WEBVTT

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The production of this film was funded by the Brazilian civil society

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Vídeo nas Aldeias & Papo Amarelo presents

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I first travelled to
Mato Grosso do Sul in April 1988

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to film a Jerokyguasu:

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the great prayer meetings

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from different Guarani Kaiowa
villages across the region.

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After consulting the spirits during the night,

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the prayers indicate the course to be taken

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by the political discussions the next day.

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Without knowing the language,

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I filmed several of these meetings

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oblivious to what was going on.

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The material ended up without translation,

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though I knew the discussions

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were about reclaiming their lands.

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The religious fervor made it clear

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that something important was happening.

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I followed this movement,

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invisible to the rest of Brazil,

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for around 10 years,

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when I put my film projects on hold

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to focus on training indigenous filmmakers.

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15 years later, the conflict

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in Mato Grosso do Sul has become worse

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and reached the national press reports.

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Barbaric killings have become commonplace.

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The media treats the Indians as invaders

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and the ruralist lobby in the National Congress

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threatens their rights.

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I return to the Guarani Kaiowá

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to understand the scale of this movement,

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diving into the past to investigate its origins.

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4 farms were targeted by invasions.

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14 farms were invaded by Indians.

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The locality has been invaded and destroyed by the Indians...

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Several farms invaded in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul...

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This is terrorism. Nobody can understand what’s going on...

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The Indians are threatening to invade again...

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During the invasion the Indians burnt the farmhouse.

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This is an orchestrated movement

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against Brazil’s producers.

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In the past we had the
Landless Rural Workers Movement,

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then we had the environmental legislation,

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and now it’s the indigenous issue.

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We just want to ask Brazilians,

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our Brazilian friends, our brothers:

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when will countrymen and women be left in peace to work?

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That’s all we want, nothing else in return.

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We don’t want medals for Brazil’s GDP,

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we don’t want to stand at the podium for the GDP.

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All we want is peace!

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The Sun gave you the gift of its song.

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The Moon also gave you its power.

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I shall sing for you.

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I begin my return by the Jaguapiré Village

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in the company of Ernesto, my filming partner,

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and Celso and Myriam,

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who had taken me to Mato Grosso do Sul

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for the first time 25 years earlier.

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With me I am carrying the footage
that I filmed at the time

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and other material assembled for the future film.

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Among them, local TV news reports,

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solid proof of the evictions and violence

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suffered in the 1980s and 1990s.

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In order to hide evidence of the attack,

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this area was leveled with a caterpillar tractor.

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Even so evidence of the Indians living here

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can still be found...

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- Is that him?
- Yes it’s him.

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I thought I’d never hear my brother’s voice again.

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In order to understand the great march

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to reclaim their \"tekoha\",

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their sacred lands,

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we have to go back to the first evictions.

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That is what we wish to talk about.

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Good morning!

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José Benites and Emilia Romero.

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That’s me, Celso Kokue Guasu.

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It was our father Nhanderu who brought you here.

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It was God who brought you here.

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What do you want them to talk about?

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They’re here to make a film.

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Ah, they’ll want to speak then.

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Mother, tell them the story from the beginning.

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Celso, to be recognized, identifies himself
as Kokue Guasu,

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’big swidden’ in Guarani,

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a name given by the Indians

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to the Kaiowá Nhandeva collective swidden project,

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for which he and Myriam worked.

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Myriam, a Paraguayan woman from Asunción,

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used to help me dialogue with the Indians
in the Guarani language.

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I wanted to ask your father and mother

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about the first time they were evicted from here.

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Tell her about the first evictions, mom.

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From the time of great-grandfather.

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Whether you came from the Jukeri... or went there.

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We were fleeing from Paraguay

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and the war with the Paraguayans

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that was taking place at the time.

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We came here because my grandfather

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was already living here during this period.

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He was a very strong leader.

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He told us: “My grandchildren,

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sons and daughters, I’ve protected you,

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and, as you can see, nothing bad happens to you.

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That’s because my prayers are very strong.

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The day that I die,

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I don’t know what will happen to you,

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my sons, daughters and grandchildren.

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The farmers will try to take this land
of Jaguapiré from you

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so they can keep it.”

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And he was completely right.

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The Whites are very violent,

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they are ruthless.

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He was right.

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The premonitions of Emília’s grandfather
became a reality:

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in the 1940s and 50s, the threats
and attacks came from people

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who arrived claiming to have bought
the village’s lands.

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Almost all my family was killed here.

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Only I survived,

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just myself and my wife.

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In the past the farmers were very aggressive.

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That’s why I’m scared even today.

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I’m now old and I can\'t see anymore.

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If you can’t see, it’s difficult to run.

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That’s why I’m scared.

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They evicted the people from the Jukeri,
half of them were killed right there.

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They also killed a lot of people in Kaapi’irapoguasu.

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They killed almost everyone.

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Those few who survived were taken
to the Sassoró reservation.

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Did you stay a long time in Sassoró?

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We stayed living there for 30 years...

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We waited a long time to return to this Jaguapiré.

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After many years, we walked from there to here.

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We ate just the fruits we found on the way.

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At that time there were still many wild animals,

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like armadillos, tapirs...

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Here there were many animals.

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Today they’re gone because
there is too much people.

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The memories of the evictions, stirred by us,

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trace back to the endless violence suffered

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within a chronological sequence blurred by time.

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But what circumstances led ownership
of Guarani lands

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to be handed over to third parties?

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We decided to reconstruct the course
of this historical trajectory in the archives.

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A BENIGN DISPOSITION AND PEACEFUL CUSTOMS

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After the traumatic confrontation
with Jesuits and slave hunters,

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in the eighteenth century the Kaiowá took refuge

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in the forests that they still occupy today,

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where they remained in virtual isolation
for a hundred years.

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It is a surprise to read how the explorers,

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who ventured into this territory to request lands
from the Empire

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in the mid-nineteenth century,

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emphasized the peaceful
and collaborative spirit of these Indians:

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“Presented with gifts, these ‘Caioás’
provided valuable information

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to our retinue on those forest-covered lands...

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they are a People of benign disposition,
peaceful customs

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and well-inclined towards civilization.”

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Spread across a territory of 3.5 million hectares,

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the Guarani and Kaiowá population

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was then estimated at 40,000.

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After the violent attacks narrated by the elders
José Benites and Emília Romero,

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the children of the Jaguapiré tekoha

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were subject to a painful series
of evictions and returns

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I don’t know if you’ll be able to
see the film very well.

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I think it will be okay.
Can you see it?

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Yes, it’s appearing clearly.

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Tonico Benites, an anthropologist
and Kaiowá leader,

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presents a report on community’s eviction in 1985.

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On Saturday the farmer José Fuentes Romero,
along with his farm manager and 27 henchmen,

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as well as 3 military police officers,
invaded the indigenous village of Jaguapiré,

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located in the municipality of Tacuru.

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They set fire to the houses and expelled
around thirty Indians living in the village.

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Five Kaiowá families had lived here
since the start of the century.

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Following the attack at the weekend
the village was left completely destroyed.

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They’ve already burnt my house twice,
three times now.

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Are you going to go back there to the village?

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I’m going back.

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I’m not afraid because this land is mine,
I’m not going to leave it.

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If the farmer wants to kill us there, kill everyone,

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then I’ll die there, because there it’s my land.

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They burnt everything and then put a fence

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But when we returned here, we headed
right back to the same place.

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Look at the tractor tracks.

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Can you see that swidden over there?
It belonged to our kin.

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A week later, the Indians returned to Jaguapiré

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and reoccupied the area despite the
threats of violent reprisal.

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They expelled all of us and abandoned us.

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They’ve already done that three times,
but we always return here.

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Even if a few people have been left behind.

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They threw us in the back of the truck
and one of them kneeled on top of us.

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They placed a huge plank on top of our relatives.

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Still a child, I was lifted up by my arm

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and left to cry in the corner with my cousin.

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There was a Paraguayan man
who communicated with us.

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All our things were burnt.

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Everything was turned to ash.

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News of the extra-judicial eviction,

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including the unlawful participation
of military police officers,

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has negative repercussions and FUNAI is obliged
to recognize the area as a Kaiowá territory.

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The battle then shifts to the courts.

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Official evictions and returns follow.

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At the entrance to the village, the Indians
come to ask what we want.

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Some leave their hiding place heavily armed.

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They are preparing to defend the land

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from which they were removed in the past.

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We lost all the forest that we had
over these three years

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that we were expelled from here.

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We’re here, we’re only going to leave dead.

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We returned three times,

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but we were evicted again.

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It was only the fourth time that we managed to stay.

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In the second eviction, they used violence.

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They beat up many women, children, men...

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They want to burn us along with the house.

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So I spoke to them:

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\"Don’t burn us inside the houses.\"

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I asked who was the boss

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and one of them showed me, so I said:

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“Please don’t burn us. Leave our house as it is.”

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At the time they left us alone, but later
the tractor flattened everything,

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even our orchard and all our plants.

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During the third eviction, a police officer
threw my cousin

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in the back of the truck.

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She didn’t survive.

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She was a big girl already, nearly adolescent.

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She was severely hurt and ended up dying.

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Penned down in the retaken area,

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the Indians sent a letter to the judiciary

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announcing that they would resist until death.

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At this time there was no Facebook

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and the initiative led to no more than
a brief report in the newspaper.

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However the judges understood
the seriousness of the situation

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and suspended the eviction.

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For 4 years, half of the Jaguapiré area
was recognized as indigenous

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without the Indians being able to occupy it.

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Looking back over the material from 1994,

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I realized that I had already filmed
Emilia Romero during that time.

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The graves are over there Myriam.

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My grandfather is buried further on that way.

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I’ll show you later.

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This is the older Jaguapiré.

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And this here is called Jaguapiré Memby.

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I know all these places Myriam.

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There isn’t anywhere I don’t know,
this is my old haunt.

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Here is where my son Silvio lived.
He was born here.

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Wilton too.

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He’s the one walking in front, can you see him?

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Hamilton is from here, Francisco Benites too...

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I’m very old now.

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I want to die here, Myriam.

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I refuse to die anywhere else, no way.

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If they force me to leave, I prefer to hang myself.

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I really like this place.

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You’ll see our swidden over there,
it’s very beautiful.

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This makes me very happy.

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I want to move to where my house was.

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Tired of waiting, the Indians occupy
the other side of Jaguapiré

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and the Supreme Court has recognized
their right to stay.

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The area remains sub judice even today.

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That’s what happened to us.

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And thankfully nothing worse occurred.

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Because for them killing or not killing,
it was all the same.

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That’s what our life was like.

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ENGULFED TERRITORY

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The war to which Emilia Romero refers
is the Paraguayan War.

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After a century of disputes over free navigation
in the Prata river basin,

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Paraguay declared war on Brazil in this frontier zone,

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then under Paraguayan influence
and with still ill-defined borders.

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Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay signed the Treaty
of the Triple Alliance

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against Paraguayan aggression.

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In the paintings we see the glamour and heroism
of white soldiers.

00:19:42.667 --> 00:19:45.234
In the photos, the misery of an army

00:19:45.367 --> 00:19:48.601
with many black and indigenous people
among the ranks.

00:19:48.934 --> 00:19:54.500
Six years later, with Paraguay destroyed
and more than a million dead,

00:19:54.767 --> 00:19:59.467
the country lost a portion of its territory
to Argentina and Brazil.

00:19:59.767 --> 00:20:02.667
In the peace treaty, Brazil took from Paraguay

00:20:02.801 --> 00:20:06.400
what today comprises the southern cone
of Mato Grosso do Sul,

00:20:06.667 --> 00:20:12.234
that is, the huge yerba mate fields
of the Guarani and Kaiowá peoples.

00:20:13.434 --> 00:20:18.334
In the rush to occupy this new territory
with a Brazilian population

00:20:18.567 --> 00:20:22.200
and eradicate the Spanish and Guarani languages,

00:20:22.334 --> 00:20:28.701
the Empire completely ignored the rights
of the Guarani Kaiowá.

00:20:29.434 --> 00:20:33.200
Meanwhile, as reward for taking part in the battles,

00:20:33.500 --> 00:20:41.534
the Kadiweu Indians were given a 600,000 hectare
reservation by the emperor.

00:20:42.467 --> 00:20:46.133
The explotation of yerba mate began
soon after the war.

00:20:46.334 --> 00:20:50.334
An imperial decree granted Thomaz Larangeira,

00:20:50.467 --> 00:20:53.467
a merchant who had supplied the imperial troops,

00:20:53.601 --> 00:20:57.300
a lease of 1 million hectares to harvest yerba mate

00:20:57.467 --> 00:21:00.300
in the heart of the indigenous territory.

00:21:06.267 --> 00:21:10.467
The era had begun of occupying Guarani
and Kaiowá lands,

00:21:10.601 --> 00:21:17.100
not officially recognized as the land legislation
in force at the time demanded.

00:21:17.434 --> 00:21:21.067
Indigenous lands could not be considered empty,

00:21:21.367 --> 00:21:24.300
still less leased out.

00:21:37.100 --> 00:21:41.300
Men who like women yell now!

00:21:42.100 --> 00:21:46.000
Women who like men yell now!

00:21:55.968 --> 00:22:00.367
Dear Dourados city, we\'re arriving!

00:22:01.267 --> 00:22:03.434
We’re arriving.

00:22:03.868 --> 00:22:06.300
Whoever is happy give us a yell now!

00:22:17.167 --> 00:22:19.801
Whoever is happy give us a yell now!

00:22:22.767 --> 00:22:27.300
It’s the 2013 Dourados Rodeo!

00:22:40.801 --> 00:22:44.234
May the power of the invisible
weaken the enemy’s body,

00:22:44.434 --> 00:22:47.734
affecting his spirit so that it doesn’t attack me.

00:22:47.934 --> 00:22:51.267
I shall chill his flaming heart

00:22:51.400 --> 00:22:56.367
and calm his anger with the power of my spirit,

00:22:56.500 --> 00:22:59.200
with the strength of my soul,

00:22:59.334 --> 00:23:01.667
with the energy of the spirits of life.

00:23:01.834 --> 00:23:05.701
I shall soften his heart and his body.

00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:11.667
My prayer will drive away the evil that
holds sway over him.

00:23:13.434 --> 00:23:16.934
While agribusiness celebrates its economic boom,

00:23:17.334 --> 00:23:21.467
our return to Jaguapiré coincides
with the commemoration

00:23:21.634 --> 00:23:24.801
of 21 years since it was reclaimed definitively.

00:23:33.467 --> 00:23:36.734
We returned to Jaguapiré like that, praying!

00:23:36.901 --> 00:23:39.734
I remember the suffering we went through...

00:23:39.868 --> 00:23:42.667
My children went hungry so that we could return.

00:23:42.934 --> 00:23:46.567
After many years, we came back here to die.

00:23:46.701 --> 00:23:48.734
In our Jaguapiré!

00:23:49.634 --> 00:23:51.467
We’re still here today.

00:23:51.601 --> 00:23:54.534
It’s here that we’re going to live
and here that we’re going to die.

00:23:54.734 --> 00:23:59.500
As soon as we arrived there, we cut
the chain on the gate.

00:24:00.500 --> 00:24:03.300
We cut the chain...

00:24:04.067 --> 00:24:08.400
Over this way, we got out of the car where
there was an entrance.

00:24:08.567 --> 00:24:12.200
There, where that child is, there was an entrance.

00:24:12.367 --> 00:24:15.801
When we arrived, there were elderly people crying.

00:24:15.934 --> 00:24:18.334
We explained that we weren’t going to hurt anyone.

00:24:18.467 --> 00:24:20.000
We just wanted our land back.

00:24:20.200 --> 00:24:23.000
Everybody knows that this land is ours.

00:24:23.400 --> 00:24:26.701
This land is ours!

00:24:27.334 --> 00:24:30.300
This is the land we’re fighting for.

00:24:30.567 --> 00:24:35.534
We’ll never give up on this land.

00:24:36.100 --> 00:24:38.167
I say this because I’m not afraid.

00:24:38.300 --> 00:24:39.834
I’m not afraid!

00:24:45.200 --> 00:24:48.567
Jaguapiré belongs to the first wave of territories

00:24:48.701 --> 00:24:53.200
won back from the 1980s onwards.

00:24:56.000 --> 00:24:59.701
The areas recently recognized as
‘indigenous’ by FUNAI

00:25:00.300 --> 00:25:04.300
were all contested in the courts by the farmers.

00:25:08.734 --> 00:25:13.567
With the aim of resolving the legal impasse
in the demarcations,

00:25:13.934 --> 00:25:17.734
the Attorney General of the Republic,
Aristides Junqueira,

00:25:17.934 --> 00:25:23.000
visited the areas in 1994 to speed up
the processes.

00:25:25.968 --> 00:25:30.701
Dr. Aristide Junqueira, this is Mr. Antonio José,
the farm manager here...

00:25:32.033 --> 00:25:36.200
The first community visited is Sete Cerros

00:25:36.467 --> 00:25:40.167
where around 2,000 Indians lived until 1970

00:25:40.334 --> 00:25:43.901
when they were expelled by the farm.

00:25:58.234 --> 00:26:02.267
In 1991, when the Indians began to return,

00:26:02.400 --> 00:26:06.434
FUNAI recognized the area as indigenous land.

00:26:08.267 --> 00:26:14.801
Even so, for three years the Indians remained
confined to an area of just 4 hectares,

00:26:15.334 --> 00:26:19.300
living in daily confrontation with
the farm henchmen,

00:26:19.567 --> 00:26:23.434
who stopped them planting, harvesting,
hunting and fishing,

00:26:23.868 --> 00:26:27.701
poisoning their streams and deforesting their area.

00:26:30.934 --> 00:26:35.801
They destroyed our forest, our wealth
has vanished completely,

00:26:36.334 --> 00:26:41.267
our forest is gone, the game we caught
from this forest is gone,

00:26:41.534 --> 00:26:44.634
there are no more armadillos, coatis, nothing is left.

00:26:45.033 --> 00:26:49.934
And now we are facing problems
with these people, forever

00:26:50.100 --> 00:26:53.234
all my community that lives here...

00:26:57.934 --> 00:27:00.834
Try to be strong and speak.
You have to speak.

00:27:00.934 --> 00:27:02.667
You can speak now...

00:27:04.734 --> 00:27:08.534
We’re asking for this land on behalf of
these children growing up here.

00:27:08.701 --> 00:27:10.901
We want at least a little bit of land.

