WEBVTT

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The vision is revolutionary.
Imagine a radical

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new approach to medical science that
utilizes our new found abilities

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to manipulate the world of the
infinitesimally small, the Nano dimension.

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Imagine tiny sentinels that monitor the
minute-by-minute status of our health,

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less intrusive and more efficient cures
for cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

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In the context of a Nano
particle, you can increase

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the amount of drug at the tumor site by 24.

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Now, in order to achieve that level of tumor
concentration of a chemotherapy drug,

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you would have to give a very high dose of chemotherapy
which would actually be lethal to a patient,

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but in the context of a targeted Nano particle,
you got essentially complete tumor eradication.

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A science that promises
radical developments

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in cell regeneration, our ability
to repair lost or damaged tissues,

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the science that could extent life,
revolutionize medical practice.

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As you can see from the many
tools that are out there now,

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uh… in the systems that are going now in the
hospitals, this is a not pipedream, its reality.

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A scenario that sometimes
approaches science fiction,

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but will the promise be fulfilled?
And if so what repercussions

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will these advances have on our lives?
What new questions will we confront?

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[music]

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[music]

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We have always counted our new
technologies to help us shape our world.

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Now, researchers are crossing
another technological frontier.

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In the Nano dimension,

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they are learning to manipulate the
most intimate mechanics of life,

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and they promise us more control of
our bodies and of our environment.

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This three part series
explores a mysterious

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and unknown universe and the
revolution it promises.

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Nanotechnology is already
improving our ability to detect

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the first signs of disease and diagnose
genetic predispositions earlier

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and more efficiently. Conventional tests
are time-consuming and expensive.

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Doctors must depend on complex
protocols and sophisticated tools.

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Many tests must be sent on to
large centralized laboratories.

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To be really fast and efficient, diagnosis

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would be done onsite. Labs and patients would
be in the same place at the same time.

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Dr. Chad Mirkin, Director of
the International Institute

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for Nanotechnology at
Northwestern University.

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A Nanotechnology brings a revolution to medicine in
many different areas, uh… so in the diagnostic front,

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it\'s gonna create very accurate, very
sensitive tools that enable point

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of care diagnostics. The point of care
being hospitals, the emergency room,

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and one day I think eventually the doctor\'s
office in home, people have talked about this now

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for a couple of decades, in this case the
Nanotech advances are really making it happen.

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Why such confidence? Because it is
precisely at the Nanometric scale

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that the first signs of a disease appear.
A human body

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contains about a 100 trillion living
cells, in order to coexist together,

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the cells exchange messages. The messages

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are tiny molecules, DNA fragments
or complex proteins that are only

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a few nanometers in size.
The cascades of reaction

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set off by these molecular
messengers are the language of life,

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the most intimate form communication.
When a cell is sick,

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it sends out different messages,
biologists call them biomarkers.

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They are the molecular signatures
of disease and the clues,

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the indicators on which the most
sophisticated diagnostic instrument depend.

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It turns out that

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there is unique genetic marker, and there is
often times a unique protein marker for almost

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every disease out there, anything
living in fact. And so, over the last

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couple of decades, the world has gotten very
good at identifying what these markers are

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and now we can begin to create tests for all
sorts of different markers that allow us

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to rapidly assess, determine the state of disease
and then the course of therapy that follows.

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This revolution is already underway.
The first diagnostic systems

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based on Chad Mirkin\'s research
have already been installed

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in some American hospitals.

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The machine embodies many of the
advances that nanoscientist promote,

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it\'s simple, fully automate and
uses disposable cartridges.

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A single sample allows doctors to detect
the presence of different diseases,

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genetic predispositions
or viruses in the blood.

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[music]

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Biggest benefit for doctors is being able to detect
multiple different organisms or multiple different targets

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in the same reaction and to get a decreased
turnaround time. The system was to

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prove its word, in a recent and
potentially threatening flu scare.

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In 2009, we saw umm… a recent outbreak of a

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novel strain of influence 2009 H1N1,
and through use of Nanotechnology

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we were able to detect the pathogen, identify
it, and determine what type or organism it was

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and we are able to do that in a period of
about three and a half hours as opposed

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to tradition culture methods which would require that
grow the organism and that would then be followed

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by detecting the organism, and that
could take in total of 14 days.

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But, how does this small device replace
the work of a whole laboratory?

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In order to look for biomarkers of
diseases, researchers can rely on a

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fundamental property of
molecular messengers.

