WEBVTT

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It\'s my pleasure to be in
the Schomburg Collection,

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in the library
here in New York City

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with the curator.

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Her name is Mrs. Jean Hudson.

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Mrs. Hudson, I\'d just like
to get into something real fast.

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Now how long
the library been here,

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-the Schomburg Collection?
-Since 1925.

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And how long
have you been here?

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Oh, I hate to admit it
but it\'s a generation,

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20 years except for one year
in West Africa.

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And this whole collection,
where does it come from?

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Is it something somebody gave
to the public library system

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or is it a--

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The Carnegie Corporation

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bought Mr. Schomburg\'s
private library

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and gave it to
the New York Public Library

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as a nucleus for a Negro
or African collection.

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So the linb--pardon me,
the library\'s main purpose,

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then, is to collect
black literature,

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essays, histories,
et cetera.

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Yes, we try to follow
Mr. Schomburg\'s original policy

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which was to try
to collect all books

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by peoples
of African descent,

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whether they\'re in Africa
or over here in the U.S.

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or South America, wherever.

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How about this library itself?

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I imagine--I look around
and I see

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all these wonderful books
and things,

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I just want
to get in here myself.

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I imagine a lot of famous people
have gone through here,

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like Langston Hughes
and many others.

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Yes, well, James Weldon Johnson
was involved

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in the original organization
of the institution.

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Also, W.E.B Du Bois
came in the early days

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before Langston was drawn to--

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he said
the Schomburg Collection

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helped draw him
to New York City.

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-Oh, is that right?
-Uh-huh.

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-You know, I noticed--
-And Countee Cullen

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used to come in every day
with his poetry youngsters.

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-Mm-hm.
-And I imagine a lot

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-of other folks too.
-Yeah.

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How \'bout just
the general public?

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They come in here.

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Is this the only library
like this in the country

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or the world?

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Well, this one is unique

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in that it\'s in
a public library.

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The others are connected
with universities.

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And how about yourself now,

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what do you foresee
in the future

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as far as the library
is concerned?

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Will it be something
that will grow,

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do you need more space,
more money?

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We definitely need space.

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Things like our art objects,
for example,

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need to be spread out
so that they can really do

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their own thing,
as we say now.

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They\'re so jammed together now

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that you cannot realize
the beauty of them.

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Oh, I see.
You know,

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I have to leave
you now, and I hate to,

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but on my next trip back
I think everybody,

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Harlemites and all,
should be here,

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and especially
the young people.

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On February 21st, 1965,

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brother Malcolm X was struck
down by assassins\' bullets,

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and since that fateful day
schools and organizations

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in black communities
across the country

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have been renamed
in his honor.

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And tonight
onBlack Journal,

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we examine
the life and legacy

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of this great leader,
Malcolm X,

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who\'s changed
a lot of lives,

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including yours truly.

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♪

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On February 21st, 1965,

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Malcolm X was assassinated.

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In his eulogy to Malcolm X,

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Ossie Davis said,

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\"Many will ask
what Harlem finds to honor

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in this bold young captain,

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and we will smile.

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Malcolm was our manhood,
our living, black manhood.

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This was his meaning
to his people.

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And, in honoring him,
we honor the best in ourselves.\"

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His widow,
Mrs. Betty Shabazz,

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tells of his childhood.

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Well, his early life,

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his family was disrupted,

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his father was killed
when he was six

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and his mother lady--

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later went
to a mental institution.

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So from the time he was
about six years old on,

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he reared himself.

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He was in foster homes

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and boys\' homes

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until he was about 15.

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And then he went
for a year and a half

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and lived with
a half-sister in Boston.

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And he was in prison

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and it was kind of rugged,
really.

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After his release from prison,

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Malcolm X became a minister
for the Nation of Islam.

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In his autobiography,
Malcolm X said,

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\"No sane black man
really wants integration.

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No sane white man
really wants integration.

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The only solution is complete
separation from the white man.\"

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And one of the facts
in your estimation

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is that Negro and white can
never live together in America.

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Well, evidently
the white man feels

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that the Negro
can never live with him,

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because it\'s the white man
who is stopping integration.

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I\'m not the one
who is stopping Negroes

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from integrating
with whites.

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I\'m not the one
who keeps Negroes

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from integrating
white schools.