00:27:11.067 --> 00:27:13.734
Sete Cerros was always ours.

00:27:14.234 --> 00:27:17.467
We had many animals, we lost everything.

00:27:17.601 --> 00:27:20.968
We had a lot of horses,

00:27:21.267 --> 00:27:24.734
chickens, dogs, houses...

00:27:25.033 --> 00:27:27.133
prayer houses.

00:27:27.701 --> 00:27:30.667
We lost everything because of the farmers.

00:27:31.267 --> 00:27:34.868
The farmers will never pay for everything we had.

00:27:35.033 --> 00:27:40.601
They won’t even give us a single cow to eat today.

00:27:42.868 --> 00:27:45.701
They burnt all out houses.
We lost the crops and the houses.

00:27:45.834 --> 00:27:48.334
We managed to save ourselves by crossing the river

00:27:48.467 --> 00:27:50.267
to the Paraguayan side.

00:27:50.467 --> 00:27:52.400
As soon as they arrived, they set fire to the houses.

00:27:52.567 --> 00:27:55.701
Not even if we ate one, two or thirty of their cows

00:27:55.834 --> 00:27:58.334
would they pay for our loss.

00:27:59.467 --> 00:28:01.901
They committed a grave mistake against us.

00:28:02.067 --> 00:28:04.968
If the land wasn’t ours, we wouldn’t be crying for it.

00:28:06.801 --> 00:28:09.934
The one up there above shining
down on us made all of this.

00:28:10.067 --> 00:28:14.100
It wasn’t the whites who made these lands.

00:28:14.234 --> 00:28:17.000
Who made them is the one there above.

00:28:17.467 --> 00:28:19.234
He is the owner of the land.

00:28:19.367 --> 00:28:21.734
I shall leave here certain of one thing:

00:28:21.934 --> 00:28:25.100
in this region here at least, if not all of Brazil,

00:28:25.234 --> 00:28:28.067
there is a huge amount of prejudice.

00:28:28.767 --> 00:28:31.400
I shall leave very much saddened,

00:28:32.200 --> 00:28:35.534
but also outraged, you know.

00:28:36.100 --> 00:28:39.534
Because here, from what I have seen,

00:28:41.534 --> 00:28:44.767
it appears that a nelore cow is
worth much more than...

00:28:44.968 --> 00:28:49.434
twenty children, than hundred men,

00:28:50.834 --> 00:28:54.167
and this fills me with a deep sadness.

00:28:54.367 --> 00:28:59.334
The judges need to come here and feel this too.

00:29:01.534 --> 00:29:05.534
See the reality of the things that they decide on.

00:29:05.701 --> 00:29:08.033
The area is demarcated,

00:29:08.200 --> 00:29:11.767
so I don’t understand why you can’t enter it.

00:29:12.000 --> 00:29:16.901
It must be what I’ve just said:
cattle are worth more than people.

00:29:21.834 --> 00:29:24.634
A day after the Attorney General’s visit,

00:29:24.934 --> 00:29:31.400
the Indians retook the 9,000 demarcated hectares
and evicted the farmworkers.

00:29:42.767 --> 00:29:47.634
After so many evictions, finally a
repossession order was issued

00:29:47.868 --> 00:29:51.467
in favour of the Indians in another area, Jaguari.

00:30:02.767 --> 00:30:05.100
Escorted by the Federal Police

00:30:05.234 --> 00:30:08.968
and in the presence of the Attorney
Aristides Junqueira,

00:30:09.100 --> 00:30:13.667
the Indians retook possession
of the small 400 hectare area.

00:30:17.100 --> 00:30:20.667
During this operation, I used the availability
of police protection

00:30:20.801 --> 00:30:24.200
to interview the farm owner and his lawyer.

00:30:25.901 --> 00:30:28.534
Here we have a book on yerba mate,

00:30:29.667 --> 00:30:32.200
Ciclo da Erva Mate no Mato Grosso do Sul,

00:30:32.334 --> 00:30:35.200
where we find the following decree:

00:30:35.534 --> 00:30:39.100
“Answering the request made by Thomas Larangeira,

00:30:39.234 --> 00:30:44.234
I hereby grant him permission to harvest
yerba mate in the empty lands

00:30:44.400 --> 00:30:48.901
in the province of Mato Grosso with
the republic of Paraguay.”

00:30:49.067 --> 00:30:51.067
\"Empty lands.\"

00:30:51.200 --> 00:30:53.567
So look, had that been indigenous land,

00:30:53.701 --> 00:30:55.801
it would say it was indigenous land.

00:30:55.934 --> 00:31:00.334
This book recounts the region’s history since 1882,

00:31:00.534 --> 00:31:03.133
and at that time there were no Indians.

00:31:03.500 --> 00:31:07.567
I was born and raised here. I’m 76 years old.

00:31:07.767 --> 00:31:12.567
We were all born and raised on this farm.

00:31:13.934 --> 00:31:18.434
At that time it was leased to
Companhia Matte Larangeira,

00:31:19.701 --> 00:31:21.734
during the period when we were living here.

00:31:23.901 --> 00:31:27.500
After the company returned the lands
to the government,

00:31:27.968 --> 00:31:29.634
I asked for the land here.

00:31:30.067 --> 00:31:35.534
During the period of the company’s lease,
the Indians already lived here?

00:31:35.667 --> 00:31:38.367
No, there were no Indians at that time.

00:31:38.767 --> 00:31:41.934
During that period there were just
Paraguayan labourers

00:31:42.067 --> 00:31:44.367
who mined for the company.

00:31:45.234 --> 00:31:46.868
When did the Indians appear here then?

00:31:47.133 --> 00:31:53.367
The Indians... over there they did...
an anthropologist did some stuff there,

00:31:53.601 --> 00:31:58.767
and claimed that it was a village,
but there was never a village here.

00:32:00.801 --> 00:32:03.200
The Indians say that there have cemeteries there...

00:32:03.334 --> 00:32:06.167
They say that, but when they say that,

00:32:06.567 --> 00:32:10.334
they need to prove that there are cemeteries,
but there is no proof.

00:32:10.701 --> 00:32:13.334
There are no Indian cemeteries here.

00:32:13.934 --> 00:32:17.434
That’s the thing, they invent stuff,
they say that they used to live here,

00:32:17.701 --> 00:32:19.868
that there are cemeteries and lots
of other things, right?

00:32:20.367 --> 00:32:21.968
But there’s nothing.

00:32:22.167 --> 00:32:26.467
Here I’ve seen old people and children.

00:32:26.567 --> 00:32:30.734
These people were born somewhere
in our national territory.

00:32:31.901 --> 00:32:34.734
But in Brazil nobody knows where to put them

00:32:34.868 --> 00:32:38.801
because everything has been taken, everything.

00:32:39.400 --> 00:32:44.334
They were born somewhere,
they had land somewhere.

00:32:45.434 --> 00:32:48.133
But it seems to be nowhere...

00:32:50.968 --> 00:32:53.834
But it seems to be nowhere because...

00:32:54.801 --> 00:33:00.300
everyone we talk to says that
there were never any Indians here.

00:33:01.267 --> 00:33:06.367
It seems that this pasture for nelore cattle

00:33:06.734 --> 00:33:09.801
was already here at the start of the century

00:33:11.767 --> 00:33:14.133
THE BIG COMPANY

00:33:14.367 --> 00:33:16.767
As the farm’s lawyer asserted,

00:33:16.901 --> 00:33:21.767
the Empire indeed treated the
Guarani Kaiowá lands as empty.

00:33:23.467 --> 00:33:30.400
And the new republic extended the lease
held by the company to 5 million hectares.

00:33:32.300 --> 00:33:36.500
At the turn of the century, the yerba mate
extraction industry

00:33:36.834 --> 00:33:40.467
had become the region’s largest commercial enterprise.

00:33:40.767 --> 00:33:44.634
In the space of a few decades, the company
built ports, highways

00:33:44.767 --> 00:33:50.200
and even railways to transport yerba mate
to Buenos Aires.

00:33:51.868 --> 00:33:57.601
The indigenous workforce was taken as just one more
natural resource offered by the region.

00:33:58.934 --> 00:34:01.801
The yerba producers used the Indians

00:34:01.834 --> 00:34:05.267
as the best qualified and cheapest
workforce available:

00:34:05.400 --> 00:34:08.000
all that was needed was a Paraguayan manager

00:34:08.133 --> 00:34:11.300
to deal with them in the Guarani language.

00:34:12.901 --> 00:34:16.067
At the epicentre of the Guarani Kaiowá territory,

00:34:16.467 --> 00:34:21.434
Matte Larangeira constructed Campanário,
“a city in the jungle,”

00:34:21.567 --> 00:34:24.234
with electricity, a cinema, hotel and hospital.

00:34:24.467 --> 00:34:28.300
The slogan was progress, development!

00:34:29.434 --> 00:34:32.033
The Indians are the image that’s missing.

00:34:32.267 --> 00:34:35.434
Invisible to the eyes of the historians of the time,

00:34:35.868 --> 00:34:39.901
when they do appear,
they are registered as Paraguayans.

00:34:53.500 --> 00:34:57.500
The confusion between Indians and Paraguayans,
who also speak Guarani,

00:34:57.701 --> 00:35:01.300
was opportune for anyone who wanted
a native workforce

00:35:01.434 --> 00:35:04.234
without recognizing their rights.

00:35:14.901 --> 00:35:20.734
Today, camped on the side of highways
that were once their great tekoha,

00:35:20.934 --> 00:35:26.133
the Guarani Kaiowá no longer seemed
to fit in their own territory.

00:35:28.567 --> 00:35:34.067
This invisibility has persisted over
the course of their history.

00:35:44.400 --> 00:35:47.367
My late father and grandfather
are buried here in Apyka’i.

00:35:47.500 --> 00:35:49.234
I’m going to tell our history, Myriam.

00:35:49.334 --> 00:35:51.067
Your husband Celso knows it well.

00:35:51.200 --> 00:35:52.901
What is the name of this place?

00:35:53.033 --> 00:35:55.234
Our area is called Apyka’i,

00:35:55.367 --> 00:35:57.601
it’s on the other side of the road.

00:35:57.767 --> 00:35:59.100
Now it’s all sugar cane plantations.

00:35:59.267 --> 00:36:02.801
All this here is our traditional land.
It is a very large area.

00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:05.534
We managed to reoccupy the other side
for a couple years.

00:36:05.634 --> 00:36:07.534
But we were later evicted.

00:36:07.667 --> 00:36:09.634
Today we have nothing left.

00:36:09.834 --> 00:36:14.300
We had planted manioc, beans, rice, maize...

00:36:14.801 --> 00:36:17.300
Everything that we ate we had planted there.

00:36:17.434 --> 00:36:19.133
But we never had a chance to harvest it.

00:36:19.267 --> 00:36:21.000
We were evicted and the tractor
flattened everything.

00:36:21.133 --> 00:36:23.534
The folk from the sugar plant were responsible.

00:36:23.667 --> 00:36:25.834
My two sons, who accompanied me,

00:36:25.968 --> 00:36:28.167
were killed by the hired guns from the plant.

00:36:28.300 --> 00:36:33.133
The first who died was the son of Sidney de Souza,
our vice-leader.

00:36:33.300 --> 00:36:38.234
He was the first, then it was the younger brother...

00:36:38.367 --> 00:36:40.267
Later still they killed the older brother.

00:36:40.400 --> 00:36:42.167
So three adults were gone already.

00:36:42.300 --> 00:36:44.367
The fifth person killed was a child who they ran over.

00:36:44.500 --> 00:36:47.100
The sixth was my aunt, poisoned, who is buried there.

00:36:47.234 --> 00:36:51.200
The seventh was my husband, killed
because of this land.

00:36:51.367 --> 00:36:55.133
And where are the cemeteries?

00:36:55.267 --> 00:36:57.100
They’re all here in this area.

00:36:57.234 --> 00:36:59.868
My son’s grave is here, very close to the road.

00:37:00.067 --> 00:37:03.367
The others are further over that way.
The child is buried in that corner.

00:37:03.500 --> 00:37:06.901
My father’s grave is further down.

00:37:17.634 --> 00:37:21.834
If the farmer happens to kill me, they’ll bury me there

00:37:21.968 --> 00:37:25.067
and my kin will remain here on the side of the road.

00:37:25.200 --> 00:37:27.667
Who will give us the strength to retake the land?

00:37:27.801 --> 00:37:29.934
If my children and I have an accident on the road,

00:37:30.067 --> 00:37:32.968
they’ll say: “Let the bugre die.”

00:37:33.100 --> 00:37:35.834
‘Bugre,’ that’s what they call us.

00:37:36.234 --> 00:37:39.767
The whites have a lot of money in the bank.

00:37:40.033 --> 00:37:47.534
Only they obtained this money from our Kaiowá land.

00:37:47.868 --> 00:37:52.834
Why did they plant all this sugar cane?

00:37:53.033 --> 00:38:01.067
To say that the land is occupied and
extract money for the plant.

00:38:04.267 --> 00:38:08.767
The Apyka’i encampment, located 4 kilometres
from the town of Dourados,

00:38:08.901 --> 00:38:11.701
is an extreme case of resistance.

00:38:12.434 --> 00:38:17.868
Chief Damiana lives in a camp by the highway
for 12 years.

00:38:25.400 --> 00:38:29.968
We sing to the owner of life,

00:38:30.234 --> 00:38:33.601
the owner of the sky,

00:38:33.734 --> 00:38:37.834
the owner of the land, the owner of the water.

00:38:41.300 --> 00:38:44.200
This is how we live in the fight for our Apyka’i land.

00:38:44.367 --> 00:38:49.934
We pray for all the divinities of the sky and the earth.

00:38:50.834 --> 00:38:54.901
We even have prayers for the solar eclipse.

00:38:55.033 --> 00:38:57.601
We, the Guarani Kaiowa.

00:38:57.734 --> 00:39:03.200
The whites will never be able to stop our prayers
and the shining of the sun.

00:39:04.667 --> 00:39:11.067
She claims part of the farm São Fernando,
belonging to the Bumlai family.

00:39:43.534 --> 00:39:47.334
We cannot wait any longer, we’re going
to reoccupy our land.

00:39:47.467 --> 00:39:53.200
If they want to bring a tractor to bury us here,
that’s their decision.

00:39:53.334 --> 00:39:55.033
We’re not leaving here ever again.

00:39:55.167 --> 00:39:56.667
This is our ancestral village.

00:39:56.968 --> 00:40:00.834
We brought the corpses of my two brothers here.

00:40:00.968 --> 00:40:03.734
And there’s one more relative who
we buried there further on.

00:40:03.868 --> 00:40:06.467
Once the farmer stood right here, looking.

00:40:06.601 --> 00:40:09.234
We gathered over there,

00:40:09.367 --> 00:40:11.400
all facing the farmer.

00:40:11.534 --> 00:40:13.934
There were also various security guards from GASPEM,

00:40:14.067 --> 00:40:16.601
the plant’s security company.

00:40:16.834 --> 00:40:18.667
We brought the body here.

00:40:18.801 --> 00:40:21.067
Someone holding on each side,

00:40:21.234 --> 00:40:23.968
while GASPEM’s hired guns stood there,

00:40:24.133 --> 00:40:25.868
watching from the road.

00:40:26.000 --> 00:40:28.634
We will stay here until the end.

00:40:40.300 --> 00:40:44.067
This is your eternal house here on the Earth,

00:40:44.334 --> 00:40:48.067
the spirits of nature guard you here...

00:40:55.767 --> 00:40:58.601
This is the grave of my nephew, a car killed him.

00:40:58.834 --> 00:41:01.767
The gunmen ran him over with the farm car,

00:41:01.901 --> 00:41:04.634
a planned act of revenge.

00:41:04.834 --> 00:41:06.834
This other grave belongs to my brother Reginaldo.

00:41:07.133 --> 00:41:09.734
This other one is my older brother’s.

00:41:10.767 --> 00:41:12.334
Here is my brother.

00:41:12.434 --> 00:41:15.234
His name is Wagner Freitas dos Santos.

00:41:15.367 --> 00:41:18.467
That other one was Reginaldo Carlos de Souza.

00:41:19.334 --> 00:41:22.868
This is my younger brother, the first one killed.

00:41:23.133 --> 00:41:25.968
He was the first person that the henchmen killed.

00:41:26.100 --> 00:41:29.834
After killing him, they ran him over
to pretend it was an accident,

00:41:29.968 --> 00:41:31.467
all at the orders of the farmers.

00:41:31.634 --> 00:41:35.200
We’re going to bury all our dead here,

00:41:35.367 --> 00:41:37.701
whether they want it or not.

00:41:37.834 --> 00:41:39.434
All of them are warriors.

00:41:39.567 --> 00:41:43.934
This here is a warrior, that one, and this one too.

00:41:44.067 --> 00:41:46.334
This one here that my hand is touching.

00:42:24.367 --> 00:42:29.868
The feeling of belonging to the territories
where their dead are buried,

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.067
along with their religious conviction that
the land belongs to the creator

00:42:34.400 --> 00:42:39.601
for the use of everyone,
is the grounding for their journey.

00:42:46.000 --> 00:42:50.601
What fascinated me at that time
was the religious trance,

00:42:50.734 --> 00:42:55.267
which gave inspiration to their lives
despite all their problems.

00:44:03.133 --> 00:44:05.901
The wisdom came from our ancestors.

00:44:06.033 --> 00:44:08.334
This is our wisdom.

00:44:10.601 --> 00:44:12.033
This is the telephone.

00:44:12.167 --> 00:44:14.567
This is the Indians\' telephone.

00:44:15.167 --> 00:44:17.567
To make rain falls.

00:44:18.300 --> 00:44:21.300
You sing and dance to have the
rain fall on the next day.

00:44:21.434 --> 00:44:23.901
There will be ligthning and soon
rain comes falling down.

00:44:24.033 --> 00:44:25.868
For everybody.

00:44:26.200 --> 00:44:28.300
This is what a Kaiowa Indian is.

00:44:30.500 --> 00:44:33.767
THE CIVILIZED INDIAN

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:38.267
The figure of the Indian only appears

00:44:38.400 --> 00:44:44.467
with the creation of the SPI,
the Indian Protection Service, in 1910.

00:44:46.267 --> 00:44:51.367
A positivist military office, Rondon,
the modern ‘tamer of the wilds,’

00:44:51.934 --> 00:44:55.534
was the service’s mentor and first director.