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They bind exclusively to certain other
molecules according to a lock and key logic.

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These bonding molecules
called ligands are receptors

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which can used to identify and capture the
target, should the disease be present.

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To detect the disease, the researchers
need to see whether binding has occurred

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at a molecular level.

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To find a solution, Chad Mirkin looked back

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to the days of medieval
artisans and their use of gold.

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Gold Nano particles are little clusters of
gold, actually red in color when they are

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under a 100 nanometers in diameter.
Uh… They are very intensely colored,

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so very dilute solutions appear
as high colored solutions.

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And actually for that reason, they were used as a stains
and stained glass windows back in the middle ages.

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Now, the eternal glitter of goal

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has a new and more a high-tech application.
Scientist can stick

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biological ligands to gold Nano
particles, creating new particles

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that stand out clearly and
are easily detectable.

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You can think of them as little Nano
beacons structures that can latch on

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to a target molecule that tells me a
particular disease marker is present

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and then gives me a burst of signal.
They can differentiate on disease target

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in a presence of a sea of millions of other
disease targets with incredible specificity,

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in fact 100% accuracy in most tests.
Nano refreshers believe that

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the appeal of personalized medicine
will outweigh the high cost.

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As soon as it going to change medicine, it\'s going to
allow clinicians the ability to detect more things

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and we are gonna be able to develop diagnostics
that are fit for individual patients as opposed to

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those that are developed for the masses.
The full impact of this revolution

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is yet to come. Currently, the
system can only perform about

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10 different tests, but as new ligands are added,
the range of targeted biomarkers can be increased.

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In these types of tools as the menu grows

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and the different capabilities are
added to the same basic system,

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uh… the… the wealth of information one can collect is
just mindboggling. You are going to see this ability

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to detect really low quantities of targets, to
completely transform the field of medicine,

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because you are effectively taking the blinders off,
you are increasing the capabilities of the radar.

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Other diagnostic devices are coming
on to that market, some of them

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from Nano innovations in strikingly
different fields. In Italy,

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Dr. Silvano Dragonieri is trying an
unusual approach to disease diagnosis.

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He is adapting the use of a
device originally developed

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for military purposes to detect
traces of explosives or toxic spills,

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as well as to carry out checks in the food
industry, a portable electronic nose.

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We just took it, and because
it\'s easily available

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and not too expensive in order to check
whether it could be applied for medicine.

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Dragonieri\'s artificial nose has 32

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electronic sensors, but in this
case, the sensors detect disease,

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not explosives. As with the dog\'s
recognition of scent, the electronic nose

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doesn\'t so much analyze the scent as
recognize its pattern and imprint.

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Paralleling some kinds of
pattern recognition software,

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it detects the big picture
rather than separate components.

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Silvano Dragonieri thinks the
nose could detect the first signs

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of a range of diseases in
the breath of the patient.

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It\'s been found out in the last years that

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you human\'s breath contains more than 3,000

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volatile organic compounds. When
you are sick, there is a change

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in the body\'s metabolism,
a change in chemistry.

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Subject for example with lung
cancer uh… show different

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uh… volatile organic compounds
compared to subject without it.

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According to Dragonieri the nose
could be programmed to distinguish

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between a pathological imprint and a
healthy one. Nowadays, the CT Scan

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is the only diagnostic tool used for
early detection of lung cancer,

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but it\'s expensive and cumbersome
obtaining and reliable and fast diagnosis

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simply by blowing into a plastic bag
would be both faster and cheaper.

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[non-English narration]

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[music]

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The nose is able to distinguish subject
with asthma from subject without it,

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subject with lung cancer from subject without
it and from subject with chronic bronchitis.

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[non-English narration]

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Research is being carried out in
laboratories around the world

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and some scientists suggest that this
type of diagnostic device could be in use

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within the next decade. Should
the promise be fulfilled?

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These advances in early detection will make
diagnosis more immediate and less intrusive,

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but as the science evolves and
screening becomes instantaneous

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it could have far reaching consequences
in an imaginary future world.

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[music]

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I came here for the first time in 2040.

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I just met this girl Lisa, and she dreamt about
visiting the city of the future media called,

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I have plenty of time and she
was good looking, so why not?

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Nanocity or not, it seems that
some things would never change.

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Customs Immigration and Public Health Service… Well,
here they are called the Customs Immigrations

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and Public Health and
they were very polite,

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perhaps too polite. Come on, darling.