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And so don\'t put the burden
of proof on me.

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It is the white man
himself who is guilty,

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and whose guilt proves that
the Negro and the white man

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can\'t live side by side.

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Now, if I\'m wrong
in saying they can\'t,

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just prove that I\'m wrong
by doing it

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or just show me one place
where it\'s done.

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If it can\'t be done
in New York City,

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it won\'t be done anywhere
in this country.

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Malcolm X became one
of the best known ministers

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in the Nation of Islam,

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but he was silenced
for 90 days

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after the assassination
of President Kennedy.

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Malcolm, would I be
correct in saying

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you\'re going to initiate
a new movement in this country?

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No, I don\'t think I\'m equipped
to initiate a new movement,

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but it\'s my intention
to take the teachings

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of the honorable
Elijah Muhammad

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and make them work
on a broader level.

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How long has this
been building up,

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this decision
to make the change?

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Well, I have been able
to see for some time

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that it\'s--that I do
run into obstacles

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in trying to help him
within the movement.

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So, I want to help him
just that bad,

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assist just that much,

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so it\'s my intention
to try and do it now

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and the only way
that I know how--

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and I think I can do it better
without the restrictions

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that I would run into
by being a part

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of the Muslim movement
in this country,

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that is the Muslim movement
as it now exists.

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How severe were the restrictions
these past 90 days?

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Oh, during the past 90 days
they were most severe,

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I\'ve been completely silent.

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Not able to talk

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is a real affliction for you,
is that right?

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Not only have I not been able
to speak as a Muslim,

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I haven\'t even been able
to speak as a man.

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Actually, going back
to that incident,

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you have told me
on other occasions

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that you didn\'t actually
say you were glad

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the President was dead.

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What did you say, Malcolm?

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No, my subject that day
was God\'s judgment

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of white America.

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And I showed
the different incidents

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that had been building up,

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step by step.

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The fulfillment
of prophecy.

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And that all of these things
that were taking place

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were the result of some bad--

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some seeds that were badly sown

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or some bad seeds
that were sown.

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And the death
of the President

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I referred to as the result
of other things,

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a combination of things.

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And, surprisingly,

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this is what the whole country
was saying,

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that it was
a climate of hate.

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So chickens coming home to roost
means the same thing.

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And this is
what you said,

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chickens were
coming home to roost.

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-Yes.
-But at no time did you say

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you were glad
the President was killed?

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No, I did say this,
that it pleases me

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to see that the wisdom
of the prophets,

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these ancient prophets,

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was so vast that they could
foresee these things

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exactly as they were
to come to pass

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thousands of years ago.

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This was part
of my lecture that day.

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-Mm-hm.
-And they twisted it.

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In April 1964,

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Malcolm made his first
pilgrimage to Mecca.

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Malcolm, on your trip abroad,

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you said you sensed a feeling
of great brotherhood

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and that conceivably
you would be working

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toward integration
in this country now,

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at least this is what you were
reported to have said.

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Do you have any comment on it?

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I don\'t think that
I ever mentioned anything

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about working toward
integration.

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If I recall,
I pointed out

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that while I was at Mecca

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making the pilgrimage,

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the--I spoke about
the brotherhood

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that existed at all levels
and among all people

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who were there on that Hajj,

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who had accepted
their religion of Islam.

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I mean,
perhaps it could drive

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some of the racism
from this society

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as it has driven racism
from the Muslim society.

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Do you accept integration
as a possible solution

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to the racial problem
in this country?

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No, in--see,
people cloud the issue

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when they bring in
the word \"integration.\"

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Integration
can\'t even be defined.

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This is one of the reasons
why it hasn\'t been realized.

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When a letter
was written back

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and it was published
inThe New York Times,

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I think Mr. Handler
published it,

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a lot of people felt that he was
becoming an integrationist,

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which was not true.

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He had gone to Mecca
and he had merely

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written about what he had--
what he saw.

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And people reported it as if,
you know,

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he had gone there and planted
these people there.

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So this was an observation
on his part

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and he was not in the least
becoming an integrationist.

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His role was forever
the fight for black freedom.

00:08:37.999 --> 00:08:40.750
He wanted to raise the
level of the struggle

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from one of civil rights
to one of human rights,

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and he felt that civil rights
confined the--

00:08:47.083 --> 00:08:49.625
our struggle or our fight
for freedom

00:08:49.625 --> 00:08:51.584
to the borders
of the United States.

