An investigation into the extermination policy of the Brazilian State…
The Dangerous Memory, Ep. 05 - The Transnational Indigenous Movement
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An investigation into the extermination policy of the Brazilian State against indigenous populations during the civil-military dictatorship, as well as the heroic indigenous resistance that seriously impacts hundreds of peoples and the fate of the planet itself.
Citation
Main credits
Faerman, Laura (film director)
Faerman, Laura (screenwriter)
Weis, Marina (film director)
Weis, Marina (screenwriter)
Other credits
Cinematography, Marina Weis.
Distributor subjects
Political Science; South America; Fascism + Repression; Indigenous Peoples; History; Human Rights; ActivismKeywords
WEBVTT
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The military government
00:00:48.020 --> 00:00:49.860
it was not a good government,
00:00:49.860 --> 00:00:53.460
because it killed a lot of people
00:00:53.460 --> 00:00:55.480
this we will not forgive.
00:01:00.030 --> 00:01:04.940
The military in that narrative
of the Brazilian miracle
00:01:04.940 --> 00:01:08.980
to integrate the country,
integrate not to deliver.
00:01:08.980 --> 00:01:13.280
So they started to build big
roads connecting nothing to nowhere.
00:01:13.280 --> 00:01:17.460
Many of these roads to this day
are unpaved, abandoned.
00:01:17.460 --> 00:01:20.590
and also build
hydroelectric plants.
00:01:21.190 --> 00:01:25.690
They triggered the great Itaipu hydroelectric plant in the south, too.
00:01:25.690 --> 00:01:29.280
That also reached Guarani lands.
00:01:29.280 --> 00:01:31.780
Basically the military had
an economic project,
00:01:31.780 --> 00:01:34.600
but it was also a geopolitical project,
00:01:34.600 --> 00:01:40.100
because the documents of the time show the
fear they had that that region
00:01:40.100 --> 00:01:42.820
could harbor left-wing guerrilla groups.
00:01:42.820 --> 00:01:46.620
So there was a geopolitical interest in occupying this territory.
00:01:52.720 --> 00:01:56.660
\"Operation Carajás unfolded
in an area that can be considered\"
00:01:56.660 --> 00:01:59.680
\"as the gateway to the Trans-Amazonian highway.\"
00:01:59.680 --> 00:02:04.100
\"The construction of the highway is a
great feat of geoeconomic integration\"
00:02:04.100 --> 00:02:08.340
\"while the maneuvers constituted
another act of integration of a moral nature.\"
00:02:08.340 --> 00:02:11.309
\"and civic in the domain of national security.\"
00:02:32.180 --> 00:02:36.670
The paradox of this whole thing is that at the time
FUNAI, the National Indian Foundation,
00:02:36.670 --> 00:02:40.350
was linked, subordinate,
to the Ministry of the Interior.
00:02:40.350 --> 00:02:45.690
The same ministry that were also linked to Sudam Sudeco, you know?
to Suden.
00:02:45.690 --> 00:02:49.160
So if FUNAI was there to
defend the rights of the Indian,
00:02:49.160 --> 00:02:54.100
these other government bodies were there
to disrespect indigenous rights.
00:02:58.610 --> 00:03:00.400
\"Mark step.\"
00:03:03.080 --> 00:03:05.405
\"Go ahead.\"
00:03:05.630 --> 00:03:11.910
Funai put itself entirely at the service
of this developmental program
00:03:11.910 --> 00:03:16.110
who understood politics
indigenist in two ways:
00:03:16.110 --> 00:03:21.500
first like: \"Let\'s get rid of this
impediment to progress\"
00:03:21.500 --> 00:03:27.455
and on the other hand: \"Let\'s make
these Indians who are so different,
00:03:27.465 --> 00:03:28.929
poor like everyone else.\"
00:03:39.370 --> 00:03:44.230
All these actions of the dictatorship,
mainly in the Amazon,
00:03:44.230 --> 00:03:46.863
had very clear economic interests.
