMAINS
WERE BURIED AND REBORN

00:34:18.328 --> 00:34:20.697
UNTIL AT LAST
THEY WERE BURIED

00:34:20.830 --> 00:34:23.733
IN THE ORIGINAL BATTLEGROUND
IN KOSOVO

00:34:23.867 --> 00:34:29.873
AT MILOSEVIC'S RALLY:
JUNE 28, 1989.

00:34:30.006 --> 00:34:33.877
OVER ONE MILLION
SERBIANS ATTENDED.

00:34:34.010 --> 00:34:37.213
THE EVENT WAS BROADCAST
ON LIVE TELEVISION

00:34:37.347 --> 00:34:40.216
WITH PAINTINGS
OF THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO

00:34:40.350 --> 00:34:43.286
FLYING ACROSS THE SCREEN.

00:34:43.419 --> 00:34:48.057
PEOPLE IN THE CROWD CALLED
MILOSEVIC "LITTLE LAZAR"

00:34:48.191 --> 00:34:51.728
AND CRIED, "LAZAR,
YOU WERE NOT LUCKY ENOUGH

00:34:51.861 --> 00:34:55.565
TO HAVE SLOBO
BY YOUR SIDE."

00:34:55.698 --> 00:34:58.401
VAMIK: THEY BRING
ITS EMOTIONS BACK

00:34:58.535 --> 00:35:03.173
AND "NEVER AGAIN" BACK,
VICTIMIZATION BACK,

00:35:03.306 --> 00:35:07.844
ALONG WITH "LET'S DO SOMETHING,
LET'S GET REVENGE."

00:35:07.977 --> 00:35:10.847
NARRATOR: MILOSEVIC ACTIVATED
THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO

00:35:10.980 --> 00:35:14.350
TO ATTACK PRESENT-DAY
BOSNIAN MUSLIMS LIVING IN SERBIA

00:35:14.484 --> 00:35:16.686
BY TYING THEM
TO THE OTTOMANS,

00:35:16.819 --> 00:35:20.356
WHO HUMILIATED THEM
CENTURIES EARLIER.

00:35:20.490 --> 00:35:22.358
HE USED STATE NEWSPAPERS
AND TELEVISION

00:35:22.492 --> 00:35:24.360
IN A PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN

00:35:24.494 --> 00:35:28.698
TO MAKE SERBIANS FEAR
BOSNIAN MUSLIMS.

00:35:28.831 --> 00:35:31.034
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:35:31.167 --> 00:35:34.037
THIS POSTER CLAIMS TO SHOW
A SERBIAN CHILD

00:35:34.170 --> 00:35:36.873
WHO WAS KILLED
BY BOSNIANS.

00:35:37.006 --> 00:35:41.878
IT IS ACTUALLY A SERBIAN
PAINTING FROM THE 19th CENTURY.

00:35:42.011 --> 00:35:43.546
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:35:43.680 --> 00:35:46.349
UNVERIFIED STORIES
WERE PRESENTED AS FACTS

00:35:46.482 --> 00:35:48.685
ON STATE TELEVISION,
SUCH AS THE ONE

00:35:48.818 --> 00:35:51.387
WHICH CLAIMED BOSNIANS
WERE FEEDING SERB CHILDREN

00:35:51.521 --> 00:35:54.891
TO ANIMALS IN THE ZOO.

00:35:55.024 --> 00:35:59.062
VAMIK: SOMETIMES LEADERS
COME IN, LIKE MILOSEVIC DID,

00:35:59.195 --> 00:36:02.498
TO START NEW TRAGEDIES.

00:36:02.632 --> 00:36:05.468
NARRATOR: DURING
THE BOSNIAN-SERBIAN WAR,

00:36:05.602 --> 00:36:07.870
MILOSEVIC AND THE SERBIAN
GOVERNMENT COMMITTED GENOCIDE

00:36:08.004 --> 00:36:10.173
AGAINST BOSNIAKS.

00:36:10.306 --> 00:36:13.943
TENS OF THOUSANDS WERE KILLED,
TORTURED, OR RAPED.

00:36:14.077 --> 00:36:17.647
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
FLED THE COUNTRY.

00:36:17.780 --> 00:36:20.850
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:36:20.984 --> 00:36:23.519
CHOSEN TRAUMA, IT IS
A PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR

00:36:23.653 --> 00:36:25.355
IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

00:36:25.488 --> 00:36:27.690
IF YOU DON'T
PAY ATTENTION TO IT,

00:36:27.824 --> 00:36:31.294
YOU CAN TRY
UNTIL YOU TURN BLUE,

00:36:31.427 --> 00:36:35.365
BUT IF YOU DON'T KNOW HOW CHOSEN
TRAUMA IS BEING REACTIVATED,

00:36:35.498 --> 00:36:37.367
THE SOCIETY
AND ITS LEADERS,

00:36:37.500 --> 00:36:40.870
THEY ARE NOT GOING TO GIVE UP
WHATEVER THEY'VE BEEN DOING.

00:36:41.004 --> 00:36:43.873
NARRATOR: MILOSEVIC WAS TRIED
AND CONVICTED AT THE HAGUE

00:36:44.007 --> 00:36:46.576
FOR CRIMES
AGAINST HUMANITY.

00:36:46.709 --> 00:36:48.878
VAMIK SAYS
THE SERBIAN PEOPLE

00:36:49.012 --> 00:36:50.880
WERE SUSCEPTIBLE
TO SUCH A LEADER

00:36:51.014 --> 00:36:53.549
BECAUSE THE SOVIET UNION
HAD JUST COLLAPSED,

00:36:53.683 --> 00:36:55.885
AND THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT
SERBIAN PEOPLE

00:36:56.019 --> 00:37:00.390
WERE ASKING THEMSELVES,
"WHO ARE WE NOW?"