00:44:56.601 --> 00:45:01.133
Backed by the prestige of someone who had headed
some country’s strategic projects,

00:45:01.334 --> 00:45:05.400
including the Frontier Commission and the
construction of the telegraph line,

00:45:05.534 --> 00:45:09.634
he worked to pacify relations
with the indigenous populations

00:45:09.868 --> 00:45:14.968
as a means to enabling colonization
of the country’s western border area.

00:45:19.334 --> 00:45:25.934
Rondon admired the civilizing work
by the Salesian Missions on the Rio Negro.

00:45:26.567 --> 00:45:32.767
As a positivist, though, he thought that this task
was the responsibility of the State.

00:45:33.634 --> 00:45:37.234
The military organisation of the indigenous posts

00:45:37.367 --> 00:45:42.100
sought to graduall distance the Indians
from their customs.

00:45:44.367 --> 00:45:47.400
Ignoring the traditional leaders,

00:45:47.667 --> 00:45:53.467
the SPI nominated ‘captains’ in tune with their project
of cultural assimilation,

00:45:53.634 --> 00:45:57.868
who organized their militias to impose the new order.

00:45:59.901 --> 00:46:03.067
The post school, just like the mission schools,

00:46:03.234 --> 00:46:06.567
would eradicate the native languages

00:46:06.701 --> 00:46:09.534
and teach the Indians to work.

00:46:10.601 --> 00:46:14.567
The SPI became the manager of the
indigenous workforce,

00:46:14.701 --> 00:46:16.767
the paternal boss of the Indians.

00:46:20.834 --> 00:46:23.067
Though humanitarian in ethos,

00:46:23.267 --> 00:46:28.267
the project still contained the arrogance
of an ethnocentric culture:

00:46:28.400 --> 00:46:32.400
we the civilized and they the primitives.

00:46:34.834 --> 00:46:41.767
The SPI, inspired by the national flag,
hopes to fulfil its sacred duty

00:46:42.100 --> 00:46:46.868
of protecting and civilizing the Brazilian Indians.

00:46:54.267 --> 00:46:58.868
And now we present Dunipé, the famous
white Indian, brought from the Xingu,

00:46:59.133 --> 00:47:03.534
son of the Kalapalo tribe and alleged
grandson of Colonel Fawcett,

00:47:03.667 --> 00:47:07.000
the English officer who came to
a sad end in the region.

00:47:07.234 --> 00:47:10.133
This Indian, who we see standing
next to General Rondon,

00:47:10.267 --> 00:47:12.100
in Cuiabá, the capital of Mato Grosso,

00:47:12.500 --> 00:47:17.534
was brought to civilization and is being
educated by the Indian Protection Service.

00:47:27.634 --> 00:47:31.033
In a classification that ranged from ‘wild Indians’

00:47:31.167 --> 00:47:35.300
to those already living in “peaceful
promiscuity with the civilized,”

00:47:36.200 --> 00:47:39.734
the Guarani Kaiowá were categorized
among the latter.

00:47:41.267 --> 00:47:46.367
Aiming to incorporate them into the unavoidable
“march of humanity towards progress,”

00:47:46.500 --> 00:47:50.267
the SPI’s mission was “to free them from
the yerba producers,

00:47:50.434 --> 00:47:54.567
ending the slavery system in which
they had been caught.\"

00:47:56.434 --> 00:48:00.100
Some 75% of the workforce in the
yerba mate plantations

00:48:00.234 --> 00:48:03.200
in the Iguatemi River region was indigenous.

00:48:06.367 --> 00:48:13.834
The Empire and the Republic had thus far ignored
the Guarani Kaiowá territorial question.

00:48:14.167 --> 00:48:20.467
Up to 1928, the SPI had assigned 8 small
reservations to them,

00:48:20.601 --> 00:48:23.067
lots amounting to 3,600 hectares each.

00:48:24.667 --> 00:48:31.634
At the time, every Brazilian citizen
could request up to 2 lots,

00:48:31.767 --> 00:48:38.667
but just a total of 8 lots were reserved for
the 40,000 Indians of the region.

00:48:42.067 --> 00:48:46.300
Of the 3,500,000 hectares occupied by
the Guarani Kaiowá,

00:48:46.500 --> 00:48:49.734
the State granted them just 0.5%,

00:48:49.901 --> 00:48:55.934
thereby putting an official stamp on the expropriation
of almost all their territory,

00:48:56.100 --> 00:48:58.901
concentrating the Indians in small spaces

00:48:59.033 --> 00:49:02.701
so that they could be assimilated as rural workers,

00:49:02.834 --> 00:49:07.200
while freeing up their lands for colonization.

00:49:07.901 --> 00:49:14.200
The SPI’s demarcation established that the
only indigenous lands were those lots,

00:49:14.400 --> 00:49:20.834
where thousands of Indians should head
or be compulsorily transferred.

00:49:22.467 --> 00:49:27.534
In this way the SPI’s reservations became areas of exile

00:49:27.868 --> 00:49:32.200
and confinement for thousands of Guarani Kaiowá.

00:49:39.701 --> 00:49:46.868
While the demarcation of the SPI reservations
already meant a costly negotiation process,

00:49:47.767 --> 00:49:52.334
today with non-indigenous occupation consolidated
and the region’s economic boom

00:49:52.467 --> 00:49:59.133
there seems to be no room for diversity amid
the devastating sweep of agribusiness.

00:50:14.834 --> 00:50:18.100
When I began to film, I had no idea

00:50:18.234 --> 00:50:21.868
that those initial and dispersed actions
of retaking their land

00:50:22.067 --> 00:50:28.734
were merely the beginning of a much broader
movement that would last for decades.

00:50:31.400 --> 00:50:36.968
Opposed by everything and everyone, this peaceful
and stubborn movement

00:50:37.100 --> 00:50:43.868
is their only hope for restoring their space
and their way of life.

00:50:46.701 --> 00:50:52.734
Up to 2003, over a 20 year period, 16 tekoha
had been won back.

00:50:57.567 --> 00:51:03.300
And today another thirty areas have been
reclaimed by the Guarani Kaiowá.

00:51:04.167 --> 00:51:08.801
But how many lives have these hectares cost,

00:51:08.934 --> 00:51:13.267
including the deaths caused by hardship,
murder and suicide?

00:51:23.968 --> 00:51:25.901
Those of us here on the land

00:51:26.033 --> 00:51:28.934
need to know how to bless our maize porridge.

00:51:29.067 --> 00:51:31.801
It is important that everyone drinks a little

00:51:31.934 --> 00:51:34.601
without mixing it with other drinks.

00:51:34.734 --> 00:51:40.367
That way our divinity can give us some guidance

00:51:40.500 --> 00:51:46.334
on how to deal with the whites,

00:51:46.567 --> 00:51:51.033
following the ways of our culture,

00:51:51.167 --> 00:51:54.467
so we can organise ourselves better.

00:51:54.634 --> 00:51:58.667
So we can receive this response tomorrow.

00:53:08.367 --> 00:53:11.234
Scattered in camps alongside the road

00:53:11.667 --> 00:53:15.167
or crammed into the tiny SPI reservations,

00:53:15.868 --> 00:53:19.200
the Guarani Kaiowá no longer possess their forests

00:53:19.601 --> 00:53:22.300
where they dream of ‘living well\',

00:53:22.667 --> 00:53:26.567
nhandê reko,
to live according to our customs.”

00:53:28.534 --> 00:53:33.801
Exiled in the Sassoró reservation, the prayer Ambrósio,
like many others,

00:53:34.300 --> 00:53:38.467
dreams of uniting his kin and returning
to Pyelito Kue

00:53:38.901 --> 00:53:41.968
from where they were expelled in 1950.

00:53:45.033 --> 00:53:46.400
Good morning.

00:53:48.033 --> 00:53:50.234
Kokue Guasu!

00:53:51.267 --> 00:53:53.033
Hello, how are you?

00:53:53.200 --> 00:53:54.767
I’m good.

00:53:57.467 --> 00:54:02.300
The Sassoró reservation was demarcated in 1928.

00:54:02.868 --> 00:54:07.534
My father, Tani, worked here for a year.

00:54:07.534 --> 00:54:10.601
Later he moved to Pyelito Kue.

00:54:10.801 --> 00:54:15.767
I was born there in Pyelito Kue.

00:54:16.100 --> 00:54:19.801
I was born in Pyelito Kue in 1934.

00:54:20.467 --> 00:54:22.934
When we were evicted from Pyelito,

00:54:22.934 --> 00:54:25.100
my parents didn’t come here, to the Sassoró,

00:54:25.500 --> 00:54:26.701
they went to Ysaú.

00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:29.434
We went to Ysaú, next to Pyelito.

00:54:29.534 --> 00:54:31.801
We were expelled because of the yerba mate.

00:54:31.868 --> 00:54:34.000
I was 12 years old at the time.

00:54:34.467 --> 00:54:37.267
We stayed there a long time.

00:54:37.467 --> 00:54:40.601
We left there after many years

00:54:40.901 --> 00:54:45.767
when the farmer sold the land to another owner.

00:54:46.868 --> 00:54:49.133
What did they say to evict you?

00:54:49.300 --> 00:54:53.067
They said that Sassoró was our village

00:54:53.234 --> 00:54:56.434
and that Pyelito Kue was a farm.

00:54:56.634 --> 00:54:58.901
A road passes here that goes to Pyelito.

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:01.968
Today I think there’s going to be a meeting there.

00:55:02.100 --> 00:55:03.267
A meeting?

00:55:03.467 --> 00:55:06.801
There are always people going there.

00:55:07.667 --> 00:55:11.767
There’s a boatman there
who helps people cross the river.

00:55:13.300 --> 00:55:16.901
They always ask me if I’ll go back there
when it’s demarcated.

00:55:17.133 --> 00:55:18.601
And I reply: of course I shall!

00:55:18.968 --> 00:55:21.367
The moment they all enter, I’m going to
live there again!

00:55:28.467 --> 00:55:29.601
Boatman!

00:55:32.634 --> 00:55:34.067
Boatman!

00:56:02.467 --> 00:56:07.767
We head to the encampment of the Pyelito Kue
and Mbaracay communities.

00:56:09.133 --> 00:56:14.234
Pyelito Kue, where Ambrósio was born,
gained international fame

00:56:14.234 --> 00:56:16.601
after the community wrote an open letter,

00:56:16.767 --> 00:56:19.133
faced with their imminent eviction,

00:56:19.567 --> 00:56:22.167
announcing that they would resist to the death.

00:56:22.167 --> 00:56:25.868
This was interpreted as an announcement
of ‘collective suicide.

00:56:35.701 --> 00:56:40.133
It was then that thousands of people
included ‘Guarani Kaiowá’

00:56:40.133 --> 00:56:45.968
in their own names on Facebook
in a show of solidarity.

00:56:50.500 --> 00:56:52.667
Hey, it’s you!

00:56:52.767 --> 00:56:55.801
- Hello, how are you?
- Great.

00:56:56.534 --> 00:56:59.200
- How are you?
- Fine too.

00:56:59.334 --> 00:57:01.234
- How are you, sir?
- Good and you?

00:57:01.367 --> 00:57:02.334
- Good.

00:57:02.734 --> 00:57:04.000
Let\'s come in...

00:57:04.334 --> 00:57:08.834
You’re arriving, here is our palace.

00:57:09.567 --> 00:57:11.868
This place is very nice, isn’t it?

00:57:12.267 --> 00:57:16.734
Only now it’s very squeezed!

00:57:21.367 --> 00:57:24.901
The whites don\'t know that this is our land.

00:57:24.901 --> 00:57:26.801
But we do because we were born here.

00:57:27.000 --> 00:57:29.500
We were born here, right, guys?

00:57:31.834 --> 00:57:34.634
We still have the pestle that belonged
to my farher,

00:57:34.767 --> 00:57:37.300
the house he built...

00:57:37.434 --> 00:57:40.300
The house does not exist anymore,
but the beams are still there.

00:57:40.300 --> 00:57:49.667
My grandfather lived where a farm
has been built today.

00:57:49.667 --> 00:57:51.500
We’re going to return!

00:57:52.267 --> 00:57:54.534
This land doesn’t belong to the farmer.

00:57:54.968 --> 00:57:58.500
They call us liars.

00:57:59.133 --> 00:58:01.667
It’s the farmer who is the liar.

00:58:01.868 --> 00:58:05.367
They don’t know where we
buried our grandmother,

00:58:05.734 --> 00:58:08.667
great-grandmother, our granddaughter, my aunt,

00:58:08.801 --> 00:58:13.000
they don’t know about my family’s cemetery.

00:58:13.167 --> 00:58:15.234
Aren’t they people?

00:58:15.367 --> 00:58:19.300
My nephew here was still an adolescent…

00:58:19.400 --> 00:58:23.100
when the gunmen shot at us.

00:58:23.367 --> 00:58:27.400
They broke my cousins’ arms

00:58:27.734 --> 00:58:31.100
and they suffered a lot afterwards from the injuries.

00:58:31.367 --> 00:58:34.734
But even then, they didn’t stop
sending gunmen there.

00:58:34.968 --> 00:58:37.067
Let them send their hired guns there,

00:58:37.534 --> 00:58:40.901
let them waste money paying them.

00:58:40.901 --> 00:58:43.067
We’re still going to reoccupy the area.

00:58:43.868 --> 00:58:48.601
How many comrades, how many women,
have we already lost in this fight.

00:58:48.801 --> 00:58:52.767
And today, thanks be to God, we are still
suffering here from all this.

00:58:54.067 --> 00:58:57.367
Look at this woman here,
she’s covered in bullet wounds.

00:58:57.801 --> 00:59:01.234
She still has a bullet in her arm.

00:59:01.400 --> 00:59:02.367
Look at this.

00:59:02.467 --> 00:59:04.100
That’s why I’ll never give up this fight.

00:59:04.234 --> 00:59:05.868
I want to return to my land

00:59:05.968 --> 00:59:08.634
because of this bullet lodged in my arm.

00:59:09.567 --> 00:59:13.133
Her brother died too.

00:59:13.734 --> 00:59:18.434
The President doesn’t want to know
about indigenous land.

00:59:18.434 --> 00:59:23.534
She offers the indigenous population no support.

00:59:24.500 --> 00:59:26.100
She wants to weaken FUNAI

00:59:26.100 --> 00:59:31.834
so that other ministries can decide
the fate of your land.

00:59:32.133 --> 00:59:34.601
Here all of us voted for Dilma,

00:59:35.300 --> 00:59:39.734
just so she could meet only the farmers’ requests?

00:59:39.734 --> 00:59:44.367
All because of money?
Aren’t we worth more than money?

00:59:44.834 --> 00:59:47.300
We really need this land!

00:59:47.400 --> 00:59:50.701
They took everything from us!

00:59:50.834 --> 00:59:58.067
We prayed a lot for Dilma to win.

00:59:58.734 --> 01:00:00.767
She must know that.

01:00:01.300 --> 01:00:08.467
If it depends on the government in Brasilia,
the situation is bad.

01:00:11.500 --> 01:00:19.767
We can’t tell you how to solve the problem,

01:00:19.767 --> 01:00:31.234
we haven’t got a way to speed up
your return to the tekoha,

01:00:31.334 --> 01:00:36.901
so you aren’t left in this situation, isolated...

01:00:37.400 --> 01:00:40.300
Celso, let me say something.

01:00:40.734 --> 01:00:45.100
Like Celso says, we aren’t the authorities,

01:00:45.767 --> 01:00:49.400
but if it depends on the authorities acting,

01:00:49.701 --> 01:00:52.500
then you have to take the lead.

01:00:53.300 --> 01:01:01.300
And it’s important that the images of you
and your words reach the city.

01:01:02.434 --> 01:01:10.334
When things got bad and you wrote that letter,
thousands of Brazilians heard,

01:01:10.334 --> 01:01:12.667
they had never heard of the Kaiowá before.

01:01:13.934 --> 01:01:18.267
This made people aware, there are lots
of good people.

01:01:19.033 --> 01:01:21.167
That was very important.

01:01:22.267 --> 01:01:27.234
Why did the human rights minister force
the courts to suspend the appeal?

01:01:28.334 --> 01:01:33.267
Because your voice reached all across Brazil

01:01:33.868 --> 01:01:36.934
and the government came under pressure.

01:01:38.167 --> 01:01:45.033
So this communication is with us, common people,

01:01:45.033 --> 01:01:47.634
people who don’t make the decisions,

01:01:47.634 --> 01:01:53.267
but if there are enough of us, we can help you
apply pressure.

01:01:58.334 --> 01:02:04.601
I wish to announce that the governor of the state
of Mato Grosso do Sul

01:02:05.033 --> 01:02:12.934
wishes to make a declaration, so I’m pleased
to hand over to the governor.

01:02:13.601 --> 01:02:15.534
Governor, the floor is yours.

01:02:16.567 --> 01:02:21.133
Ministers, allow me to philosophize a little.

01:02:22.968 --> 01:02:24.734
The law is the same for everyone.

01:02:24.734 --> 01:02:27.601
Either we are non-Indian and Indian Brazilians,

01:02:27.601 --> 01:02:32.234
or this segmentation and this
‘decriminalization’ will force us

01:02:32.234 --> 01:02:38.167
to abdicate our sovereignty, our nationalism.

01:02:38.767 --> 01:02:46.601
We can’t accept NGOs, or CIMI, inciting disorder.

01:02:46.801 --> 01:02:49.734
Here I haven’t heard anyone speak about CIMI.

01:02:49.801 --> 01:02:56.567
I’m Catholic and CIMI is a fascist branch
of the Catholic Church!

01:02:56.834 --> 01:03:01.000
There in my state it incites invasions,
and we have eighty.

01:03:02.567 --> 01:03:06.701
And they want land where there’s fertile
purple soil, in the arable area,

01:03:06.834 --> 01:03:12.000
in the 5 to 6 million hectares
where we produce crops…

01:03:12.167 --> 01:03:14.534
They initially took 1,400,000 hectares from us,

01:03:14.534 --> 01:03:16.734
afterwards they reduced to 600,000.

01:03:17.968 --> 01:03:24.667
Whoever knows the indigenous culture
of the Guarani Kaiowá

01:03:24.901 --> 01:03:28.968
knows that they are nomads, they never
settle on the land.

01:03:29.133 --> 01:03:34.634
Furthermore, FUNAI is recognizing
Indians from Paraguay

01:03:35.100 --> 01:03:37.567
who used to wander in the Chaco region,

01:03:37.834 --> 01:03:42.033
as Brazilians on the borders of our state.

