00:00:40.630 --> 00:00:41.130
DES KENNEDY:

00:00:41.130 --> 00:00:42.720
Hello, I'm Des Kennedy.

00:00:42.720 --> 00:00:44.920
For the next hour, we'll
journey through Canada,

00:00:44.920 --> 00:00:47.290
the U.S. and Brazil
Asking questions

00:00:47.290 --> 00:00:50.520
about cities: what will
make cities more livable?

00:00:50.520 --> 00:00:53.470
How can citizens help
shape their cities?

00:00:53.470 --> 00:00:56.970
Is the sustainable city
an achievable dream

00:00:56.970 --> 00:01:00.130
or just a trendy fantasy?

00:01:00.130 --> 00:01:02.170
Now, I'm not a
city person myself.

00:01:02.170 --> 00:01:03.900
For the past thirty
years I've lived here

00:01:03.900 --> 00:01:06.430
on little Denman Island,
British Columbia.

00:01:06.430 --> 00:01:09.320
Before that I lived in
Liverpool and Toronto, New York

00:01:09.320 --> 00:01:11.550
and Vancouver.

00:01:11.550 --> 00:01:13.400
I love cities and
love visiting them.

00:01:13.400 --> 00:01:16.150
But let's be honest:
there's trouble in Gotham.

00:01:16.150 --> 00:01:21.100
Traffic, pollution, noise,
crime, sprawl - you name it.

00:01:21.100 --> 00:01:23.970
So people who think about such
things are beginning to ask:

00:01:23.970 --> 00:01:27.460
Can any modern big
city be sustainable,

00:01:27.460 --> 00:01:30.010
in the way that a
forest or a farm can?

00:01:30.010 --> 00:01:33.220
To which the rest of us
might respond by asking:

00:01:33.220 --> 00:01:36.940
What exactly is sustainability?

00:01:36.940 --> 00:01:37.440
CHEEYING HO:

00:01:37.440 --> 00:01:42.520
Sustainability to me means
a way of using our space,

00:01:42.520 --> 00:01:47.060
our environment and our
resources in a way that

00:01:47.060 --> 00:01:49.580
there's going to... we know
that there's going to be enough

00:01:49.580 --> 00:01:53.100
for our children, grandchildren
and many generations to come.

00:01:53.100 --> 00:01:53.600
MIKE BURTON:

00:01:53.600 --> 00:01:55.766
Every meeting I went to I
kept saying: "What exactly

00:01:55.766 --> 00:01:56.780
is sustainability?"

00:01:56.780 --> 00:01:58.520
I best defined it, I think....

00:01:58.520 --> 00:02:00.050
Don't eat your own seed corn.

00:02:00.050 --> 00:02:03.229
Don't get to the point where you
can't replace what you've got.

00:02:03.229 --> 00:02:03.770
WILLIAM REES:

00:02:03.770 --> 00:02:05.620
The whole issue
of sustainability

00:02:05.620 --> 00:02:09.270
is really a question of the
common property/public good

00:02:09.270 --> 00:02:09.900
problem.

00:02:09.900 --> 00:02:15.170
This is an issue in which we
need the engagement of society

00:02:15.170 --> 00:02:17.262
to promote values
which are social values

00:02:17.262 --> 00:02:18.220
SENATOR MARTHA ESCUTIA:

00:02:18.220 --> 00:02:22.540
To me, sustainability is a very
basic bread and butter issue.

00:02:22.540 --> 00:02:26.200
But that's because I am the
product of my environment,

00:02:26.200 --> 00:02:27.020
you know.

00:02:27.020 --> 00:02:30.610
I was born into a
part of the city

00:02:30.610 --> 00:02:33.270
where you have to
survive day by day.

00:02:33.270 --> 00:02:33.770
JANE JACOBS:

00:02:33.770 --> 00:02:40.380
I would say it's
not using resources

00:02:40.380 --> 00:02:47.090
in any speedier or greedier way
then they can renew themselves.

00:02:47.090 --> 00:02:47.590
DES KENNEDY:

00:02:47.590 --> 00:02:49.010
Well, you get the idea.

00:02:49.010 --> 00:02:52.250
Fundamentally, it's about living
in a finite world in which you

00:02:52.250 --> 00:02:56.050
don't take more out of the
system than you put back in.

00:02:56.050 --> 00:02:58.560
Now, we know that
cities do gobble up

00:02:58.560 --> 00:03:02.320
resources from elsewhere:
Water, energy, food.

00:03:02.320 --> 00:03:05.200
We also know they're
getting bigger all the time.

00:03:05.200 --> 00:03:09.660
It's now expected that by the
year 2006, half of humanity

00:03:09.660 --> 00:03:11.080
will be living in cities.

00:03:11.080 --> 00:03:14.390
There'll be ten mega-cities
with populations

00:03:14.390 --> 00:03:16.440
of over twenty million people.

00:03:16.440 --> 00:03:18.130
Twenty million!

00:03:18.130 --> 00:03:22.040
You've got to ask yourself: is
this a natural way for people

00:03:22.040 --> 00:03:23.660
to live?

00:03:23.660 --> 00:03:24.160
JANE JACOBS:

00:03:24.160 --> 00:03:29.900
This may sound
surprising but cities

00:03:29.900 --> 00:03:34.140
are the most natural kind
of settlement in my view.

00:03:34.140 --> 00:03:39.010
It's no accident that
all over the world cities

00:03:39.010 --> 00:03:43.970
keep growing bigger - we're
the city building animals just

00:03:43.970 --> 00:03:45.370
as we're the talking animals.

00:03:49.530 --> 00:03:50.030
DES KENNEDY:

00:03:50.030 --> 00:03:52.320
The eminent Jane
Jacobs has long been

00:03:52.320 --> 00:03:55.030
a booster of cities and
of our collective ability

00:03:55.030 --> 00:03:56.000
to plan them.

00:03:56.000 --> 00:03:59.130
Her classic book, 'The Death
and Life of Great American

00:03:59.130 --> 00:04:02.120
Cities' was published
in the early sixties.

00:04:02.120 --> 00:04:05.050
Back then we still thought
we could live as if resources

00:04:05.050 --> 00:04:06.440
would last forever.

00:04:06.440 --> 00:04:08.500
Today we're not so sure.

00:04:08.500 --> 00:04:10.870
Bill Rees, an
ecological planner,

00:04:10.870 --> 00:04:14.380
has said that the very
term 'sustainable city' is

00:04:14.380 --> 00:04:17.630
an oxymoron -- that the
city, by its nature,

00:04:17.630 --> 00:04:18.720
cannot be self-sustaining.

00:04:18.720 --> 00:04:21.640
WILLIAM REES:
People don't realize

00:04:21.640 --> 00:04:23.870
that urbanization,
the movement of people

00:04:23.870 --> 00:04:25.910
from the countryside
into the cities

00:04:25.910 --> 00:04:28.690
is probably the
greatest migration

00:04:28.690 --> 00:04:31.590
of any organism that's ever
taken place on the planet.

00:04:31.590 --> 00:04:34.840
So it's a very significant
ecological phenomena.

00:04:34.840 --> 00:04:37.880
So here's one of the great
ironies of the 20th century.

00:04:37.880 --> 00:04:40.440
We think of ourselves
as leaving the land

00:04:40.440 --> 00:04:43.990
and living more and more
concentrated in cities.

00:04:43.990 --> 00:04:47.020
In many respects the city
is just the human analogy

00:04:47.020 --> 00:04:50.020
or analogue of a cattle
feed lot or an ant hill.

00:04:50.020 --> 00:04:53.430
If you were to put any
typical city in a glass bell

00:04:53.430 --> 00:04:56.010
jar large enough
to just encompass

00:04:56.010 --> 00:04:58.060
the political boundary
or the boundary

00:04:58.060 --> 00:04:59.340
of the built environment.

00:04:59.340 --> 00:05:01.940
It wouldn't last more than
a few hours or a few days.

00:05:01.940 --> 00:05:05.896
It would starve and
suffocate at the same time.

00:05:05.896 --> 00:05:07.270
In other words
everything that is

00:05:07.270 --> 00:05:09.900
needed to sustain the
level of human activity,

00:05:09.900 --> 00:05:13.160
the economic activity, mainly
the consumption going on

00:05:13.160 --> 00:05:15.150
within the city,
is the production

00:05:15.150 --> 00:05:20.370
that occurs on that 99.5 or
99 percent of the system that

00:05:20.370 --> 00:05:24.478
actually is external to the
city needed to support it.

00:05:29.720 --> 00:05:30.220
DES KENNEDY:

00:05:30.220 --> 00:05:34.180
So we have to ask -- can a
city ever become anything even

00:05:34.180 --> 00:05:37.500
remotely close to sustainable?

00:05:37.500 --> 00:05:40.270
Just look at the dumpster
loads of problems cities

00:05:40.270 --> 00:05:42.270
present and you see
what we're up against.

00:05:42.270 --> 00:05:47.700
And I do mean 'we' because,
like it or not, leave it or not,

00:05:47.700 --> 00:05:51.220
the city's problems, and
solutions, involve me

00:05:51.220 --> 00:05:52.981
and you and everyone else.

00:05:58.410 --> 00:06:01.390
Think city, think...traffic?

00:06:01.390 --> 00:06:04.600
It's great, isn't it? -- we get
to sit for hours in our idling

00:06:04.600 --> 00:06:08.030
cars and complain about the
traffic as if somehow we

00:06:08.030 --> 00:06:09.030
weren't a part of it.

