WEBVTT

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[music]

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Permaculture really starts with an ethic.
Earthcare,

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is care of the health systems
of earth and species.

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So we actually devise model systems.
Much of the design is drawn from nature.

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The end result that we aim
for is to produce a system

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that’s ecologically sound and
economically profitable.

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It can get as sophisticated
or as simple as you like.

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[sil.]

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A city like New York has only one product,

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it is it’s garbage and feces. And if we sit
here, we can watch batch after batch like,

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a fertilizer proceeding
to be dumped at sea.

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And if it was returned to source
and used on demand to produce

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the food for New York, then
it would be no pollution.

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But we only dump it at sea of wiped out
700 square miles of ocean per year.

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They can say the only product New York is shit
and it actually is used to kill pads of the sea.

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[music]

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We have built nothing so
unsustainable as cities.

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We could only remedy (inaudible) food
consumed by the cities in the cities.

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We’ll start by looking at
some of the wastelands

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and what can be done with them. There’s hundreds, probably
thousands of acres of wastelands in cities like New York.

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And depends on city authorities as to
whether these are turned into food

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for the people of the city or whether
those options are closed off.

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And the common sense would dictate
that all spice now in the city

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to be kept open and given over to
the people for their own gardens.

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[sil.]

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City authorities don’t willingly give
up space. So coalitions like the

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Green Guerillas Farm to force
them to give spice for gardens,

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so there’s a considerable voting bloc
in support of his garden at city hall.

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The garden was founded by only five Green
Guerillas, and now a 150 families use the garden

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and it’s visited by many other
people in the district.

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Umm… This is the some of the peppers that are still coming
up. We have umm… eggplant over here, white egg plant.

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We don’t use any pesticides here.
We’ll put in…

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We have praying mantis and ladybugs.
Yeah. We do use some BT

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and stuff like that rather than,
you know, using chemicals.

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Most people would know these as allotments,

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and they’re most productive use of landscape for food in the
world. And they’ve what kept European countries alive during wars.

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Even in a city like New
York, there are hundreds

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and probably thousands of city farms, it
was about 1100 here a year or two back.

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And… So many people are involved in…
in part-time farming or production.

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And also, there’re a lot of community gardens
to which a lot of people have access,

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and which give at least a
breathing space in the city.

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City farms are all built on what
everybody else throws away.

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They all have small recycling centers.
All their sod is compost.

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And I have innovative uses for the
other things that people throw away.

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[sil.]

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This is egg sculpture

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in New York, it’s from objects threw away.
And it’s very like the watchtowers

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down in Los Angeles. It’s a great thing
to have in any community gardens.

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It’s full of interest.
There’s a million people

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live in this situation. I met Ray
Walden who was in one of the groups

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that took over these gardens when it was
wasteland and brought in soil to get it going.

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Ray is an inward pensioner, but he
gets food all year from this garden.

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I’d say, I take a shopping bag of tomatoes
and peppers and that sort of thing out

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at least once a week. We’ve
been very fortunate in that.

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And of course, the thing is that you have
something, it’s always different, you know,

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according to the time of the growing season,
but we get things as early as in April

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and, you know, greens and that sort of
thing. We’re getting crops right through.

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Well, we’ve been here since ‘83, we’ve been getting
mostly through December. Right about then,

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we’d get a good killing frost, it’ll take it
all. And then you collect what’s on the vine

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and that’s the end of that season. But you
start early again. You start in February and,

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you know, start eating again in April.
This little farm box are very much

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more than garden, so it’s a
social and neighborhood centers.

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Young mothers come and they have picnics with
their children. People come for small parties.

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And the elderly come here to rest and get away
from the city for a while. There are people

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in wheelchairs and people with a bad
arthritis, who can’t bend down the garden

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or people with bad backs. And it’s better to
rise a bed up like this about top of the side.

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And here all the fruit and everything
at waist level or at wheelchair level.

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You can… You can build it up
like this and fill it with this.

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In this case, they had to do that because
there isn’t any (inaudible) on the ground.

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And… Or you can build this on top
of our ordinary tables using mulch,

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just a straw mulch and people can garden in that.
So it doesn’t matter which way you go about it,

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but these raised beds are really
important to all the peoples.

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[music]

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The only rare resource
of the cities is space.

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And when we get it, we have
to make the most use of it.

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In urban areas there are two ways you can stack in more
fruit. One is to use dwarf or semi-dwarf fruit trees.

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And a few of those are
here, plums and apricots.

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And the other one is to make a fence out
of your fruit trees as an espalier.

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And underneath the grapes here there’s this
espalier apples, we just go along like rails.