00:37:00.523 --> 00:37:03.493
VAMIK SAYS THAT PEOPLE
YEARN FOR A LEADER

00:37:03.626 --> 00:37:08.598
TO RESCUE THEM IN TIMES
OF ANXIETY OR CRISIS.

00:37:08.731 --> 00:37:12.368
HE HAS OBSERVED TWO TYPES
OF LEADERS TYPICALLY EMERGE,

00:37:12.502 --> 00:37:14.671
A FORWARD-THINKING
REPARATIVE LEADER

00:37:14.804 --> 00:37:17.674
OR A DESTRUCTIVE LEADER
WHO LOOKS BACK IN TIME

00:37:17.807 --> 00:37:21.844
TO REACTIVATE CHOSEN TRAUMAS
OR A NATION'S PAST GLORIES,

00:37:21.978 --> 00:37:25.848
WHAT VAMIK CALLS
"CHOSEN GLORIES."

00:37:25.982 --> 00:37:28.718
VAMIK: SOMETIMES
THE COUNTRY

00:37:28.851 --> 00:37:30.420
SUFFERS A LOT,
GETS HUMILIATED,

00:37:30.553 --> 00:37:32.855
AND A CHARISMATIC
LEADER COMES

00:37:32.989 --> 00:37:37.193
AND HAS COMPLETELY
NEW IDEAS.

00:37:37.327 --> 00:37:39.028
NARRATOR: WHEN AMERICANS
WERE TRAUMATIZED

00:37:39.162 --> 00:37:40.897
BY THE GREAT DEPRESSION,

00:37:41.030 --> 00:37:43.199
F.D.R. CREATED
NEW SOCIAL PROGRAMS

00:37:43.333 --> 00:37:46.202
THAT LIFTED MILLIONS
OF AMERICANS OUT OF POVERTY

00:37:46.336 --> 00:37:50.740
AND PUT YOUNG PEOPLE
BACK TO WORK.

00:37:50.873 --> 00:37:55.545
TURKS STILL ADMIRE
THE PROGRESSIVE LEADER ATATURK.

00:37:55.678 --> 00:37:58.715
VAMIK: AFTER OTTOMAN
EMPIRE COLLAPSED,

00:37:58.848 --> 00:38:03.920
ATATURK WESTERNIZED
TURKEY DRAMATICALLY.

00:38:04.053 --> 00:38:07.757
THIS IS MY MOTHER
AFTER ATATURK'S REVOLUTION.

00:38:07.890 --> 00:38:11.694
UNTIL THEN, WOMEN
COVERED THEIR FACES,

00:38:11.828 --> 00:38:17.333
AND ONE DAY MY MOTHER
CAME LIKE THAT.

00:38:17.467 --> 00:38:19.836
SO MY FATHER
TOOK HER FOR A WALK.

00:38:19.969 --> 00:38:21.838
I KIND OF REMEMBER IT.

00:38:21.971 --> 00:38:26.342
THEY WERE SO PROUD,
WALKING IN THE STREETS,

00:38:26.476 --> 00:38:29.679
AND NO HEAD COVERS.

00:38:29.812 --> 00:38:35.852
BUT USUALLY THEY HAVE
REGRESSIVE CHARISMATIC LEADERS.

00:38:35.985 --> 00:38:37.653
THEY GO BACK.

00:38:37.787 --> 00:38:43.025
THEY GO BACK TO CULTURAL
TRADITIONS OF THE PAST.

00:38:43.159 --> 00:38:47.296
EVEN IN THE UNITED STATES,
THE FANTASY NOW,

00:38:47.430 --> 00:38:51.401
WHICH IS VERY PROMINENT
EVERYWHERE, IS MAGICAL THINKING.

00:38:51.534 --> 00:38:56.706
"IF I HAVE A CONNECTION
WITH GREATNESS...

00:38:56.839 --> 00:39:00.042
ABSOLUTE GREATNESS,
THEN I'LL BE ALL RIGHT."

00:39:00.176 --> 00:39:03.146
WE'RE GONNA
WIN, WIN, WIN!

00:39:03.279 --> 00:39:06.649
YOU PEOPLE, YOU'RE GONNA BE
SICK AND TIRED OF WINNING!

00:39:06.783 --> 00:39:09.819
YOU'RE GONNA SAY,
"MR. PRESIDENT, PLEASE,

00:39:09.952 --> 00:39:13.156
WE CAN'T TAKE IT ANYMORE.
YOU'RE WINNING TOO MUCH."

00:39:13.289 --> 00:39:15.491
AND I'M GONNA SAY,
"I DON'T GIVE A DAMN!

00:39:15.625 --> 00:39:21.497
WE'RE GONNA KEEP WINNING!
100% AMERICA FIRST!"

00:39:21.631 --> 00:39:24.567
[CROWD CHEERING]

00:39:30.306 --> 00:39:33.176
NARRATOR: IN 2008,
VAMIK FOUNDED

00:39:33.309 --> 00:39:34.911
THE INTERNATIONAL
DIALOGUE INITIATIVE,

00:39:35.044 --> 00:39:37.580
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM

00:39:37.713 --> 00:39:41.851
OF PSYCHOANALYSTS,
HISTORIANS, SOCIOLOGISTS,

00:39:41.984 --> 00:39:44.520
AND CIVIC LEADERS
FROM EIGHT DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

00:39:44.654 --> 00:39:47.190
IT COMES TOGETHER
ONCE OR TWICE A YEAR

00:39:47.323 --> 00:39:49.358
TO EXAMINE THE LEADER-FOLLOWER
RELATIONSHIP

00:39:49.492 --> 00:39:51.861
AND OTHER ASPECTS
OF LARGE-GROUP PSYCHOLOGY.

