WEBVTT

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[music]

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High in the Andes, one day a year,

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the citizens of Ayacucho
get to behave like kids.

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Right now they’re waiting to
play with the Easter bulls.

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[music]

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It’s Easter Saturday, Christ
dead but not yet arisen.

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In a world without Christ,
tradition here says,

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you could do what you want. The
real kids look on with interest.

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And sometimes get to takeover.

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[music]

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If they can stand those noisy adults.

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[music]

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Around the square, children decorate the pavement
with flowers, with a little help from the adults.

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These, from one of the poorest suburbs,

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Jesus Nazareno. Jesus Nazareno’s
men have ceased a chance

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to paint a picture of his
plan for the future.

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He calls it \"The New Path\".

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We have some mountains, some
mountains and a path, a new path,

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a new way, a new path which will be built with
the active participation of our children.

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The Mayor thinks the
path to a better future

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starts in the years between zero
and five – early childhood.

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But can the Mayor’s dream come true?

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In the 1980s, the mountains around
Ayacucho were the stronghold

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of the notorious Shining
Path maoist insurgency -

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some 70,000 died.

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[non-English narration]

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At that time the violence that hit the region could
mean five or six bodies in our district alone.

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And the people didn’t
know who had killed them.

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It could have been the
police or armed forces

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or it could have been the Shining Path.

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Today, Ayacucho province

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is largely peaceful. But in homes like
Hilda’s(ph), in the hill town of Socos,

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poverty remains. With her mini farmyard,

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her kids can look forward to lunch. But half
Peru’s, were all children have growth problems

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by 18 months. There is a
state day care center,

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a Wawa Wasi or children’s house
in the Quechua language.

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Preschool in (inaudible) Peru is high, but
there are no trained teachers here – activity,

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but not always stimulation.

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In the mountains,

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kids are often to be found strapped
to the backs of hard-pressed mothers

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and even sisters - this
for up to 10 hours a day.

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The truth is traditional parenting
is not always good parenting.

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Generally the babies are
carried on their back

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so there is no communication with them.
There is no way of talking to them.

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This is the main reason that the
children don’t develop properly.

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That’s why the children are a bit quiet.

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They don’t develop mentally, they don’t develop
physically either, because most of the time

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they are bound really tightly to the mother
and they are not exposed to society.

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They are so hidden away and
this is a general problem.

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During the ‘80s conflict, many families

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fled to Ayacucho city. There is
brisk business in the market,

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but kids can’t still get a raw deal.

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Kids carried like this do
bond closely with mums.

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And Sonya’s(ph) older kid does go to
preschool (inaudible) by the cheese.

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(ph) All times there is (inaudible)

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pasteurized (inaudible) she
is with oregano all types.

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[music]

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But outside the market,

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even less stimulation, the
danger perpetuating poverty.

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In Jesus Nazareno’s suburb, a
single slide stuck in a wasteland.

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The Mayor has a different vision
of these children’s future,

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not the Shining Path, but
the Mayor’s new path.

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I had a dream. We know that poverty
is a product of malnutrition,

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poor education, and poor stimulation. And from
these, we believe that investment in education,

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health, and nutrition is important. And
we believe in the early stimulation

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of our children. We are convinced
we shall work with children

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from the earliest age. And we are going
to form a new society of children.

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We’ll build a new generation of children.
They’ll be more successful

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and prosperous children and they’ll contribute
effectively towards a peaceful future

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for our country.

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The Mayor’s dream is simple, a better world
because every child gets a better start

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zero to five. But does science

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support his dream?

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Across the world, evidence on
both sides is mounting up.

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These, the western hills of Kenya. Thirty
years ago, the Gusii who live here

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were the subject of a remarkable study, which
changed views of traditional parenting.

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There were two things which they didn’t do.
One was they…

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that they barely spoke to their children.
The other thing was

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that they hardly ever looked at their children.
The reason that the mothers didn’t do this

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was because they had so many
responsibilities, domestic responsibilities.