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And as they get older, you
graft one into the other.

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And you actually make a fence
out of apples and pears.

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So that takes up hardly any
room at all for production.

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So there’re several ways you
can capitalize on the space.

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In the city farms and in fact in all urban
areas, vertical space is really important.

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And with vines you can
convert the whole wall

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into grape production or kiwi production.
But the other thing about

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the vines is that they’re active insulators.
The hotter it gets the more they sweat,

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to cool it the shadow gets inside
the vine, and the colder it gets

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the more they close down their air systems.
So, they prevent

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the entry of 70% of excess summer heat.
And they prevent

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the escape of 40% of your winter warmth. So, they’re
really doing a fine job as insulators on the wall.

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What’s more, with a brick
wall in good condition,

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they’ll preserve it about 200 years
longer than it would be without vines.

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Beautiful grapes too. So, you can see
that it’s not… it’s not just guiding,

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its design and design for
lowering energy inputs.

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My city farm can have livestock,

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but the one most commonly kept is the bee.

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And if you put the hive above peoples’
heads, and they clear the flood pipes.

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Hopefully, we won’t get stung. But the whole city farms
can’t have bees and many have other small domestic animals.

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[sil.]

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So this is a rare honey label,

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pure Manhattan honey. Maybe one
day, we’ll see six feet tacos,

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you know, four street corn,

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who knows it depends on the city.

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[music]

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It’s springtime in Melbourne,
and we’re the city farm,

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called Series. For a very large number of children, this
is the only chance they ever get to handle animals then

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to find out where the milk comes
from, all sorts of simple things.

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You gonna take good care.

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What are you gonna it on, vitamins?

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More milk. What else?

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The city farms are primarily
community educational centers.

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And the skills taught range from
simple things like planting a tree

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to complex things like designing
an energy-efficient home.

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This house is about as typical in its structural
form as… as any house around the district.

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And it was moved in here to show how many
ways you can make inexpensive additions

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to the house to heat and cool it
and to produce the hot water,

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and that’s 80% of energy. It does a little better than that.
And as time goes on, it gets a little more efficient.

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And it’s just a few solar
additions here and there.

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In the Western World cities, we’re
totally accustomed to limitless water

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and information, and space is not so restricted.
But in the Third World, space is very restricted,

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and water is not piped
necessarily to your house.

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So we have to be very careful and innovative
about the way we go about gardening.

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Here we are on Professor Aurora’s roof

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in the city of Hydrabad with his wife Hira,

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who has made a little garden up here which provides
quite a lot of food, fresh food for them both.

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We’d go and meet Hira? Hello, Hira. Hello.

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Your garden is looking very good to see. We were
interested in your watering system which is,

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I think the most efficient system, because
it wastes the least water of all,

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I think, in dry areas.

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Here in the Aurora’s rooftop garden, Hira has
sand pots, and she fills them every few days.

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They seep out slowly through
the young blaze clay

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and keep all the plants bottom garden.

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I think, this is the best watering
system maybe. As far as gardening goes

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and as far as saving water the Malabar fruit…
What do you call the Malabar fruit? Pui. Pui.

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Pui in Bengali. Yeah, well,
that’s a shorter name, uh?

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Yes. And it doesn’t need any care at all. Now, it’s marvelous.
It just… When it wants to grow, it’ll grow all over.

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And here, I see, we’ve already,

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we’ve got a custard apple, uh? Yes.
And you’ve had some from the tree.

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We’ve eaten about four or five. This
is the first season, that is good.

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Yeah, that’s great. Umm… But I… But I think extends the
roof is the tall trees around the edges, you know.

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Yes. We’ll go and have a look at
some of the passion fruit. Yeah.

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Good. Yeah. Well, this… Well, this passion fruit has
made it right up to the top. Yeah, did you do that?

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No. It came on its own. Yeah. It… How
could I do that? You never know.

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No, you know, no, we’re there.

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There’s some ripe ones just
down near the window. Yeah.

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If we leave the dense situation in Hyderabad where the rooftops
are the logical place to garden and go to the suburbs of Africa,

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you’ll see there are lot of spaces available
between houses, both for trees and garden.

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In Harare, we’ve very crowded
working peoples’ houses.

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And the real problem if
we get around housing

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where there is malaria problem is that the
bath water or the washing water is so rich in…

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in potash and nutrients. So, this is
an ideal mosquito breeding place.

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And a couple of years ago, mosquitoes
were very bad here. We had problems,

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because they were flying more what
we’re said to do is to build this

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thing to catch the water
from the outside tap

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and the bathroom tap and will
lead us to this pit which we dug.