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Thanks. First, we would like They lead us
into separate rooms, but I soon felt this

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was going to be the usual (inaudible). Sorry
to interrupt your journey, but we are working

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with the public health. This was a public health
investigation and they had good news for me, I didn\'t carry

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any class A barrels. …then an control test, which means
that you are not a class A… But they have noticed

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that neither Lisa nor I were wearing any check patch.
So, do you know what a check patch is? A check patch?

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A Nano path? A check path, as you
can see on my colleague\'s wrist.

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In fact checked patch was a new
real time diagnostic device

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and they were offering to lend to one for
the rest of my stay here. …to our visitor.

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I would benefit from high-tech medical
protection while in the city.

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And at the same time, wouldn\'t pose a
potential health threat to the locals.

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We perfectly understand… The very idea of
this invasion of my privacy was unacceptable.

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…to protect you in the most efficient… And their
attitudes have started to get on my nerves.

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…fully appreciate… I began wondering whether
this wasn\'t some marketing stunt initiated

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by check patch. …Or do I need to call my lawyer?
Are the people\'s health and… I let them know

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I had enough of it. Okay, okay, okay.
Save your breath. My answer is, no.

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But apparently the check patch was not
compulsory. I like to go. Very well sir,

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as you wish. You are free to go. More fast,
if you please. Could you sign this please?

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Still they didn\'t let me go without
signing and official disclaimer.

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Thank you, sir. Goodbye.
And enjoy your stay.

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It\'s a bloody circus here.

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Lisa was already in the hall. You okay?
Yes. And she had some news in her arm?

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That\'s not a reason to get mad. She was wearing a check patch.
What do you mean no reason to get mad? Stupidly I lost my tempo,

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said a few things I wished I hadn\'t.
A couple that naive.

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Calm down.

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[sil.]

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Next thing I knew, I was in hospital. Hello,
Mr. Santos, you fainted at the airport…

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I fainted at the airport, and when I came around,
I was in for a shock. But, I noticed you

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don\'t take much care of your body. The
doctors knew everything about me,

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not all of it was good. …and your sugar level is 16%
above average and you have… Especially the news

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he said for the ape, lung cancer.

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What are my chances? The chances of what?
My chances of survival?

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What do you mean? There is nothing serious in all of
this. But he seem to be a little casual about it,

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is this some kind of joke? Yes, a very
small cancer, at a very early stage.

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Apparently in Nanocity cancer was simply
not a problem anymore, if it was detected

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early enough, it could be easily cured. I was
stunned. There might be a small problem though…

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But notice much, that\'s when I realize that not
having the right insurance, they were planning

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to send me back home. You are able to… Are you telling me,
you are going to send me back to my country to die slowly

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from a cancer, that you could easily treat here?
Yes… No, I\'m not the one who makes the law. Listen…

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And that wasn\'t all. This guy had causally

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told Lisa I have cancer and she had panicked, because
thanks to her new patch, he had just told her

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that she was pregnant. …baby.
What? She obviously did…

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Three days pregnant. I
never saw Lisa again.

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[music]

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In parts of the world, life expectancy is on
the increase, but there are still diseases

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that confound. Philip Kantoff is a cancer
specialist at the Dana-Farber Institute in Boston.

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Right now cancer remains
one of the leading causes

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of death in the United States and around the
world. People are living longer, but still

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it\'s a challenge to cure
people with advanced disease.

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After numerous pre-clinical trials Kantoff
is testing a protocol that is radical

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than highly selective, and is
being used for the first time

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on cancer patients. …this
was pretty serious…

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The traditional approach to treating cancer has
been with chemotherapy, which are chemicals that

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are relatively nonspecific in that,
they kill cancer cells, but they kill

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normal cells as well. And as a
result of that, they cause toxicity

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or side effects. This
was also the challenge

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facing Omid Farakhzad from Harvard Medical
School, and Professor Robert Langer

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from MIT, how to design a
treatment that would target only

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rogue cells and spare the healthy ones?

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If you take the chemotherapy
drug docetaxel,

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and if you give that drug in this conventional
form, you know, something in the neighborhood,

00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:29.999
may be a couple of percent of the drug actually
ends up going to the tumor and they… and, you know,

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a huge portion of that administer does actually
goes to other places where it\'s cause of toxicity,

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we target a delivery, you
control exactly where

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you want your drug molecule to go. Dr.
Farakhzad and his team are encouraged

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by the results of the early trials. What
we are seeing across a range of animal

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models of cancer is that we are always
able to improve the efficacy of a drug

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compared to the apparent drug and we are
almost always able to improve the safety

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of that in animal models. Given
such precious targeting,

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the team has been able to increase the dosage
of the drug without causing any apparent

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adverse side effects. Only
the tumor takes the hit.