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And so, you know, by the
time a child was about one,

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he or she would have stopped trying to get the mother’s
attention. And that was the most astounding thing for me.

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At the time I had little children
and I found it extremely painful.

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Did you share that reaction? No.
I didn’t share that reaction

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for a very simple reason. I
had lots of Gusii friends.

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And I knew that, as adults they turn
out to be perfectly fine people.

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If you go to Africa, you can see the
kids can’t catch up these things later.

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The Gusii wanted

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respect from their kids. On long term the
LeVines realized, children’s language abilities

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seemed unaffected. I realized,

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believed already that the
Gusii have their own way

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of shaping the child’s development

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where they put respect
before stimulation. And…

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And lo and behold the children
learn to speak anyway.

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[music]

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Today, we found mothers here half changed.

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When I talk, laugh, and cuddle the baby,

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he gets to know who I am and stuff like
that. The baby gets to know what is good

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and what is bad.

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But there was a clear
lesson from the study,

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traditional child rearing would be
the wrong approach in today’s world.

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I believe that the… the older
traditional Gusii approach

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doesn’t work in a world with schools.

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And that schooling is a… a
tsunami around the world

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that we have to adapt to,
it is no way of going back.

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Three thousand miles due north

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in Istanbul, evidence of how
traditional child rearing

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can be changed for the better. This
is a training center for mothers

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organized by the NGO Achen.
Mums are trained

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to stimulate and interact with kids.
The reason

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many still don’t do so. Failing to
interact can be a global phenomenon.

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The main issue, especially
with low education parents,

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is that there is not much
one-to-one interaction

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with their children at home. They are loving
parents and they provide their children

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with warmth and care.
However, there is not enough

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adult-child verbal interaction, for example.
Middle-class, more educated parents

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use a lot of language
activities and stimulation

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with their children. They speak with their children
much more, whereas low education parents tend

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not to do that, not enough of it anyway.
Thirty years ago,

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Rabia(ph) was a working mum from an
Istanbul shanty town. Baby daughter Ceren,

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well, there was a crèche and relatives.
But in 1983,

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Rabia(ph) and Ceren became part of another famous
study. There was now a preschool for Ceren

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and Rabia(ph) was trained to
interact, play, and read more.

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These lessons are… are sharing moments.
It is interesting.

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When I look at new paper, a new
book, I remember those days.

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I love the… the smell of these papers

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and it gave me a… a good start

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to read another book. It is
not a lesson to me it is fun

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with my mother. This is the special

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thing I think. For over two
decades, researchers followed

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as many of the group as they could. They compared
the children to peers in a control group,

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whose mothers had not been trained.
Young adults,

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who had the early intervention
were more… more successful than…

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than the other group. And this was
really a… a remarkable finding.

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They had more schooling and therefore
they joined the labor force later,

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which meant better jobs, higher
paying and more specialized jobs,

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using computers more, participating
in (inaudible) society

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and using credit cards more,

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meaning that they were
indebted, but they were

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a part of modern economy. So they are there,
much participating in modern society.

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Do you have a credit card? Of course!

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Today, Ceren is a successful architect.

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She has her own child. She is
passing on the parenting skills

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her mother was taught
to the next generation.

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My mother said something and I believed it.
Now, my son,

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I want him to trust me too.

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The importance of education,
it starts before the school.

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Nobody had this chance before.
We had this chance

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and we go further. They
gave us a road to walk.

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Wouldn’t most of these other children

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have caught up in the end anyway? No! No,

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on the basis of what we know,
on the basis of research.

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Indeed, they do not… if left on their own,

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they do not really make it in life.
But it’s more likely to happen

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is reproducing the poverty

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and the same kind of life. The big lesson here
is by improving children’s early environment,

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immediate environment, we can offset

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the detrimental effects of poverty in the
world and possibly even of violence.

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In Boston, in the USA, they’ve
been trying to find out

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if there’s any biological evidence
that stimulating young minds’ works.