00:39:51.994 --> 00:39:53.529
JERRY: ONE
OF THE MEETINGS

00:39:53.663 --> 00:39:55.598
OF THE INTERNATIONAL
DIALOGUE INITIATIVE

00:39:55.731 --> 00:39:57.333
WAS HELD IN BELFAST.

00:39:57.467 --> 00:39:59.735
OUR CO-CHAIRPERSON,
JOHN ALDERDICE,

00:39:59.869 --> 00:40:02.205
HE WAS ONE OF THE PRINCIPLE
MEMBERS OF THE GROUP

00:40:02.338 --> 00:40:05.875
THAT NEGOTIATED THE NORTHERN
IRELAND PEACE PROCESS.

00:40:06.008 --> 00:40:08.377
WOMAN: MY WEE BROTHER
HAD TWO I.D.'s

00:40:08.511 --> 00:40:13.049
ONE WITH A BRITISH NAME
AND ONE WITH A CATHOLIC NAME.

00:40:13.182 --> 00:40:15.051
BOTH I.D.'s
HAD HIS PICTURE,

00:40:15.184 --> 00:40:17.053
BUT ONE HAD OUR ADDRESS,

00:40:17.186 --> 00:40:19.455
AND THE OTHER HAD
A PROTESTANT ADDRESS.

00:40:19.589 --> 00:40:21.457
HE'D KEEP THEM
IN DIFFERENT POCKETS

00:40:21.591 --> 00:40:23.893
AND HAD TO REMEMBER
WHICH POCKET HE KEPT THEM IN

00:40:24.026 --> 00:40:26.562
SO IF HE GOT STOPPED
AT A BLOCKADE,

00:40:26.696 --> 00:40:28.231
HE COULD GIVE
THE RIGHT I.D.

00:40:28.364 --> 00:40:30.399
TO THE PERSON
WHO HAPPENED TO STOP HIM.

00:40:30.533 --> 00:40:33.236
JERRY: ONE OF THE THINGS
I DID ON MY OWN

00:40:33.369 --> 00:40:35.571
WAS I WALKED DOWN
THE CATHOLIC STREET

00:40:35.705 --> 00:40:37.874
AND SAW THE MEMORIALS
AND THE MURALS

00:40:38.007 --> 00:40:40.376
TO THE FALLEN I.R.A HEROES,

00:40:41.910 --> 00:40:44.979
AND JUST BEHIND THE HOUSES
ON ONE SIDE OF THE STREET,

00:40:45.113 --> 00:40:47.015
THERE'S A HUGE WALL.

00:40:47.148 --> 00:40:49.550
ON THE OTHER SIDE
IS A PROTESTANT STREET,

00:40:49.684 --> 00:40:52.987
AND IT WAS ALIVE
IN ITS OWN WAY,

00:40:53.121 --> 00:40:55.490
CARRYING ALL KINDS
OF HISTORICAL THINGS

00:40:55.623 --> 00:40:58.326
AT THIS MOMENT IN TIME.

00:40:58.459 --> 00:41:01.329
WOMAN: IT'S HARD.
IT'S HARD HEARING TALK

00:41:01.462 --> 00:41:04.766
ABOUT PEACE
AND RECONCILIATION.

00:41:04.899 --> 00:41:08.836
NONE OF THAT
BRINGS MY SON BACK.

00:41:08.970 --> 00:41:11.506
THERE WAS THE DAY
THAT I'D HAD IT.

00:41:11.639 --> 00:41:14.175
I WAS DOWN
TO MY LAST FEW PENCE.

00:41:14.309 --> 00:41:16.611
I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT
WE WERE HAVING FOR DINNER.

00:41:16.744 --> 00:41:18.646
MY HUSBAND HADN'T HAD
A JOB IN MONTHS.

00:41:18.780 --> 00:41:21.649
AND I WAS WALKING PAST
ONE OF THOSE MURALS,

00:41:21.783 --> 00:41:23.284
AND YOUR MAN
PAINTING IT SAID,

00:41:23.418 --> 00:41:25.453
"WOULD YOU LIKE
TO JUST HELP A BIT?"

00:41:25.586 --> 00:41:28.790
I PICKED UP A BRUSH,
AND FOR THE NEXT HOUR,

00:41:28.923 --> 00:41:32.460
I WAS LOST IN THE STORIES
OF CUCHULAIN AND FINN McCOOL.

00:41:32.593 --> 00:41:36.130
I BECAME PART
OF SOMETHING CREATIVE.

00:41:36.264 --> 00:41:37.799
OF COURSE WE WANT PEACE.

00:41:37.932 --> 00:41:40.134
OF COURSE WE WANT
A RECONCILIATION,

00:41:40.268 --> 00:41:41.803
BUT YOU CAN'T HAVE
RECONCILIATION

00:41:41.936 --> 00:41:44.105
IF YOU HAVEN'T
HAD HEALING.