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In the context of a Nano particle,

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you can increase the amount of
drug at the tumor site by 20 fold.

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.999
Now, in order to achieve that
level of tumor concentration

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of a chemotherapy drug, you would have
to give a very high dose of chemotherapy

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would actually be lethal to a patient, but
in the context of a targeted Nano particle,

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you got essentially
complete tumor eradication.

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The particles are only tens of nanometers in
size, but their sophisticated engineering

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gives them some unique
properties, they are so small

00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
that they can roam the body freely as they
hunt for the disease cells. They also contain

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
an anticancer drug. The first
phase of the structure

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
was resolved some 30 years ago, when
scientist succeeded in containing

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
the active drug molecule in a
plastic Nano particle. By altering

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
or amending the formula scientist can
also control the size and porosity

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
of the particle and the
quantity of the dose.

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:33.000
[music]

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
Although the particles can travel the body,

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
they must also out win that
phosgene of human health,

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
the immune system. But, how?

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
Professor Langer staged an
elaborate trail, he attached

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
tiny filaments capable of capturing
water molecules to the particles.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
The camouflaged particle is then able
to circulate in the blood stream

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
for several hours without being
detected, before finally dissolving.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
[music]

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
Omid Farakhzad took the initiative a
step further and added a homing device.

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
Ligands that bind to specific
receptors that grow only

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
on the membrane of tumor cells.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
Now the Nano scale drug delivery
system can specifically recognize

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
one cell from the other
and deliver it\'s payload

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
to the desired cell and to a far less degree
to a cell that it\'s not supposed to go to.

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
[music]

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
And, once their task is accomplished,
the particles are designed

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
to be eliminated naturally.
The materials that we use

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
in the context of uh… designing our
Nano particles have actually been used

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
in… in other medical systems for well over
for decades. And these Nano particles

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
tend to degrade in the body into
essentially lactic acid and glycolic acid

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
and these are molecules that the
body uses actually to create energy.

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
The targeted delivery protocol is
the first in the world to enter

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
human clinical trials.
So far the team tells us

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
there are no signs of toxicity
related to their technology.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
But, it\'s been less than a
year since the test began.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
I think it\'s very important not to over
hype this umm… and… and to say that

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
this is a step wise uh… approach.
The animal results

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
are very, very promising, umm… what remains
to be seen is whether that can be achieved

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
in humans and it\'s a… it is a leap
going from animals to people.

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
Umm… So, we are… we are hopeful,
but we are cautiously optimistic.

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
It is a formidable jump.
However, Omid Farakhzad

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
believes the basic principles of targeted delivery
could revolutionize contemporary medicine

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
and lead to a reappraisal
of many other therapies.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
The real potential of Nanotechnology
goes far beyond cancer therapy,

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
we can develop far more effective treatments for
cardiovascular diseases, umm… you can develop

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
much more efficacious vaccines. What we are
seeing today is just really a tip of the iceberg,

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
what\'s underneath is just
humongous, almost difficult

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
to imagine today. But, what I do know is that the medicine
that we are gonna practicing 30, 40, 50 years from now,

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
will look nothing like today. Futurist for
sea cocktails have targeted Nano particles,

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
program to identify and combat disease.

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
A brave new world which promises
healthier, longer lives

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
and the prospect of the eternal youth.

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
[music]

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
I deployed for a humanitarian
VISA and that cured

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
my cancer all right and the rest of me too.
I hadn\'t realized

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
what poor shape I was in until I came here.
I didn\'t care much I guess.

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
But, now I knew and I decided to stay.
It seem the safe thing to do.

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
And I like the look of the place.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
But by then, I found another reason

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
to stay, Rachel.

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
I didn\'t understand at first what it was

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
she had that got to me, she
was beautiful all right,

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
but she was more than that.

00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
I\'d never met anyone like her, she
had a depth of feeling a very gentle

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
and strong outlook on life.

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
She took time to enjoy every minute of it.

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
She never seemed to work

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
or have much of a social life, but
she kept a distance towards me

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
like she was cautiously
protecting herself from me.