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Working closely with Harvard
University, scientists

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have been paring inside the
brains of infant baby volunteers.

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A lot of people think that not much
is going on inside a baby’s brain.

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They figure baby is just laying there crying. But
science is telling us more and more every day

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is what an incredibly rich and
exciting and complex environment,

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the head… the… the inside of the head of
a baby. Babies are voracious learners.

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They are eager to kind of master the world.
We don’t have to do something

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to make that happen. In the early weeks
of life, I mean, babies can differentiate

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the voice of their mother
from… from others.

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Babies are attentive to detail in their
environment. Babies in the crib –

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notice things that adults don’t realize they
notice. Their brain is trying to figure this out

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all the time. And they are wired
with feelings and emotions

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and the capacity for human relationships and the capacity
for mastering their environment. And it all unfolds

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right in front of our eyes. Sometimes we don’t even
notice it. But when we look closely we can see it

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and we know that it’s there in every
baby from the moment of birth.

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Scientists have long had evidence to suggest
babies learn by interacting with careers.

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In a classic experiment, babies seemed
able to imitate their mothers’ smiles

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within 40 minutes of birth. In another,

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baby primates bonded with cloth
dummies that rocked them.

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They’d laud other machines even
if they gave the babies food.

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Human babies, it was reckoned,
needed interaction too.

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And, more recently,

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the Romanian orphans. In this inadvertent experiment,
young children deprived of early interaction

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struggled even after being adopted

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the lack of early stimulation only too
apparent. If you put children alone in a room,

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if you have babies alone in a room
and put educational videotapes

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for them to watch, babies will not learn from
videotapes in the same way that baby songbirds

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won’t learn to sing from tapes
of the songs of their species.

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It’s an interactive process.
The brain is wired

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to depend upon that interaction to establish
its circuits. And without the interaction,

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the circuits don’t get played properly. It’s a basic principle of
biology. Are you gonna be one of my freshmen in my Harvard seminar

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in a couple of years? So
today, what we’re gonna do is

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look at his brain’s use of oxygen. But
the other thing we’ll do eventually

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is that we have these caps that have sensors on
it that allow us to measure electrical activity.

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And the interest is… In the hospital lab,
Professor Charles Nelson is trying to find out

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just how the wiring works - this
studying the healthy brains

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of normal kids.

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I… I lost you, didn’t I? Can… Can you say… Can you say the
oxygenated hemoglobin? No. So, what’s cool about this is that…

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It’s a very exciting time to be studying brain
development in children largely because

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the technology has improved so dramatically over the
last 20 years that we can now peer inside the brain

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of a young baby or a young child and
not so much tell what they’re thinking

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as much as tell what’s going on their brain.
Babies’ eye movements and the dilation of pupils

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can be tracked by the millisecond.
That may help us understand how fear

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and aggression are wired into
children’s brains. Why, for example,

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babies seem fascinated by faces that exhibit
fear. What baffles us is why that is?

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And what the eye tracking allows us
to do is to say, do they look at

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a fearful face differently than they look at
other emotions? And is there something inherent

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in a fearful face that draws the child to look at
it differently? Maybe they focus only on the eyes

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and they not really scan the rest of the
face or maybe they repeatedly scan the face.

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We don’t know. And that’s what we’re
hoping to find out with this eye tracker.

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Do they look at fear differently than they look at
other emotions? The science is still experimental.

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The consensus so far, early years of brain
development maybe vital emotionally

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and socially, but academically
that’s more controversial.

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To think that getting to the children early because of
brain development provide some kind of magic bullet

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for later success is something we
should be very skeptical about.

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I would say the evidence
is robust that there is

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no critical or sensitive period for
acquiring mastery of school subjects.

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Emotional and social development, as
occurs with mothers and the families,

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is a different thing. But, again,

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there’s no guarantee that, because I’ve had a
cuddly mother, I’m gonna do well at arithmetic.

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They’re very separate issues. There had been
hopes scientists would find young brains

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so pliable they could be artificially enriched
say by playing babies classical music.