00:41:44.238 --> 00:41:46.808
WHAT IS HAPPENING
WITH A PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY

00:41:46.941 --> 00:41:50.812
THAT THEY...
THAT SOMEONE OUTSIDE CAN SEE

00:41:50.945 --> 00:41:53.481
BUT THEY DON'T GIVE
A NAME TO THEMSELVES,

00:41:53.614 --> 00:41:55.650
WHAT THE PRIMARY
ANXIETY IS

00:41:55.783 --> 00:41:57.986
A GROUP OF PEOPLE
IS STRUGGLING WITH.

00:41:58.119 --> 00:42:02.991
THEY DON'T HAVE
LANGUAGE FOR EMOTION.

00:42:03.124 --> 00:42:06.094
NARRATOR: VAMIK DEVELOPED
WHAT HE CALLED THE TREE MODEL

00:42:06.227 --> 00:42:07.895
TO HELP GROUPS
IN CONFLICT

00:42:08.029 --> 00:42:12.033
FIND THE LANGUAGE
TO ADDRESS THEIR ANXIETY.

00:42:12.166 --> 00:42:14.102
FIRST IS
THE DIAGNOSIS PHASE,

00:42:14.235 --> 00:42:17.739
THE ROOTS OF THE TREE,

00:42:17.872 --> 00:42:20.675
WHEN THE TEAM GATHERS BACKGROUND
INFORMATION ON THE CONFLICT,

00:42:20.808 --> 00:42:23.611
INTERVIEWING A BROAD RANGE
OF PEOPLE,

00:42:23.745 --> 00:42:26.681
OFTEN AT HOT SPOTS.

00:42:26.814 --> 00:42:28.783
SECOND IS
THE DIALOGUE PHASE,

00:42:28.916 --> 00:42:31.419
THIS IS THE TRUNK
OF THE TREE,

00:42:31.552 --> 00:42:35.156
WHEN PEOPLE MEET IN SMALL GROUPS
WITH A FACILITATOR.

00:42:35.289 --> 00:42:37.959
MEETINGS GENERALLY BEGIN
WITH PERSONAL STORIES

00:42:38.092 --> 00:42:42.797
AND AIM, OVER TIME, TO SEPARATE
FANTASY FROM REALITY

00:42:42.930 --> 00:42:46.567
AND EXPAND TIME COLLAPSE.

00:42:46.701 --> 00:42:50.304
FINALLY, THE BRANCHES
OF THE TREE EXTEND

00:42:50.438 --> 00:42:53.474
WHEN PARTICIPANTS ASSEMBLE
LOCAL CONTACT GROUPS,

00:42:53.608 --> 00:42:58.212
SUCH AS N.G.O.'s,
TO PROVIDE ONGOING SUPPORT

00:42:58.346 --> 00:43:00.481
AND HELP COMMUNITIES
TAKE STEPS

00:43:00.615 --> 00:43:03.985
TO RESOLVING
REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS.

00:43:07.488 --> 00:43:10.758
WHENEVER I USED TO GO
TO A COUNTRY

00:43:10.892 --> 00:43:16.597
AND WANTED TO KNOW WHAT WAS
HAPPENING IN THAT COUNTRY,

00:43:16.731 --> 00:43:20.134
I AND MY FRIENDS
USUALLY VISITED

00:43:20.268 --> 00:43:23.271
WITH ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS,

00:43:23.404 --> 00:43:26.774
BECAUSE WATCHING THE KIDS

00:43:26.908 --> 00:43:30.111
AND HEARING THEM
TALK TO EACH OTHER

00:43:30.244 --> 00:43:33.281
IS VERY INFORMATIVE.

00:43:33.414 --> 00:43:35.616
NARRATOR: AFTER
THE SOVIET UNION COLLAPSED,

00:43:35.750 --> 00:43:37.618
VAMIK TRAVELED TO ESTONIA.

00:43:37.752 --> 00:43:39.620
HE WORKED WITH
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

00:43:39.754 --> 00:43:44.492
TO EASE GROUP CONFLICT
BETWEEN RUSSIANS AND ESTONIANS.

00:43:46.094 --> 00:43:49.931
VAMIK: ESTONIANS LIVED
UNDER OTHERS FOR MILLENNIA.

00:43:50.064 --> 00:43:51.799
THEY LIVED UNDER
SWEDISH PEOPLE.

00:43:51.933 --> 00:43:54.035
THEY LIVED UNDER THIS

00:43:54.168 --> 00:43:56.471
AND MAYBE GERMANS
AND THEN RUSSIANS

00:43:56.604 --> 00:43:59.607
AND THE SOVIETS
AND SO ON AND SO FORTH.

00:43:59.740 --> 00:44:05.246
SO THEIR CHOSEN TRAUMA IS
LIVING UNDER SOMEBODY SO LONG.

00:44:05.379 --> 00:44:08.249
NARRATOR: AFTER FINALLY
GAINING THEIR INDEPENDENCE,

00:44:08.382 --> 00:44:12.587
ESTONIANS DID NOT WANT RUSSIANS
IN SCHOOL WITH THEM.

00:44:12.720 --> 00:44:15.923
THESE ESTONIANS, TRAUMATIZED
BY THOUSANDS OF YEARS

00:44:16.057 --> 00:44:18.593
OF FOREIGN RULE, FEARED
THAT RUSSIAN STUDENTS

00:44:18.726 --> 00:44:21.095
WOULD REFUSE
TO LEARN ESTONIAN

00:44:21.229 --> 00:44:24.098
AND THAT RUSSIAN WOULD REMAIN
THE DOMINANT LANGUAGE.