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
In fact, I didn\'t know anything about her.

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
Then one day, she asked
me to come to her home.

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
And that\'s where I found

00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
she had a husband, George.

00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
When she married him, George was a famous
research scientist, that being happy

00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
together for 30 years, until he was in
an accident and lost both his legs.

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
He gave up his career and became

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
and virtual recluse. For
more than 20 years now,

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
George had been addicted to a very powerful
Nano targeted drug, straight to the brain,

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
no secondary effects. Day after day,

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
he would sit on the terrace and
look at the sea, it was his choice

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
and she respected it.

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
It was a heartbreaker, but yet something
sounded wrong about this story,

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
George was too young. You don\'t understand,

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:44.999
do you? George was pursuing

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.999
a wonderful dream, to free humanity
from disease and suffering.

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:54.999
Out of love I tested with him the new molecular
correction treatment here, just invented.

00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
Thank you.

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
It went well at first, and then George started
to change. He began to take more and more risks,

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
he said he wanted to test the
boundaries of his new condition

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
until his accident.

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
Today I\'m 89

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
and he is 92, and nobody knows
how long we are going to live.

00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
We didn\'t have a child

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
and I lost all the people I loved.
You have probably

00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:39.999
disappeared long before me.

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.999
It was a mistake to think
that the end of disease

00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:49.999
would be the end of suffering,
a journey without end.

00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:58.000
[music]

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:14.999
Living a youthful life at 92 might become
an option for some, but the immediate,

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:19.999
more prosaic reality lies in
maintaining our metabolism.

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.999
Most of our body tissues stop
developing when we reach adulthood.

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.999
If damaged by accident or
disease can they be restored?

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:34.999
In Chicago,

00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:39.999
scientist at the Institute for Bio
Nanotechnology and Medicine are at work

00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:44.999
on a radically new approach. Samuel Stupp,

00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:49.999
the center\'s director is employing
what he calls molecular signals

00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:54.999
to help encourage selves to continue
growing and to help regenerate

00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.999
lost or damaged tissue.

00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:04.999
When our bodies are forming,
there are many signals

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:09.999
that are taken place where
cells are being instructed

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.999
by uh… Nanostructure in
fact outside of the cell

00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:19.999
to produce certain tissues
to also produce the signals

00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:24.999
that allow cells to connect with
each other and form an organ

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.999
to form a functional tissue. The idea in
Nanotechnology is to create Nanostructures

00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:34.999
that are synthetic, and
they are built and designed

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:39.999
to talk to selves as
though they were uh… parts

00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:44.999
of the natural tissue during development.

00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:49.999
Sam Stupp has designed
Nanoparticles which self assembled

00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:54.999
into Nanometric filaments.

00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:59.999
[music]

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:04.999
Those filaments gather up and coils much like collagen,
the natural structure that guides the growth of cells

00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.999
to form most of our body\'s tissues.

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:14.999
Ramille Shah head of one of the
laboratories at the institute

00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:19.999
has studied the behavior of cells when
implanted in new and artificial structures.

00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:24.999
Our natural tissues are
made up of collagen fibers

00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:29.999
and these fibers are Nanofiber
structures, a cell can actually

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:34.999
umm… see a Nanofiber, and if it\'s
surrounded by a bunch of Nanofibers

00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:39.999
it can interact with each
individual Nanofiber.

00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:44.999
Usually cells are signaled in the body
through proteins that tell the cell

00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.999
to attach, to migrate,
to multiply in number.

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.999
If we can take those signals
that the body naturally

00:30:55.000 --> 00:30:59.999
gives the cells and put them into these
artificial matrices, then we can use that

00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:04.999
to instruct the cells to do what we wanted them
to do. Sam Stupp has modified the particles

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:09.999
of the surface of the filament is covered with
proteins that instruct cells to grow tissues,

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:14.999
and the results have been spectacular.

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:19.999
It\'s really neat to see cells
really responding to a material,

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:24.999
because it\'s high bioactive, they thrive,
they are very vibrant and alive. And so,

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.999
when you see that, you know, researchers get excited, you
know, especially for two new materials, because you know that

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.999
this has promise. An artificial
environment which encourage

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:39.999
yourselves to form specific tissues
in vitro is already a great success,

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.999
but Sam Stupp is looking further ahead.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:49.999
With generative medicine, acknowledge it has
to be something that the patient can receive

00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:54.999
in a doctor\'s office or in a
hospital, it has to be easy to do.