00:04:00.140 --> 00:04:06.630
It is possible to clearly identify this
relationship between infrastructure project
00:04:06.630 --> 00:04:10.450
and the fulfillment of a certain economic interest.
00:04:10.450 --> 00:04:15.270
This happened to the Waimiri-Atroari
in relation to mining,
00:04:15.270 --> 00:04:20.563
in relation to the Balbina plant itself,
which would be built much later.
00:04:22.230 --> 00:04:27.110
And it also happened with the Tenharim, right?
Paranapanema was a company linked
00:04:27.110 --> 00:04:31.780
to civil construction and
that starts to work,
00:04:31.780 --> 00:04:36.790
and they knew about the existence of ores there,
00:04:36.790 --> 00:04:43.253
so all this is inside that
project and these strategic interests.
00:04:48.080 --> 00:04:53.060
This made Funai as a rule
arrive late in the proceedings.
00:04:53.060 --> 00:04:56.970
When it arrived, the road was already
opened, the Indians had already caught the flu,
00:04:56.970 --> 00:04:59.640
were already disappearing
and there it appeared.
00:05:04.450 --> 00:05:07.652
There are reports in which some of these meetings
00:05:07.652 --> 00:05:11.489
were made with the noise of tractors in the background.
00:05:12.610 --> 00:05:15.243
The tractors were coming
00:05:15.243 --> 00:05:17.980
and the sertanistas having to negotiate with the Indians,
00:05:17.980 --> 00:05:21.750
that is, it is a recipe for failure.
00:05:21.750 --> 00:05:26.040
A combination of factors that only
could result in what resulted:
00:05:26.040 --> 00:05:27.881
in the death of hundreds of Indians.
00:05:50.080 --> 00:05:52.530
In my language I speak
00:05:57.760 --> 00:06:02.340
Or,
\"The way of the white man, who made...
00:06:02.340 --> 00:06:06.010
With the aim of killing
all indigenous peoples,
00:06:06.010 --> 00:06:09.089
for them to enjoy
of the situation on earth.
00:06:58.520 --> 00:07:01.840
What characterizes the history of each
indigenous people here in this country
00:07:01.840 --> 00:07:05.380
it\'s the way the whites wanted us to leave our lands
00:07:05.380 --> 00:07:06.908
and were interested
in our lands.
00:07:06.918 --> 00:07:09.120
it is necessary that these bodies, they disappear.
00:07:09.120 --> 00:07:11.060
\'Cause you can take a people out of a land,
00:07:11.060 --> 00:07:14.210
but that land remains theirs,
they will want to come back.
00:07:14.210 --> 00:07:17.501
So even though there are many expulsion processes,
00:07:17.511 --> 00:07:18.900
there is an erasure process,
00:07:18.900 --> 00:07:23.260
in the sense that you say you no longer have
Indian over there, because you always have the threat
00:07:23.260 --> 00:07:27.750
that the subjects of the land, we who own the land, can return.
00:07:35.400 --> 00:07:38.460
You can\'t talk about racism
with indigenous peoples,
00:07:38.460 --> 00:07:41.110
about genocide with indigenous peoples,
without taking into account
00:07:41.110 --> 00:07:44.020
that the big engine still
remains the earth,
00:07:44.020 --> 00:07:47.990
because that\'s the big unit
of economic production
00:07:47.990 --> 00:07:52.734
of the hegemonic white capitalist project here in the country.
00:08:07.370 --> 00:08:09.930
The Indian belongs to the land where they grew up,
00:08:09.930 --> 00:08:13.370
they have a different bond with that place.
00:08:13.370 --> 00:08:17.250
With the ancestors who are in that
earth, where they were buried,
00:08:17.250 --> 00:08:18.950
where the blood was spilled.
00:08:18.950 --> 00:08:21.640
So this is all part
of a territoriality
00:08:21.640 --> 00:08:23.110
that white people cannot understand.