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And if we internationalized
our struggle,

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if we got allies,

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and everyone realized

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the importance
of getting allies,

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even this country
in the Revolutionary War,

00:09:04.999 --> 00:09:06.125
they sent people all over,

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Foreign Correspondence
Committee,

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to explain their plight
to the world

00:09:11.292 --> 00:09:13.709
and trying to get allies.

00:09:13.709 --> 00:09:16.417
And I think the French
and the British

00:09:16.417 --> 00:09:18.000
and Spain
joined this country

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in helping her win
her independence.

00:09:22.876 --> 00:09:24.542
And just like
they needed allies,

00:09:24.542 --> 00:09:25.999
you know, the black people
needed allies,

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and I think this was one
of the reasons for his trips.

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Well, my purpose here
is to remind

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the African heads of state

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that there are 22 million
of us in America

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who are also
of African descent.

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And to remind them also
that we are the victims

00:09:40.999 --> 00:09:45.250
of America\'s colonialism
or American imperialism.

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And that our problem
is not an American problem,

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it\'s a human problem.

00:09:49.458 --> 00:09:50.917
It\'s not a Negro problem,

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it\'s a problem of humanity.

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It\'s not a problem
of civil rights

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but a problem
of human rights.

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And what do you hope for
from this conference?

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Well, we hope to bring
pressure upon them,

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or rather we hope
to impress upon them

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the importance
of their bringing pressure

00:10:05.333 --> 00:10:07.584
and world opinion
upon the United States,

00:10:07.584 --> 00:10:09.417
take some
meaningful effort

00:10:09.417 --> 00:10:11.041
to solve our problem
in America.

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We want them to help us
get our problem

00:10:13.792 --> 00:10:14.625
before the United Nations

00:10:14.625 --> 00:10:17.876
and charge America with
violating our human rights

00:10:17.876 --> 00:10:20.250
in the same way that
South Africa is charged

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with violating
the human rights

00:10:21.584 --> 00:10:23.999
of our people
in that area.

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And what sort of reaction
have you been getting

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from the African leaders?

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Well, I\'ve gotten
a good reaction,

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a very sympathetic reaction,

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and an understanding reaction.

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Many of them
have been misinformed

00:10:34.458 --> 00:10:35.876
by the American government

00:10:35.876 --> 00:10:38.333
into thinking
that black people in America

00:10:38.333 --> 00:10:39.417
don\'t identify with Africa.

00:10:39.417 --> 00:10:41.959
And therefore
they\'ve restrained themselves

00:10:41.959 --> 00:10:44.999
from voicing their interest
in our problem.

00:10:44.999 --> 00:10:46.876
But I\'ve impressed upon them

00:10:46.876 --> 00:10:48.375
that our problem
is their problem

00:10:48.375 --> 00:10:51.375
as well as their problems
are our problems.

00:10:51.375 --> 00:10:53.834
(chanting)

00:10:56.584 --> 00:10:57.333
Through continuous struggle,

00:10:57.333 --> 00:11:00.834
Malcolm X attempted to unify
the Civil Rights Movement

00:11:00.834 --> 00:11:01.959
with black nationalism.

00:11:01.959 --> 00:11:03.999
He speaks to students
in Selma, Alabama,

00:11:03.999 --> 00:11:05.709
a few weeks
before his death.

00:11:05.709 --> 00:11:08.999
And now
if the federal government

00:11:08.999 --> 00:11:12.125
does not find it
within its power and ability

00:11:12.125 --> 00:11:15.083
to investigate
a criminal organization

00:11:15.083 --> 00:11:16.166
such as the Klan,

00:11:16.166 --> 00:11:18.542
then you and I
are within our rights

00:11:18.542 --> 00:11:21.542
to wire
Secretary General U Thant

00:11:21.542 --> 00:11:22.999
of the United Nations

00:11:22.999 --> 00:11:24.834
and charge
the federal government

00:11:24.834 --> 00:11:27.750
in this country
behind Lyndon B. Johnson

00:11:27.750 --> 00:11:29.375
with being derelict
in its duty

00:11:29.375 --> 00:11:33.542
to protect the human rights
of 22 million black people

00:11:33.542 --> 00:11:34.000
in this country.