00:06:09.030 --> 00:06:12.680
No question about it, the
coming of the automobile

00:06:12.680 --> 00:06:15.690
dramatically changed
how life is lived

00:06:15.690 --> 00:06:18.270
- and how cities function.

00:06:18.270 --> 00:06:22.140
For all its convenience, the
car has created problems -

00:06:22.140 --> 00:06:24.390
both local and global.

00:06:24.390 --> 00:06:27.970
But how can we in the
car-obsessed industrialized

00:06:27.970 --> 00:06:32.810
world now tell the developing
world not to use cars?

00:06:32.810 --> 00:06:33.310
CHEEYING HO:

00:06:33.310 --> 00:06:39.160
So I heard the Dalai
Lama said once:

00:06:39.160 --> 00:06:42.780
"What would happen if everyone
in the world drove a car?"

00:06:42.780 --> 00:06:44.690
That's a really
frightening question,

00:06:44.690 --> 00:06:48.040
because, you know, North
Americans have really

00:06:48.040 --> 00:06:53.710
exported our, our cultural
and societal values

00:06:53.710 --> 00:06:55.320
onto the rest of the world.

00:06:55.320 --> 00:06:58.700
Car advertising inundates us
everywhere in North America,

00:06:58.700 --> 00:07:02.019
but it's inundating everyone
all over the world as well.

00:07:02.019 --> 00:07:02.560
WILLIAM REES:

00:07:02.560 --> 00:07:06.350
This is a kind of auto
-- what is the term? --

00:07:06.350 --> 00:07:07.690
auto-catalytic process.

00:07:07.690 --> 00:07:11.140
The more a city's form is
determined by automobiles,

00:07:11.140 --> 00:07:14.400
urban sprawl, the more
auto-dependent the city

00:07:14.400 --> 00:07:15.300
becomes.

00:07:15.300 --> 00:07:15.800
JANE JACOBS:

00:07:15.800 --> 00:07:21.090
The more cities sprawl
unnecessarily, the worse

00:07:21.090 --> 00:07:23.930
a burden they are on the Earth.

00:07:23.930 --> 00:07:31.820
The more compact they can be,
within reason, the more benign

00:07:31.820 --> 00:07:32.540
they are.

00:07:32.540 --> 00:07:33.040
MIKE BURTON:

00:07:33.040 --> 00:07:35.850
Oregonians hate two things.

00:07:35.850 --> 00:07:38.520
They hate sprawl, and
they hate density.

00:07:38.520 --> 00:07:44.760
That's my job is to
try to deal with them,

00:07:44.760 --> 00:07:48.210
and it's not an easy task.

00:07:48.210 --> 00:07:48.710
MIKE

00:07:48.710 --> 00:07:52.360
BURTON: Suburbs suck
quite frankly because they

00:07:52.360 --> 00:07:54.640
don't pass the milk test.

00:07:54.640 --> 00:07:58.280
If you have to use a pint of
gas to get a pint of milk then

00:07:58.280 --> 00:08:00.460
you don't life in a very
good place, I don't think.

00:08:00.460 --> 00:08:00.470
MARK HOLLAND:

00:08:00.470 --> 00:08:02.740
The population's going to
reach eight to ten billion

00:08:02.740 --> 00:08:05.330
in the next, the
global population,

00:08:05.330 --> 00:08:08.310
eight to ten billion in
the next 100 years.50

00:08:08.310 --> 00:08:10.900
to 80 percent of those people
are going to live in cities.

00:08:10.900 --> 00:08:14.390
Those cities will either sprawl
if we do the lower density

00:08:14.390 --> 00:08:16.379
approach, or they
will be very dense.

00:08:16.379 --> 00:08:16.920
WILLIAM REES:

00:08:16.920 --> 00:08:19.630
Now, many people, you know,
are horrified at the prospects

00:08:19.630 --> 00:08:20.630
of higher densities.

00:08:20.630 --> 00:08:22.620
But many of the most
pleasant cities....

00:08:22.620 --> 00:08:25.260
The finest urban
environments on planet Earth

00:08:25.260 --> 00:08:27.790
have densities several
times larger than many

00:08:27.790 --> 00:08:29.860
that we experience
here in North America.

00:08:29.860 --> 00:08:33.270
North Americans spend billions
of dollars every year to travel

00:08:33.270 --> 00:08:36.360
to those cities to enjoy
them on vacation --

00:08:36.360 --> 00:08:39.520
parts of Italy or France or
Europe or wherever it might be.

00:08:39.520 --> 00:08:43.450
So all I'm arguing is that
by moving toward the kinds

00:08:43.450 --> 00:08:45.880
of policies we're
talking about here....

00:08:45.880 --> 00:08:48.780
You can have a more
compact city that

00:08:48.780 --> 00:08:50.900
is healthier in
terms of air quality,

00:08:50.900 --> 00:08:55.010
safer to be on the streets,
more accessible, with a higher

00:08:55.010 --> 00:08:57.670
level of urban amenities,
better transportation

00:08:57.670 --> 00:08:58.790
and so on and so forth.

00:08:58.790 --> 00:09:01.070
Well, it seems to me
that's a terrific benefit.

00:09:01.070 --> 00:09:01.570
DES KENNEDY:

00:09:01.570 --> 00:09:03.670
How big should a city become?

00:09:03.670 --> 00:09:06.100
And how should
that growth occur?

00:09:06.100 --> 00:09:09.310
These are huge issues for
cities to grapple with.

00:09:09.310 --> 00:09:11.340
And where in the
world do we look to

00:09:11.340 --> 00:09:13.820
find urban problems being solved

00:09:13.820 --> 00:09:17.920
In ways that don't
cost the earth?

00:09:17.920 --> 00:09:21.470
Meet an employee of the
city of Curitiba, Brazil,

00:09:21.470 --> 00:09:24.120
An example of a city that
marches to the beat -

00:09:24.120 --> 00:09:28.920
or should I say 'bleat'
- of a different drummer.

00:09:28.920 --> 00:09:31.600
Curitiba's a city of
one and a half million

00:09:31.600 --> 00:09:33.560
in southeastern Brazil.

00:09:33.560 --> 00:09:36.220
It's full of surprises,
like these sheep

00:09:36.220 --> 00:09:41.030
which are used to trim the
grass in this city park.

00:09:41.030 --> 00:09:43.180
Flood control is also different.

00:09:43.180 --> 00:09:46.710
The river is allowed to overflow
naturally into the surrounding

00:09:46.710 --> 00:09:49.450
park, making the
submerged jogging trails

00:09:49.450 --> 00:09:51.530
ideal for triathletes.

00:09:51.530 --> 00:09:57.310
Curitiba's an international
superstar in creative solutions

00:09:57.310 --> 00:10:00.230
to urban problems.

00:10:00.230 --> 00:10:03.540
Architects, politicians,
progressive planners

00:10:03.540 --> 00:10:07.700
and writers from all over the
world beat a path to its door.

00:10:07.700 --> 00:10:10.017
People like Bill McKibben.

00:10:10.017 --> 00:10:10.600
BILL MCKIBBEN:

00:10:10.600 --> 00:10:13.550
We went to spend a couple
of months in Curitiba --

00:10:13.550 --> 00:10:17.200
with my wife and my
then infant daughter.

00:10:17.200 --> 00:10:20.320
From the moment we got
there, we started taking

00:10:20.320 --> 00:10:22.090
the buses everywhere we went.

00:10:22.090 --> 00:10:26.780
It was not only the fact
that the bus was incredibly

00:10:26.780 --> 00:10:29.800
efficient and a pleasant
way to get around

00:10:29.800 --> 00:10:31.340
and you could go anywhere.

00:10:31.340 --> 00:10:35.670
It was also that it clearly had
become just an important part

00:10:35.670 --> 00:10:36.880
of community life.

00:10:36.880 --> 00:10:40.030
Everybody took the bus
-- of all social classes,

00:10:40.030 --> 00:10:43.290
of all skin colours,
of all types.

00:10:43.290 --> 00:10:46.040
That was very different.

00:10:46.040 --> 00:10:48.550
We're used to thinking
of buses as something

00:10:48.550 --> 00:10:51.340
that poor people take
because they don't have cars.

00:10:51.340 --> 00:10:53.510
That wasn't like it in Curitiba.

00:10:53.510 --> 00:10:55.260
That was one of the
things I wanted to try

00:10:55.260 --> 00:10:58.170
to understand in my time there.

00:11:00.450 --> 00:11:00.950
DES KENNEDY:

00:11:00.950 --> 00:11:04.970
Conventional thinking says to
solve transportation problems,

00:11:04.970 --> 00:11:06.260
build a subway.

00:11:06.260 --> 00:11:08.770
But what if you can't
afford a subway?

00:11:08.770 --> 00:11:13.610
Curitiba said: How can we make
what we have more efficient?

00:11:13.610 --> 00:11:16.800
Answer: turn buses into subways.

00:11:16.800 --> 00:11:20.870
The city now boasts a fast,
accessible, affordable and

00:11:20.870 --> 00:11:24.760
efficient bus system
that pays for itself.

00:11:24.760 --> 00:11:28.650
Tubes at bus floor level,
ramps and multiple doors

00:11:28.650 --> 00:11:31.940
allow passengers quick
access to and from buses

00:11:31.940 --> 00:11:35.750
which travel in
designated fast bus lanes.

00:11:35.750 --> 00:11:39.310
Public transportation is
linked to virtually all aspects

00:11:39.310 --> 00:11:40.170
of life.

00:11:40.170 --> 00:11:44.470
It is the axis of Curitiba's
entire urban settlement plan.