00:44:24.232 --> 00:44:27.935
VAMIK: EVEN THE MOST INTELLIGENT
ONES THOUGHT THAT,

00:44:28.069 --> 00:44:36.777
IF YOU PUT 4 RUSSIAN KIDS
IN A CLASS OF 16 ESTONIAN KIDS,

00:44:36.911 --> 00:44:41.616
ALL ESTONIAN KIDS WOULD LEARN
HOW TO SPEAK RUSSIAN,

00:44:41.749 --> 00:44:45.286
AND RUSSIAN KIDS WOULD NOT
LEARN HOW TO SPEAK ESTONIAN,

00:44:45.419 --> 00:44:48.289
A REFLECTION
OF THEIR EXPERIENCES.

00:44:48.422 --> 00:44:53.427
SO WE WANTED TO TEST THIS,
AND THE ESTONIAN GOVERNMENT

00:44:53.561 --> 00:44:57.765
ALLOWED US TO BE
IN CHARGE OF MUSTAMĂ„E,

00:44:57.899 --> 00:45:04.739
WHERE THE POPULATION WAS
50% ESTONIAN AND 50% RUSSIAN.

00:45:04.872 --> 00:45:08.242
AND WE PUT ESTONIAN KIDS
AND RUSSIAN KIDS TOGETHER

00:45:08.376 --> 00:45:10.745
IN A KINDERGARTEN.

00:45:10.878 --> 00:45:15.016
[CHILD RECITING ALPHABET
IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

00:45:15.149 --> 00:45:20.755
AND SURE ENOUGH, RUSSIAN KIDS
LEARNED HOW TO SPEAK ESTONIAN.

00:45:20.888 --> 00:45:23.457
SINCE RUSSIAN
MOTHERS AND FATHERS

00:45:23.591 --> 00:45:27.261
DID NOT KNOW ESTONIAN,
THEY BEGAN USING THEIR KIDS

00:45:27.395 --> 00:45:29.096
TO COMMUNICATE
WITH ESTONIANS

00:45:29.230 --> 00:45:32.600
WHEN THEY WENT OUTSIDE
FOR SHOPPING.

00:45:32.733 --> 00:45:34.936
EVERY RUSSIAN FAMILY
IN THAT CITY

00:45:35.069 --> 00:45:39.207
WANTED TO USE THIS SCHOOL,

00:45:39.340 --> 00:45:41.542
SO WE WENT TO
THE ESTONIAN GOVERNMENT,

00:45:41.676 --> 00:45:45.279
AND THEY MADE OUR PROGRAM
A FORMAL PROGRAM

00:45:45.413 --> 00:45:49.784
IN MANY, MANY AREAS OF ESTONIA,
KIDS GETTING TOGETHER

00:45:49.917 --> 00:45:51.953
AND LEARNING
EACH OTHER'S LANGUAGE.

00:45:52.086 --> 00:45:55.623
THEY BECAME
THE FLAG BEARERS

00:45:55.756 --> 00:45:59.660
OF RESOLVING SOCIETAL CONFLICT
BETWEEN THEIR PARENTS.

00:45:59.794 --> 00:46:03.464
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:46:05.533 --> 00:46:08.236
AFTER WE DID WORK
IN THE BALTIC REPUBLICS,

00:46:08.369 --> 00:46:10.738
WE WANTED TO DO
SIMILAR KIND OF WORK

00:46:10.871 --> 00:46:12.907
IN THE REPUBLIC
OF GEORGIA.

00:46:13.040 --> 00:46:15.376
GEORGIA ALSO BECAME INDEPENDENT

00:46:15.509 --> 00:46:18.346
AFTER THE SOVIET EMPIRE
COLLAPSED,

00:46:18.479 --> 00:46:23.584
AND NEARLY A MILLION OF THEM
BECAME REFUGEES AND SO ON.

00:46:23.718 --> 00:46:27.054
THEN THEY HAD
A VERY NATIONALISTIC LEADER.

00:46:27.188 --> 00:46:31.425
[GAMSAKHURDIA
SPEAKING GEORGIAN]

00:46:31.559 --> 00:46:34.662
VAMIK: I THINK HIS NAME
WAS GAMSAKHURDIA,

00:46:34.795 --> 00:46:38.766
AND HE DECLARED THAT GEORGIA
IS ONLY FOR GEORGIANS,

00:46:38.899 --> 00:46:40.434
BUT IN GEORGIA,
THEY HAD ABKHAZIANS,

00:46:40.568 --> 00:46:44.305
THEY HAD SOUTH OSSETIANS,
AND BLOOD RUN.

00:46:44.438 --> 00:46:46.107
NARRATOR: WHEN VAMIK
AND HIS TEAM

00:46:46.240 --> 00:46:48.609
ARRIVED IN THE REPUBLIC
OF GEORGIA,

00:46:48.743 --> 00:46:53.447
THERE WERE 300,000
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS.

00:46:53.581 --> 00:46:55.650
VAMIK: BY THE TIME
WE WENT TO GEORGIA,

00:46:55.783 --> 00:46:58.953
THE BIGGEST HOTELS
WERE FILLED UP

00:46:59.086 --> 00:47:01.122
WITH REFUGEES
FROM ABKHAZIA.

00:47:01.255 --> 00:47:05.326
THERE'S A BIG, NICE HOTEL,
LOOKS LIKE A SHERATON OR HILTON,

00:47:05.459 --> 00:47:08.996
AND THIS WAS A PLACE WHERE
SOVIET BIG SHOTS WOULD COME

00:47:09.130 --> 00:47:12.233
AND SMOKE THEIR CIGARS,
DRINK THEIR VODKA, AND REST.