00:31:55.000 --> 00:31:59.999
So, we thought we could create those
molecules, put them in a solution,

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:04.999
and then just inject them, inject
them in the human body, place them

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:09.999
wherever they are needed, so that
they can promote regeneration.

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:14.999
Ramille Shah and her husband Niraw,

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:19.999
an orthopedic surgeon, have designed an
experiment that regenerates cartilage in rabbits.

00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:24.999
It is extremely simple, you have

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.999
a site where cartilage needs to grow again,

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:34.999
and at that site, you place
uh… the liquid that contains

00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.999
these molecules, and these molecules right
at that site, build these filaments

00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:44.999
into some kind of network,
and that network is ready

00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:49.999
to interact with cells.

00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:54.999
Even sophisticated surgery techniques,

00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:59.999
necessarily produce scar tissue, but
experiments with Nano particle gel

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:04.999
enable almost perfect regeneration.

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.999
The results from the rabbit
model were very exciting,

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.999
very promising, because we show that not
only that did it help regenerate tissue,

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.999
that cartilage tissue within the defect,
but it also preserved that quality

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:24.999
of cartilage in the surrounding surface,
if we can prove that, the results are also

00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.999
very good in larger animal
models, and that it\'s also safe,

00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:34.999
umm… then we\'ll move on to human clinical trials. And
so, that\'s sort of down the road, but umm… yeah,

00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:39.999
good research is continuing.
There have been further test

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.999
to explore the regeneration of other
body parts, blood vessel, skin, bone

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:49.999
and tooth enamel, so far
tests have been positive.

00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:54.999
What we envision is actually
a very broad platform

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.999
of Nanostructures that are
chemically designed to signal cells.

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:04.999
And that can be customized for specific
targets in regenerative medicine.

00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:09.999
Other research work is focused
on the regeneration of neurons,

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:14.999
the cells that power the brain and nervous system,
initial tests have been exploring paralysis

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
and injury, its groundbreaking science
that if it were to be successful,

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
offers extraordinary promises in the
treatment of a range of trauma and disease.

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.999
It would be great to regenerate new neurons
in… you know, for Alzheimer\'s patients

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:34.999
also or to… to have different ways
of dealing with brain injuries,

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.999
again you have to produce new neurons
of if not produce new neurons,

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
at least you need to uh…
promote bran chain of neurons

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
that are already there, and I guess
that have damaged either by trauma

00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:54.999
or by some disease. To achieve this,

00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:59.999
the Nano particles have been customized to
self assemble and to form artificial cells

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:04.999
that carry molecular messengers similar to the ones
that support the neuron\'s growth in the brain.

00:35:05.000 --> 00:35:09.999
[music]

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:14.999
And the neurons flourish in
this artificial environment.

00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:19.999
Their extensions grow and
spread to make new connections.

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:24.999
It\'s an approach that could have many

00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:29.999
other applications, but there
are still challenges ahead.

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:34.999
Some targets are going to be
more difficult than others,

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:39.999
umm… I think cartilage for
example will happen relatively

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.999
quickly or bone, uh… I think other targets

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:49.999
like the brain and… and even the heart
might take a little bit more time,

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
but in our bodies all
of the major processes

00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
involving cells occur through signaling.

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
And… and the objects that are involved
in those signals are from the standpoint

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
of the Nanotechnologist,
they are Nanostructures.

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.999
So, in a way it gives you the idea that uh…

00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:19.999
we can manipulate the human body in ways
that we never thought about before.

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.999
And that might include the possibility
of technically enhanced humans

00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:29.999
with Nano implants. I\'m a photographer,

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:34.999
and Rachel had given me the idea to shoot the
portraits of the modified, the four runners

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
of a new humanity. And this
work had caught the attention

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
of the famous Salvatori, owner of a
very influential art gallery, famous

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
for its able to shock. Lovely to meet you.

00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:54.999
Rachel told me a lot… He wanted to see the
whole series to may be stage and exhibition.

00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:59.999
…and I can\'t wait to see the rest of it.

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.999
Rachel, who you know, she
is 92 years old today.

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.999
This is Jim Ex-cripple,

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:14.999
he is with the Special Forces now, multiple
reconstructions and amplified sensor system,

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
a dangerous animal. Bill,
hypo muscle and bone growth,

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
suffered from cardiac malformation at birth,
his father trained him. He won 6 medals

00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
at the last Olympic game. The case is
currently being studies by the committee.