01:03:42.200 --> 01:03:47.601
We’ve hardly enough to ensure rice and beans
for our Brazilians to start with,

01:03:47.934 --> 01:03:53.200
are we going to care about an Indian who says:
“Yo soy brasileño”?

01:03:55.534 --> 01:03:58.667
In the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, who looks
after the indigenous peoples

01:03:58.667 --> 01:04:01.467
is the state government,

01:04:01.467 --> 01:04:03.033
because the National Indian Funerary Service

01:04:03.033 --> 01:04:05.534
has even given them rice and beans full of weevils.

01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:08.968
If I was president of the republic,
I would close FUNAI down

01:04:08.968 --> 01:04:12.500
because of its incompetence and misconduct.

01:04:12.834 --> 01:04:15.701
Ask the mayors, the representatives
of the mayors are here:

01:04:15.701 --> 01:04:17.033
what’s going to happen?

01:04:17.033 --> 01:04:23.300
Massacres, civil war between non-Indian
and Indian Brazilian brothers.

01:04:23.534 --> 01:04:26.067
Who will be to blame? All of us.

01:04:26.868 --> 01:04:28.734
Enough of invasions!

01:04:29.500 --> 01:04:33.767
I’m going to start giving people the right
to defend themselves with guns,

01:04:33.767 --> 01:04:41.500
just as the rural producers probably have
to defend their rural property,

01:04:41.500 --> 01:04:43.400
just as the Constitution permits.

01:04:44.234 --> 01:04:46.701
Allow me to show you something.

01:04:46.868 --> 01:04:50.067
Because the media has a one-way vision,

01:04:50.067 --> 01:04:54.033
let me show you two minutes of a video
on the big screen.

01:04:54.200 --> 01:04:57.968
And I ask everyone present here,
especially the press,

01:04:57.968 --> 01:05:00.133
to close pay attention to the video.

01:05:04.167 --> 01:05:06.734
I’m your friend.

01:05:06.734 --> 01:05:07.767
You’re no friend.

01:05:07.767 --> 01:05:12.300
Of course I’m your friend. Let go girl,
you’re holding my arm.

01:05:12.300 --> 01:05:13.734
Shut up, you old idiot.

01:05:13.734 --> 01:05:16.567
You’re gripping my arm, girl, it’s gone numb...

01:05:17.400 --> 01:05:20.100
You didn’t speak like that
when you were shooting!

01:05:20.234 --> 01:05:22.934
No, stop it...

01:05:23.100 --> 01:05:24.934
Stop it...

01:05:25.667 --> 01:05:27.868
I’m your friend.

01:05:28.467 --> 01:05:30.467
Release me, mate, let\'s talk.

01:05:31.334 --> 01:05:33.634
Let me go. It stopped my blood flow.

01:05:35.801 --> 01:05:39.200
I welcomed you as a friend. For God\'s sake.

01:05:40.234 --> 01:05:42.734
I wouldn\'t listen to careless talk.

01:05:42.868 --> 01:05:45.767
The owner of a miserable 30 hectares

01:05:45.968 --> 01:05:48.734
after a lifetime of work as a police officer.

01:05:48.934 --> 01:05:50.934
Three of my police officers

01:05:51.033 --> 01:05:54.767
- I say mine because of the feeling
that they were my own -

01:05:55.300 --> 01:05:58.868
were massacred by the Indians.

01:05:59.033 --> 01:06:03.133
Is there no justice for them? Or only for
white Brazilians?

01:06:03.267 --> 01:06:08.133
I heard Dr. Elito say that we must recognize
‘Brazilians’

01:06:08.267 --> 01:06:10.801
and not Brazilian Indians and white Brazilians.

01:06:10.801 --> 01:06:12.801
We must recognize Brazilians.

01:06:13.701 --> 01:06:16.167
Do you know how this video ended up in our hands?

01:06:16.434 --> 01:06:19.200
The Indian who filmed it sold the video.

01:06:25.100 --> 01:06:27.968
If that doesn’t shock you, it shocked me.

01:06:34.634 --> 01:06:40.234
I too was shocked by this video, posted
and shared thousands of times

01:06:40.234 --> 01:06:44.100
on the internet under the title of ‘Killer Indians\'.

01:06:46.567 --> 01:06:51.734
Shocked too by the title itself,
given that 50 indigenous leaders

01:06:51.734 --> 01:06:53.968
have been killed in the last thirty years,

01:06:53.968 --> 01:06:58.067
while three police officers were killed
over the same period.

01:06:59.767 --> 01:07:05.067
What is shocking is the inequality of forces
involved in this conflict.

01:07:06.801 --> 01:07:11.701
We went to Itay, a camp reclaiming land
in the Douradina region

01:07:11.701 --> 01:07:13.567
and the location where the events took place,

01:07:13.834 --> 01:07:17.767
in order to reconstruct the moments prior
to the filmed scene.

01:07:19.267 --> 01:07:20.767
Where was he when you arrived?

01:07:20.767 --> 01:07:22.968
He was shooting in every direction.

01:07:22.968 --> 01:07:25.133
And all the women were crying.

01:07:25.133 --> 01:07:27.400
Elana was crying the most.

01:07:27.400 --> 01:07:33.133
One shot had hit her finger.

01:07:36.133 --> 01:07:40.934
When I saw that he was shooting,
I hid behind a house.

01:07:41.367 --> 01:07:43.534
Elana was behind me.

01:07:43.534 --> 01:07:46.500
When he approached me, I jumped on him.

01:07:47.067 --> 01:07:50.100
He then shot me,

01:07:50.100 --> 01:07:52.567
but I managed to grab hold and fell him.

01:07:52.834 --> 01:07:56.000
- So did he shoot you?
- Yes he shot me,

01:07:57.868 --> 01:08:00.234
but I managed to fell him.

01:08:00.234 --> 01:08:02.133
I told my comrades to grab his gun.

01:08:03.701 --> 01:08:05.167
I didn’t feel anything, but suddenly

01:08:05.167 --> 01:08:06.901
I felt blood spill on my body.

01:08:07.300 --> 01:08:09.100
Because of the revolver beaten on your head?

01:08:09.100 --> 01:08:10.267
Yes.

01:08:10.801 --> 01:08:17.834
Afterwards they told me that he had
a machete on his belt.

01:08:18.267 --> 01:08:21.500
I was so angry I grabbed the machete
and struck his head.

01:08:21.901 --> 01:08:25.400
Later they told me to stop hurting him.

01:08:32.601 --> 01:08:39.601
He came towards me, saying that
he was going to kill everyone.

01:08:39.601 --> 01:08:43.801
He also swore at me, calling me this and that.

01:08:43.801 --> 01:08:48.734
He called me a bitch, a slut, a load of nonsense.

01:08:48.734 --> 01:08:51.701
And he stood there pointing the gun at me.

01:08:51.701 --> 01:08:54.067
He punched me as soon as he arrived,
so I grabbed him.

01:08:54.067 --> 01:08:56.601
When he hit me, I held his arm up,

01:08:56.601 --> 01:08:58.500
which was when he shot my finger.

01:08:58.500 --> 01:09:01.234
I felt the bullet graze my head.

01:09:01.234 --> 01:09:06.300
The second shot passed close to my back.

01:09:06.634 --> 01:09:10.267
Then I ran away, I entered the house and I don’t know
what he did after that.

01:09:10.267 --> 01:09:12.434
I came out and went around the back
of the house again

01:09:12.434 --> 01:09:14.500
to see whether he had killed her.

01:09:14.701 --> 01:09:19.934
He saw me and that’s when he fired again,
that made it five shots.

01:09:19.934 --> 01:09:22.133
There was one more shot, which was aimed at João.

01:09:22.133 --> 01:09:24.868
Then he became a bit distracted and saw João.

01:09:24.868 --> 01:09:27.234
I saw the fire leaving the barrel of the gun.

01:09:28.400 --> 01:09:30.767
I thought that he had already killed him.

01:09:31.434 --> 01:09:36.200
He was going to reload the revolver,

01:09:36.734 --> 01:09:40.133
so João tackled him in self-defense.

01:09:40.500 --> 01:09:45.267
Had João not done so,
he would have killed six women.

01:09:46.767 --> 01:09:49.267
There’s an important question to clear up,

01:09:49.934 --> 01:09:55.067
how did that young woman film
just the end of the story…

01:09:55.467 --> 01:09:58.467
He filmed the man on the floor,
covered in blood,

01:09:58.601 --> 01:10:04.767
\"I am your friend. I was always good to you.
Why are you doing this to me?\"

01:10:05.934 --> 01:10:08.000
How did that happen?

01:10:08.000 --> 01:10:10.934
It was filmed on the same day.

01:10:10.934 --> 01:10:12.968
He was tied up, he kept talking.

01:10:12.968 --> 01:10:14.901
Two women arrived:

01:10:14.901 --> 01:10:17.467
their names are Maria de Fátima Fernandes
and Nedileide Alzira.

01:10:17.467 --> 01:10:20.334
I’m not going to deny it, since it’s out there now,
I have to speak too.

01:10:20.334 --> 01:10:25.734
We saw her filming on the mobile.

01:10:25.901 --> 01:10:29.634
He was saying: I’m your friend,
why are you doing this to me?

01:10:29.634 --> 01:10:33.100
When he arrived he said nothing
about us being his friends.

01:10:33.467 --> 01:10:36.734
She sold the video to that police officer

01:10:36.734 --> 01:10:38.534
and the police officer sent it who knows where,

01:10:38.534 --> 01:10:40.367
until it eventually fell into the government’s hands.

01:10:40.767 --> 01:10:43.467
The other day, in the school where I work,

01:10:43.968 --> 01:10:49.033
she said that a deputy was going to deposit money
in her bank account.

01:10:49.033 --> 01:10:50.934
And she used this money to buy a motorbike!

01:10:51.200 --> 01:10:54.234
This Indian woman works closely with the producers.

01:10:54.534 --> 01:10:58.300
She’s very ambitious, crazy for money.

01:10:59.601 --> 01:11:01.300
But when everything has been demarcated,

01:11:01.300 --> 01:11:04.534
she’s going to say: “I want a little bit for me.”

01:11:04.534 --> 01:11:06.901
I wonder whether she’ll remember her betrayal?

01:11:06.901 --> 01:11:14.200
She wanted us jailed. She felt as she was
a white woman.

01:11:14.968 --> 01:11:19.667
The death of the police officer shown in the Congress
is one more episode

01:11:19.667 --> 01:11:22.067
of a clash that has gone on for decades.

01:11:22.901 --> 01:11:28.200
Prior to the SPI, we were already occupying these lands.

01:11:28.734 --> 01:11:31.601
We were here before the SPI arrived.

01:11:32.434 --> 01:11:38.734
Until the Dourados National Agricultural Colony,
CAND, arrived.

01:11:38.734 --> 01:11:41.767
CAND came and the Indians carried on living here,

01:11:41.767 --> 01:11:46.534
on lots 44, 48, 56...

01:11:47.300 --> 01:11:49.567
There it was occupied entirely by the Indians.

01:11:49.567 --> 01:11:54.968
When Getúlio Vargas won the presidency, in 1947/48,

01:11:54.968 --> 01:11:58.467
he ordered their eviction and removed
all our grandparents from there.

01:11:58.834 --> 01:12:02.167
Since then, all of this has become a farm.

01:12:02.234 --> 01:12:04.767
And the Indians were left with a tiny plot of 337 hectares.

01:12:11.234 --> 01:12:15.234
THE WESTWARD MARCH

01:12:15.234 --> 01:12:20.868
The March Westwards, a program launched by
President Getulio Vargas in 1940,

01:12:21.167 --> 01:12:25.100
began a new era of developmentalism in the country.

01:12:27.901 --> 01:12:32.167
Getulio accelerated the expropriation
of the Guarani Kaiowá territory

01:12:32.834 --> 01:12:37.334
with the creation of the CAND:
the Dourados National Agricultural Colony,

01:12:37.367 --> 01:12:39.767
an area of 300,000 hectares.

01:12:42.801 --> 01:12:46.167
Cancelling the contract with Companhia Matte Larangeira,

01:12:46.367 --> 01:12:50.033
he freed up the leased lands for colonization.

01:12:51.701 --> 01:12:55.100
Getulio ignored the existence of the Indians,

01:12:55.434 --> 01:12:58.434
contradicting the previous two constitutions

01:12:58.601 --> 01:13:02.100
that had stipulated respect for indigenous territories.

01:13:03.400 --> 01:13:09.734
His policy began a new cycle of land appropriations
and conflicts in the region.

01:13:11.968 --> 01:13:16.968
At the previous century the Guarani Kaiowá
had helped Rondon

01:13:17.167 --> 01:13:22.801
implant the telegraph lines and railway with the promise
of a reservation in return.

01:13:22.801 --> 01:13:24.701
A promise never fulfilled.

01:13:28.534 --> 01:13:34.601
Vargas’s agricultural colony did not allocate
a single lot to the Indians living there.

01:13:36.734 --> 01:13:41.634
Once again the only option offered to the Guarani Kaiowá

01:13:42.133 --> 01:13:48.367
was compulsory transference to Dourados,
one of the SPI reservations.

01:13:50.500 --> 01:13:58.968
Local police reports, official reports
and radiograms all record, year-by-year,

01:13:58.968 --> 01:14:03.067
the resistance of the villages and the conflicts
with the new colonists.

01:14:05.634 --> 01:14:10.801
The historical perversity is that the colony
employed the Indians to clear paths

01:14:10.801 --> 01:14:13.400
on lots that would subsequently be handed over
to third parties

01:14:13.500 --> 01:14:16.334
and from which they themselves would be expelled.

01:14:18.834 --> 01:14:23.634
Was Getulio Vargas’s establishing April 19th

01:14:23.767 --> 01:14:26.534
as National Indian Day some kind of consolation prize?

01:15:26.167 --> 01:15:30.400
They’re over there. See that yellow shirt over there.

01:15:32.434 --> 01:15:39.868
We visit Pacurity, another roadside encampment
on the outskirts of Grande Dourados.

01:15:42.400 --> 01:15:47.868
This tekoha, led by Bonifácio, faces a farm
owned by a former trooper

01:15:48.000 --> 01:15:50.467
from Companhia Matte Larangeira.

01:15:51.868 --> 01:15:53.868
There was a prayer house here.

01:15:54.334 --> 01:15:58.133
What happened to the prayer house?

01:15:58.133 --> 01:16:03.701
The prayer houses were always destroyed,
burnt down by the farmer.

01:16:03.701 --> 01:16:07.100
He burnt the community’s house.

01:16:09.701 --> 01:16:17.033
There’s a branch here too, look at the branch here.

01:16:17.667 --> 01:16:22.434
He spread weed killer on the manioc and planted
soybean over the top.

01:16:23.534 --> 01:16:25.601
Yes, he planted soybean, in the middle of the community.

01:16:27.067 --> 01:16:28.467
Is this banana yours?

01:16:28.467 --> 01:16:30.367
Yes this banana is ours.

01:16:31.200 --> 01:16:34.634
We’ve planted banana here too.

01:16:38.167 --> 01:16:43.000
The Bonifácio plantation encapsulates
the scenario of the resistance:

01:16:43.634 --> 01:16:48.701
the banana and the manioc of the Indians against
the soybean of agribusiness.

01:16:52.567 --> 01:17:00.434
We were removed from here in 1950.

01:17:02.267 --> 01:17:06.734
A little cross... here’s another one.

01:17:07.767 --> 01:17:09.167
Are these the grave crosses?

01:17:09.167 --> 01:17:10.934
This is the cemetery, there are two graves here.

01:17:11.234 --> 01:17:19.834
Here’s Pakuia\'i, his wife is called Miguela.

01:17:23.200 --> 01:17:26.167
He was a prayer. Yuiará Dja.

01:17:26.334 --> 01:17:36.367
The SPI helped the farmers to take them
to the villages that Getúlio gave.

01:17:37.767 --> 01:17:40.300
Although the village that Getúlio Vargas gave

01:17:40.601 --> 01:17:44.334
was not a real tekoha, it isn’t our tekoha.

01:17:44.567 --> 01:17:49.667
Getúlio Vargas gave the village of Dourados,
for example, but it was just his vision,

01:17:50.300 --> 01:17:53.567
done only because he wanted to make a village.

01:17:53.801 --> 01:18:01.634
So he began to remove the Indians
from their true tekoha

01:18:01.734 --> 01:18:05.734
to take them to where Getúlio Vargas
wanted to make a village.

01:18:06.000 --> 01:18:10.467
Officially transferred to the
Dourados reservation in 1950,

01:18:11.000 --> 01:18:16.667
the Pacuriti Indians never ceased to camp
close to their cemeteries.

01:18:17.500 --> 01:18:20.200
They said that we had to go there,

01:18:20.200 --> 01:18:22.534
join the others by force.

01:18:22.534 --> 01:18:28.300
There to the place that Getúlio Vargas
gave to the Indians.

01:18:29.000 --> 01:18:33.634
They wanted us to be squeezed in there.

01:18:33.634 --> 01:18:40.100
And the captain of the guard humiliated everyone.

01:18:40.167 --> 01:18:43.200
He led people from various villages
to pile them up there.

01:18:44.234 --> 01:18:51.667
THE INDIGENOUS GUARD

01:18:52.267 --> 01:18:59.500
The dictatorship faced with an SPI accused of corruption,
torture and slave labour,

01:18:59.968 --> 01:19:06.000
replaced it with FUNAI, the National Indian
Foundation, in 1967,

01:19:06.500 --> 01:19:10.667
which inherited its functionaries and its military ethos.

01:19:12.300 --> 01:19:19.334
These scenes were filmed in Belo Horizonte in 1970
during the graduation ceremony

01:19:19.334 --> 01:19:25.901
of the first Indigenous Rural Guard, supposedly created
to patrol their own lands.

01:19:27.868 --> 01:19:31.767
The Military Police had already been running
a training centre

01:19:31.801 --> 01:19:35.067
for the Indigenous Guard since 1969,
in the the Krenak reservation,

01:19:35.067 --> 01:19:41.200
as well as a Penal Colony for Indians sent from
all over the country.

01:19:43.767 --> 01:19:50.601
Here they taught the Guards techniques
for arresting and even torturing,

01:19:50.934 --> 01:19:54.834
as indeed they insisted on showing on open parade.