00:47:12.366 --> 00:47:15.503
THERE WERE FIVE HOTELS
LIKE THIS,

00:47:15.636 --> 00:47:18.939
AND NOW THEY WERE ALL FILLED UP
WITH 3,000 REFUGEES.

00:47:19.073 --> 00:47:23.144
IN ONE ROOM WOULD BE
5, 10 PEOPLE STAYING.

00:47:23.277 --> 00:47:27.648
INSIDE WAS LIKE THIS.

00:47:27.782 --> 00:47:32.420
SO, HOW DO YOU HELP
3,000 PEOPLE?

00:47:32.553 --> 00:47:34.555
I NEEDED TO FIND OUT

00:47:34.689 --> 00:47:40.094
WHO IS THE LEADER
IN THIS COMMUNITY.

00:47:40.227 --> 00:47:42.763
WHEN I LEARNED
THAT THEY HAD ONE PHONE,

00:47:42.897 --> 00:47:46.100
I FIGURED OUT
THAT WHERE PHONE WAS

00:47:46.233 --> 00:47:48.269
WOULD BE THE MOST
IMPORTANT APARTMENT,

00:47:48.402 --> 00:47:54.008
AND THE PEOPLE IN THIS APARTMENT
WOULD BE THE LEADERS.

00:47:54.141 --> 00:47:55.509
THEY WERE REFUGEES.

00:47:55.643 --> 00:47:59.447
THE HUSBAND WAS A VERY IMPORTANT
SOCCER PLAYER IN ABKHAZIA,

00:47:59.580 --> 00:48:02.149
AND THEY WERE
IN THIS APARTMENT,

00:48:02.283 --> 00:48:05.052
A TWO-ROOM APARTMENT
WITH THREE KIDS, A WIFE,

00:48:05.186 --> 00:48:06.554
FATHER UPSTAIRS.

00:48:06.687 --> 00:48:09.724
THEN I VISITED THEM
FOR FIVE YEARS,

00:48:09.857 --> 00:48:15.229
MAYBE TWICE A YEAR,
AND I WOULD SPEND A DAY

00:48:15.363 --> 00:48:17.565
IN THEIR LITTLE APARTMENT

00:48:17.698 --> 00:48:21.202
IN ORDER FOR ME TO UNDERSTAND
THEIR PSYCHOLOGY.

00:48:21.335 --> 00:48:24.405
NARRATOR: VAMIK FOUND
THAT THEY WERE DEPRESSED,

00:48:24.538 --> 00:48:27.908
ASHAMED, AND HAD
LITTLE WILL TO LIVE.

00:48:28.042 --> 00:48:29.477
THEY BECAME HOARDERS,

00:48:29.610 --> 00:48:33.080
CLINGING TO EVERY OBJECT
THEY COULD FIND.

00:48:33.214 --> 00:48:38.652
THE DEATH RATE AT THE REFUGEE
CAMP WAS ABNORMALLY HIGH.

00:48:38.786 --> 00:48:42.089
AS A SURVIVAL MECHANISM,
ONE OF THE FAMILY MEMBERS

00:48:42.223 --> 00:48:44.759
WROTE A POEM EVERY DAY.

00:48:44.892 --> 00:48:47.928
EVERY DAY, HE WOULD WRITE A POEM
DESCRIBING THEIR LIVES,

00:48:48.062 --> 00:48:51.932
SO THE HISTORY OF THEIR LIVES
IS IN POEMS.

00:48:52.066 --> 00:48:53.934
NARRATOR: THIS FAMILY
HAD BEEN THE TARGET

00:48:54.068 --> 00:48:56.937
OF ETHNIC CLEANSING
IN ABKHAZIA.

00:48:57.071 --> 00:49:00.241
THE VERSES OF POETRY
CONVEY THE SUFFERING

00:49:00.374 --> 00:49:04.678
THE FAMILY HAD ENDURED AS
REFUGEES IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY.

00:49:04.812 --> 00:49:06.847
THERE WAS THE LOSS
OF THEIR LAND, GAGRA,

00:49:06.981 --> 00:49:09.183
AND THE HOME
THEY HAD LEFT BEHIND,

00:49:09.316 --> 00:49:14.054
THE FEAR AND CONFUSION
OF THEIR JOURNEY AS REFUGEES,

00:49:14.188 --> 00:49:17.758
AND THE OBSTACLES THEY FACED NOW
IN THEIR NEW ENVIRONMENT.

00:49:19.527 --> 00:49:22.563
A NEW POEM WAS
READ RITUALISTICALLY

00:49:22.696 --> 00:49:24.632
EVERY DAY OVER BREAKFAST.

00:49:24.765 --> 00:49:27.234
VAMIK'S PURPOSE,
LIKE THAT OF THE POEMS,

00:49:27.368 --> 00:49:29.837
WAS TO HELP
THE FAMILY MEMBERS INTEGRATE

00:49:29.970 --> 00:49:33.073
THE INTERNAL IMAGES
OF THEIR FORMER LIVES

00:49:33.207 --> 00:49:37.378
WITH THE EXPERIENCE
OF THEIR PRESENT SITUATION.

00:49:37.511 --> 00:49:39.580
DALI, THE MATRIARCH
OF THE HOUSE,

00:49:39.713 --> 00:49:43.250
BEGAN TO MEET WITH A GROUP
OF OTHER WOMEN IN THE COMMUNITY

00:49:43.384 --> 00:49:45.252
AND SHARE THE INSIGHTS
SHE'D GLEANED

00:49:45.386 --> 00:49:47.354
FROM HER TALKS
WITH VAMIK.