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
Elona, the one, she is everywhere.
Entirely redesigned

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:39.999
after a plain crush, equipped with
a lot of extras, she is a puppet,

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:44.999
very touchy. And this is David…

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:49.999
He love the picture, he love the
concept, and the timing was perfect.

00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:54.999
Enhancement in post humans
was a burning project.

00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:59.999
Brilliant idea and they are great. He said
he would have to device a special approach

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.999
that would appeal to his cliental. …so
this pushed humanism, drawing big.

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:09.999
I didn\'t quite understand what he
meant, but it sounded like good news,

00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:14.999
so I decided to trust him. Hello, dear.
How are you?

00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
On opening day, it became
though I should have.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
When I arrived there was already a
little crowd, but something was wrong.

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
People behaved strongly and I didn\'t
see a single picture of mine.

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:34.999
That\'s when a cheerful
Salvatori suddenly appeared.

00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.999
They love it, I told you.
He sounded enthusiastic,

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:44.999
I just got more perplexed. Where are my
photos? And it must have been showing,

00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:49.999
because he started to apologize.
Don\'t tell me

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:54.999
you didn\'t get the chip. He was so sure he
had sent me the chip with the invitation.

00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.999
He was right, there it was,
but I still didn\'t know

00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.999
what to do with it. Tell me… He
began to look very embarrassed.

00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:09.999
Oh! My god. I\'m so sorry. He
presumed that his customers

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
had an implanted reader, it
was so cool and fashionable.

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
Stay there, I should… He said
something about an old device he kept

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
for the workers and vanished again.
It was like a nightmare,

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
everybody seem to stare at me
like I was a strange animal.

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.999
I\'m sorry; it\'s really not very fresh… And
he came back with a huge pair of glasses.

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:39.999
I have an upper class cliental
and what equipment you know –

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.999
Putting them on was quite an experience.

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:53.000
[music]

00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.999
Now, I did see and hear
too, it was fascinating.

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:08.000
[music]

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
With that soon felt dizzy. They
were the real post humans.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
Their world had not much in
common with mine anymore.

00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
And then I thought,

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
maybe that\'s what getting old is about.

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
[music]

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
But does the enhanced human,

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
\"Half man, half machine\" have much of a future
other than in the movies and science fiction?

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
Building connections

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
between brain and machine continues
to fascinate and Nanotechnology

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
will likely play a significant role.
But to many researchers,

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
there are more immediate
and rewarding challenges.

00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
Enhancements, that\'s sort of not the goal of
this of… of this research or my research,

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
just… we just want to improve patient
quality of life. It\'s really to…

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
umm… to bring back whatever used to
be the perfect tissue, I don\'t know

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.999
what would be better than having
a perfect tissue actually.

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.999
Advocates believe the science
balances a new understanding

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
of the Nano dimension with discoveries in other
disciplines. It\'s especially relevant they say,

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
as the scale reflects that most
fundamental processes of life.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
As science has progressed, we have learned

00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:59.999
about all the processes
that uh… keep us alive

00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:04.999
and uh… we know it in a level of
detail that makes it possible now

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:09.999
for scientist that work

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:14.999
in chemistry, in physics and in
engineering disciplines to emulate

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.999
those processes with synthetic structures.
The Nano Revolution

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.999
promises less invasive, more
preventive personalized medicine,

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.999
but right now it\'s a revolution
that is little know beyond the lab

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
and big business, and its
future is difficult to predict.

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
People contemplated this
magic bullet or targeted

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
delivery almost over a 100 years ago, but,
you know, with… with… with Nanotechnology

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
we are beginning to realize that in a very
significant and substantial way today.

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:54.999
The spread of these approaches could be very
fast, and could be on the more pervasive

00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:59.999
because of their apparent simplicity.

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
These are technologies
that are not based upon

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
expensive components, in facts it\'s the
know how to build and that\'s important.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
As that type of technology matures, as we get more and
more advances, the competition will begin to drive

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
the places down, and you\'ll seen then an explosion
in terms of the disruption of these types

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
of technologies all over the world.
Nanoscience has caught

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
the imagination of many in the medical
community, matched only by the enthusiasm

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.999
of investors. Such backing
comes at a prices,

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:39.999
much of the new research is patented.
As the science it promises much,

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.999
but is there a will to share its
wonders, its promise of universal

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:50.000
and low cost access, that
would be a true revolution.