00:11:44.470 --> 00:11:45.780
How did they do it?

00:11:45.780 --> 00:11:46.488
CASSIO TANIGUCHI:

00:11:46.488 --> 00:11:59.450
At that time -- in the
sixties to seventies --

00:11:59.450 --> 00:12:07.610
we had a very fast-growing rate
of about 7 percent a year.So we

00:12:07.610 --> 00:12:11.700
could not have time to make
theories or something like

00:12:11.700 --> 00:12:12.200
that.

00:12:12.200 --> 00:12:13.130
So we....

00:12:13.130 --> 00:12:18.450
We had to act immediately to
create the urban structure,

00:12:18.450 --> 00:12:22.780
to give priority to
the mass transit system

00:12:22.780 --> 00:12:25.300
instead of giving
priority to cars.

00:12:25.300 --> 00:12:28.000
Many cities did that.

00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:30.830
We created this system
in a very simple way.

00:12:30.830 --> 00:12:34.470
The investments were very
low but very efficient.

00:12:34.470 --> 00:12:49.090
Because the fast-growing
cities cannot wait for more

00:12:49.090 --> 00:12:52.230
sophisticated solutions.

00:12:52.230 --> 00:12:52.730
DES KENNEDY:

00:12:52.730 --> 00:12:55.780
Curitiba has lessons
to teach about creating

00:12:55.780 --> 00:12:57.450
better urban transport.

00:12:57.450 --> 00:13:01.420
But what else is involved with
making cities more livable?

00:13:01.420 --> 00:13:05.470
What if you live in a part of
town where more than freeways

00:13:05.470 --> 00:13:06.955
divide neighborhoods?

00:13:06.955 --> 00:13:07.580
DALE MAHARIDGE:

00:13:07.580 --> 00:13:19.140
The California beach life
is not for everybody.

00:13:19.140 --> 00:13:21.400
There are many
worlds in California;

00:13:21.400 --> 00:13:23.860
there are many worlds
within Los Angeles.

00:13:23.860 --> 00:13:26.100
People I was spending
time with this week

00:13:26.100 --> 00:13:28.030
up in West Los
Angeles have never

00:13:28.030 --> 00:13:30.310
been to southeast Los Angeles.

00:13:30.310 --> 00:13:33.072
So there's many worlds
here, and they don't meet.

00:13:33.072 --> 00:13:34.030
SENATOR MARTHA ESCUTIA:

00:13:34.030 --> 00:13:38.210
Well, the east side of Los
Angeles and the southeast area

00:13:38.210 --> 00:13:41.490
has definitely some of the
highest, highest percentage

00:13:41.490 --> 00:13:44.482
of pollution than anywhere else
in the city of Los Angeles.

00:13:44.482 --> 00:13:46.190
As a matter of fact,
in Huntington Par --

00:13:46.190 --> 00:13:51.910
where we'll go later -- in 1992
some chemical company actually

00:13:51.910 --> 00:13:56.170
tried to locate a chemical
incinerator right across

00:13:56.170 --> 00:13:58.010
the street from a high school.

00:13:58.010 --> 00:14:01.440
I betcha that would never
happen in Beverly Hills,

00:14:01.440 --> 00:14:05.810
but they actually tried to make
that happen in Huntington Park.

00:14:05.810 --> 00:14:10.710
But the community really
organized, and they said no.

00:14:10.710 --> 00:14:12.475
So thank God it never happened.

00:14:12.475 --> 00:14:13.100
DALE MAHARIDGE:

00:14:13.100 --> 00:14:15.630
I was talking to some people
who were executive types.

00:14:15.630 --> 00:14:17.880
They were pointing to
the world down below.

00:14:17.880 --> 00:14:20.820
Those twinkling lights of Los
Angeles were spread below us.

00:14:20.820 --> 00:14:24.670
They were talking about
out there and in terms

00:14:24.670 --> 00:14:25.950
of, like, those people.

00:14:25.950 --> 00:14:27.470
It wasn't those black people.

00:14:27.470 --> 00:14:29.330
It was Latino people;
it was Asian people.

00:14:29.330 --> 00:14:31.590
It was those poorer people.

00:14:31.590 --> 00:14:35.770
I view it not as a race story
so much as a class story.

00:14:35.770 --> 00:14:37.970
That's the story of
California, the story

00:14:37.970 --> 00:14:40.310
of Los Angeles, that I think
is the most important one.

00:14:40.310 --> 00:14:42.120
You don't hear about
it in the media.

00:14:42.120 --> 00:14:45.110
It's a class division society.

00:14:45.110 --> 00:14:45.610
DES KENNEDY:

00:14:45.610 --> 00:14:51.150
Los Angeles is a multi-ethnic
city of economic extremes

00:14:51.150 --> 00:14:53.580
where diverse
neighborhoods must grapple

00:14:53.580 --> 00:14:58.070
with both environmental and
difficult social problems.

00:14:58.070 --> 00:15:01.190
People like Senator
Martha Escutia

00:15:01.190 --> 00:15:04.112
are helping give low-income
communities a voice.

00:15:04.112 --> 00:15:05.070
SENATOR MARTHA ESCUTIA:

00:15:05.070 --> 00:15:08.260
I have freeways running
all over the community.

00:15:08.260 --> 00:15:12.080
I have railroads dissecting
my community also.

00:15:12.080 --> 00:15:14.120
I have underground
pipelines that

00:15:14.120 --> 00:15:16.640
have been down there
since the 1920s,

00:15:16.640 --> 00:15:19.130
and no one knows
whether they're still,

00:15:19.130 --> 00:15:22.540
you know, maintainable or
they're corroded or whatever.

00:15:22.540 --> 00:15:26.910
I've got chemical
industries all over my area.

00:15:26.910 --> 00:15:30.200
I've got, literally, kids
going to school right next door

00:15:30.200 --> 00:15:32.800
to chrome plating factories.

00:15:32.800 --> 00:15:33.300
DES KENNEDY:

00:15:33.300 --> 00:15:35.860
Huntington Park, a
Latino neighborhood,

00:15:35.860 --> 00:15:38.770
is one of Martha
Escutia's constituencies

00:15:38.770 --> 00:15:41.880
that has been battling an
environmental and health hazard

00:15:41.880 --> 00:15:44.992
- a mountain of concrete
rubble - for six years now.

00:15:44.992 --> 00:15:45.950
SENATOR MARTHA ESCUTIA:

00:15:45.950 --> 00:15:53.510
It's made out of a\bout
150,000 tonnes of concrete.

00:15:53.510 --> 00:15:56.590
A lot of it came as a result
of the north ridge earthquake

00:15:56.590 --> 00:15:59.880
in 1994 when the Santa Monica
freeway literally collapsed.

00:15:59.880 --> 00:16:03.270
He was supposed to have
placed an enclosure

00:16:03.270 --> 00:16:07.100
and therefore inside that
inclosure crunch the concrete

00:16:07.100 --> 00:16:12.390
but he didn't all he did
was put this little curtain.

00:16:12.390 --> 00:16:14.750
And needless to say all
the dust from the concrete

00:16:14.750 --> 00:16:16.490
has just settled
over this community

00:16:16.490 --> 00:16:18.590
especially the people
right across the street.

00:16:28.110 --> 00:16:30.134
He's been living
here for 20 years.

00:16:30.134 --> 00:16:31.550
He's been living
here for 20 years

00:16:31.550 --> 00:16:33.670
so he's seen all this
you know, basically,

00:16:33.670 --> 00:16:35.670
the neighborhood
being transformed,

00:16:35.670 --> 00:16:39.380
changed as a result of
this concrete mountain.

00:16:39.380 --> 00:16:48.180
He really believes that ever
since they, they, this mountain

00:16:48.180 --> 00:16:53.010
came into existence that
his wife has gotten very ill

00:16:53.010 --> 00:16:56.080
and she's going
through dialysis and he

00:16:56.080 --> 00:17:00.369
is convinced it is a result
of the concrete mountain.

00:17:00.369 --> 00:17:02.410
I don't know if you can
sense it but every time I

00:17:02.410 --> 00:17:07.040
come here my nose
starts to want to sneeze

00:17:07.040 --> 00:17:10.720
but you can sense almost the
particles of dust in the air

00:17:10.720 --> 00:17:12.230
right now.

00:17:12.230 --> 00:17:15.300
It just shows the power
of money and greed

00:17:15.300 --> 00:17:17.069
and how the city
of Huntington Park

00:17:17.069 --> 00:17:20.609
anticipated revenues as a
result of crunching the concrete

00:17:20.609 --> 00:17:22.700
but I don't think
they ever anticipated

00:17:22.700 --> 00:17:27.980
it would result in a mountain
of 60 feet height with, I think,

00:17:27.980 --> 00:17:36.252
150,000 tonnes of
concrete in there.

00:17:36.252 --> 00:17:37.210
SENATOR MARTHA ESCUTIA:

00:17:37.210 --> 00:17:40.840
And I'm glad that finally some
environmentalists have realized

00:17:40.840 --> 00:17:44.950
that unless they start thinking
of the environmental problems

00:17:44.950 --> 00:17:50.440
of the urban core and make
it sustainable, then....

00:17:50.440 --> 00:17:53.690
You know, you can do all you
want for your spotted owl

00:17:53.690 --> 00:17:56.840
and for your beaches, but
unless you protect the people

00:17:56.840 --> 00:17:59.890
in the urban core, all their
efforts will be down the drain.

00:18:02.010 --> 00:18:02.510
DES KENNEDY:

00:18:02.510 --> 00:18:07.330
Welcome to Sao Paulo, Brazil,
now third largest in the world.