00:49:54.895 --> 00:49:59.066
AND THEN THEY SAID TO ME THEY
WANT TO BUILD A ROOM FOR ME,

00:49:59.200 --> 00:50:00.935
AND THEY BEGAN
BUILDING A ROOM.

00:50:01.068 --> 00:50:03.270
IT TOOK THEM TWO YEARS
TO BUILD THIS ROOM,

00:50:03.404 --> 00:50:04.972
A VERY SMALL ROOM,
OBVIOUSLY,

00:50:05.105 --> 00:50:07.274
AT THE TOP
OF THE STAIRWAY,

00:50:07.408 --> 00:50:11.278
JUST BEFORE YOU ENTER
THEIR APARTMENT.

00:50:11.412 --> 00:50:15.049
AFTER TWO YEARS,
I WENT IN,

00:50:15.182 --> 00:50:18.118
AND THEY WERE ALL BIG SMILES.
ROOM HAD FINISHED.

00:50:18.252 --> 00:50:20.955
AND WE WENT
AND ENTERED THE ROOM.

00:50:21.088 --> 00:50:24.758
AND THEY CALLED IT
"VAMIK'S ROOM," MY NAME.

00:50:24.892 --> 00:50:27.628
AH, GOD, IT MAKES ME CRY.

00:50:27.761 --> 00:50:30.464
IN THIS GARBAGE DUMP,
THEY BUILT A ROOM.

00:50:30.598 --> 00:50:33.567
IT WAS SO BEAUTIFUL,
SO CLEAN.

00:50:33.701 --> 00:50:35.169
THIS CHANGED
THE WHOLE SOCIETY.

00:50:35.302 --> 00:50:37.471
YOU SEE, YOU CANNOT
GO AND CHANGE

00:50:37.605 --> 00:50:39.473
THE LIVES
OF 3,000 PEOPLE,

00:50:39.607 --> 00:50:44.378
EVEN IF YOU KNOW THE BEST
PSYCHOLOGY IN THE WORLD.

00:50:44.512 --> 00:50:46.647
THEY CHANGED THEMSELVES.
THEY FOUND THEIR OWN WAY.

00:50:46.780 --> 00:50:51.986
AS THEY WERE BUILDING THIS,
NEIGHBORS STARTED TO CLEAN UP

00:50:52.119 --> 00:50:55.089
THE GARBAGE,
BUILDING BETTER ROOMS,

00:50:55.222 --> 00:50:59.193
AND THEN THE WHOLE COMMUNITY
SLOWLY BEGAN CHANGING,

00:50:59.326 --> 00:51:03.464
AND THIS ROOM BECAME
THE SYMBOL OF CHANGE.

00:51:03.597 --> 00:51:06.333
AND THEN THEY DECIDED

00:51:06.467 --> 00:51:09.103
THAT THIS IS GOING TO BE
THEIR PLACE AND STAY

00:51:09.236 --> 00:51:12.273
AND THEY MIGHT AS WELL
TAKE CARE OF IT.

00:51:12.406 --> 00:51:14.608
NARRATOR: VAMIK'S ROOM
CAUSED A RIPPLE EFFECT

00:51:14.742 --> 00:51:16.143
THROUGHOUT
THE REFUGE CAMP.

00:51:16.277 --> 00:51:19.146
MANY PEOPLE BEGAN TO FEEL
A SENSE OF DIGNITY

00:51:19.280 --> 00:51:21.782
AND IMAGINE
A FUTURE LIFE.

00:51:21.916 --> 00:51:25.286
SOME CULTURAL TRADITIONS
RETURNED.

00:51:25.419 --> 00:51:28.856
[GEORGIAN POLYPHONIC SINGING]

00:51:48.776 --> 00:51:51.812
NARRATOR: AS THE WORLD DEALS
WITH MASS MIGRATION,

00:51:51.946 --> 00:51:53.647
GLOBAL PANDEMICS,

00:51:53.781 --> 00:51:56.150
AND INCREASINGLY
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY,

00:51:56.283 --> 00:51:59.253
MORE AND MORE GROUPS
ARE ASKING THEMSELVES

00:51:59.386 --> 00:52:01.989
"WHO ARE WE NOW?"

00:52:02.122 --> 00:52:07.528
VAMIK BELIEVES THIS QUESTION
IS THE HALLMARK OF OUR AGE.

00:52:07.661 --> 00:52:10.664
HE HOPES DIPLOMATS AND LEADERS
WILL LOOK CLOSER

00:52:10.798 --> 00:52:13.867
AT LARGE-GROUP PSYCHOLOGY
IN ORDER TO FIND WAYS

00:52:14.001 --> 00:52:15.769
OF BRINGING
CONSTRUCTIVE CHANGE

00:52:15.903 --> 00:52:18.305
TO COMMUNITIES
AROUND THE GLOBE.

00:52:19.406 --> 00:52:24.778
SOMETIMES I TALK ABOUT
LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY

00:52:24.912 --> 00:52:28.782
SUCH AS ETHNIC IDENTITY,
NATIONAL IDENTITY,

00:52:28.916 --> 00:52:32.653
TRIBAL IDENTITY,
POLITICAL IDENTITY

00:52:32.786 --> 00:52:35.356
AS A SECOND SKIN.

00:52:37.424 --> 00:52:39.960
WE HAVE ALL KINDS
OF IDENTITIES,

00:52:40.094 --> 00:52:44.298
AND WE HOLD ON THEM,
AND THAT'S NOT GOOD OR BAD.