01:19:57.901 --> 01:20:04.234
The \"pau-de-arara\", a torture instrument present
in the national imagination thereafter,

01:20:04.701 --> 01:20:10.234
inaugurated the participation of the Indians
in the modernity of Brazil’s dictatorship.

01:20:12.734 --> 01:20:14.934
Inspected three years later, the indigenous guard

01:20:14.934 --> 01:20:20.100
was found to have left a trail of horrors in the villages:

01:20:20.901 --> 01:20:25.901
prisons, beatings, rapes, and had to be closed down.

01:20:55.934 --> 01:20:58.100
It was only after our first encounter

01:20:58.567 --> 01:21:00.567
that we learnt how Bonifácio

01:21:00.567 --> 01:21:02.968
had paid a high cost for his ‘rebelliousness.’

01:21:03.634 --> 01:21:10.067
Deported in 1971, he was incarcerated
in the Krenak Prison in Minas Gerais

01:21:10.500 --> 01:21:14.734
where he remained for three years in a regime
of forced labour.

01:21:17.500 --> 01:21:19.801
We returned there to interview him.

01:21:20.634 --> 01:21:26.801
They were upset by my presence here,
and that of my father Pacheco.

01:21:27.167 --> 01:21:33.634
Close to the Dourados River there were cemeteries
with more than 80 Indians.

01:21:34.934 --> 01:21:36.934
And right there was my house.

01:21:37.868 --> 01:21:41.534
So the farmer Atílio arranged with the Kaiowá Mission

01:21:43.167 --> 01:21:46.100
to take me to the Krenak Prison.

01:21:47.100 --> 01:21:55.467
Inside were thin people, dying of hunger.

01:21:56.200 --> 01:22:06.100
There was an Indian tied by the feet and waist,

01:22:08.601 --> 01:22:13.000
inside the cell, hanging upside-down.

01:22:13.734 --> 01:22:20.667
We heard some Indians talking in a low voice.

01:22:21.033 --> 01:22:23.334
We understood what they were saying.

01:22:26.267 --> 01:22:28.667
They were Guarani Mbya prisoners.

01:22:28.934 --> 01:22:31.634
”Where do you come from?” they asked.

01:22:33.534 --> 01:22:35.167
“We came from the west.”

01:22:44.901 --> 01:22:50.300
We then asked: “What’s this here?”

01:22:52.067 --> 01:22:54.934
“This here is an Indian slaughterhouse,” they replied.

01:22:57.133 --> 01:23:00.234
“No Indian comes out of here alive.”

01:23:19.267 --> 01:23:22.500
At the end of the 1960s, during the dictatorship,

01:23:22.667 --> 01:23:26.434
the second wave of gauchos to arrive
in Mato Grosso do Sul

01:23:26.734 --> 01:23:31.400
introduced mechanized agriculture
with the first soybean plantations,

01:23:31.834 --> 01:23:34.467
which later expanded in the 1970s.

01:23:37.033 --> 01:23:41.701
In the 1980s sugar cane and alcohol distillation plants arrived.

01:23:43.033 --> 01:23:47.033
During this period, the final deforestation
of the region took place,

01:23:47.500 --> 01:23:51.300
accompanied by a new wave of deportations
from small villages

01:23:51.734 --> 01:23:54.567
still resisting in the more remote parts of the farm estates.

01:23:57.167 --> 01:24:02.367
The consequence of this movement was the crowding of
the SPI reservations,

01:24:02.601 --> 01:24:04.500
which entered a state of collapse.

01:24:06.434 --> 01:24:13.000
The humanitarian crises frequently hit
the national headlines:

01:24:15.033 --> 01:24:19.234
infant mortality, slave labour for cane cutting,

01:24:19.567 --> 01:24:22.167
internal wars in the reservations
with people fighting for space.

01:24:22.567 --> 01:24:25.000
world record suicide rates,

01:24:42.767 --> 01:24:46.133
The Indians who resisted the SPI’s deportations

01:24:46.367 --> 01:24:49.534
and remained outside the official reservations

01:24:50.000 --> 01:24:52.767
were forced out the law.

01:24:52.968 --> 01:24:56.133
The fire spread from over there to here

01:24:56.234 --> 01:24:58.968
and burned down the cane of the São Fernando plant.

01:25:00.400 --> 01:25:03.534
The Apyka’i camp, led by chief Damiana,

01:25:03.968 --> 01:25:07.434
was destroyed by the burning cane plantation
of the São Fernando plant.

01:25:08.000 --> 01:25:11.834
They wanted to kill all of us, they wanted
to scare everyone

01:25:12.133 --> 01:25:15.100
to go to the demarcated villages,
to Caarapó, Amambai, Limão Verde.

01:25:15.400 --> 01:25:18.000
But nobody will ever give up on this land!

01:25:18.100 --> 01:25:23.000
We know that this land is our tekoha.

01:25:26.300 --> 01:25:29.601
Faced by this new attack, Damiana and her group

01:25:29.767 --> 01:25:33.167
crossed the road and camped inside the farm

01:25:33.734 --> 01:25:38.300
where they live in an atmosphere of constant
tension and insecurity,

01:25:38.500 --> 01:25:41.400
pressurized by the plant workers.

01:25:54.300 --> 01:25:56.500
Here’s your torch,

01:25:56.634 --> 01:25:59.434
I hope they are well charged
and your mobiles as well.

01:25:59.901 --> 01:26:01.701
This is for him.

01:26:03.934 --> 01:26:05.467
This one has charged better.

01:26:05.801 --> 01:26:07.300
It charged well, it’s bright.

01:26:07.734 --> 01:26:09.167
That’s mine...

01:26:12.934 --> 01:26:14.968
This one charged well too.

01:26:15.067 --> 01:26:17.133
They’ve already come here three times.

01:26:17.234 --> 01:26:18.968
- They came back?
- Three times.

01:26:19.100 --> 01:26:20.000
What happened?

01:26:20.167 --> 01:26:22.234
They arrived in a small white car.

01:26:23.133 --> 01:26:25.567
They drove past here and now they’ve gone that way.

01:26:26.167 --> 01:26:28.067
Did they enter here?

01:26:28.167 --> 01:26:30.567
They entered right here,
stayed for a short time over there

01:26:30.734 --> 01:26:31.968
and then went away.

01:26:32.934 --> 01:26:35.667
He said that they came right here.

01:26:37.701 --> 01:26:40.534
We saw when they went over that way,

01:26:40.601 --> 01:26:41.701
very slowly...

01:26:41.801 --> 01:26:43.734
It’s the plant’s private security firm.

01:26:49.200 --> 01:26:50.500
Where did they go, Dourados?

01:26:50.634 --> 01:26:52.267
I shone a light on them...

01:26:53.567 --> 01:26:56.801
There were two cars driving really slowly.

01:26:58.734 --> 01:27:00.534
There were two cars.

01:27:05.734 --> 01:27:08.334
If anything happens, call me.

01:27:08.500 --> 01:27:09.968
We’ll call you.

01:27:10.167 --> 01:27:12.801
We’ll come back here, even if it’s early morning.

01:27:14.100 --> 01:27:16.267
Even if they don’t come back, call tomorrow,

01:27:16.400 --> 01:27:18.500
so we know how the night went.

01:27:39.534 --> 01:27:43.267
THE EMANCIPATED INDIAN

01:27:44.701 --> 01:27:48.434
General Ernesto Geisel, president of the republic,

01:27:48.901 --> 01:27:51.801
visited the Terena Indians in 1977.

01:27:52.534 --> 01:27:55.701
The dictatorship revived the SPI’s long-term project

01:27:56.300 --> 01:28:00.667
of gradually dissolving the Indians into national society

01:28:01.267 --> 01:28:03.767
with the decree of indigenous emancipation.

01:28:04.000 --> 01:28:07.934
The ‘civilized Indian’ is now the ‘acculturated Indian’

01:28:08.200 --> 01:28:10.133
who need emancipating.

01:28:11.234 --> 01:28:17.601
CIMI analysed this emancipation project
to discover what lay behind it.

01:28:18.267 --> 01:28:25.167
We concluded that ultimately it is about
emancipating the land

01:28:25.634 --> 01:28:31.167
Why so much greed?
And so much effort at this time

01:28:31.300 --> 01:28:35.234
to do something so violent in front of the entire world...

01:28:35.467 --> 01:28:40.100
Let’s examine this emancipation in the terms
that Dom Tomás has described to us here.

01:28:40.100 --> 01:28:41.834
What does emancipation mean?

01:28:41.968 --> 01:28:45.734
Decreeing that a particular tribe or group
are no longer Indians

01:28:45.968 --> 01:28:49.500
and decreeing that the land that once
belonged to them

01:28:49.634 --> 01:28:51.467
are no longer theirs because they belonged
to the tribe.

01:28:51.567 --> 01:28:53.834
Without a tribe, the lands are no longer theirs.

01:28:53.901 --> 01:28:57.367
Having taken these lands, a tiny plot of land
is given to each Indian,

01:28:57.534 --> 01:28:59.834
with the right to sell it within fifteen days.

01:29:00.267 --> 01:29:02.500
And promising that something will be done for him,

01:29:02.634 --> 01:29:06.500
such as migrant rural workforce in the future.

01:29:06.868 --> 01:29:09.267
Civil society, the church and the Indians

01:29:09.400 --> 01:29:12.167
succeeded in blocking the decree.

01:29:13.133 --> 01:29:14.634
A national indigenous movement

01:29:14.634 --> 01:29:16.968
began to take shape.

01:29:17.334 --> 01:29:23.400
The minister who dreams of emancipating the Indian
in order to finish off the Indian.

01:29:23.634 --> 01:29:27.567
There are lots of caboclos living in the city
who have not been emancipated.

01:29:27.701 --> 01:29:29.834
Why is the Indian going to be emancipated?

01:29:30.334 --> 01:29:33.901
Marçal de Souza was the first Guarani Kaiowá voice

01:29:33.901 --> 01:29:36.300
to become heard nationally,

01:29:36.901 --> 01:29:40.634
an echo of a resistance movement already under way.

01:29:40.901 --> 01:29:46.601
With his forcefulness, Marçal gave a speech
to the pope in November 1980.

01:29:46.901 --> 01:29:53.234
Our misery, our sadness at the death
of our leaders,

01:29:53.500 --> 01:29:58.968
killed in cold blood by those
who take our land.

01:29:59.467 --> 01:30:06.100
The land that for us represents
our own life and survival

01:30:07.467 --> 01:30:11.968
in the vastness of Brazil, which calls itself
a Christian country.

01:30:13.033 --> 01:30:17.167
We have to speak, we have to fight with the mayor,

01:30:17.334 --> 01:30:20.801
with the police chief, city councilors,

01:30:20.968 --> 01:30:23.367
to make possible to our people to stay here.

01:30:23.801 --> 01:30:27.601
Three years later he was killed, shot six times,

01:30:27.834 --> 01:30:29.701
the first in the mouth.

01:30:32.067 --> 01:30:34.968
In 1988, after the dictatorship had ended,

01:30:35.434 --> 01:30:37.734
the question of the ‘acculturated Indian’

01:30:38.000 --> 01:30:42.067
once again became led to a political clash,
in the Constituent Assembly.

01:30:42.500 --> 01:30:45.901
In the draft bill, Article 271 proposed

01:30:46.100 --> 01:30:48.767
that indigenous rights would not apply

01:30:49.167 --> 01:30:53.067
to those Indians with a “high degree of acculturation.”

01:30:54.167 --> 01:31:02.167
I hope not to offend the protocol of this house
with my statement,

01:31:07.100 --> 01:31:09.467
but I believe that...

01:31:15.200 --> 01:31:21.567
you cannot remain silent,

01:31:23.033 --> 01:31:33.601
you cannot ignore yet another assault driven
by economic power and greed…

01:31:38.200 --> 01:31:41.901
by ignoring what it means to be an indigenous people.

01:31:44.801 --> 01:31:49.467
Indigenous people have their own way of thinking,

01:31:51.701 --> 01:31:53.868
their own way of living,

01:31:59.367 --> 01:32:02.901
they possess the fundamental condition
for their existence

01:32:02.934 --> 01:32:05.500
and manifesting their tradition,

01:32:05.567 --> 01:32:08.334
which does not put at risk,

01:32:08.467 --> 01:32:13.334
the existence of the animals living close
to indigenous areas,

01:32:13.500 --> 01:32:15.868
much less human beings.

01:32:16.701 --> 01:32:26.667
And today we face sustained attack
on our essential faith,

01:32:27.300 --> 01:32:32.067
our trust that some kind of dignity still exists,

01:32:34.901 --> 01:32:37.400
that it is still possible to build a society

01:32:38.601 --> 01:32:41.734
that knows how to respect the weak,

01:32:42.100 --> 01:32:45.567
respect those who lack the money

01:32:45.834 --> 01:32:48.567
to maintain an incessant campaign of defamation,

01:32:48.934 --> 01:32:52.434
those who know how to respect a people
who have always lived

01:32:53.000 --> 01:32:55.601
unconcerned with financial wealth,

01:32:56.234 --> 01:32:59.234
a people who live in straw-covered houses

01:32:59.734 --> 01:33:01.834
and sleep on mats on the ground,

01:33:02.000 --> 01:33:07.400
who should not be seen as inimical
in any way to Brazil’s interests

01:33:07.767 --> 01:33:10.100
or the nation’s interests,

01:33:10.133 --> 01:33:12.801
a people who might pose some kind of threat
to its development.

01:33:14.167 --> 01:33:17.200
Indigenous people have bathed every hectare

01:33:17.334 --> 01:33:21.934
of the 8 million square kilometres of Brazil
with their blood.

01:33:22.234 --> 01:33:24.167
You are all witness to this.

01:33:33.567 --> 01:33:36.300
The mobilization of the Indians and their allies

01:33:36.534 --> 01:33:40.500
defeated the article designed to exclude
so-called acculturated Indians.

01:33:52.767 --> 01:33:57.033
Having won this battle, Brazil finally
aspired to modernity

01:33:57.334 --> 01:34:01.400
by finally recognizing itself as a pluriethnic state

01:34:03.133 --> 01:34:06.701
and acknowledging the full citizenship
of indigenous peoples,

01:34:07.067 --> 01:34:09.167
along with their specific rights.

01:34:09.901 --> 01:34:15.767
The social organization, customs, languages, beliefs,
traditions of the Indians

01:34:16.167 --> 01:34:17.868
are recognized, along with their originary
rights to the lands

01:34:18.033 --> 01:34:19.534
that they have traditionally occupied.

01:34:36.000 --> 01:34:41.667
1988 was also the year of my first visit
to Mato Grosso do Sul,

01:34:42.500 --> 01:34:45.133
when I filmed an assembly of Aty Guasu,

01:34:45.334 --> 01:34:47.267
which has only now been translated.

01:34:48.100 --> 01:34:50.500
What’s catching us out is capitalism.

01:34:50.868 --> 01:34:53.133
And what controls everything there is money,

01:34:54.167 --> 01:34:55.834
in all countries.

01:34:57.033 --> 01:35:01.434
We Indians are also involved in capitalism.

01:35:04.000 --> 01:35:08.133
That’s why they accuse us of being acculturated.

01:35:08.634 --> 01:35:10.300
However much we know how to read,

01:35:10.400 --> 01:35:14.000
they will realize that we aren’t acculturated,

01:35:14.367 --> 01:35:16.234
we aren’t whites, Brazilians.

01:35:16.968 --> 01:35:20.300
One day they will realize that we have always
valued what is ours.

01:35:20.467 --> 01:35:24.500
It will be a long time before we think like them.

01:35:25.067 --> 01:35:27.367
Some 50, 100 years.

01:35:27.968 --> 01:35:32.534
We won’t be affected if we regain our land.

01:35:33.801 --> 01:35:37.734
During the era of General Rondon, the SPI thought:

01:35:38.067 --> 01:35:41.767
“If we give a bit of land to them near to town…”

01:35:43.767 --> 01:35:48.601
The SPI’s idea was that we would all
marry with the whites

01:35:49.634 --> 01:35:51.067
and become mestiços.

01:35:51.534 --> 01:35:55.701
They didn’t think that the Indians would
procreate among themselves.

01:35:56.033 --> 01:36:00.734
That was why the SPI demarcated
these tiny bits of land.

01:36:00.901 --> 01:36:03.534
But in the end the Indians multiplied

01:36:03.734 --> 01:36:05.934
and there’s not enough space for them.

01:36:06.400 --> 01:36:09.367
If the SPI wished to see the Indians prosper,

01:36:09.801 --> 01:36:13.133
had they really defended the Indians
as their mission stipulated,

01:36:13.667 --> 01:36:16.500
they would have demarcated lands large enough

01:36:16.701 --> 01:36:18.934
to guarantee a dignified life.

01:36:19.400 --> 01:36:22.868
The Guarani Kaiowá had understood perfectly

01:36:23.067 --> 01:36:28.500
the Brazilian state’s intention to dissolve
indigenous populations.

01:36:29.234 --> 01:36:32.234
The key to comprehending the historical moment

01:36:32.567 --> 01:36:35.601
that had been enunciated ever since my first filming,

01:36:36.033 --> 01:36:38.767
was only translated 25 years later.

01:36:45.100 --> 01:36:49.901
In their own dynamic, apart from indigenous
movements from the rest of the country,

01:36:50.834 --> 01:36:53.534
Guarani-Kaiowá communities
from different rivers

01:36:54.667 --> 01:36:58.367
meet to pray together, each before its altar.

01:37:07.334 --> 01:37:11.701
And through their prayers, at dawn,

01:37:12.000 --> 01:37:16.334
they received the instructions for the next stages
of their journey.

01:37:54.300 --> 01:37:57.200
“A youth swallows drugs during a police search,

01:37:57.200 --> 01:38:00.067
and ends up in the 3 Lagoas Hospital.

01:38:03.734 --> 01:38:06.167
The model Michele Martins de Oliveira,
30 years old,

01:38:06.167 --> 01:38:08.100
who was once voted Miss Amambai,

01:38:08.100 --> 01:38:13.467
was arrested last Sunday, accused of transporting
guns and heavy ammunition.

01:38:13.734 --> 01:38:15.567
During a search of the model’s car,

01:38:15.567 --> 01:38:21.901
the police found around 5,000 9mm rounds,
.30 rounds,

01:38:21.934 --> 01:38:28.934
as well as a pistol and a .30 rifle, capable of being used
to shoot down aircrafts.