00:08:23.110 --> 00:08:27.380
And really, it\'s not that they can\'t,
it is strategic for them not to understand,
00:08:27.380 --> 00:08:32.410
because then they can practice an entire erasure project
00:08:32.410 --> 00:08:37.130
and extermination of the indigenous form of
think the world, think the earth
00:08:39.130 --> 00:08:41.150
and indigenous bodies effectively.
00:08:45.240 --> 00:08:49.510
The military government had
its national strategic plan,
00:08:49.510 --> 00:08:52.870
that had to be executed anyway.
00:08:52.870 --> 00:08:55.830
However, there was within the structure of the State
00:08:55.830 --> 00:08:59.310
the indigenist agency specialized in contact,
00:08:59.310 --> 00:09:02.150
in this work of dialogue with the Indians.
00:09:02.150 --> 00:09:09.310
In that specific body there was
indigenists and sertanists, anthropologists,
00:09:09.310 --> 00:09:12.290
who were in disagreement
with this larger project.
00:09:12.290 --> 00:09:16.910
I got into a personal conflict,
violent about it. Seeing Indians dying.
00:09:16.910 --> 00:09:20.690
And I had no ability,
conditions to resolve it.
00:09:20.690 --> 00:09:24.790
The most notorious case was the
indigenist Antonio Cotrim,
00:09:24.790 --> 00:09:28.705
who worked on the fronts of
attraction of the Transamazonian...
00:09:30.230 --> 00:09:36.160
Begins to witness the death of Indians
Assurini, Parakanã, Kararaô themselves.
00:09:36.160 --> 00:09:40.800
He comes to Brasilia, gets a
press conference in full dictatorship.
00:09:42.150 --> 00:09:45.900
When I made the first complaints, Bandeira called me.
00:09:45.900 --> 00:09:47.710
He looked at me like that and said:
00:09:47.710 --> 00:09:52.050
\"Son, I\'m so disgusted
with you, I know what you did\"
00:09:52.050 --> 00:09:53.880
And I said, \"Don\'t call me that I\'m not your son.
00:09:53.880 --> 00:09:57.160
Your heartache should be for the mistakes you\'ve made.
00:09:57.160 --> 00:10:00.130
those that you have
responsibility to protect, to defend,
00:10:00.130 --> 00:10:02.950
you are not protecting.
Quite the opposite.
00:10:05.980 --> 00:10:09.850
That\'s why my resignation is here,
I\'m not going to condone it.\"
00:10:09.850 --> 00:10:11.160
Then I put it in his face.
00:10:11.160 --> 00:10:14.470
\"I am not an Indian gravedigger, nor will I
manage an indigenous cemetery.\"
00:10:14.470 --> 00:10:16.940
we have resources
00:10:16.940 --> 00:10:20.680
We have conditions, we have people capable of carrying out this work,
but unfortunately...
00:10:20.680 --> 00:10:26.620
Then he stood there shaking, people came in, doctor
to give him medicine. He almost had a...
00:10:26.620 --> 00:10:30.750
Then the colonel, you see, the
Colonel Ismarth called me...
00:10:30.750 --> 00:10:36.400
Smiling... Because the Ismarth fight already existed
wanting to take power.
00:10:36.400 --> 00:10:38.390
And then Ismarth said a sentence to me, said:
00:10:38.390 --> 00:10:40.740
\"Now, you\'re wrong, because you told the press.
00:10:40.740 --> 00:10:44.364
I know a lot, I could go too, but I never went\".
He said it like that.
00:10:47.790 --> 00:10:50.540
He is an example of what was
happening to a greater or lesser degree
00:10:50.540 --> 00:10:54.980
in several Funai teams
across the Amazon.
00:10:54.980 --> 00:10:57.730
He was perhaps the clearest example of what happened,
00:10:57.730 --> 00:11:03.060
but countless colleagues of his thought as he did.