00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:37.917
And in their failure
to protect our human rights,

00:11:37.917 --> 00:11:40.999
they are violating
the United Nations charter

00:11:40.999 --> 00:11:45.041
and they are not qualified
to continue to sit

00:11:45.041 --> 00:11:46.542
in their international body

00:11:46.542 --> 00:11:49.083
and talk about what
human rights should be done

00:11:49.083 --> 00:11:51.333
in other countries
on this Earth.

00:11:51.333 --> 00:11:53.792
(applause)

00:12:01.750 --> 00:12:05.250
I have to say this,
then I\'ll sit down.

00:12:05.250 --> 00:12:08.041
Back during slavery,

00:12:08.041 --> 00:12:10.625
when black people like me...

00:12:13.166 --> 00:12:15.999
...talked to the slaves,

00:12:15.999 --> 00:12:17.667
they didn\'t kill \'em.

00:12:17.667 --> 00:12:21.709
They\'d send some old house Negro
along behind him

00:12:21.709 --> 00:12:24.041
to undo what he said.

00:12:24.041 --> 00:12:26.876
You have to read the history
of slavery to understand this.

00:12:26.876 --> 00:12:27.625
There were two kinds of Negroes.

00:12:27.625 --> 00:12:31.125
There was that old house Negro
and the field Negro.

00:12:31.125 --> 00:12:32.625
(crowd reacts)

00:12:32.625 --> 00:12:35.876
And the house Negro always
looked out for his master.

00:12:35.876 --> 00:12:38.208
When the field Negroes
got too much out of line,

00:12:38.208 --> 00:12:39.999
he held them back in check.

00:12:39.999 --> 00:12:42.375
He put \'em back
on the plantation.

00:12:42.375 --> 00:12:43.876
The house Negro
could afford to do that

00:12:43.876 --> 00:12:46.166
\'cause he lived better
than the field Negro.

00:12:46.166 --> 00:12:48.458
He ate better,
he dressed better,

00:12:48.458 --> 00:12:49.417
and he lived
in a better house.

00:12:49.417 --> 00:12:50.999
He lived right up
next to his master,

00:12:50.999 --> 00:12:53.083
in the attic
or the basement.

00:12:53.083 --> 00:12:55.625
He ate the same food
his master ate

00:12:55.625 --> 00:12:56.999
and wore his same clothes.

00:12:56.999 --> 00:12:59.125
And he could talk
just like his master,

00:12:59.125 --> 00:13:01.166
good diction.

00:13:01.999 --> 00:13:05.667
And he loved his master more
than his master loved himself.

00:13:05.667 --> 00:13:08.208
That\'s why he didn\'t want
his master hurt.

00:13:08.208 --> 00:13:09.333
If the master got sick,
he\'d say,

00:13:09.333 --> 00:13:11.709
\"What\'s the matter, boss,
we sick?\"

00:13:11.709 --> 00:13:14.625
He was as sick
as the master was.

00:13:14.625 --> 00:13:17.584
(crowd laughs)

00:13:17.584 --> 00:13:19.000
When the master\'s house
caught afire,

00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:21.750
he\'d try and put the fire out.

00:13:21.750 --> 00:13:23.667
He didn\'t want
his master\'s house burned.

00:13:23.667 --> 00:13:27.667
He never wanted his master\'s
property threatened.

00:13:27.667 --> 00:13:30.000
And he was more defensive of it
than the master was.

00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:31.999
That was the house Negro.

00:13:31.999 --> 00:13:33.999
But then you had
some field Negroes,

00:13:33.999 --> 00:13:38.208
who lived in huts,
had nothing to lose.

00:13:38.208 --> 00:13:41.292
They wore the worst kind
of clothes.

00:13:41.292 --> 00:13:43.584
They ate the worst food.

00:13:45.041 --> 00:13:45.999
And they caught hell.

00:13:45.999 --> 00:13:48.292
They felt the sting of the lash.

00:13:48.292 --> 00:13:49.999
They hated their master.

00:13:49.999 --> 00:13:51.999
Oh yes, they did.

00:13:51.999 --> 00:13:52.709
If the master got sick,

00:13:52.709 --> 00:13:54.999
they\'d pray
that the master died.