01:38:47.567 --> 01:38:51.667
Once the historic path is redone
and our footage is translated,

01:38:51.801 --> 01:38:54.601
we returned to Mato Grosso do Sul
in the following year

01:38:54.801 --> 01:38:56.767
to resume filming.

01:39:03.067 --> 01:39:05.434
I’ll stand in front of the light over there,

01:39:05.434 --> 01:39:06.634
keep the light on.

01:39:11.267 --> 01:39:13.500
So, we’ve just heard...

01:39:14.601 --> 01:39:16.267
How are you?

01:39:18.801 --> 01:39:20.701
I’m fine. What happened?

01:39:21.534 --> 01:39:25.234
He died... Ramão.

01:39:26.500 --> 01:39:29.801
He died there, near the dryer.

01:39:30.434 --> 01:39:32.033
In front of the dryer.

01:39:32.200 --> 01:39:34.467
Further up that way?

01:39:35.100 --> 01:39:37.567
And where is he?

01:39:37.701 --> 01:39:39.701
Is he in the village? Or in the camp?

01:39:39.901 --> 01:39:44.467
In the village. He lived there in Damiana.

01:39:47.033 --> 01:39:49.434
Now he’s buried here at Apyka’i.

01:39:49.701 --> 01:39:50.801
He’s already been buried?

01:39:50.901 --> 01:39:52.167
Yes, he’s been buried here.

01:39:52.267 --> 01:39:52.934
Yesterday? Today?

01:39:53.033 --> 01:39:53.868
Today.

01:40:03.534 --> 01:40:05.067
Look, there’s Damiana.

01:40:07.167 --> 01:40:08.500
It’s Vincent and Ernesto.

01:40:09.100 --> 01:40:10.567
We’ve just hear about the person run over.

01:40:11.133 --> 01:40:13.968
We didn’t know, we’ve just heard.

01:40:15.200 --> 01:40:17.334
Encampment?

01:40:17.534 --> 01:40:18.767
The road accident.

01:40:18.834 --> 01:40:20.667
The guy died.

01:40:20.834 --> 01:40:23.667
We buried him there in the cemetery.

01:40:24.467 --> 01:40:27.868
He was found on the highway... in Amambai.

01:40:30.033 --> 01:40:32.234
Take care on the road.

01:40:32.334 --> 01:40:33.901
Let me die.

01:40:34.400 --> 01:40:36.601
Let me die here,

01:40:36.801 --> 01:40:38.300
just like Marcos Verón.

01:40:38.434 --> 01:40:39.467
See you tomorrow.

01:40:39.601 --> 01:40:41.000
Okay, bye.

01:41:09.434 --> 01:41:10.467
Good afternoon.

01:41:10.601 --> 01:41:11.934
Good afternoon.

01:41:12.400 --> 01:41:13.634
How are you?

01:41:16.167 --> 01:41:16.834
Fine.

01:41:38.634 --> 01:41:42.467
This is the second time someone
from Damiana’s encampment in Apyka’i

01:41:42.467 --> 01:41:45.667
has been deliberately run over in the same month.

01:41:46.500 --> 01:41:51.734
Criminal accidents are regular occurrences
near to retaken areas.

01:41:53.667 --> 01:41:57.334
Come and see our sad life, in the name
of our Great Father.

01:41:57.534 --> 01:42:01.400
This is how we live in Apyka’i!

01:42:23.534 --> 01:42:24.367
This here is for you.

01:42:24.634 --> 01:42:26.734
I’ll deliver your request right away.

01:42:30.734 --> 01:42:32.267
This here is yours.

01:42:35.000 --> 01:42:38.300
Let’s go there, praying on the way.

01:42:43.300 --> 01:42:47.901
He went singing and praying along
the illuminated horizon

01:42:48.267 --> 01:42:50.267
and the enchanted roads.

01:43:01.033 --> 01:43:05.067
You brought us much happiness during
your life here on Earth.

01:43:07.434 --> 01:43:11.434
I’m very sad about what happened, uncle.

01:43:14.601 --> 01:43:16.667
You were in great health.

01:43:16.767 --> 01:43:19.033
My mother loved you very much,

01:43:19.167 --> 01:43:21.367
all of us loved you very much.

01:43:23.734 --> 01:43:26.901
We were happy together until this happened.

01:43:27.100 --> 01:43:29.801
I shall never see you again, uncle.

01:43:43.300 --> 01:43:48.200
In the land where you fell, we shall be
happy one day.

01:43:49.767 --> 01:43:51.634
I love you, uncle.

01:44:55.868 --> 01:44:58.434
Our uncle died here in the Apyka’i,

01:44:58.767 --> 01:45:02.334
we lost another true warrior here,

01:45:02.567 --> 01:45:04.734
we lost the body of my uncle.

01:45:06.701 --> 01:45:08.667
Let my uncle stay here.

01:45:09.067 --> 01:45:11.868
I’m not going to leave Apyka’i,

01:45:11.868 --> 01:45:13.467
my father is there.

01:45:14.500 --> 01:45:18.934
My father is in the ground, just like my uncle.

01:45:19.434 --> 01:45:21.534
All of them under the ground.

01:45:21.734 --> 01:45:23.067
But it’s okay. It’s our tekoha,

01:45:23.200 --> 01:45:25.934
I’m going to occupy everything now,

01:45:26.234 --> 01:45:29.834
I’m the cacique of Apyka’i, I’m the leader
Damiana Kawanhe,

01:45:30.100 --> 01:45:34.500
I am, I am… I don’t have anything,

01:45:34.834 --> 01:45:37.167
no, he died I’m not afraid.

01:45:37.601 --> 01:45:40.067
Let gunmen kill me, my body,

01:45:40.234 --> 01:45:42.434
my life isn’t going to leave Apyka’i here,

01:45:42.634 --> 01:45:45.067
let me stay with my father here in Apyka’i,

01:45:45.200 --> 01:45:48.000
now I’m going to occupy all our land.

01:45:48.200 --> 01:45:51.567
1,700 hectares, I’m going to plant everything,

01:45:51.767 --> 01:45:54.968
let the sugar cane plantations rot.

01:46:29.467 --> 01:46:34.567
Meanwhile, Brazil commemorated the 25 years
since its Constituent Assembly

01:46:35.033 --> 01:46:37.968
with a wave of constitutional amendments

01:46:38.133 --> 01:46:42.267
intended to wipe out the social advances
achieved in 1988.

01:46:48.300 --> 01:46:50.634
Indigenous groups once taken to be extinct

01:46:50.801 --> 01:46:54.267
began to demand ethnic recognition

01:46:54.534 --> 01:46:56.500
and their territorial rights.

01:46:57.334 --> 01:47:02.267
Retaking lost lands, they have popped up
in diverse regions,

01:47:02.601 --> 01:47:05.334
while the indigenous movement
has never ceased to grow

01:47:05.734 --> 01:47:09.000
in its constant clashes with the government’s
indigenist policy.

01:47:13.534 --> 01:47:15.167
It’s the whole of Brazil

01:47:15.334 --> 01:47:17.667
and in a few days we’re going to publish the survey,

01:47:17.801 --> 01:47:20.634
what the Brazilians from the big cities think

01:47:20.834 --> 01:47:23.567
about MST’s land invasions,

01:47:23.767 --> 01:47:25.834
the land invasions by Indians,

01:47:26.000 --> 01:47:27.734
causing violence and death.

01:47:27.868 --> 01:47:31.500
There are dozens of farms without repossession orders

01:47:31.868 --> 01:47:34.767
that have been invaded by Indians, inside their homes,

01:47:36.033 --> 01:47:37.934
usurping people’s rights.

01:47:38.100 --> 01:47:40.601
It is not only the producers of Mato Grosso do Sul,

01:47:40.767 --> 01:47:44.968
the south of Bahia, Santa Catarina, Paraná

01:47:45.234 --> 01:47:46.834
and Rio Grande do Sul.

01:47:47.067 --> 01:47:49.367
who have lost patience and cannot stand such violence

01:47:49.467 --> 01:47:50.934
and truculence any longer.

01:47:58.934 --> 01:48:03.434
We want Dilma! We want Dilma!

01:48:05.701 --> 01:48:08.534
Killer! Killer!

01:48:16.400 --> 01:48:18.968
The ruralist lobby in the National Congress

01:48:19.167 --> 01:48:22.133
has been leading an unprecedented campaign

01:48:22.601 --> 01:48:25.234
to paralyse FUNAI’s activities

01:48:25.367 --> 01:48:28.767
and introduce a constitutional amendment, PEC 215,

01:48:29.968 --> 01:48:33.834
that would give Congress the power to decide
on indigenous lands.

01:48:39.400 --> 01:48:42.267
Lacking any opening for dialogue
within the government,

01:48:42.634 --> 01:48:44.868
the Indians decided to make themselves heard.

01:48:55.634 --> 01:48:57.801
They’re invading right now.

01:48:58.234 --> 01:48:59.968
The session is suspended.

01:49:08.267 --> 01:49:10.033
I said, hang on,

01:49:12.534 --> 01:49:15.534
if this becomes a habit! Mr. President,

01:49:16.100 --> 01:49:20.367
if this becomes a habit,
nothing will be respected anymore!

01:49:22.200 --> 01:49:23.801
This is a violation.

01:49:28.234 --> 01:49:30.934
Wantonly ignoring the presence of the president...

01:49:31.033 --> 01:49:32.033
The security...

01:49:32.167 --> 01:49:36.801
That’s what I’m saying, the way things are going...

01:49:37.567 --> 01:49:40.901
However, this historical occupation of Congress
by the Indians

01:49:41.234 --> 01:49:44.801
failed to halt the ruralist offensive in the retaken areas.

01:49:46.100 --> 01:49:48.000
The order has to be obeyed.

01:49:48.367 --> 01:49:50.300
If you say no, then fine,

01:49:50.434 --> 01:49:52.167
the court bailiff is going to say to the judge:

01:49:52.434 --> 01:49:55.434
Look, Your Honour, well, using other words,
but he will say,

01:49:55.601 --> 01:50:00.267
Your Honour, the community says that
it’s not going to leave,

01:50:01.167 --> 01:50:03.934
represented by leader so-and-so.

01:50:04.067 --> 01:50:07.801
This leader will then be held in contempt
of court. Why?

01:50:07.968 --> 01:50:11.367
Because he said that he wasn’t going
to obey a court order,

01:50:11.567 --> 01:50:13.667
that I obey them, you obey them,

01:50:13.868 --> 01:50:17.500
everyone here has to obey a court order.

01:50:18.400 --> 01:50:20.601
Okay, but here there is no leader here.

01:50:20.834 --> 01:50:22.167
Here everyone is a leader,

01:50:22.300 --> 01:50:24.267
the children, even the puppy is a leader.

01:50:24.801 --> 01:50:26.167
There is no one leader here.

01:50:26.968 --> 01:50:29.033
And if you want to arrest the leader,

01:50:30.701 --> 01:50:32.734
it has to be everyone, not just one person.

01:50:34.267 --> 01:50:35.267
That’s how it has to be.

01:50:35.334 --> 01:50:39.100
In your view, you think all of this is Yvykatu, right?

01:50:39.234 --> 01:50:40.234
We are all leaders.

01:50:40.334 --> 01:50:42.234
All of this is Yvykatu, right?

01:50:43.000 --> 01:50:45.434
But in the view of the whites, there are internal
divisions here.

01:50:45.601 --> 01:50:49.634
I’ll tell you: in law, people have responsibilities.

01:50:50.467 --> 01:50:53.968
I’m going to say: ”Your Honour, I need
so many police officers,

01:50:54.100 --> 01:50:57.000
etc. to carry out the order.

01:50:58.634 --> 01:51:02.634
Ad I’ll say: “It’s going to be obeyed!”

01:51:03.300 --> 01:51:06.367
Do you get me? it will be obeyed.

01:51:06.634 --> 01:51:11.634
You’re not going to die, nobody is going to die,
because you are wise,

01:51:11.901 --> 01:51:14.300
you lead other people,

01:51:14.467 --> 01:51:17.634
you are wise and you are going to say,
listen everyone,

01:51:17.801 --> 01:51:20.334
let’s be wise and leave here

01:51:20.334 --> 01:51:24.734
and learn how to use other tools, other strategies.

01:51:25.634 --> 01:51:28.834
Because we have to die, I don’t like to use this word,

01:51:28.968 --> 01:51:31.200
I’m speaking honestly, I don’t like it,

01:51:31.300 --> 01:51:33.167
but why are we clashing?

01:51:33.334 --> 01:51:36.801
Because one thing is certain,
however much you say no,

01:51:36.968 --> 01:51:41.267
the court order, unless it is suspended
by a higher court,

01:51:41.434 --> 01:51:44.934
in accordance with our democratic system,

01:51:45.100 --> 01:51:47.934
you will all be obliged to leave.
Do you understand me?

01:51:48.067 --> 01:51:50.968
How many are needed? There are 5,000?

01:51:51.100 --> 01:51:54.067
I don’t know, I’ll tell you, I need 10,000.

01:51:54.334 --> 01:51:58.500
The democratic rule of law, the Brazilian government
will arrange these 10,000.

01:51:59.200 --> 01:52:02.901
As it’s a border region, the armed forces
will be needed?

01:52:03.067 --> 01:52:06.234
I’m going to discuss this question
with my superiors.

01:52:06.334 --> 01:52:08.400
But the order has to be obeyed.

01:52:08.567 --> 01:52:12.234
This is what you need to get into your heads.

01:52:13.100 --> 01:52:14.434
It will be obeyed.

01:52:14.968 --> 01:52:16.267
He’s pressurizing us...

01:52:16.934 --> 01:52:19.234
While we fight to get back our land,

01:52:19.300 --> 01:52:20.667
they fight to kill us.

01:52:20.767 --> 01:52:22.567
They ask who the leader is

01:52:22.701 --> 01:52:24.634
and it’s the leader who they will kill.

01:52:24.868 --> 01:52:27.601
For them it costs nothing to come here,

01:52:27.767 --> 01:52:30.367
shoot our kin in the head with a .12,

01:52:30.500 --> 01:52:32.701
and throw the body by the side of the road.

01:52:32.834 --> 01:52:34.968
And afterwards we’re called the violent ones…

01:52:35.767 --> 01:52:39.267
We’ve heard enough already. Let’s decide.

01:52:40.267 --> 01:52:43.534
The important thing is, as Waldomiro recalled,

01:52:44.000 --> 01:52:46.567
our social organization is guaranteed
under the Constitution,

01:52:46.701 --> 01:52:48.400
our form of organizing ourselves.

01:52:48.601 --> 01:52:51.100
If they say that everyone here is a leader,

01:52:51.701 --> 01:52:53.734
when it comes to assigning responsibility,

01:52:53.834 --> 01:52:55.500
everyone will be responsible.

01:52:56.467 --> 01:52:58.901
Because he says that every time a leader is named,

01:52:59.133 --> 01:53:01.067
that leader is then killed,

01:53:01.200 --> 01:53:04.701
both by gunmen and by the law itself…

01:53:06.200 --> 01:53:09.567
He is declaring that all of us here are leaders,

01:53:10.067 --> 01:53:12.133
so when they want to arrest someone,

01:53:12.234 --> 01:53:13.868
they’ll have to arrest everyone.

01:53:17.200 --> 01:53:19.033
For the Police Officer Alcides,

01:53:19.133 --> 01:53:21.167
Yvykatu does not exist on the map,

01:53:22.000 --> 01:53:25.667
just the Chaparral and Bonanza farms and their like...

01:53:27.467 --> 01:53:29.767
But who are the Yvykatu Indians?

01:53:30.300 --> 01:53:34.634
They comprise the “more than a thousand” Guarani,
cited in the SPI report,

01:53:34.901 --> 01:53:39.734
who were scattered upriver, outside
the Porto Lindo reservation,

01:53:40.000 --> 01:53:44.334
who became infamous for suicides in the 1980s.

01:54:15.434 --> 01:54:17.734
Kill the Indian to see what happens.

01:54:18.167 --> 01:54:21.767
Kill, kill the Indian!

01:54:24.901 --> 01:54:28.801
They returned to their original tekoha in 2003.

01:54:29.500 --> 01:54:35.601
Attacked by the famers, the Guarani agreed
to await the court decision,

01:54:35.968 --> 01:54:39.701
remaining in 10% of the retaken territory.

01:54:42.434 --> 01:54:47.300
After 10 years waiting, though, the Indians
retook the entire area,

01:54:47.467 --> 01:54:51.000
which had been demarcated by FUNAI in 2005.

01:54:56.667 --> 01:54:59.734
On the day of the eviction, the tension was huge.

01:55:01.868 --> 01:55:03.801
We have no money,

01:55:03.801 --> 01:55:06.968
we have nothing to offer the farmers.

01:55:06.968 --> 01:55:10.968
But we have enough courage to spill the blood
running in our veins

01:55:10.968 --> 01:55:12.567
for the sake of this land.

01:55:12.567 --> 01:55:16.067
Until this land belongs to everyone.

01:55:16.567 --> 01:55:21.067
We are still standing, but sensing death
all around us.

01:55:21.834 --> 01:55:25.500
We may lose our life at any moment,

01:55:26.067 --> 01:55:29.968
while the farmer has the money
to go there and say:

01:55:30.133 --> 01:55:32.367
“No, the Indian died for nothing.

01:55:32.534 --> 01:55:34.834
The Indian is a layabout.”

01:55:35.067 --> 01:55:39.133
Have a look in the books to see whether
we Indians depended on the whites,

01:55:39.133 --> 01:55:43.868
depended on the government to survive
when it was all forest.

01:55:45.567 --> 01:55:49.067
We didn’t depend on anyone to survive.

01:55:49.234 --> 01:55:51.100
We didn’t need to ask for land,

01:55:51.267 --> 01:55:53.167
we didn’t need to ask for food baskets,

01:55:53.367 --> 01:55:55.434
we didn’t need to ask for protection,

01:55:55.567 --> 01:55:58.934
because nature gave us everything.

01:55:59.100 --> 01:56:02.033
And then the non-Indian came,

01:56:02.133 --> 01:56:04.300
took everything from us,

01:56:04.400 --> 01:56:06.701
and now it’s us who are the layabouts?

01:56:06.834 --> 01:56:09.033
We are the supposed invaders?

01:56:09.167 --> 01:56:13.067
We’re not invaders, we want what is ours.

01:56:13.167 --> 01:56:15.234
How many people died?