00:11:03.060 --> 00:11:07.610
Some decided to continue in the activity
because they thought that, being there,
00:11:07.610 --> 00:11:11.190
could be more allies
of the Indians than outside.
00:11:11.190 --> 00:11:13.490
And yes, there were groups that agreed,
00:11:13.490 --> 00:11:15.940
with national development projects.
00:11:15.940 --> 00:11:18.450
They agreed in the form of press interviews,
00:11:18.450 --> 00:11:21.710
in the form of documents of the time,
reports.
00:11:21.710 --> 00:11:28.320
And there were indigenists who started
also persecuting Catholic missionaries
00:11:28.320 --> 00:11:33.490
for not agreeing with that indigenous organization
that was happening.
00:11:33.910 --> 00:11:38.740
Faced with this situation of repression,
of penury, of disrespect,
00:11:38.740 --> 00:11:44.510
NGOs began to emerge in Brazil
to defend indigenous rights.
00:11:44.510 --> 00:11:48.000
One of the first was CIMI,
Indigenous Missionary Council.
00:11:48.000 --> 00:11:51.380
At that time liberation theology was appearing,
00:11:51.380 --> 00:11:54.308
Dom Pedro Casaldaliga,
Dom Tomás Balduino...
00:11:56.060 --> 00:11:58.200
Don Jose Gomes,
00:11:58.200 --> 00:12:01.470
Father Antonio Iasi,
Father Egidio Schwaden,
00:12:01.470 --> 00:12:03.700
Father Thomaz De Aquino
00:12:03.700 --> 00:12:06.900
The little sisters of Jesus in the Tapirapé.
00:12:06.900 --> 00:12:10.340
And 300 priests
00:12:10.340 --> 00:12:15.288
Thus, CIMI began to organize small
meetings of indigenous leaders.
00:12:26.850 --> 00:12:31.340
The missionaries themselves internally
started to feel the need
00:12:31.340 --> 00:12:35.535
to review its practices,
review their path,
00:12:35.545 --> 00:12:36.970
because the way
that was adopted
00:12:36.970 --> 00:12:41.620
it was a path of continuity of the process
of colonization and extinction of the Indians.
00:12:41.620 --> 00:12:45.200
And that the Catholic Church,
at that same moment, still,
00:12:45.200 --> 00:12:48.800
in the late 60\'s
and early 70\'s,
00:12:48.800 --> 00:12:51.115
it was a participant in this process.
00:12:56.890 --> 00:13:01.920
In Rio Negro, Christianization
isolated noble children from their parents
00:13:01.920 --> 00:13:03.930
to learn ceremonies, the chants.
00:13:03.930 --> 00:13:09.390
We exchange the great cultural centers for churches, classrooms,
00:13:09.390 --> 00:13:13.930
for programs of
catechesis, of nationalism.
00:13:18.530 --> 00:13:23.820
From then on, a part of the clergy
ends up having friction with the command of the Church,
00:13:23.820 --> 00:13:28.530
begins to develop an idea of creating
a group that would become Cimi,
00:13:28.530 --> 00:13:32.760
Missionary Indigenous Council,
in 72 it was created.
00:13:32.760 --> 00:13:39.956
- The philosophy was one of total respect for the
culture of native peoples.
00:13:42.950 --> 00:13:44.470
In the midst of this process,
00:13:44.470 --> 00:13:51.660
which is released as a first
framework of this new indigenous policy,
00:13:51.660 --> 00:13:56.472
the Y-Juca-Pirama document,
The Indian: one who must die.
00:14:03.104 --> 00:14:07.990
At that time they did a lot for indigenous lands.
00:14:07.990 --> 00:14:12.090
And the earth is not only the place where he lives,
00:14:12.090 --> 00:14:18.494
but also from where he got his history, his legends.
00:14:19.920 --> 00:14:24.140
The result of this is that they start
the first indigenous assemblies,
00:14:24.140 --> 00:14:25.900
from 72.
00:14:25.900 --> 00:14:29.839
These assemblies are meetings
among the Indians themselves.