00:18:07.330 --> 00:18:11.400
The term 'sustainability' takes
on yet another perspective when

00:18:11.400 --> 00:18:13.500
you look at a city this size.

00:18:13.500 --> 00:18:16.890
New residents arrive
every day and their needs

00:18:16.890 --> 00:18:19.920
are as basic as their desire
for a better life from what

00:18:19.920 --> 00:18:21.430
they left behind.

00:18:21.430 --> 00:18:25.050
This city's immense
urban core has problems

00:18:25.050 --> 00:18:27.610
but so does its fringes
and even its watershed.

00:18:30.560 --> 00:18:35.150
Part of this reservoir supplies
Sao Paulo with drinking water.

00:18:35.150 --> 00:18:37.970
While some of the
surrounding watershed area

00:18:37.970 --> 00:18:42.970
remains pristine, much is
now inhabited by people.

00:18:42.970 --> 00:18:47.700
Urban growth is rapid in a mega
city and it's hard for everyone

00:18:47.700 --> 00:18:50.990
to find an affordable place
to live within the existing

00:18:50.990 --> 00:18:52.440
urban areas.

00:18:52.440 --> 00:18:55.950
Some who have settled here
are middle class others are

00:18:55.950 --> 00:18:58.300
the working poor,
and still others

00:18:58.300 --> 00:19:00.310
are informal communities.

00:19:00.310 --> 00:19:03.180
Many are living in
high risk conditions

00:19:03.180 --> 00:19:06.720
under power lines near
dumps and on land subject

00:19:06.720 --> 00:19:08.490
to flooding and erosion.

00:19:08.490 --> 00:19:11.620
Now the needs of both
the marginalized poor

00:19:11.620 --> 00:19:16.334
and the environment have
made the situation critical.

00:19:16.334 --> 00:19:17.000
ERICA DE CASTRO:

00:19:17.000 --> 00:19:20.760
The environment, the way
people in the first world

00:19:20.760 --> 00:19:22.790
understand environment.

00:19:22.790 --> 00:19:26.880
I mean the beautiful green
forest and so on and so forth

00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:31.000
is fine but what you
do when you have to,

00:19:31.000 --> 00:19:34.700
to feed a family, when
you are unemployed,

00:19:34.700 --> 00:19:39.100
when you are illiterate and
you don't have any skills.

00:19:39.100 --> 00:19:43.650
Obviously if the water
is polluted or not

00:19:43.650 --> 00:19:45.680
is not your first priority.

00:19:45.680 --> 00:19:49.520
But on the other
hand you can't just

00:19:49.520 --> 00:19:53.490
let the thing go because they
are polluting their living

00:19:53.490 --> 00:19:54.390
space.

00:19:54.390 --> 00:20:01.190
When you fly and you see the
division of the polluted part

00:20:01.190 --> 00:20:05.300
of the reservoir and the area
that is not so polluted and you

00:20:05.300 --> 00:20:14.150
see the different colours
of the waters, is shocking,

00:20:14.150 --> 00:20:14.650
DES

00:20:14.650 --> 00:20:17.360
KENNEDY: One informal
settlement in the watershed area

00:20:17.360 --> 00:20:19.670
is called Parque Andreense.

00:20:19.670 --> 00:20:22.840
It's the site of a
community-based pilot project

00:20:22.840 --> 00:20:25.630
that has partnered the Canadian
International Development

00:20:25.630 --> 00:20:29.150
Agency with the University of
British Columbia's Planning

00:20:29.150 --> 00:20:32.710
School and the Municipality
of Santo Andre.

00:20:32.710 --> 00:20:37.240
The project's goal is to develop
a bottom-up planning method

00:20:37.240 --> 00:20:39.460
with the area's
poorest residents,

00:20:39.460 --> 00:20:43.560
so they can become the stewards
of this sensitive environment

00:20:43.560 --> 00:20:47.880
ensuring that the water
supply is protected.

00:20:47.880 --> 00:20:51.610
Erika de Castro is the project's
Vancouver-based co-ordinator.

00:20:51.610 --> 00:20:55.920
ERICA DE CASTRO: I
mean we are trying

00:20:55.920 --> 00:21:00.090
to make a grass-roots things
and for this is so important

00:21:00.090 --> 00:21:04.370
and is crucial we are
working in Santo Andre.

00:21:04.370 --> 00:21:08.480
Because their approach being
from the Workers' Party

00:21:08.480 --> 00:21:09.700
is exactly this.

00:21:09.700 --> 00:21:12.760
I mean coming from
bottom-up, you

00:21:12.760 --> 00:21:18.010
do have the support of
everybody and is the only way

00:21:18.010 --> 00:21:21.190
we think we can
actually have something

00:21:21.190 --> 00:21:22.395
that will be sustainable.

00:21:27.405 --> 00:21:28.030
CAIO BOUCINHAS:

00:21:28.030 --> 00:21:30.950
We saw the watershed
area of Vancouver.

00:21:30.950 --> 00:21:34.820
There you only find bears
and seagulls at the lake

00:21:34.820 --> 00:21:41.990
and here you see how
it is with this area.

00:21:41.990 --> 00:21:45.420
We have at the
billings area - slums -

00:21:45.420 --> 00:21:49.070
where in spite of inspection
new shacks are added every week

00:21:49.070 --> 00:21:52.630
and people go there for
lack of housing alternatives

00:21:52.630 --> 00:21:58.810
because they cannot afford
to buy lots, to rent houses.

00:21:58.810 --> 00:22:01.174
These are people with
very low incomes.

00:22:01.174 --> 00:22:01.840
ERIKA DE CASTRO:

00:22:01.840 --> 00:22:09.920
You have a population around
the reservoir that are mainly

00:22:09.920 --> 00:22:13.070
socially excluded
you'd say because they

00:22:13.070 --> 00:22:16.050
are the ones that don't
have choices to live there.

00:22:16.050 --> 00:22:31.640
Then you need to work with them
because their main needs are

00:22:31.640 --> 00:22:35.085
to survive, to have
a place to live.

00:22:35.085 --> 00:22:35.710
CAIO BOUCINHAS:

00:22:35.710 --> 00:22:37.970
Today the environmentalists
are trying

00:22:37.970 --> 00:22:39.940
to talk to the
housing people and are

00:22:39.940 --> 00:22:43.110
looking for some kind of
understanding and improvement

00:22:43.110 --> 00:22:44.270
of the level of awareness.

00:22:44.270 --> 00:22:49.310
It is a very serious
matter because often

00:22:49.310 --> 00:22:52.540
the environmental interests are
opposed to the housing needs.

00:22:52.540 --> 00:22:56.870
But both parties are fighting
for fundamental rights,

00:22:56.870 --> 00:22:59.890
for our survival.

00:22:59.890 --> 00:23:00.390
DES KENNEDY:

00:23:00.390 --> 00:23:03.670
None of this works, of course,
unless the people on the street

00:23:03.670 --> 00:23:04.480
buy in.

00:23:04.480 --> 00:23:08.240
But how to get the complex
message of sustainability

00:23:08.240 --> 00:23:11.460
and participation
out there, especially

00:23:11.460 --> 00:23:13.510
to people who lived
under a dictatorship

00:23:13.510 --> 00:23:16.240
for so many years -
unaware of their rights

00:23:16.240 --> 00:23:18.630
and responsibilities?

00:23:18.630 --> 00:23:19.130
DES KENNEDY:

00:23:19.130 --> 00:23:22.890
In Santo Andre, popular
education takes many forms

00:23:22.890 --> 00:23:25.550
and occurs in some
surprising places.

00:23:25.550 --> 00:23:31.160
. . like doing a play
on a bus, for example.

00:23:31.160 --> 00:23:34.660
Popular theater, where the
audience participates and helps

00:23:34.660 --> 00:23:39.060
shape the story, has a long
political tradition in Brazil.

00:23:39.060 --> 00:23:43.200
Families can see their
real-life concerns acted out,

00:23:43.200 --> 00:23:46.034
and later, discuss
what they've seen.

00:23:46.034 --> 00:23:46.700
ERIKA DE CASTRO:

00:23:46.700 --> 00:23:52.860
It actually is an
active dialogue

00:23:52.860 --> 00:23:56.600
where you can discuss
anything and here is where

00:23:56.600 --> 00:23:58.680
environmental issues come.

00:23:58.680 --> 00:24:03.130
It's very effective in terms
of making people thinking

00:24:03.130 --> 00:24:05.320
in things that they
never thought about

00:24:05.320 --> 00:24:08.850
and they are kind of because
they got involved emotionally

00:24:08.850 --> 00:24:14.810
and with the issue, with
the story that is going on

00:24:14.810 --> 00:24:20.404
and they contribute,
and the story changes.

00:24:20.404 --> 00:24:21.070
MATILDE RIBEIRO:

00:24:21.070 --> 00:24:22.778
We try to make the
women in the community

00:24:22.778 --> 00:24:25.140
feel free to talk
about their thoughts.

00:24:25.140 --> 00:24:31.790
And therefore this
makes our work more fun.

00:24:31.790 --> 00:24:37.540
In our get togethers we have
theater, poetry, drawing

00:24:37.540 --> 00:24:45.320
sessions, storytelling
games for the children

00:24:45.320 --> 00:24:48.331
all this as a way of
expressing the reality

00:24:48.331 --> 00:24:49.330
of this local community.