01:56:15.334 --> 01:56:17.334
How many people spilled their blood?

01:56:17.400 --> 01:56:19.033
How many people were wiped out

01:56:19.100 --> 01:56:22.334
because of the violence against
indigenous peoples,

01:56:22.334 --> 01:56:25.234
forced to retreat to a small area?

01:56:25.701 --> 01:56:30.400
Porto Lindo today, with 5,000 Indians living there,

01:56:30.868 --> 01:56:33.834
has 1,800 pupils studying,

01:56:34.133 --> 01:56:38.033
280 children are born each year,

01:56:38.334 --> 01:56:42.334
1,600 hectares of land for 5,000 Indians.

01:56:42.500 --> 01:56:44.634
Is that a lot of land?

01:56:44.767 --> 01:56:48.601
Necessity compels us to occupy this land.

01:56:49.033 --> 01:56:53.033
If the fate God chose for me

01:56:53.334 --> 01:56:56.500
is to die from a gunman’s bullet, so be it:

01:56:56.500 --> 01:56:59.434
I shall die fighting for this land.

01:57:00.200 --> 01:57:03.100
I declare open the Commission for Agriculture, Livestock,

01:57:03.100 --> 01:57:06.200
Food Supply and Rural Development
of the Chamber of Deputies

01:57:06.200 --> 01:57:08.834
with the participation of Senator Gleisi Helena Hoffman,

01:57:08.834 --> 01:57:12.534
invited to provide clarifications on the identification

01:57:12.567 --> 01:57:17.000
and delimitation of indigenous lands in Brazil.

01:57:17.467 --> 01:57:22.567
I wish to begin by saluting this Commission,

01:57:22.934 --> 01:57:26.467
which brings together representatives
of Brazilian agriculture,

01:57:26.734 --> 01:57:31.133
agribusiness, family farming, livestock farming.

01:57:31.167 --> 01:57:33.801
But we’re going to talk about the Indians,
the purpose of this meeting

01:57:33.801 --> 01:57:36.200
and the reason for my invitation.

01:57:36.200 --> 01:57:39.634
From a situation defined more
by mission villages

01:57:39.634 --> 01:57:42.000
and persecutions until 1988,

01:57:42.467 --> 01:57:48.300
we became a nation that began to give back
to its original people

01:57:48.300 --> 01:57:50.801
the right to the lands occupied by themselves.

01:57:50.801 --> 01:57:55.234
The Constitution recognized the social organization,

01:57:55.267 --> 01:57:59.067
customs, languages, beliefs and traditions of its Indians,

01:57:59.100 --> 01:58:03.300
along with the originary rights to the lands
that they have traditionally occupy.

01:58:03.334 --> 01:58:06.968
And we assigned FUNAI, the agency
protecting the Indians,

01:58:06.968 --> 01:58:09.534
responsibility for this recognition.

01:58:09.534 --> 01:58:12.467
Does this means that all their rights were restored?

01:58:12.467 --> 01:58:13.901
Certainly not.

01:58:13.934 --> 01:58:18.200
We still have Indians outside indigenous lands
and many open conflicts.

01:58:18.601 --> 01:58:22.067
But we also cannot deny that there are groups
that use the name of the Indians

01:58:22.200 --> 01:58:27.234
and are attached to unrealistic beliefs
that lead them to contest

01:58:27.267 --> 01:58:29.701
and block projects essential to our country’s
development,

01:58:29.701 --> 01:58:32.400
such as the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant.

01:58:32.400 --> 01:58:35.834
We have to recognise and guarantee
indigenous rights,

01:58:35.834 --> 01:58:39.634
but what are the limits imposed by time,

01:58:39.634 --> 01:58:41.634
by the contemporary context,

01:58:41.634 --> 01:58:44.400
by reality or by past State action.

01:58:44.400 --> 01:58:46.834
What are the conditions for implementing them?

01:58:46.868 --> 01:58:50.167
I ask this because we are clearly not going to return

01:58:50.167 --> 01:58:51.667
to the situation found in 1500.

01:58:51.667 --> 01:58:55.400
So what is the situation to which we will return
and the one that we want?

01:58:55.400 --> 01:58:57.400
Conflict interests no one.

01:58:57.400 --> 01:58:59.601
I think there’s going to be conflict.

01:58:59.601 --> 01:59:01.667
This conflict is being manufactured by the government,

01:59:01.667 --> 01:59:04.667
by the government’s inaction, by its cowardice,

01:59:04.667 --> 01:59:06.667
allowing others to take control here in Brazil.

01:59:06.667 --> 01:59:09.934
They use the Indians as an excuse to interfere

01:59:09.934 --> 01:59:12.767
in our sovereignty and our national interests.

01:59:12.767 --> 01:59:18.200
In Mato Grosso do Sul, we have innumerable
invasions of properties,

01:59:18.334 --> 01:59:25.767
supported by FUNAI, with Indians clearly carrying
documents from Paraguay

01:59:26.000 --> 01:59:29.534
being brought to invade legally held
properties in the state.

01:59:29.734 --> 01:59:34.534
So I ask the honourable minister, what should
a small producer do

01:59:34.534 --> 01:59:38.500
when their property has been invaded?

01:59:38.634 --> 01:59:44.067
What action will the federal government
take to suspend

01:59:44.067 --> 01:59:50.167
these criminal actions by FUNAI

01:59:51.901 --> 01:59:55.868
that are causing a terrible legal insecurity

01:59:56.133 --> 02:00:02.033
and leaving our people terrified?

02:00:02.434 --> 02:00:05.334
The Minister of Justice, José Eduardo Cardozo,

02:00:05.334 --> 02:00:09.033
thinks that FUNAI should not be responsible
for demarcations because,

02:00:09.067 --> 02:00:13.300
given that FUNAI is an interested party,
it cannot make an impartial decision.

02:00:13.300 --> 02:00:16.434
What is the minister’s opinion on this matter?

02:00:16.434 --> 02:00:18.601
We believe that FUNAI is a protective agency, yes,

02:00:18.601 --> 02:00:21.567
I have the same opinion on the matter
as Minister José Eduardo Cardozo.

02:00:21.567 --> 02:00:25.801
Its work in this direction has been strengthened
over recent years,

02:00:25.801 --> 02:00:27.868
ever since it came into existence.

02:00:27.868 --> 02:00:30.634
This is not because of the recent government
or any previous government.

02:00:30.667 --> 02:00:32.701
It was how FUNAI was understood
from the beginning.

02:00:32.701 --> 02:00:37.100
It really is difficult for this institution,
as a protective institution,

02:00:37.100 --> 02:00:40.033
to mediate but also anticipate conflicts.

02:00:40.033 --> 02:00:45.234
This is why we need to have clear procedures
for land demarcation.

02:00:45.267 --> 02:00:48.734
Suspend it because everyone knows,

02:00:48.734 --> 02:00:50.868
some in the government itself
refuse to acknowledge it,

02:00:50.868 --> 02:00:54.467
but everyone knows that FUNAI today

02:00:54.467 --> 02:00:58.467
is not a respectable or trustworthy agency.

02:00:58.467 --> 02:01:02.033
Honourable Minister, if we in this chamber

02:01:02.033 --> 02:01:04.133
and the executive do not take appropriate action,

02:01:04.133 --> 02:01:07.000
they will be creating the Yanomami nation,

02:01:07.000 --> 02:01:09.234
the Guarani nation, every kind of nation.

02:01:09.267 --> 02:01:13.234
The King of Norway arrives here in this land,

02:01:13.234 --> 02:01:17.701
funding NGOs that fund CIMI itself.

02:01:17.701 --> 02:01:23.901
CIMI, complicit with FUNAI, and complicit
with anthropological NGOs

02:01:23.934 --> 02:01:28.367
and international NGOs, is advancing
all across Brazil.

02:01:28.367 --> 02:01:33.634
A few months ago, the USA killed Saddam Hussein.

02:01:33.634 --> 02:01:35.834
The interest was oil.

02:01:35.834 --> 02:01:38.500
Who is to say that tomorrow, these NGOs,

02:01:38.534 --> 02:01:41.300
this King of Norway and all these others won’t come

02:01:41.300 --> 02:01:44.133
and do the same thing here in Brazil?

02:01:44.133 --> 02:01:48.334
Who will stop them from doing the same?

02:01:48.901 --> 02:01:54.400
Minister, the executive power cannot bow
to the pressure

02:01:54.834 --> 02:01:57.567
of Indians who threaten to kill themselves.

02:01:57.567 --> 02:02:00.234
We came here to try to solve a problem,

02:02:00.234 --> 02:02:03.133
which is problem for the government
and for Brazilian society.

02:02:03.133 --> 02:02:06.467
The Constitution was made in 1988.

02:02:06.467 --> 02:02:10.167
While it may have been crystal clear,
our present reality is different.

02:02:10.167 --> 02:02:12.734
That’s because there are different interpretations,

02:02:12.734 --> 02:02:14.834
interpretations made in this chamber,

02:02:14.868 --> 02:02:16.801
interpretations made in the courts,

02:02:16.801 --> 02:02:18.734
interpretations made by FUNAI.

02:02:18.734 --> 02:02:22.200
If we wish to solve this situation,
we need to keep calm.

02:02:22.200 --> 02:02:24.267
We won’t resolve anything with accusations.

02:02:24.267 --> 02:02:29.067
Now we are willing, as part of the
administrative procedures,

02:02:29.067 --> 02:02:30.467
to make things clearer,

02:02:30.467 --> 02:02:33.167
to change the procedures involved,

02:02:33.167 --> 02:02:35.434
in the studies for demarcation

02:02:35.467 --> 02:02:37.667
carried out today by FUNAI.

02:02:37.667 --> 02:02:42.534
This is the basis for us making a request
to the Ministry of Justice

02:02:42.534 --> 02:02:48.500
to suspend studies in order to consider
the reports of other agencies.

02:02:48.500 --> 02:02:52.868
I’ve already said, I ask you all…

02:02:52.901 --> 02:02:58.701
Mr. President, our producers are being respectful,
the minister should testify to...

02:02:58.701 --> 02:03:01.834
As I’ve already said and I shall repeat,

02:03:01.834 --> 02:03:05.534
if any protests are made by either side,

02:03:05.534 --> 02:03:08.367
I shall ask for them to be removed.

02:03:08.367 --> 02:03:11.701
Please, our indigenous comrades and farmers,

02:03:11.701 --> 02:03:16.834
keep calm, I don’t want to order
anyone to leave.

02:03:16.834 --> 02:03:18.667
Let’s not stir controversy...

02:03:18.667 --> 02:03:20.767
This shames Brazilian democracy,

02:03:20.767 --> 02:03:24.000
false Indians telling me that I’m not Brazilian.

02:03:24.100 --> 02:03:26.500
An uncalled for insult.

02:03:26.634 --> 02:03:31.467
Anyone who wants to shout can shout outside.

02:03:35.734 --> 02:03:38.934
They are leaving, they are leaving…

02:03:41.200 --> 02:03:45.300
If you want to shout, you can shout outside.

02:03:45.968 --> 02:03:51.934
Leader of PSOL, Ivan Valente, you have the floor
for five minutes.

02:03:51.934 --> 02:03:55.901
Mr. President, I’ve been waiting deliberately,

02:03:55.901 --> 02:04:00.400
I think that this is a very serious debate.

02:04:00.400 --> 02:04:03.133
It needs to begin, symbolically,

02:04:03.167 --> 02:04:09.467
I think we should have invited an indigenous
leader to speak

02:04:09.500 --> 02:04:13.133
because we have only heard the agribusiness leaders.

02:04:13.133 --> 02:04:16.934
What is being proposed here is to transfer
from the executive

02:04:16.934 --> 02:04:22.334
to a circumstantial majority, a majority formed
by the ruralist lobby,

02:04:22.334 --> 02:04:24.434
the right to demarcate indigenous land,

02:04:24.434 --> 02:04:27.334
quilombola areas and conservation areas.

02:04:27.334 --> 02:04:30.534
This is an absurdity,

02:04:30.534 --> 02:04:33.901
the government needs to prevent
this kind of thing.

02:04:33.901 --> 02:04:37.734
In fact, Brazilian society needs to prevent it.

02:04:37.767 --> 02:04:40.901
It’s simply impossible, rules are necessary.

02:04:40.934 --> 02:04:44.868
Specific cases must be treated specifically.

02:04:44.868 --> 02:04:48.567
Now, introducing a PEC that transfers
responsibility to Congress…

02:04:48.567 --> 02:04:50.167
this is an absurdity,

02:04:50.200 --> 02:04:54.701
I’m sorry, but FUNAI here has become the ogre.

02:04:54.701 --> 02:04:57.634
FUNAI is a government agency, minister,

02:04:57.634 --> 02:05:00.400
I’m sorry but it’s a government agency,

02:05:00.434 --> 02:05:03.033
FUNAI is part of the executive power.

02:05:03.033 --> 02:05:08.367
It is linked to the ministry, the Civil Office
and the Ministry of Justice.

02:05:08.367 --> 02:05:14.601
I heard them being called criminals here,
crooks, totally disrespectful.

02:05:14.601 --> 02:05:19.334
The solution to the agricultural, agrarian,
land ownership

02:05:19.334 --> 02:05:22.100
and indigenous problem in our country is complex.

02:05:22.100 --> 02:05:28.133
It cannot be made at the cost of the interest
of the profit of agribusiness.

02:05:28.133 --> 02:05:32.067
The Indians are not responsible for what is happening.

02:05:32.067 --> 02:05:35.400
On the contrary, they are the biggest victims.

02:05:35.400 --> 02:05:37.868
If they receive food baskets and live off this,

02:05:37.868 --> 02:05:42.667
Deputy Heinze said here:
“They live in luxury off a food basket!”

02:05:42.667 --> 02:05:44.901
What are you talking about people?

02:05:44.901 --> 02:05:48.667
You have to listen, you need to listen.

02:05:49.200 --> 02:05:52.367
Nobody lives in luxury off a food basket!

02:05:52.367 --> 02:05:55.367
I’ve said before and repeat, respect please.

02:05:56.500 --> 02:06:00.467
Deputy Alceu Morreira.

02:06:01.133 --> 02:06:05.434
The demarcations cannot continue
under any circumstance.

02:06:05.868 --> 02:06:08.100
This just cannot continue.

02:06:08.100 --> 02:06:14.367
When asked, any Indian conjures up
a narrative anywhere,

02:06:14.367 --> 02:06:20.667
with no historic reference point, and
an anthropological report

02:06:20.667 --> 02:06:23.367
on their timeless occupation is the end result.

02:06:23.367 --> 02:06:28.200
Oral memory… Usually a fraudulent invention.

02:06:28.667 --> 02:06:33.200
The Brazilian State, which gave the farmer ownership,
now takes away his ownership.

02:06:33.467 --> 02:06:38.100
We didn’t see this kind of thing
even during the Inquisition!

02:06:38.100 --> 02:06:40.500
There’s nothing else to be done.

02:06:40.500 --> 02:06:47.133
This public hearing has just one purpose,
my dear Jacobo,

02:06:47.434 --> 02:06:52.267
just one purpose Minister Gleisi Hoffman,

02:06:52.868 --> 02:06:59.567
Brazil hopes and trusts that this hearing
will be a watershed,

02:06:59.567 --> 02:07:06.534
a historical landmark: the suspension
of all demarcations.

02:07:06.534 --> 02:07:09.701
The invasion of Indians from Paraguay

02:07:09.701 --> 02:07:12.634
and the professionals behind the invasion.

02:07:12.634 --> 02:07:18.067
I wish to conclude by turning to address
the camera directly

02:07:18.267 --> 02:07:22.868
and say that, there in Rio Grande do Sul,
if it depends on me,

02:07:22.868 --> 02:07:28.000
if they want to demarcate the Mato Castelhano area,

02:07:28.000 --> 02:07:32.334
or there in Getúlio Vargas dos Quilombolas,
or Vicente Dutra,

02:07:32.334 --> 02:07:38.400
the federal police will have to pass over
my dead body!

02:07:51.033 --> 02:07:54.234
It was during this circus that the government decreed

02:07:54.300 --> 02:07:57.067
a moratorium on the demarcation of indigenous lands

02:07:57.067 --> 02:08:02.133
and opened the floodgate for the anti-indigenous
agribusiness lobby.

02:08:02.133 --> 02:08:06.767
The government disqualified FUNAI and with it
the anthropologists

02:08:06.767 --> 02:08:09.701
who have assembled the historical documentation

02:08:09.701 --> 02:08:15.033
providing the basis for demarcating
the Guarani Kaiowá territories.

02:08:26.434 --> 02:08:30.067
A year later, we return to Pyelito Kue.

02:08:30.067 --> 02:08:34.267
Those camped by the river shore occupy the farmhouse

02:08:34.267 --> 02:08:36.734
built on top of the old village.

02:08:52.601 --> 02:08:54.868
Ah, it’s great you came! Hi Tonico.

02:08:55.968 --> 02:08:57.701
So, everything okay?

02:08:58.267 --> 02:09:00.667
- How are you?
- Fine, the same as ever.

02:09:02.534 --> 02:09:04.834
Mbaêxapa, good morning.
How are you?

02:09:04.834 --> 02:09:06.901
Mbaêxapa.

02:09:19.234 --> 02:09:21.801
They came on motorbikes.

02:09:21.801 --> 02:09:24.601
They leave the guy there and drive off,

02:09:24.601 --> 02:09:26.934
then they return later to fetch him.

02:09:26.934 --> 02:09:31.667
They clear a path in the middle of the forest
using a tractor.

02:09:31.667 --> 02:09:33.734
Yes, so they can drive around.

02:09:33.734 --> 02:09:36.968
- And do they go around armed?
- Yes, always!

02:09:38.033 --> 02:09:42.467
Here on the farm there’s no more sign
of them now.

02:09:45.467 --> 02:09:46.968
- Hey, how are you?
- Great! How are you?

02:09:46.968 --> 02:09:48.167
Fine.

02:09:53.634 --> 02:09:57.634
To our surprise who is among those
camped at Pyelito?

02:09:57.634 --> 02:09:59.367
The elder Ambrósio.

02:10:00.634 --> 02:10:02.901
Radiant, he kept his promise,

02:10:02.901 --> 02:10:06.167
though everyone was feeling under fire.

02:10:06.968 --> 02:10:09.634
The bullets passed over us from every side.

02:10:09.767 --> 02:10:11.534
Were they real bullets?