00:14:30.500 --> 00:14:34.720
We held meetings of various tribes.
00:14:34.720 --> 00:14:42.560
When they told what was happening in their area,
the others were also informed.
00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:47.860
That\'s how we started to understand
what was happening to the Indian.
00:14:53.310 --> 00:14:55.900
The Indian has always been trampled on by the white.
00:14:55.900 --> 00:14:59.810
So today, white has
to respect the Indian.
00:14:59.810 --> 00:15:04.430
If whites invade the area,
we\'re going to invade their area too.
00:15:04.430 --> 00:15:06.160
I do attack.
00:15:06.160 --> 00:15:09.410
Nowadays I don\'t work with white anymore.
00:15:09.410 --> 00:15:11.220
Many whites may say:
00:15:11.220 --> 00:15:16.320
\"Indians are the stuff of priests,
priests are instigating the Indians\"
00:15:16.320 --> 00:15:19.131
but we have to show
to this white society
00:15:19.221 --> 00:15:22.308
that it is the Indian who is taking over the fight.
00:15:27.520 --> 00:15:31.370
The military has a series
of friction with this clergy,
00:15:31.370 --> 00:15:35.029
to prevent the entry of religious
in indigenous areas.
00:15:36.460 --> 00:15:42.036
Several times Iasi, Egídio, me,
we were expelled from indigenous areas.
00:15:43.740 --> 00:15:49.919
They came to see the Indians in fact
in the space of opposition to the dictatorship.
00:16:03.713 --> 00:16:06.673
\"It seems civilized is good.\"
00:16:07.040 --> 00:16:10.056
\"It seems civilized,
friend of us.\"
00:16:10.973 --> 00:16:12.081
\"Is not.\"
00:16:12.322 --> 00:16:13.889
\"He is not friends with us.\"
00:16:14.523 --> 00:16:16.598
\"He thinks otherwise.\"
00:16:17.406 --> 00:16:19.903
\"That only he is the clean one.\"
00:16:20.656 --> 00:16:23.384
\"That he is people.\"
00:16:23.409 --> 00:16:24.939
\"Only himself.\"
00:16:24.973 --> 00:16:28.243
\"But the Indian is not people.\"
00:16:31.560 --> 00:16:37.160
What emerges from all this are the so-called indigenous leaders,
00:16:37.160 --> 00:16:40.520
that are Indians who speak Portuguese,
who learn Portuguese,
00:16:40.520 --> 00:16:45.010
and begin to express themselves in Portuguese
about their own problems.
00:16:46.180 --> 00:16:50.350
There is Daniel Cabixi, he passed away two years ago,
was a great indigenous leader,
00:16:50.350 --> 00:16:52.148
Mario Juruna...
00:16:53.870 --> 00:16:56.235
There was Ailton Krenak...
00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:01.420
There was Domingos Veríssimo Terena, who was
a man of impressive leadership,
00:17:01.420 --> 00:17:04.070
Marçal Guarani, who was
a guy who talked a lot,
00:17:04.070 --> 00:17:07.460
it was the guy who greeted the pope
when he came here the first time.
00:17:09.790 --> 00:17:18.680
\"All over Brazil it will rise, or already
raised, enlightened Indians like me,\"
00:17:18.680 --> 00:17:24.820
\"who will lift up their voice
for the sake of our race.\"
00:17:24.820 --> 00:17:33.620
\"I know, I remember very well, I know through
newspapers, the name of Xavante Mário Juruna.\"
00:17:33.620 --> 00:17:40.230
\"That Indian is considered subversive by the
elements of Funai. I think not.\"
00:17:40.230 --> 00:17:42.890
\"- There is no problem with the Indian.\"
00:17:42.890 --> 00:17:45.159
\"There is a lot of white problem.\"
00:17:47.570 --> 00:17:50.890
\"This Brazil belonged entirely to the Indians.\"
00:17:50.890 --> 00:17:56.010
\"Today there is only a handful of land
and still the whites want to take it.\"
00:17:56.010 --> 00:18:00.320
\"I don\'t think we can
hand it over there even if there is bloodshed,\"
00:18:00.320 --> 00:18:02.250
\"We will not deliver at all.\"
00:18:02.250 --> 00:18:08.974
- And these leaders were getting together,
arguing and resistance emerged.