00:24:52.820 --> 00:24:57.400
I think that the fact
that women are always

00:24:57.400 --> 00:25:00.240
worried about their
day to day lives

00:25:00.240 --> 00:25:05.430
and the well-being of both
their families and the community

00:25:05.430 --> 00:25:10.420
makes them the ones to prepare
the ground for the big changes

00:25:10.420 --> 00:25:18.880
in the community and
from their in the cities

00:25:18.880 --> 00:25:21.440
and in the entire country.

00:25:24.550 --> 00:25:25.050
OLGA MENDES:

00:25:25.050 --> 00:25:28.450
People here think that this
is a good place to live

00:25:28.450 --> 00:25:32.200
and today we are learning
about the environment.

00:25:32.200 --> 00:25:35.190
People already have a
different mentality.

00:25:35.190 --> 00:25:39.350
They think that if we are going
to make this a better place we

00:25:39.350 --> 00:25:41.800
must preserve and
look after the area

00:25:41.800 --> 00:25:44.300
so we will not have
garbage in the streets,

00:25:44.300 --> 00:25:45.870
we will have sewers.

00:25:45.870 --> 00:25:49.014
People are thinking
like that these days.

00:25:49.014 --> 00:25:49.680
ERIKA DE CASTRO:

00:25:49.680 --> 00:25:54.520
We are incorporating in this
model gender perspectives,

00:25:54.520 --> 00:25:56.560
economic and social aspects.

00:25:56.560 --> 00:26:03.030
We are trying to bring up
the social capital that

00:26:03.030 --> 00:26:07.345
is available in these places.

00:26:07.345 --> 00:26:07.970
CAIO BOUCINHAS:

00:26:07.970 --> 00:26:10.300
We hope that in
a cooperative way

00:26:10.300 --> 00:26:12.880
we can solve conflicts
and arrive at solutions

00:26:12.880 --> 00:26:14.100
that will benefit everybody.

00:26:19.990 --> 00:26:22.400
We believe that without
this participation

00:26:22.400 --> 00:26:25.300
there will not be
sustained progress, neither

00:26:25.300 --> 00:26:31.390
in the management proposals
nor in the environment issues,

00:26:31.390 --> 00:26:32.750
nor in the democratic process.

00:26:35.930 --> 00:26:36.430
DES KENNEDY:

00:26:36.430 --> 00:26:40.190
A city is the sum of the
hopes and dreams of the people

00:26:40.190 --> 00:26:41.130
who live in it.

00:26:41.130 --> 00:26:44.740
Whether it's L.A. or
Curitiba, or Sao Paulo,

00:26:44.740 --> 00:26:49.800
a city, like society as a
whole, has to work for everyone.

00:26:49.800 --> 00:26:53.650
Who should decide what a city
will look like and feel like?

00:26:53.650 --> 00:26:57.380
If 'Citizens' are empowered to
help create their home place,

00:26:57.380 --> 00:27:00.190
aren't they more likely
to feel a sense of pride

00:27:00.190 --> 00:27:04.702
and attachment, and take care
of that place as their own?

00:27:04.702 --> 00:27:05.660
SENATOR MARTHA ESCUTIA:

00:27:05.660 --> 00:27:11.640
Home place, to me,
means where I come

00:27:11.640 --> 00:27:16.090
to recharge my value system.

00:27:16.090 --> 00:27:18.470
I don't live in East
Los Angeles anymore,

00:27:18.470 --> 00:27:21.480
but I still consider
this home, because it

00:27:21.480 --> 00:27:26.090
seems to me that this is where
I have my emotional connections,

00:27:26.090 --> 00:27:28.820
my cultural connection.

00:27:28.820 --> 00:27:32.860
All of my memories are
here in East Los Angeles.

00:27:32.860 --> 00:27:35.570
I think it also is....

00:27:35.570 --> 00:27:40.440
Home place describes
the value system

00:27:40.440 --> 00:27:50.340
that basically contributed to
the person that I am today.

00:27:50.340 --> 00:27:50.840
MIKE BURTON:

00:27:50.840 --> 00:27:51.798
Planning is for people.

00:27:51.798 --> 00:27:54.850
The planning is not about
garages; it's not about houses;

00:27:54.850 --> 00:27:57.290
it's not about roads;
it's really about people.

00:27:57.290 --> 00:28:00.330
It's trying to create a place
for people, a place for people

00:28:00.330 --> 00:28:03.110
to live so that people have
a sense of manageability,

00:28:03.110 --> 00:28:03.890
a sense of place.

00:28:03.890 --> 00:28:05.670
That's very, very important.

00:28:05.670 --> 00:28:09.100
The sentence comes to mind:
a place where every child can

00:28:09.100 --> 00:28:10.450
walk to the library.

00:28:10.450 --> 00:28:12.370
That's a commitment
to kids, and it's

00:28:12.370 --> 00:28:13.662
a commitment to local services.

00:28:13.662 --> 00:28:15.745
It's a commitment to safety,
and it's a commitment

00:28:15.745 --> 00:28:17.080
to those things being close by.

00:28:17.080 --> 00:28:18.680
So it's a place like that.

00:28:18.680 --> 00:28:21.910
When you are standing
in the middle of it

00:28:21.910 --> 00:28:25.060
or you had to tell somebody
else about it, you could say:

00:28:25.060 --> 00:28:31.279
"This is the place I live."

00:28:31.279 --> 00:28:31.820
MARK HOLLAND:

00:28:31.820 --> 00:28:34.500
Our senior planner that was
overseeing from the city point

00:28:34.500 --> 00:28:35.530
of view a lot of
this process....

00:28:35.530 --> 00:28:37.500
He brought in pictures
of his children one day

00:28:37.500 --> 00:28:39.370
to one of our advisory
group meetings

00:28:39.370 --> 00:28:40.860
where we had a lot
of people there.

00:28:40.860 --> 00:28:45.080
He put them on the floor, and
he said: "That's why I'm here."

00:28:45.080 --> 00:28:47.320
"It's not about me,
because I'm only here

00:28:47.320 --> 00:28:49.190
for another 30
years in this world.

00:28:49.190 --> 00:28:51.990
You know, some of
these buildings

00:28:51.990 --> 00:28:54.440
will be less than 10 years
old or 15 years old by then."

00:28:54.440 --> 00:28:57.290
He says: "It's not about
me; it's about my kids.

00:28:57.290 --> 00:29:02.060
It's a sobering thought, but
it also makes it very real.

00:29:02.060 --> 00:29:02.560
DES KENNEDY:

00:29:02.560 --> 00:29:05.400
We've been talking about
urban sustainability which

00:29:05.400 --> 00:29:08.150
is a bit like military
intelligence, in that

00:29:08.150 --> 00:29:10.450
no one's quite sure it exists.

00:29:10.450 --> 00:29:12.010
But one thing we
can surely agree on

00:29:12.010 --> 00:29:15.170
is the wisdom of trying
to make our cities more

00:29:15.170 --> 00:29:17.620
livable for everyone in them.

00:29:17.620 --> 00:29:21.180
So why is this so
tough to accomplish?

00:29:21.180 --> 00:29:25.420
What do we have to change to
make sustainability, or even

00:29:25.420 --> 00:29:29.059
plain old liveability, happen?

00:29:29.059 --> 00:29:29.600
MARK HOLLAND:

00:29:29.600 --> 00:29:33.050
In my experience sustainability
has become contentious

00:29:33.050 --> 00:29:36.990
because it is so wide reaching.

00:29:36.990 --> 00:29:42.020
There's a home in the principals
of sustainability for nearly

00:29:42.020 --> 00:29:46.970
everybody and as such the
decision making around

00:29:46.970 --> 00:29:50.760
any particular sustainable
development involves tradeoffs.

00:29:50.760 --> 00:29:53.540
If everybody agrees
on what the values are

00:29:53.540 --> 00:29:56.031
there are no trade-offs to
be made because everyone just

00:29:56.031 --> 00:29:57.780
knows what the appropriate
trade-offs are.

00:29:57.780 --> 00:30:00.000
When you're dealing with
something as complex

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:02.280
as a full neighborhood
design especially one

00:30:02.280 --> 00:30:04.440
that's looking at least
100 years down the line

00:30:04.440 --> 00:30:07.900
and getting prepared today for
that whole sort of life cycle.

00:30:07.900 --> 00:30:11.099
um There are a lot of
trade offs to be made.

00:30:11.099 --> 00:30:11.640
WILLIAM REES:

00:30:11.640 --> 00:30:15.810
For sustainable development,
for sustainable cities,

00:30:15.810 --> 00:30:20.150
you need to have, above
all else, a fully informed,

00:30:20.150 --> 00:30:22.570
politically engaged population.

00:30:22.570 --> 00:30:25.600
Without that, all else is lost.

00:30:25.600 --> 00:30:28.500
If you take our own region,
Vancouver, for example --

00:30:28.500 --> 00:30:32.370
the greater Vancouver region --
all of the planning documents

00:30:32.370 --> 00:30:35.350
for the past 20 years have
moved in the right direction.

00:30:35.350 --> 00:30:37.640
So all the planning
has been, you know,

00:30:37.640 --> 00:30:40.580
right exactly where it
ought to be in a sense --

00:30:40.580 --> 00:30:43.710
in moving the city toward
a more sustainable form.

00:30:43.710 --> 00:30:46.590
When that rubber hits
the road -- literally,

00:30:46.590 --> 00:30:49.780
in this case almost -- none of
it's been implemented in a very

00:30:49.780 --> 00:30:51.530
sensitive way if at all.

00:30:51.530 --> 00:30:55.510
Nine out of every ten dollars
for transportation is spent

00:30:55.510 --> 00:30:59.580
on expanding roadways and on
building bridges or on other

00:30:59.580 --> 00:31:01.970
modes -- other things that
foster automobile use.