00:13:54.999 --> 00:13:57.625
(crowd laughs, applauds)

00:13:58.125 --> 00:13:59.999
If the master\'s house
caught afire,

00:13:59.999 --> 00:14:03.458
they\'d pray for a strong wind
to come along.

00:14:03.458 --> 00:14:05.458
This was the difference
between the two.

00:14:05.458 --> 00:14:07.999
And today you still
have house Negroes

00:14:07.999 --> 00:14:09.959
and field Negroes.

00:14:09.959 --> 00:14:12.208
(crowd applauds)

00:14:17.999 --> 00:14:19.999
I\'m a field Negro.

00:14:19.999 --> 00:14:23.375
If I can\'t live in the house
as a human being,

00:14:23.375 --> 00:14:26.208
I\'m praying for a wind
to come along.

00:14:26.208 --> 00:14:27.208
(crowd reacts)

00:14:27.208 --> 00:14:31.208
If the master won\'t treat me
right and he\'s sick,

00:14:31.208 --> 00:14:34.834
I\'ll tell the doctor to go
in the other direction.

00:14:34.834 --> 00:14:35.999
(crowd laughs)

00:14:35.999 --> 00:14:38.166
But if all of us are going
to live as human beings,

00:14:38.166 --> 00:14:42.250
as brothers, then I\'m for
a society of human beings

00:14:42.250 --> 00:14:44.041
that can practice brotherhood.

00:14:44.041 --> 00:14:46.917
So before I sit down I want to
thank you for listening to me,

00:14:46.917 --> 00:14:49.500
I hope I haven\'t put
anybody on the spot.

00:14:49.500 --> 00:14:51.250
I\'m not intending
to try and stir you up

00:14:51.250 --> 00:14:55.083
and make you do something that
you wouldn\'t have done anyway.

00:14:55.083 --> 00:14:57.625
(crowd reacts)

00:14:58.458 --> 00:15:00.999
(crowd applauds)

00:15:08.750 --> 00:15:13.584
I pray that God will bless you
in everything that you do.

00:15:13.999 --> 00:15:17.417
I pray that you will
grow intellectually

00:15:17.417 --> 00:15:19.999
so that you can understand
the problems of the world

00:15:19.999 --> 00:15:24.166
and where you fit into
in that world picture.

00:15:24.166 --> 00:15:25.625
And I pray that
all of the fear

00:15:25.625 --> 00:15:27.041
that has ever been
in your heart

00:15:27.041 --> 00:15:28.375
will be taken out.

00:15:28.375 --> 00:15:29.834
And when you look
at that man,

00:15:29.834 --> 00:15:32.208
if you know he\'s nothing
but a coward,

00:15:32.208 --> 00:15:32.999
you won\'t fear him.

00:15:32.999 --> 00:15:35.917
If he wasn\'t a coward,
he wouldn\'t gang up on you.

00:15:35.917 --> 00:15:38.542
He wouldn\'t need
to sneak around here.

00:15:38.542 --> 00:15:40.999
(crowd applauds)

00:15:45.041 --> 00:15:45.999
This is how they function.

00:15:45.999 --> 00:15:47.917
They function in mobs,
that\'s a coward.

00:15:47.917 --> 00:15:50.208
They put on a sheet
so you won\'t know who they are,

00:15:50.208 --> 00:15:51.750
that\'s a coward.

00:15:51.750 --> 00:15:52.250
No!

00:15:52.250 --> 00:15:55.333
The time will come when
that sheet will be ripped off.

00:15:55.333 --> 00:15:57.667
If the federal government
doesn\'t take it off,

00:15:57.667 --> 00:15:58.999
we\'ll take it off.

00:15:58.999 --> 00:16:01.709
(crowd cheers, applauds)

00:16:02.041 --> 00:16:02.999
Thank you.

00:16:02.999 --> 00:16:06.542
Although some of us may have
disagreed with Malcolm X,

00:16:06.542 --> 00:16:09.166
or we disagree
with each other about him,

00:16:09.166 --> 00:16:13.208
let his going from us
serve to bring us together.

00:16:13.208 --> 00:16:15.709
(crowd applauds)

00:16:22.625 --> 00:16:25.999
♪

00:16:26.834 --> 00:16:29.000
A brilliant
journalistic career terminated

00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:31.750
with the recent death
of Charles...