00:18:15.850 --> 00:18:17.940
\"We complain\"
00:18:17.940 --> 00:18:22.050
\"the injustice, the slander,\"
00:18:22.050 --> 00:18:23.790
\"the poor,\"
00:18:23.790 --> 00:18:26.100
\"the hunger...\"
00:18:26.100 --> 00:18:28.120
\"that civilization has brought us.\"
00:18:30.340 --> 00:18:33.560
\"There is a sawmill there that transports wood,\"
00:18:33.560 --> 00:18:38.620
\"send a lot of money
up there and we,\"
00:18:38.620 --> 00:18:43.008
\"See, the Indians here
in some huts here, look.\"
00:18:53.602 --> 00:18:57.180
What is the government\'s response?
Well, the ban on religious,
00:18:57.180 --> 00:19:01.920
the prohibition of Indians to move between some villages.
00:19:01.920 --> 00:19:06.490
And it exercised that control in what way?
The government had a central body which was the SNI,
00:19:06.490 --> 00:19:11.050
the National Information Service,
and all ministries had the DSI,
00:19:11.050 --> 00:19:13.700
which was the Security and Information Division.
00:19:13.700 --> 00:19:17.890
This board created ASI,
which is called ASI.
00:19:17.890 --> 00:19:21.292
So the organs at the tip,
like Funai, had,
00:19:21.302 --> 00:19:23.320
and other bodies had, their ASIs,
00:19:23.320 --> 00:19:25.820
which were Security and Information Advisories.
00:19:25.820 --> 00:19:28.993
What was the job of the advisors?
To communicate
00:19:29.003 --> 00:19:31.870
to the central body,
through the DSI,
00:19:31.870 --> 00:19:34.852
anything that might bother the government.
00:19:36.520 --> 00:19:41.530
Censorship has gone as far as
hidden window microphone,
00:19:41.540 --> 00:19:45.190
to get a complaint about what
we were doing.
00:19:57.940 --> 00:20:05.680
And they interrupted a meeting inside a
region that belonged to the priests.
00:20:05.680 --> 00:20:09.670
The priests\' house and all.
They ended the meeting.
00:20:21.550 --> 00:20:24.850
So actually the guys were
hired to be indigenists
00:20:24.850 --> 00:20:26.590
and they wanted to turn into an Indian foreman.
00:20:26.590 --> 00:20:29.330
They stayed there to keep the Indians
from leaving the area and such.
00:20:29.330 --> 00:20:33.080
And turn a blind eye to mining,
lumber, rubber tree, you know?
00:20:33.080 --> 00:20:37.990
- Thus began the persecutions
by these soldiers
00:20:37.990 --> 00:20:44.050
because they thought they could,
for example, expel us from Brasília.
00:20:44.050 --> 00:20:49.060
That\'s when Obery did
a confidential document,
00:20:49.060 --> 00:20:52.940
but this document before arriving
at Funai officially,
00:20:52.940 --> 00:20:55.641
arrived at our accommodation.
00:21:00.570 --> 00:21:05.610
Of course the pressure was too great,
but we had, on the other hand,
00:21:05.610 --> 00:21:07.990
the presence of the great indigenous chiefs,
00:21:07.990 --> 00:21:12.790
who somehow felt sorry for us
and started supporting us.
00:21:12.790 --> 00:21:16.504
We interpreted the laws for them,
00:21:16.514 --> 00:21:18.910
fight for the land, for the demarcation of the land,
00:21:18.910 --> 00:21:25.850
fight for systematic education there, fight
for health, which is a guaranteed right
00:21:25.850 --> 00:21:28.882
and that many times they didn\'t know, because
00:21:28.892 --> 00:21:31.931
FUNAI at the time did not insist on teaching them.