00:31:01.970 --> 00:31:15.880
The reason is that that's
where the political power lies.

00:31:15.880 --> 00:31:16.380
CHEEYING HO:

00:31:16.380 --> 00:31:17.830
I think all
politicians should be

00:31:17.830 --> 00:31:20.560
required to ride their
bikes for several reasons.

00:31:20.560 --> 00:31:22.590
One, it sets a
really good example.

00:31:22.590 --> 00:31:26.360
But if they became cyclists
or if they were cyclists as

00:31:26.360 --> 00:31:29.170
opposed to drivers,
then they really

00:31:29.170 --> 00:31:33.420
would understand what it takes
to plan a city for people

00:31:33.420 --> 00:31:36.129
rather than planning
a city for the car.

00:31:36.129 --> 00:31:36.670
WILLIAM REES:

00:31:36.670 --> 00:31:39.610
Politicians don't want to
confront a public wedded

00:31:39.610 --> 00:31:40.830
to their automobiles.

00:31:40.830 --> 00:31:45.110
Politicians are unwilling to
make the kinds of changes,

00:31:45.110 --> 00:31:46.580
because they read the polls.

00:31:46.580 --> 00:31:49.880
We have no urban
leadership these days

00:31:49.880 --> 00:31:51.780
that can move us
in the directions

00:31:51.780 --> 00:31:53.040
that we're talking about here.

00:31:53.040 --> 00:31:53.540
DES KENNEDY:

00:31:53.540 --> 00:32:02.990
At a key point in its
growth, the city of Curitiba

00:32:02.990 --> 00:32:06.800
had exceptional leadership in
the person of visionary Mayor

00:32:06.800 --> 00:32:10.700
Jaime Lerner and an eclectic
team of city planners.

00:32:10.700 --> 00:32:12.860
Lerner, who's now
governor of the state,

00:32:12.860 --> 00:32:16.800
was an architect who combined
pragmatism with imagination

00:32:16.800 --> 00:32:21.390
and inclusiveness in making
his city a good place to live.

00:32:21.390 --> 00:32:25.707
Transportation was where
they caught the bus.

00:32:25.707 --> 00:32:26.290
BILL MCKIBBEN:

00:32:26.290 --> 00:32:29.130
We're very used to the idea
that cities are in decline,

00:32:29.130 --> 00:32:33.540
and there's very little to
do about it and whatever.

00:32:33.540 --> 00:32:37.300
Learner, the mayor,
always says there

00:32:37.300 --> 00:32:39.440
are two kinds of
experts in the world:

00:32:39.440 --> 00:32:43.600
one who tells you why it is
that you can't do something

00:32:43.600 --> 00:32:46.050
and one who explains how
you're going to do it.

00:32:46.050 --> 00:32:48.530
He prefers to work
with the second kind.

00:32:48.530 --> 00:32:51.000
We've given over
most of our politics

00:32:51.000 --> 00:32:55.130
to lawyers and to budget
people, two professions that

00:32:55.130 --> 00:32:57.870
are extremely good at
seeing the downsides

00:32:57.870 --> 00:32:59.880
of every possible human action.

00:32:59.880 --> 00:33:00.880
They've....

00:33:00.880 --> 00:33:05.010
Learner hires other
architects, journalists,

00:33:05.010 --> 00:33:08.420
people who are very action
oriented to run his city.

00:33:08.420 --> 00:33:10.930
He hires tons of
women on the theory

00:33:10.930 --> 00:33:14.710
that they're able to
move more decisively.

00:33:14.710 --> 00:33:15.210
DES KENNEDY:

00:33:15.210 --> 00:33:19.660
A radical step in showing that
people had priority over cars

00:33:19.660 --> 00:33:24.080
was complemented with a reminder
that city planning is also

00:33:24.080 --> 00:33:25.180
for children.

00:33:25.180 --> 00:33:28.180
When enraged motorists
arrived to protest

00:33:28.180 --> 00:33:30.700
the main street
being closed to cars,

00:33:30.700 --> 00:33:34.400
they found the streets crowded
with a happy army of children

00:33:34.400 --> 00:33:37.240
busy with their paintings
- a tradition that

00:33:37.240 --> 00:33:41.384
carries on today.

00:33:44.142 --> 00:33:44.850
CASSIO TANIGUCHI:

00:33:44.850 --> 00:33:49.630
Every solution that we try
to implement in our city

00:33:49.630 --> 00:33:54.100
must cope with people,
with human being.

00:33:56.760 --> 00:33:57.260
When...

00:33:57.260 --> 00:34:05.680
You try to achieve the human
necessities, the human dreams,

00:34:05.680 --> 00:34:08.215
so you can have a good solution.

00:34:10.429 --> 00:34:10.929
DES KENNEDY:

00:34:10.929 --> 00:34:14.190
When Curitiba realized a
new library was needed,

00:34:14.190 --> 00:34:17.989
Lerner asked the right
question: Why not libraries

00:34:17.989 --> 00:34:20.219
for all the city's children?

00:34:20.219 --> 00:34:23.330
So several small
libraries were built

00:34:23.330 --> 00:34:27.360
within walking distance of
all children's neighborhoods.

00:34:27.360 --> 00:34:32.260
Each library has a watchtower
as part of its design

00:34:32.260 --> 00:34:47.840
to ensure the safety of
children coming and going

00:34:47.840 --> 00:34:48.570
with their books.

00:34:48.570 --> 00:34:48.580
MARK HOLLAND:

00:34:48.580 --> 00:34:50.350
One of the key
issues that's emerged

00:34:50.350 --> 00:34:53.620
in how we go about planning
in a more sustainable way

00:34:53.620 --> 00:34:55.409
is the idea of
multiple objectives,

00:34:55.409 --> 00:34:58.010
which is the essence of
sustainability really.

00:34:58.010 --> 00:35:00.410
It's not the environment
versus the economy

00:35:00.410 --> 00:35:02.900
or the economy versus
people and social health.

00:35:02.900 --> 00:35:07.060
It's: you cannot move forward
unless all three are there --

00:35:07.060 --> 00:35:10.820
so the three-legged stool of
sustainability, as it's known.

00:35:10.820 --> 00:35:14.390
There's an environmental, an
economic leg and a social leg.

00:35:14.390 --> 00:35:18.070
All three have to be strong,
or that stool's not stable.

00:35:18.070 --> 00:35:20.170
What we have learned
here is that the seat

00:35:20.170 --> 00:35:21.620
is really important.

00:35:21.620 --> 00:35:23.030
Without the seat....

00:35:23.030 --> 00:35:26.600
The seat, to me, is largely
the governing institutions --

00:35:26.600 --> 00:35:29.430
the institutions, the
decision-making institutions.

00:35:29.430 --> 00:35:33.270
If they aren't strong enough to
hold the strength of the legs,

00:35:33.270 --> 00:35:36.230
the stool will break.

00:35:36.230 --> 00:35:36.730
DES KENNEDY:

00:35:36.730 --> 00:35:38.313
I LIKE HOW MARK PUTS
IT: that the seat

00:35:38.313 --> 00:35:41.070
of our three-legged stool
is the seat of government.

00:35:41.070 --> 00:35:43.760
But too often, as we
know, governing bodies

00:35:43.760 --> 00:35:47.150
cater to the interests of the
most wealthy and powerful.

00:35:47.150 --> 00:35:49.590
And what do you do when
it's that very group,

00:35:49.590 --> 00:35:53.100
the privileged elite, that
begins retreating behind walls

00:35:53.100 --> 00:35:55.934
and gates, effectively
removing themselves

00:35:55.934 --> 00:35:57.475
from the rest of
the urban landscape?

00:36:01.925 --> 00:36:02.550
DALE MAHARIDGE:

00:36:02.550 --> 00:36:05.480
I drove down this road,
Crown Valley Parkway,

00:36:05.480 --> 00:36:07.020
and ended up at the ocean.

00:36:07.020 --> 00:36:08.720
Before me were these gates.

00:36:08.720 --> 00:36:10.950
Behind it was this
rich, elite community.

00:36:10.950 --> 00:36:13.410
I had never before seen
a gate-guarded community.

00:36:13.410 --> 00:36:15.020
Now they're ubiquitous.

00:36:15.020 --> 00:36:16.840
Everywhere you go you see them.

00:36:16.840 --> 00:36:18.450
It's gotten out of control.

00:36:18.450 --> 00:36:19.034
My fear is....

00:36:19.034 --> 00:36:19.533
Okay.

00:36:19.533 --> 00:36:21.110
My fears -- and
I've got hopes --

00:36:21.110 --> 00:36:25.490
my fear is we're going to see
these elite communities....

00:36:25.490 --> 00:36:27.560
More and more think
I don't need to be

00:36:27.560 --> 00:36:29.380
part of the larger society.

00:36:29.380 --> 00:36:32.850
I have a private police force,
private garbage collection,

00:36:32.850 --> 00:36:34.640
private entertainment.

00:36:34.640 --> 00:36:36.267
I don't need to
partake in society.

00:36:36.267 --> 00:36:37.350
Why should I fund schools?

00:36:37.350 --> 00:36:39.800
Why should I fund police forces?

00:36:39.800 --> 00:36:41.542
I pay for that myself.

00:36:41.542 --> 00:36:43.000
So that's where
you're going to get

00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:45.530
a Brazilianization of the
country, where the elite will

00:36:45.530 --> 00:36:48.470
just have marvelous
services, a marvelous life,

00:36:48.470 --> 00:36:50.074
and the rest will
have to make do.