00:52:44.431 --> 00:52:47.134
IT IS PART
OF HUMAN NATURE.

00:52:47.267 --> 00:52:48.969
BUT CERTAIN IDENTITIES,

00:52:49.103 --> 00:52:52.806
BELONGING TO THEM
IS NOT A CHOICE.

00:52:52.940 --> 00:52:55.542
YOU ARE BORN INTO IT.

00:52:57.277 --> 00:52:59.313
FROM CHILDHOOD ON,
YOU'RE ALMOST LIKE YOU ATE IT,

00:52:59.446 --> 00:53:01.315
LIKE YOUR MOTHER'S MILK.

00:53:01.448 --> 00:53:04.752
IF YOU ARE BORN, LET'S SAY,
IN A GREEK FAMILY,

00:53:04.885 --> 00:53:06.353
YOU EAT GREEKNESS.

00:53:06.487 --> 00:53:08.756
IF YOU'RE ARAB,
YOU'RE AN ARAB.

00:53:08.889 --> 00:53:12.960
IF YOUR PARENTS ARE COMMUNISTS
WHEN YOU WERE A SMALL CHILD,

00:53:13.093 --> 00:53:15.262
YOU'RE A COMMUNIST.

00:53:16.396 --> 00:53:18.831
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:53:19.433 --> 00:53:25.105
BUT IF SOMEBODY COMES
AND SCRATCH YOUR SECOND SKIN,

00:53:25.239 --> 00:53:27.441
SPITS ON IT, CUTS IT,

00:53:27.574 --> 00:53:30.277
IT IS LIKE YOUR CORE
IS BEATEN UP,

00:53:30.411 --> 00:53:32.780
YOUR CORE IS HUMILIATED,
BECAUSE IT IS...

00:53:32.913 --> 00:53:34.782
IT'S SO CLOSE TO YOU.

00:53:34.915 --> 00:53:36.784
EVEN IT'S SHARED,
IT IS SO CLOSE TO YOU,

00:53:36.917 --> 00:53:40.354
AND YOU HAVE TO DO THINGS
TO PROTECT IT.

00:53:44.758 --> 00:53:46.160
MAN: THIS IS
THE GREATEST COUNTRY.

00:53:46.293 --> 00:53:48.195
WE'VE GOT
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.

00:53:48.328 --> 00:53:51.799
[CROWD CHANTING
"BUILD THE WALL!"]

00:53:51.932 --> 00:53:54.301
WE'RE ABSOLUTELY IN THE MIDDLE
OF A NEW CIVILIZATION,

00:53:54.435 --> 00:53:57.304
WHICH IS WHY EVERYBODY
IS SO REGRESSED.

00:53:57.438 --> 00:54:01.975
GLOBALIZATION IS GOOD,
BUT IT IS CONSTANTLY HURTING,

00:54:02.109 --> 00:54:04.278
INJURING LARGE-GROUP IDENTITIES.

00:54:04.411 --> 00:54:08.582
AND WE SEE IT NOW THAT
THE WORLD IS FULL OF IMMIGRANTS.

00:54:08.716 --> 00:54:11.685
IF YOU MIGRATE
VOLUNTARILY,

00:54:11.819 --> 00:54:15.589
YOU KEEP YOUR SECOND SKIN
MORE FLEXIBLE.

00:54:15.723 --> 00:54:18.659
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:54:22.362 --> 00:54:26.600
HOPEFULLY, HUMAN BEINGS
WILL FIND A WAY

00:54:26.734 --> 00:54:29.770
THAT THEY WILL KEEP
THE INITIAL SKINS

00:54:29.903 --> 00:54:34.441
AND HAVE KIND OF
SWISS-CHEESE SKINS

00:54:34.575 --> 00:54:36.110
AMONG DIFFERENT GROUPS.

00:54:36.243 --> 00:54:37.978
YOU KNOW YOUR IDENTITY,

00:54:38.112 --> 00:54:40.280
BUT YOU HAVE HOLES
IN THE BORDER,

00:54:40.414 --> 00:54:43.283
LIKE SWISS CHEESE HAS,
YOU CAN GO IN AND OUT.

00:54:43.417 --> 00:54:45.652
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:54:45.786 --> 00:54:49.289
AND IF A WORLD LIKE THAT
DEVELOPS,

00:54:49.423 --> 00:54:51.959
THEN IT WILL BE
A DIFFERENT KIND OF...

00:54:52.092 --> 00:54:54.862
PERHAPS A BETTER
CIVILIZATION.

00:54:58.432 --> 00:55:00.868
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:55:06.707 --> 00:55:10.144
VAMIK: WHEN I GO TO CYPRUS,
I HAVE SOMETHING

00:55:10.277 --> 00:55:13.080
THAT I DON'T HAVE
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

00:55:13.213 --> 00:55:16.350
I LIKE THE EARTH.
I LIKE TO TOUCH THE GROUND,

00:55:16.483 --> 00:55:22.289
DIG, DIG THE GROUND UP,
AND PLANT TREES OR FLOWERS.

00:55:22.422 --> 00:55:28.862
I HAVE FIG TREES,
ORANGE TREES, ALMOND TREES.

00:55:28.996 --> 00:55:32.633
THE GROUND IN CYPRUS
IS LIKE MY MOTHER EARTH.

00:55:32.766 --> 00:55:34.434
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:55:34.568 --> 00:55:37.271
IT IS WHERE I WAS BORN.

00:55:37.404 --> 00:55:40.274
[MUSIC PLAYING]