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So what happens, all the water from the tap

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and the gray water from the
bathroom will run into here.

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So instead of just spreading and just
being exposed, it is being used by the…

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by the plants to grow.

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Also that it’s well drained so
it percolates into the ground.

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You can see bananas and sugarcanes. And
we’ve grown a lot of different things.

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Like any good Third World city,
there’s a market just down the road.

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Every item in this market is
either gathered from the bush

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or produced in the small
gardens around the market

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or on the small farms very close to Harare.
That good, good. Thank you.

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Thank you very much.

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What about you, madam?

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There’s a huge variety of plant

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and animal materials in this part of
the market with the medicine men.

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Most of the stuff here is for sexual problems
or love potions to attract customers

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to keep devils away. But there’s
also some very specific

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medicines, use herbs,
roots, parts of animals,

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broad parts of animals,
preserved parts of animals,

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all sorts of materials here,
you couldn’t enumerate them.

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I had no doubt that some people here with very specific
knowledge, but most people have it for magic, I think.

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If you have anything
somewhere in your skin.

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Yeah, the skin. Yeah, the skin. Skin problems.
Yeah, skin problem. You just have to squeeze it.

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Right. And put it on the skin. This is a squill.
And it’s very good for skin problems and itching.

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So, this is quite a specific medicine.

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I’m actually in fact not
far from the market,

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it’s a very large garden and orchard.
These paw paws, and bananas, mangoes,

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and avocados, a lot of green vegetables.

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It’s nice atmosphere. People would
rather live here in the poor houses

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with lots of food than in the
upper class suburb with a lawn,

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I know I would. So there’s a considerable
amount of food right through

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the whole settlements of Harare that
aren’t following the Western model.

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[sil.]

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Well, with the soil and

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food are becoming very uncertain
resources in the near future.

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And we can build them all into human settlements
if we want to. Or we can build settlements

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which take no account on
any of these human needs.

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[sil.]

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On one side of the road is the Radler beer

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subdivision and on this side
of the road is villages homes.

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Billy James is the first and is probably still
the best willow, came to an ecological village

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and it’s in the city of Davis in the United
States. It’s really extremely simple,

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but extremely sophisticated at once.
It was designed by Michael Corbitt.

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The houses are very close together
east-west. They’re just maybe 20 feet apart.

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But each row of houses sit on a
rise on either side of a… a hollow.

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And the hollow is called a swale.
It was Mike Corbitt

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who revived that name from the old English.
And so all water off the roof,

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all water off the roads and the pass,
ran into the swales, all the year,

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and is absorbed. And I think the
figures for the first few years went…

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we got a foot of water absorbed, and then we got about
two and a bit feet, I think, and then 17 feet in this

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(inaudible). So that once
you’ve got 17 feet of water

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saturation under here, you know you can
grow trees without additional watering,

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once their roots are down.
So most of these trees

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are on the water from the swales.
And then, many of the trees

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are food bearing trees on the little
public pass. This is a jujube,

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which naturally dries on the tree. It’s
a Chinese date. This is a good one.

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And you can store this as long as you like.
I’ve been eating one or two

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and keeping the pips. Ah, yeah,
this is a pretty good one.

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Here in the settlement

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as the trees have grown, the
houses have also grown in value.

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Till now they’re worth five times their original cost.
But just over the fence are houses that look like

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the American dream with swimming
pools, lawns, dogs, and garages.

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But the owners have to pay energy costs and all their
food costs. And so their houses are worth 30% less now

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than the houses in village homes.
Throughout village home,

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there are strips of public open space. And
this one, they all planted the fruit trees.

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It’s pomegranates, and citrus,
mulberries, and grapes.

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And there’s enough grapes for people to make, for the
public to make one really and for the public to eat grapes.

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So, there’s a high density of it.

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You’ve got to remind yourself all the time
here that we’re in a high density settlement.

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And the food is just, really
from hands reach away.

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So, you know, all the cost
of transport are gone.

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.999
Well, the cost of wastage is gone.
People here can make their own wines.

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
They make their own tacos from the corn.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
And some people here grow more and sell it.
So some… some people

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
here can make their living from growing or preserving
food. It just makes a lot of common sense.

00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
This place only gets 18 inches of rain.
And anybody would classify that as dry.

00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
But this town is cool, lush, and green.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
In all Western cities a fortune is spent on storm water
drains to export the clean rainwater out of the settlement.

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
But here the water is soaked into the ground
and the money saved is spent on trees.