00:36:50.074 --> 00:36:51.990
But of course, that will
come back to bite us,

00:36:51.990 --> 00:36:54.330
because if you can't drive
safely down the streets,

00:36:54.330 --> 00:36:55.080
what good is that?

00:37:05.117 --> 00:37:05.700
BILL MCKIBBEN:

00:37:05.700 --> 00:37:08.190
Mayor Learner said to me
at one point: "You know,

00:37:08.190 --> 00:37:11.320
we can't keep people from going
to live in gated communities

00:37:11.320 --> 00:37:14.040
if they want to.

00:37:14.040 --> 00:37:16.840
What we can do is
provide an opportunity

00:37:16.840 --> 00:37:20.482
for a more gregarious
life in our cities

00:37:20.482 --> 00:37:22.440
for people who want to
take advantage of that."

00:37:22.440 --> 00:37:24.180
And that's what they do.

00:37:24.180 --> 00:37:26.130
There are these
pedestrian malls.

00:37:26.130 --> 00:37:30.050
On Saturday morning they unroll
a huge sheet of newsprint

00:37:30.050 --> 00:37:32.560
on the middle of the mall
and put out pots of paint,

00:37:32.560 --> 00:37:35.530
and kids by the hundreds
come to paint pictures.

00:37:35.530 --> 00:37:40.140
There are 100 other examples
like that around town.

00:37:40.140 --> 00:37:43.860
There are an endless procession
of parks and bikeways --

00:37:43.860 --> 00:37:48.690
all of this in a place without
great sums of money but with

00:37:48.690 --> 00:37:53.230
something much more important:
creativity and a willingness

00:37:53.230 --> 00:37:57.000
to use that creativity for
the greater good and not to be

00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:00.280
caught up the politics
of self interest.

00:38:00.280 --> 00:38:00.780
DES KENNEDY:

00:38:00.780 --> 00:38:06.740
What fuels that
fear of 'the other'?

00:38:06.740 --> 00:38:09.570
The fear that creates
gated communities.

00:38:09.570 --> 00:38:12.490
And how does one go
about defusing the fear?

00:38:12.490 --> 00:38:15.440
Is there a magic
bullet for creating

00:38:15.440 --> 00:38:17.620
a safe and satisfying city?

00:38:17.620 --> 00:38:20.860
As we've seen, Curitiba
has done a brilliant job

00:38:20.860 --> 00:38:23.430
of solving many of
its problems, but that

00:38:23.430 --> 00:38:27.512
doesn't make it a template
for every other town.

00:38:27.512 --> 00:38:28.220
CASSIO TANIGUCHI:

00:38:28.220 --> 00:38:34.270
But I think a city
is a better city when

00:38:34.270 --> 00:38:39.950
you can balance the basic
needs of the population

00:38:39.950 --> 00:38:43.200
and the dreams of
this population.

00:38:43.200 --> 00:38:47.090
If you balance the
two aspects really,

00:38:47.090 --> 00:38:55.580
you have a very good city -- not
a paradise but a very good city

00:38:55.580 --> 00:38:59.900
with less gap between the
richer and the poorer.

00:38:59.900 --> 00:39:01.900
You can create more jobs.

00:39:01.900 --> 00:39:07.570
You can stimulate the
imagination of the population.

00:39:07.570 --> 00:39:11.170
To strengthen the self-esteem
of the population.

00:39:11.170 --> 00:39:12.850
This is a very important task.

00:39:12.850 --> 00:39:13.350
DES KENNEDY:

00:39:13.350 --> 00:39:15.630
It rains a lot here
on Denman Island -

00:39:15.630 --> 00:39:17.410
like six months non-stop.

00:39:17.410 --> 00:39:19.370
So our claggy boots
leave footprints

00:39:19.370 --> 00:39:21.640
as we go slopping
around in the mud.

00:39:21.640 --> 00:39:24.370
Living on a small
rural island like this,

00:39:24.370 --> 00:39:26.530
where rain is more
abundant than income,

00:39:26.530 --> 00:39:29.440
we've structured our lives
around consuming less

00:39:29.440 --> 00:39:32.110
and producing more of
what we do consume.

00:39:32.110 --> 00:39:36.260
Still, no matter where or
how we live, each one of us

00:39:36.260 --> 00:39:38.140
has an impact on the planet.

00:39:38.140 --> 00:39:39.740
How big an impact?

00:39:39.740 --> 00:39:41.590
How much of the
earth's resources

00:39:41.590 --> 00:39:45.480
are consumed maintaining you or
me in the style to which we've

00:39:45.480 --> 00:39:46.800
become accustomed?

00:39:46.800 --> 00:39:49.660
One way of calculating
it, is the notion

00:39:49.660 --> 00:39:51.709
of the ecological footprint.

00:39:51.709 --> 00:39:52.250
WILLIAM REES:

00:39:52.250 --> 00:39:55.050
One of the techniques that my
research group have developed

00:39:55.050 --> 00:39:57.580
over the last few years is
called ecological footprint

00:39:57.580 --> 00:39:58.470
analysis.

00:39:58.470 --> 00:40:01.860
The question we're asking is:
just how much of the Earth's

00:40:01.860 --> 00:40:04.980
surface is needed to support
any defined population,

00:40:04.980 --> 00:40:07.620
whether it's a single
individual, the population

00:40:07.620 --> 00:40:10.490
of a given city
or a whole nation?

00:40:10.490 --> 00:40:14.440
What we've been able to show,
by simply tracing the material

00:40:14.440 --> 00:40:18.100
and energy flows and the
waste output of consumption

00:40:18.100 --> 00:40:20.910
and the land required to
produce that material and energy

00:40:20.910 --> 00:40:23.330
and to assimilate the
wastes, is that....

00:40:23.330 --> 00:40:26.610
Now, with our very high
incomes, our enormous capacities

00:40:26.610 --> 00:40:28.490
to consume in the
rich countries....

00:40:28.490 --> 00:40:32.490
The average resident of
Europe, Japan, North America

00:40:32.490 --> 00:40:36.030
needs somewhere between four
and ten hectares, in that range.

00:40:36.030 --> 00:40:39.300
So that's a typical
developed country range --

00:40:39.300 --> 00:40:43.290
four to ten hectares per capita
to provide the biological goods

00:40:43.290 --> 00:40:55.410
and services that we need
on a continuous basis.

00:40:55.410 --> 00:40:55.910
JOHN RYAN:

00:40:55.910 --> 00:40:57.860
To me the central
sustainability challenge

00:40:57.860 --> 00:41:00.570
for us in North America
is our consumption.

00:41:00.570 --> 00:41:04.260
How can we reduce the amount
of stuff we take from the Earth

00:41:04.260 --> 00:41:05.810
everyday with our own lives.

00:41:05.810 --> 00:41:08.510
And there's no one
way to do that but I

00:41:08.510 --> 00:41:11.890
think waking more folks up to
the idea that consuming less

00:41:11.890 --> 00:41:14.780
can actually mean having
more joy in your life.

00:41:14.780 --> 00:41:15.280
DES KENNEDY:

00:41:15.280 --> 00:41:18.810
The global economic system
has provided a rationale

00:41:18.810 --> 00:41:22.510
for finding new markets for
the stuff advertising tells us

00:41:22.510 --> 00:41:23.340
we need.

00:41:23.340 --> 00:41:27.230
And many of these new markets
are in the cities of the south.

00:41:27.230 --> 00:41:30.270
We in the north now
know we need to reduce

00:41:30.270 --> 00:41:32.560
our consumption
of stuff, but how

00:41:32.560 --> 00:41:36.165
do we tell others not to buy
what we've told them they need?

00:41:45.130 --> 00:41:48.050
Most people migrate to
cities - north or south

00:41:48.050 --> 00:41:49.580
- seeking a better life.

00:41:49.580 --> 00:41:52.360
But the very concept
of 'a better life'

00:41:52.360 --> 00:41:55.490
contains more relativity
than Einstein's theory.

00:41:59.944 --> 00:42:00.610
ERIKA DE CASTRO:

00:42:00.610 --> 00:42:07.250
In coming from Brazil, that
is a developing country,

00:42:07.250 --> 00:42:12.830
that tries to imitate
America is much easier for me

00:42:12.830 --> 00:42:15.880
to see the conflicts
and the problems

00:42:15.880 --> 00:42:20.450
arising that we are in the
wrong road of consumerism.

00:42:20.450 --> 00:42:27.240
We consume far more
than we should.

00:42:27.240 --> 00:42:31.430
This is the lesson
we should learn

00:42:31.430 --> 00:42:35.320
with the informal settlements
and the poor people.

00:42:35.320 --> 00:42:37.670
You can live with far less.

00:42:37.670 --> 00:42:42.480
But unfortunately because I
think information technology

00:42:42.480 --> 00:42:48.410
and all these expectations,
even in the informal settlements

00:42:48.410 --> 00:42:53.010
you already have some
patterns of consumerism

00:42:53.010 --> 00:42:54.880
that are not the best ones.

00:42:54.880 --> 00:42:55.380
JOHN RYAN:

00:42:55.380 --> 00:42:58.390
The kernel of the problem can be
reduced to three simple words.

00:42:58.390 --> 00:43:00.990
Everybody watches Baywatch.

00:43:00.990 --> 00:43:04.920
The whole world watches American
and North American culture.