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In fact, there’s scant
evidence from Boston to back

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such pushy parenting. I think one of the things
that brain science hasn’t helped us address yet

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is this very concept of enrichment.
So, for a…

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a child being brought up in Boston, for example, who is watching
DVDs that are exposing them to three different languages

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and naming colors and shapes will
that long term have any implications

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for their later development, and I of… of the
opinion that the answer is no to that question.

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Brain science has not yet backed the more
utopian dreams of early childhood development.

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But does it justify calls for more funding?

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There is a debate. If we really believed,
if there was really good evidence

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that these first three years were special for
learning that would dictate taking resources

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that I now used in elementary school,
high school, adult education

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and pulling them into the first three years

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of a child’s life, there’s nothing
wrong with that if it worked.

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But if brain development isn’t the problem,
there’s a huge opportunity cost here.

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I’m not saying that science
has all of the answers

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to everything that else all societies around the
world in early childhood, but there’s no question,

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
no question at all that we’re learning more
and more about how the early foundations

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
for learning and physical and mental health
and behavior regulation, which includes

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
the possibility of violent behavior
later on, the… the foundations

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
are built in early childhood. What the
basic principles of neuroscience tell us?

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
Is that it’s better to get brain
development right from the beginning

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
than to try to come in and fix it later.
And if we build this strong foundation

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
in the very beginning of life, we get
much better outcomes in the long run,

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
and for actually less
money, less cost than the

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
much greater price that’s paid for
trying to fix things down the road.

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
Back in Peru, our Mayor is offering sweets,

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
ice creams, and his dream for the future.
He is a doctor himself.

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
He knows the science and reckons there
is enough to justify his optimism.

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
All of us in this district have a great
dream. We want our district to become great

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
and this depends on each one of you.
Now you are going to tell me

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
what each one of you wants to be when you
grow up. Let’s start. What’s your dream?

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
I want to be an engineer. Engineer.

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
Scientist. I want to be a nurse.

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
Lawyer. Give yourself a round of applause.

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
[music]

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
And the Mayor has been backing his dreams.
He has found funds

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
for a new pre-school, for
at least a few families.

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
[non-English narration]

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
They are children who arrive here

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
carrying the heavy burden of coming from
a Celtic family. They are undernourished

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
and have low self-esteem and tend to be
violent and hostile as a way of defense.

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
This has changed enormously, because
we’ve given the kids good nutrition.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
We respect their rights, and their self-esteem
improves and their ability to learn improves.

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
[music]

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
On a patch of grass, mothers train

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
just like in Istanbul.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
So the aim is that you follow the rattle.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
As you can see here, look, take
the rattle, take the rattle.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
So, you can see that she wants to grab
the rattle. And if she manages to,

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
this will also stimulate touch as well.
So, this is a complete stimulation.

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
[non-English narration]

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
For kids like Max and
Ismeralda, their own new deal,

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
parents learning fast.

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
I didn’t know how to do this because there was nothing
like this here. The big lesson for parents everywhere,

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
interacting works - older ways

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
may not be the best ways.

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
There was nothing to teach
me how to sing to them,

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
nothing like this. We’re close to

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
the end of Easter Week.

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:23.000
[music]

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
In Ayacucho’s cathedral,

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
chance for the Mayor to
renew his inspiration.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:43.000
[music]

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:53.000
[sil.]

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
Amid the final Easter celebrations,
grim news reaches Ayacucho -

00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
the remnants of the Shining Path have
killed 13 soldiers in the province.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
The Mayor’s new path won’t
guarantee peace or prosperity.

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
But he still believes starting
young means a brighter

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
not a darker future.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
We have a dream.

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
That’s why we’re working with children from their earliest
years. We want to create a new society of children

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
who love peace and who are
working for their prosperity.

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
We want to improve their self-esteem, improve their
conditions so that we can see a better future

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:45.000
for our children (inaudible)
and in our country.