00:21:37.270 --> 00:21:42.450
So when I met Marcos Terena it was in that sense.
00:21:42.450 --> 00:21:44.550
As young as me,
00:21:44.550 --> 00:21:50.529
but he was studying at
Catholic University from Brasilia.
00:21:52.120 --> 00:21:57.630
I couldn\'t study, because I was forbidden to study,
banned from working.
00:21:57.630 --> 00:22:01.420
Only FUNAI could speak for the Indian,
00:22:01.420 --> 00:22:02.499
Indian, no.
00:22:05.580 --> 00:22:10.301
So we got together,
around seven young people,
00:22:10.311 --> 00:22:13.180
and we managed to show it to FUNAI,
00:22:13.180 --> 00:22:18.050
which was run by colonels from the extinct
National Information Service,
00:22:18.050 --> 00:22:22.102
that we had rights
to study in Brasilia.
00:22:27.740 --> 00:22:31.695
But we made a mistake...
00:22:33.770 --> 00:22:38.720
That we created a football team
called Union of Indigenous Nations.
00:22:38.720 --> 00:22:44.745
And we had no idea that
that word, Indigenous Nation, was
00:22:44.755 --> 00:22:46.497
so offensive to them.
00:22:48.910 --> 00:22:54.160
So with that we become like
said Obery, venomous snakes.
00:22:54.160 --> 00:22:57.721
it was the expression they used.
00:23:02.520 --> 00:23:06.340
The national society began to organize itself
to reinforce the struggle of the Indians.
00:23:06.340 --> 00:23:11.930
At that time Mário Juruna already had
toured the entire country from the center.
00:23:11.930 --> 00:23:15.330
\"- It\'s not white who can rule the life of the Indian.\"
00:23:15.330 --> 00:23:18.600
\"It is not a priest who can rule over an Indian,\"
00:23:18.600 --> 00:23:23.380
\"neither head of post, nor FUNAI,
neither private nor teacher.\"
00:23:23.380 --> 00:23:27.430
\"Who can solve the
Indian problems, it is the Indian.\"
00:23:27.430 --> 00:23:29.240
\"Only the Indian can solve it.\"
00:23:29.240 --> 00:23:31.830
\"The head of the community has to decide.\"
00:23:31.830 --> 00:23:35.840
\"The Indian has always been an adult,\"
00:23:35.840 --> 00:23:39.820
\"there was always a meeting for him.\"
00:23:39.820 --> 00:23:44.160
\"It is not an Indian as a minor,
Indian is always an adult.\"
00:23:44.160 --> 00:23:47.636
\"No one can command the life of the Indian,\"
00:23:47.646 --> 00:23:52.067
\"because an Indian is a person,
Indians are people, adults.\"
00:23:52.067 --> 00:23:55.222
\"Because it\'s not like a minor, it\'s not like a child.\"
00:23:55.232 --> 00:23:58.680
\"Because Indians know how to think too.\"
00:23:58.680 --> 00:24:01.640
\"Indians have a head to be able to think.\"
00:24:01.640 --> 00:24:03.900
- And Mário Juruna had a
important role in this,
00:24:03.900 --> 00:24:07.800
he started traveling Brazil
and say to the Indians \"look\"...
00:24:07.800 --> 00:24:10.730
He had the idea to create
the indigenous federation.
00:24:10.730 --> 00:24:17.020
\"- And I am also fighting to be able to create the Indian commission.\"
00:24:17.020 --> 00:24:22.940
\"For me, creating an Indian commission makes it a lot easier.\"
00:24:22.940 --> 00:24:27.210
\"Could have a representative of the Indian, each one.\"
00:24:27.210 --> 00:24:33.780
\"It is useless for the Ministry of the
Interior to create a ministry commission.\"
00:24:33.780 --> 00:24:37.579
- In 1980 there is a great important moment of the indigenous movement,
00:24:37.589 --> 00:24:38.840
which is the creation of UNI,
00:24:38.840 --> 00:24:41.620
the Union of Indigenous Nations,
in Campo Grande,
00:24:41.620 --> 00:24:46.770
with the presence of Mário Juruna,
of the leader Marçal de Souza,
00:24:46.770 --> 00:24:51.360
with the presence of
anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro.