00:43:04.920 --> 00:43:09.180
It's important for
North Americans

00:43:09.180 --> 00:43:11.620
to start thinking
about ways to reduce

00:43:11.620 --> 00:43:15.940
their consumption of this finite
pie of goods and resources

00:43:15.940 --> 00:43:19.690
in the world and also to
show the world you can have

00:43:19.690 --> 00:43:21.800
a very high quality of
life, a healthy economy,

00:43:21.800 --> 00:43:23.910
without consuming your
own body weight everyday

00:43:23.910 --> 00:43:26.469
in natural resources.

00:43:26.469 --> 00:43:27.010
WILLIAM REES:

00:43:27.010 --> 00:43:30.060
If humans are truly
different from other species,

00:43:30.060 --> 00:43:32.930
it is in our capacity
to use our intellect,

00:43:32.930 --> 00:43:35.430
to use our capacity
for foresight,

00:43:35.430 --> 00:43:40.450
to change our behaviour to
avoid the worst possible case.

00:43:40.450 --> 00:43:42.910
If we don't succeed
in doing that,

00:43:42.910 --> 00:43:45.180
then there's no benefit
from intelligence.

00:43:45.180 --> 00:43:47.220
We're no different from
the other organisms.

00:43:47.220 --> 00:43:50.200
We'll simply follow this
inevitable escalation,

00:43:50.200 --> 00:43:52.200
over shoot and crash.

00:43:52.200 --> 00:43:52.700
JANE JACOBS:

00:43:52.700 --> 00:43:56.370
We have a seamless connection
with the rest of nature.

00:43:56.370 --> 00:44:02.410
And rather than lording it
over the rest of nature,

00:44:02.410 --> 00:44:07.720
our sensible task is to
see how we can get along

00:44:07.720 --> 00:44:11.770
more harmoniously with it.

00:44:11.770 --> 00:44:16.820
Now I bridle, I
think, when you said

00:44:16.820 --> 00:44:21.630
we must choose paths
for the future.

00:44:21.630 --> 00:44:25.100
That's part of this old hangover
that we can lord it over,

00:44:25.100 --> 00:44:28.740
that we are the smartest,
that we know what's

00:44:28.740 --> 00:44:30.570
good for the whole planet.

00:44:30.570 --> 00:44:32.570
We don't.

00:44:32.570 --> 00:44:35.620
It'll work itself out.

00:44:35.620 --> 00:44:44.680
If we are too unlucky
or too stupid,

00:44:44.680 --> 00:44:51.810
we'll be made extinct like other
animals that haven't adapted.

00:44:51.810 --> 00:44:52.310
DES KENNEDY:

00:44:52.310 --> 00:44:56.100
Are we as a species smart enough
to avoid our own extinction?

00:44:56.100 --> 00:44:58.800
Or to avoid such
overcrowding and grinding

00:44:58.800 --> 00:45:01.930
poverty That aren't a whole
lot better than extinction?

00:45:01.930 --> 00:45:04.310
The answers to these
questions will be found

00:45:04.310 --> 00:45:06.650
in the streets of our cities.

00:45:06.650 --> 00:45:10.020
The city is by its nature
a collective undertaking

00:45:10.020 --> 00:45:14.050
built upon the mutual
cooperation of its inhabitants.

00:45:14.050 --> 00:45:18.860
How do we reverse the tendencies
which erode that cooperation --

00:45:18.860 --> 00:45:22.000
the growing disparity between
the very wealthy and the very

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:25.270
poor, the pathological
self-interest of the gated

00:45:25.270 --> 00:45:29.470
community or the traffic jam
of single-occupant automobiles?

00:45:29.470 --> 00:45:33.130
How do we maintain the
wonderful vibrancy and freedom

00:45:33.130 --> 00:45:36.260
of our cities while
curbing the excesses that

00:45:36.260 --> 00:45:38.690
will surely spell their doom?

00:45:38.690 --> 00:45:39.190
JOHN RYAN:

00:45:39.190 --> 00:45:41.430
I don't think sustainability
is about sacrifice.

00:45:41.430 --> 00:45:44.820
I think it's about doing things
better, doing things smarter.

00:45:44.820 --> 00:45:47.920
When it comes to sustainability,
we in North America.

00:45:47.920 --> 00:45:50.690
We're in the grandmother of all
orchards or low hanging fruit.

00:45:50.690 --> 00:45:55.295
Our economies are so inefficient
at using the stuff and energy

00:45:55.295 --> 00:45:57.420
that we take from the Earth
that we could radically

00:45:57.420 --> 00:46:00.490
reduce those impacts without
causing hardship for anyone.

00:46:00.490 --> 00:46:02.850
You know, kind of
the tragedy or maybe

00:46:02.850 --> 00:46:06.870
the irony of the world's
environmental undoing

00:46:06.870 --> 00:46:09.330
is that so little of it
does anybody any good.

00:46:09.330 --> 00:46:09.913
BILL MCKIBBEN:

00:46:09.913 --> 00:46:12.520
Part of us is drawn to
doing things the easiest

00:46:12.520 --> 00:46:15.320
possible way, and part of
us is very self centred

00:46:15.320 --> 00:46:16.810
and all of that.

00:46:16.810 --> 00:46:18.250
You need to....

00:46:18.250 --> 00:46:22.240
One needs to work on
overcoming those things.

00:46:22.240 --> 00:46:24.990
It's the work of a
lifetime, and it is work.

00:46:24.990 --> 00:46:28.560
But the payoff of it -- as
everyone from, you know,

00:46:28.560 --> 00:46:34.140
the Buddha and Jesus to Gandhi
and Thoreau have attested --

00:46:34.140 --> 00:46:37.479
is that life becomes sweeter
the more you're able to do it.

00:46:37.479 --> 00:46:38.020
MARK HOLLAND:

00:46:38.020 --> 00:46:39.478
It's important that
we don't let it

00:46:39.478 --> 00:46:41.910
become a morality play
of good versus evil.I

00:46:41.910 --> 00:46:46.490
don't think we want to live in
a world full of social prudes,

00:46:46.490 --> 00:46:47.890
green prudes.

00:46:47.890 --> 00:46:49.380
That's not good culture.

00:46:49.380 --> 00:46:52.090
That will not give
us the blues; that

00:46:52.090 --> 00:46:55.560
won't give us great music
or great food or things.

00:46:55.560 --> 00:46:58.120
We need to incorporate
the complexity of being

00:46:58.120 --> 00:47:00.030
human into this whole
process, and that

00:47:00.030 --> 00:47:02.930
means you do when you can.

00:47:02.930 --> 00:47:05.510
When you can't, well, you try
and do better next better,

00:47:05.510 --> 00:47:07.210
or you just accept that
that's one of the things

00:47:07.210 --> 00:47:08.830
that you're not going
to make much headway on.

00:47:08.830 --> 00:47:09.330
JOHN RYAN:

00:47:09.330 --> 00:47:11.550
Nobody wants to have
their children's welfare

00:47:11.550 --> 00:47:14.790
harmed by a radically
destabilized climate.

00:47:14.790 --> 00:47:17.600
Nobody wants to have their
food be a potential health

00:47:17.600 --> 00:47:18.390
risk for them.

00:47:18.390 --> 00:47:21.740
Nobody wants to sit in traffic
for hours and hours on end.

00:47:21.740 --> 00:47:24.534
I think it's more a
trick of letting folks

00:47:24.534 --> 00:47:25.950
know in the various
different ways

00:47:25.950 --> 00:47:28.960
that communication will
work for different people

00:47:28.960 --> 00:47:31.320
that a sustainable
way of life is

00:47:31.320 --> 00:47:32.890
vastly preferable to our own.

00:47:32.890 --> 00:47:35.540
Not because we care about the
environment but because we

00:47:35.540 --> 00:47:36.850
care about ourselves.

00:47:36.850 --> 00:47:37.350
JANE JACOBS:

00:47:37.350 --> 00:47:41.130
I'm very fond of the human race,
and I hope that we don't --

00:47:41.130 --> 00:47:44.120
at least for a
long, long time --

00:47:44.120 --> 00:47:48.440
that we don't make the kind of
mistakes that are going to lead

00:47:48.440 --> 00:47:53.970
to our extinction or
to awful deterioration.

00:47:53.970 --> 00:47:55.550
I'd like to see us....

00:47:55.550 --> 00:47:57.850
I'm very fond of
this planet too,

00:47:57.850 --> 00:48:01.620
and I'd like to see the human
race and the planet getting

00:48:01.620 --> 00:48:02.770
along well together.

00:48:06.340 --> 00:48:06.840
DES KENNEDY:

00:48:06.840 --> 00:48:07.860
Ah yes.

00:48:07.860 --> 00:48:11.190
We began this exploration
of urban sustainability

00:48:11.190 --> 00:48:15.450
by asking the question:
what is sustainability?

00:48:15.450 --> 00:48:18.570
We end asking, not:
is it possible?

00:48:18.570 --> 00:48:22.980
But rather: do we, as a
species, have the intelligence

00:48:22.980 --> 00:48:25.420
to grasp the need for
a collective ethic

00:48:25.420 --> 00:48:28.390
if we are to succeed
as urban animals?

00:48:28.390 --> 00:48:32.090
Can we understand that
enlightened self-interest

00:48:32.090 --> 00:48:36.780
requires a fundamental change
in our patterns of consumption?

00:48:36.780 --> 00:48:41.850
Do we have the political will to
work towards necessary change?

00:48:41.850 --> 00:48:46.010
Can we, in the end, find
room in our crowded cities

00:48:46.010 --> 00:48:50.850
for Jane Jacob's wish: To see
the human race and the planet

00:48:50.850 --> 00:48:54.020
getting along well together.