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
Last year, they sold seven
tons of almonds, for example,

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
and the money goes to maintaining the gardens. When I was
working in South Melbourne, the city engineer said to me,

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
”We’re always taught never to plant
useful trees in public open space.”

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
And so that now I wonder why we were
taught that? And, of course, when you see,

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
public open place fully used for trees, we must all wonder
why we don’t do it, because every city in the world

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
can provide its own food at very low cost.

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:48.000
[music]

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
While I was in village homes,

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
I met an old, old friend David Katz. He and
his wife Karen and their kids have been here

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
from the very beginning. I can’t move
from here. The kids don’t wanna leave.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
And it’s… it’s a great neighborhood for
the kids. It’s nice to have a place where

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
uh… there’s… there’s real neighborhood, there’s other
people looking after the kids or where what’s going on,

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
and the kids could go out the door
from there, we toddlers on up

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
and… and make their own friends
and really control their own life

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
to a great degree that we don’t have to… you don’t have to worry about
them and run their life as much and makes it things easier for us,

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
and it’s a lot better for them. It’s been
really fun, because there’s no city traffic

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
and you can play in the streets. And there’s lots
of… There’s lots of fruit, so there’s, like,

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
almost something… something on
the trees all… all year long so,

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
like, summer peaches and
grandfather’s pomegranates,

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
and grapes. It’s been… That’s been fun.
And it’s also been fun just to have the,

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
like, big grain fields and being
able to go chasing the grape vines

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
and also just being able to
ride away and go down town.

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
They know the whole place so much better than we do.
They know everyone’s… what everyone’s backyard is like,

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
where their gates are,
how the windows work,

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
and where the… the secret spots are.

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
They play tag for hours, even the big
ones do, and no one can find them. Yeah.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
And I… I imagine every kid around
here is gotten involved in…

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
in the commerce of the place in terms of
the little girls in the neighborhood.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
There are only five or six, or three
or four that picked little bouquets

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
and pedal them door-to-door, it just, but mostly, I
think, for the fun of it and it’s just such a cornucopia

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
of fruit and all this other stuff that
I think it’s occurred to all of them

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
at one time or another to try to do something
with it. They get a real appreciation for it.

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
And actually know a ripe
fruit from one that’s not,

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
and… and develop a surprising knowledge
about all these kinds of plants.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
And they don’t… they’re not even aware
of it, and… so that’s nice too.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
You know, but the one thing we never
really appreciated was the fact

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
that how much freedom we
got out of the situation

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
just like right now. How
do you feel, honey?

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
This is so nice.

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:43.000
[music]

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
That’s an extremely beautiful house. It’s
cool. There’s not much noise gets in there.

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
And I have permission to go walk
on the roof, it’s just great.

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
[sil.]

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
Well, this is… Here I am
at the chimney of Jim

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
and Donna’s house, you know. This is
the sort of roof I really like it.

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
It’s always pretty, but it never needs painting. It’s always
so different colors with the flowers and the foliage.

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
And it’s a… Donna is down there, but
she can’t really hear me up here.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
So, it’s pretty soundproof.
And… And I remember this

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
when it was a short herb garden, now it’s
looking like a forest, seven years later.

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
Houses here are built
to be energy-efficient,

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
how settlements are built
to be energy-efficient.

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
Here, the windows are to the
south, the solar windows.

00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
They shaded this time of the year both by grapes and by
awnings, so we don’t get a lot of direct sunlight and heat in

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
when we don’t want it. Well, soon it
will be winter, and the sun goes low,

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
comes through these windows and
falls on these innocuous blocks,

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
which are actually steel tanks,
which will be filled with water,

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
come in the winter, and that’ll absorb the heat
and radiate it at night into the living area

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
and the kitchen area and out here.
So, everything is quite passive.

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
In this sort of environment, it’s typical for the
(inaudible) of the house to merge into the garden almost

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
without any up gradation,
so you’re sort of inside,

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
partly outside, outside. And,

00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
you know, most of the things around
us out here are food anyhow.

00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:58.000
[music]

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
We have organized (inaudible)
botanical garden here.

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
You have plums, cherries,
grapes, peaches, pomegranates,

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
citrus, quinces. What else?

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
Well, as just (inaudible),
I can see a banana like,

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
passion fruits, quinces, for instance
you never cook a rabbit without the use

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
of quince. I can see a rhinoceros.

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
[music]

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
There are really times

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:44.999
a bit of trap for me. I think, I’ve been
here every year since it was built,

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.999
and I wasted thousands of films on it, because it… it’s just
the best thing since last (inaudible) it’s the nicest place,

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:54.999
I think in the world for doing things.

00:26:55.000 --> 00:27:00.000
[music]