00:24:51.360 --> 00:24:56.651
And so there\'s a beginning there
of the creation of the first
00:24:56.661 --> 00:24:59.060
genuinely indigenous entities.
00:25:05.290 --> 00:25:11.430
We walked across the country and
we organized 240 indigenous organizations,
00:25:11.430 --> 00:25:17.500
in the midst of a military dictatorship, which
was called Union of Indigenous Nations.
00:25:17.500 --> 00:25:21.810
Indigenous nations criticized by the military,
because there is only one nation for the military,
00:25:21.810 --> 00:25:23.909
but not for us, there are several nations.
00:25:27.840 --> 00:25:31.090
For a long time there was
a certain need
00:25:31.090 --> 00:25:33.510
to guide specificities
of each indigenous people.
00:25:33.510 --> 00:25:36.547
And in that sense,
the term indian was a term that connoted
00:25:36.547 --> 00:25:39.600
a non-existent homogenization, right?
00:25:39.600 --> 00:25:42.700
Because every people has a story,
every people is a nation.
00:25:42.700 --> 00:25:46.860
And then when are we going to use it,
in the political struggle,
00:25:46.860 --> 00:25:49.516
the term Indian ends up being...
00:25:49.516 --> 00:25:51.990
having its sense inverted
00:25:51.990 --> 00:25:55.100
and appropriated by indigenous peoples
as a fighting flag.
00:25:55.100 --> 00:25:58.540
People identify themselves as indigenous in the
sense that we go through processes
00:25:58.540 --> 00:26:01.890
very similar to each other.
Although we have specifics,
00:26:01.890 --> 00:26:05.060
it is through this category that
we can make an impact
00:26:05.060 --> 00:26:07.619
in the political arena more directly.
00:26:12.170 --> 00:26:15.440
In 1980, on the visit of Pope John Paul II,
00:26:15.440 --> 00:26:18.630
leader Marçal de Souza makes
a great speech.
00:26:18.630 --> 00:26:23.300
This takes on a national and international dimension.
00:26:23.300 --> 00:26:28.640
And there he denounces the indigenous genocide,
denounces the death of leaders.
00:26:28.640 --> 00:26:35.340
\"- Our misery, our sadness
for the death of our leaders,\"
00:26:35.340 --> 00:26:41.380
\"coldly murdered
for those who take our ground,\"
00:26:41.380 --> 00:26:49.290
\"the one that for us represents our own life and our survival.\"
00:26:49.290 --> 00:26:54.170
- A few months later,
he was murdered, in 83.
00:26:54.170 --> 00:26:57.510
and from there
00:26:57.510 --> 00:27:03.110
at least a hundred leaders were murdered
00:27:03.110 --> 00:27:05.344
in the fight mainly for their land.
00:27:05.850 --> 00:27:07.830
We are survivors.
00:27:07.830 --> 00:27:13.280
I have counted here more than a thousand
Indians were shot to death.
00:27:13.280 --> 00:27:14.650
Bullet.
00:27:14.650 --> 00:27:16.670
And justice?
00:27:16.670 --> 00:27:17.685
There is not.
00:27:17.670 --> 00:27:30.685
The impunity for the murders of indigenous leaders
who denounce the robbery of their lands and the violence
against their people continues in Brazil until today.
Distributor: Pragda Films
Length: 28 minutes
Date: 2022
Genre: Expository
Language: Portuguese
Grade: Middle School, High School, College, Adults
Color/BW:
/
Closed Captioning: Available
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