02:10:11.968 --> 02:10:13.400
There were lots of shots.

02:10:13.701 --> 02:10:16.033
We didn’t die, thanks be to Nhanderu,
because when they shot,

02:10:16.300 --> 02:10:18.000
Andreza was right here looking at them.

02:10:18.100 --> 02:10:21.334
We saw everything happen with our own eyes.

02:10:22.100 --> 02:10:23.901
All of us saw them.

02:10:23.901 --> 02:10:27.567
But after the federal police said
that we need proof.

02:10:27.567 --> 02:10:31.167
We didn’t have a camera
to photograph them, though.

02:10:31.300 --> 02:10:34.100
We don’t have any way of registering
what they do.

02:10:34.133 --> 02:10:36.767
We need a camera, but we have no money
to buy one.

02:10:36.767 --> 02:10:39.033
If the police don’t believe us, how are they going
to take proper action?

02:10:40.300 --> 02:10:43.500
One bullet hit the house up here.

02:10:46.734 --> 02:10:48.968
The bullet ended up here.

02:10:50.000 --> 02:10:52.567
- Where?
- Here.

02:10:58.567 --> 02:11:00.601
It’s a large calibre bullet.

02:11:04.968 --> 02:11:06.500
From where did they shoot?

02:11:06.500 --> 02:11:08.000
Over there at the gate.

02:11:12.901 --> 02:11:14.801
First two of them went past on a motorbike.

02:11:14.801 --> 02:11:18.200
They went as far as there, in the alley there,
and returned.

02:11:18.200 --> 02:11:19.767
They went back to the farm,

02:11:19.767 --> 02:11:22.934
they went to fetch their colleague, I think.

02:11:22.934 --> 02:11:25.334
When they came back, there was now three of them.

02:11:25.334 --> 02:11:29.534
They got out there, further down, towards that tree,

02:11:29.534 --> 02:11:33.968
and then suddenly it seemed that they
summoned their courage

02:11:33.968 --> 02:11:35.167
and started firing bullets down there.

02:11:35.167 --> 02:11:37.901
When they shot there, it struck here,

02:11:37.901 --> 02:11:46.067
ricocheted and passed through there,
where the bullet lodged there.

02:11:46.267 --> 02:11:47.267
Was there anyone in the shack?

02:11:47.267 --> 02:11:50.234
Yes, there were was the owner here.

02:11:50.234 --> 02:11:53.567
He was lying down, when he heard the shot
he lied down.

02:11:53.567 --> 02:11:58.534
Here.

02:11:58.667 --> 02:12:00.868
Look at the bullet here, it ricocheted there.

02:12:01.000 --> 02:12:03.701
This here and that one there.

02:12:03.834 --> 02:12:10.367
They shot from over there and it struck right here.

02:12:10.500 --> 02:12:15.500
Look where the bullet entered here.

02:12:15.868 --> 02:12:17.834
And this one here.

02:12:45.067 --> 02:12:46.434
It’s a mud bath.

02:12:48.567 --> 02:12:51.467
There’s no way down, you just get stuck,

02:12:51.467 --> 02:12:53.367
there’s no way to push...

02:12:56.434 --> 02:13:00.734
Under heavy rain, we returned,
worried about getting stuck

02:13:00.734 --> 02:13:05.000
and being caught by surprise
by a hostile pickup truck.

02:13:09.100 --> 02:13:13.834
Allies of the Indians in the region
live in constant fear.

02:13:14.534 --> 02:13:17.500
We have witnessed so many barbaric acts

02:13:17.500 --> 02:13:21.667
that a persistent feeling of apprehension
seeps into us.

02:13:32.801 --> 02:13:36.234
As soon as we left, we received a phone call

02:13:36.234 --> 02:13:38.734
telling us that the people camped at Puelito Kue

02:13:38.734 --> 02:13:43.234
had been given an ultimatum by the gunmen.

02:13:44.734 --> 02:13:48.133
The next day we returned there to leave a camera.

02:13:50.100 --> 02:13:53.434
A witness in the case of the disappearance
of Nísio Gomes

02:13:53.434 --> 02:13:55.567
provided a detailed account

02:13:55.567 --> 02:13:59.167
of what happened at the Guaviry encampment.

02:13:59.167 --> 02:14:00.834
22 people were criminally charged.

02:14:00.834 --> 02:14:04.701
The reporter Lia Nogueira talked exclusively
to this witness

02:14:04.701 --> 02:14:06.734
who was there on the day of the crime.

02:14:06.734 --> 02:14:09.534
Having agreed to testify to the police,

02:14:09.534 --> 02:14:11.767
he spoke about everything he had seen that day.

02:14:12.634 --> 02:14:16.033
This man, whose identity will be concealed
for security reasons,

02:14:16.033 --> 02:14:19.367
participated in the attack
on the Guaviry camp

02:14:19.367 --> 02:14:21.400
in Aral Moreira, in the south of the state.

02:14:21.567 --> 02:14:25.334
The criminal action, commanded by farmers
from the region,

02:14:25.334 --> 02:14:28.801
resulted in the murder of the indigenous leader
Nísio Gomes.

02:14:28.801 --> 02:14:32.000
Our order was to arrive intimidating them.

02:14:32.000 --> 02:14:36.167
Arrive shooting and then remove
the people there by force.

02:14:36.167 --> 02:14:40.667
The order was for all the indigenous people
to be evicted.

02:14:40.701 --> 02:14:42.567
Everyone had to be evicted, old people,

02:14:42.667 --> 02:14:44.968
young people, children, all of them by force.

02:14:45.133 --> 02:14:46.767
The order was to arrive shooting at everyone.

02:14:53.000 --> 02:14:55.634
Finally we headed to Guaviri,

02:14:55.634 --> 02:15:00.100
where the cacique Nísio Gomes was murdered

02:15:00.100 --> 02:15:02.601
at point blank range towards the end of 2011.

02:15:04.133 --> 02:15:07.601
It was the shocking news of the disappearance
of his body

02:15:08.133 --> 02:15:10.500
that reconnected me with this tragedy

02:15:10.801 --> 02:15:14.133
and ended up bringing me back to Mato Grosso do Sul.

02:15:20.000 --> 02:15:22.434
This will be my place forever.

02:15:23.634 --> 02:15:26.067
Here is our place, where we have always lived.

02:15:26.968 --> 02:15:28.500
Where we shall always live.

02:15:31.968 --> 02:15:35.033
Here is my place forever.

02:15:36.334 --> 02:15:38.968
Here is our place, where we have always lived.

02:15:38.968 --> 02:15:42.067
Where we shall always live.

02:15:52.100 --> 02:15:55.234
We wanted to film you talking about the event

02:15:56.400 --> 02:15:58.300
that happened here recently,

02:15:58.400 --> 02:16:00.801
soon after you had retaken the area.

02:16:00.934 --> 02:16:02.567
Who can speak?

02:16:05.734 --> 02:16:07.133
Who has the courage?

02:16:09.133 --> 02:16:13.767
He’s the only one who can tell you.

02:16:22.567 --> 02:16:25.000
Do you want me to start from when
we first arrived here?

02:16:25.467 --> 02:16:30.334
When you came here… how you came…

02:16:30.968 --> 02:16:33.901
The first time that we came, they took us back.

02:16:34.000 --> 02:16:37.367
It was on the second attempt that it happened.

02:16:37.367 --> 02:16:39.234
When we came here…

02:16:40.467 --> 02:16:41.968
...18 of us came.

02:16:43.000 --> 02:16:46.367
Four people returned, so, unless I’m mistaken,

02:16:46.601 --> 02:16:50.434
around 12 to 14 people stayed.

02:16:52.367 --> 02:16:55.701
From the beginning they came to warn those
who had stayed

02:16:55.834 --> 02:17:00.267
that they would have to leave.

02:17:01.133 --> 02:17:04.334
They said to Nísio: “You must leave here.

02:17:04.534 --> 02:17:07.400
There in Guasuty there are vacant plots for you.”

02:17:07.868 --> 02:17:10.434
Nísio replied: “We’re not going to leave this place.

02:17:10.434 --> 02:17:13.033
This is our land, we’re not leaving again.

02:17:13.100 --> 02:17:15.601
I’m not going to inconvenience the community
of another village one more time.

02:17:15.667 --> 02:17:17.701
I’ve already caused too much inconvenience.”

02:17:18.000 --> 02:17:21.701
Then Dilo looked at him and said:
“Well, it’s your decision.”

02:17:21.968 --> 02:17:24.434
This was a short while after some of them had left.

02:17:24.567 --> 02:17:26.934
And then, a few days later, they came to attack.

02:17:27.167 --> 02:17:30.567
Nísio Gomes had disappeared since November
of last year

02:17:30.901 --> 02:17:34.167
when gunmen and security guards hired by farmers

02:17:34.167 --> 02:17:37.901
invaded this conflict area to expel the Indians.

02:17:37.901 --> 02:17:42.801
The ruralists ignored the court order concerning
possession of the lands

02:17:42.801 --> 02:17:46.033
and decided to evict them from the land
at their own initiative.

02:17:46.100 --> 02:17:49.434
Six twelve were used to shoot rubber bullets.

02:17:50.801 --> 02:17:54.901
We could fire at will, they said,
because it wasn’t lethal.

02:17:54.901 --> 02:17:57.901
But it didn’t exactly happen like that.

02:17:57.901 --> 02:18:05.100
During the shootout itself, they said that they would put
coins in the guns barrels

02:18:05.367 --> 02:18:10.133
to cause more injuries, to be lethal.

02:18:10.133 --> 02:18:13.133
- To have more impact then?
- That was the order they gave us.

02:18:13.734 --> 02:18:17.434
I think they brought a real bullet with the intention
of killing Nísio.

02:18:17.601 --> 02:18:22.567
Had all the bullets been real, they would have killed
at least three people.

02:18:22.567 --> 02:18:26.133
Jonathan, Valmir and Nísio would all have died.

02:18:26.133 --> 02:18:29.534
But the true bullet was only to kill Nísio,

02:18:29.534 --> 02:18:31.868
was exclusively to kill him.

02:18:31.868 --> 02:18:34.534
The other one who would have died is here.

02:18:34.534 --> 02:18:37.434
He witnessed everything, while they kicked
Nísio three times,

02:18:37.434 --> 02:18:41.234
the other one began shooting him.

02:18:41.234 --> 02:18:43.834
He fired at him three times.

02:18:43.834 --> 02:18:48.067
Then he took the machete.

02:18:48.067 --> 02:18:50.868
He held the machete tight but he was shaking.

02:18:50.868 --> 02:18:54.634
He saw his blood spilling and managed still
to say a few words.

02:18:54.634 --> 02:18:57.601
They watched Nísio collapsing to the ground.

02:18:57.834 --> 02:19:02.133
He was lying down, his legs splayed out.
He was practically dead.

02:19:03.000 --> 02:19:05.901
My job was to carry the body, to remove it.

02:19:05.901 --> 02:19:08.601
We were waiting on the road.

02:19:08.634 --> 02:19:12.834
When we heard the gunshots, we came to see...
since there was a fight taking place.

02:19:12.834 --> 02:19:15.934
When we arrived we saw that one of our men was hurt.

02:19:15.934 --> 02:19:19.200
Then someone came out of the woods and said:
“The Indian died!”

02:19:19.200 --> 02:19:22.534
So I said that he must have fainted or something...

02:19:22.534 --> 02:19:24.567
But the guy said, no.

02:19:24.567 --> 02:19:27.267
So he used his foot to push his body over.

02:19:27.267 --> 02:19:31.534
He had a very large hole just under the right armpit

02:19:31.534 --> 02:19:36.167
and there was no bleeding, his eyes were still,
his mouth open, he wasn’t breathing.

02:19:36.200 --> 02:19:38.334
He was already dead for sure.

02:19:38.801 --> 02:19:42.534
According to the investigations,
all the actions in the attack,

02:19:42.534 --> 02:19:47.267
the murder of the cacique, hiding his body
and erasing the proof,

02:19:47.267 --> 02:19:51.601
were ordered by three of those arrested,
identified as the main leaders.

02:19:51.601 --> 02:19:55.234
Among them was the president of the
Aral Moreira rural syndicate.

02:19:55.234 --> 02:19:59.834
Of the twenty-three people charged
by the federal police

02:19:59.834 --> 02:20:02.968
18 were arrested without bail.

02:20:02.968 --> 02:20:06.868
Farmers, a FUNAI worker, a lawyer,

02:20:06.868 --> 02:20:11.234
and the owner and employees
of this private security firm.

02:20:11.634 --> 02:20:15.167
Afterwards the federal police put
pressure on us to leave,

02:20:15.300 --> 02:20:17.033
since eight people had stayed.

02:20:17.400 --> 02:20:20.067
One federal officer even said to Nísio’s son:

02:20:20.067 --> 02:20:24.868
“Why did you shoot your father
and then hide the gun?”

02:20:25.334 --> 02:20:29.334
He was crying, trying to tell the police officer

02:20:29.334 --> 02:20:32.167
that it had been the farmers.

02:20:33.067 --> 02:20:35.701
“Where’s your shotgun?” He asked again.

02:20:35.701 --> 02:20:38.868
”They kept pressurizing me, threatening me,”
he told me.

02:20:39.200 --> 02:20:42.968
“I just wanted to tell them who had killed him
and where they had taken his body.”

02:20:42.968 --> 02:20:45.500
So he showed them where they had gone.

02:20:45.500 --> 02:20:48.567
On the path where they had taken him,
we built the road.

02:20:54.434 --> 02:20:58.000
Of the 60,000 Guarani Kaiowá living today,

02:20:58.000 --> 02:21:01.067
around 15,000 are taking part in this huge march.

02:21:06.000 --> 02:21:12.667
While the SPI’s overcrowded reservations
are spaces of violence and depression,

02:21:13.000 --> 02:21:18.834
with some of the highest suicide rates in the world
and a fratricidal war for space,

02:21:20.734 --> 02:21:23.934
the retakem land encampments
are filled with the hope

02:21:23.934 --> 02:21:28.868
of rebuilding a living space in line with
their own religious precepts,

02:21:28.868 --> 02:21:32.901
the very definition of the word tekoha.

02:22:19.767 --> 02:22:22.400
Barred by the Public Prosecutor’s Office,

02:22:22.834 --> 02:22:25.667
we decided to film the entrance of GASPEM,

02:22:25.901 --> 02:22:28.000
a private security firm.

02:22:31.500 --> 02:22:34.133
- How are you?
- Hi, how’s it going?

02:22:34.467 --> 02:22:36.067
- What’s that? I’m just curious.

02:22:36.200 --> 02:22:37.567
- Nothing much, we’re doing a report

02:22:38.067 --> 02:22:40.100
on commercial establishments in Dourados.

02:22:40.100 --> 02:22:41.300
You know, various questions.

02:22:41.534 --> 02:22:44.067
So we’re just filming the front of Gaspem.

02:22:44.367 --> 02:22:46.067
- Understood, good luck with the work.

02:22:46.167 --> 02:22:47.234
- Sorry?
- Good luck with the work.

02:22:47.300 --> 02:22:48.167
- What about you?

02:22:48.267 --> 02:22:50.367
- Today I’m taking some people to Ponta Porã.

02:22:50.734 --> 02:22:52.067
I’m transporting some things there.

02:22:52.133 --> 02:22:54.100
But do you work there or are you just helping
with the renovation?

02:22:54.100 --> 02:22:55.334
- No, I work there.

02:22:56.968 --> 02:23:00.667
- So, has it closed down for good?
- Yeah, it closed down. It’s a shame.

02:23:01.601 --> 02:23:04.067
We were half expecting it, you know?

02:23:04.467 --> 02:23:06.033
We were expecting it to happen.

02:23:06.767 --> 02:23:09.167
- But what… is it going to reopen or what?

02:23:09.334 --> 02:23:11.500
- In the next six months, no.

02:23:11.567 --> 02:23:14.200
It might reopen with another company name...

02:23:14.868 --> 02:23:17.567
You know how it is, they just closed Gaspem, right?

02:23:17.868 --> 02:23:21.801
So they swap the company name,
transfer the same service to another company.

02:23:22.234 --> 02:23:23.601
The business continues.

02:23:24.167 --> 02:23:28.634
- And I guess there’s now a team
trained and ready…

02:23:29.033 --> 02:23:31.868
- All the staff have done courses,
they’re already trained.

02:23:32.000 --> 02:23:34.400
So they just need to swap the shirt, remove \"Gaspem\".

02:23:34.534 --> 02:23:36.067
Remove the frontage.

02:23:36.167 --> 02:23:39.868
The only thing is the office can’t
be run from here...

02:23:39.968 --> 02:23:42.133
It’s transferred to another place or another company.

02:23:42.200 --> 02:23:45.868
It’s transferred to another company
and the work continues.

02:23:46.934 --> 02:23:48.400
Six hundred, six hundred…

02:23:48.500 --> 02:23:49.334
Fifty!

02:23:49.467 --> 02:23:51.133
Six hundred and fifty! I have seven!

02:23:51.334 --> 02:23:53.200
Seven, number seven, I have fifty!

02:23:53.400 --> 02:23:55.267
Seven hundred and fifty!

02:23:56.300 --> 02:23:58.167
Seven hundred and fifty!

02:23:59.934 --> 02:24:02.934
I have seven hundred and fifty!

02:24:03.701 --> 02:24:05.667
Another eight… eight hundred reais!

02:24:06.133 --> 02:24:09.033
Let’s go… eight hundred and sixty?

02:24:09.400 --> 02:24:12.901
Eight hundred going twice.

02:24:13.000 --> 02:24:15.934
Eight hundred. Gone, sold!

02:24:16.133 --> 02:24:19.133
Sold for eight hundred reais.
Moving on to lot number 3

02:24:19.200 --> 02:24:20.801
Bid, buy and take away!

02:24:20.801 --> 02:24:22.601
It’s not just the 80 invaded properties

02:24:22.734 --> 02:24:24.467
everyone who’s a small rural producer

02:24:24.601 --> 02:24:27.601
or a large rural producer feels invaded too.

02:24:31.567 --> 02:24:36.734
The so-called Resistance Auction was held
to raise funds

02:24:36.801 --> 02:24:41.000
to hire more private security firms
to confront the Indians.

02:24:45.934 --> 02:24:50.133
Barred by the courts for militia formation,

02:24:50.534 --> 02:24:57.000
the auction’s claimed purpose was changed
to raising funds to pay for legal costs.

02:24:59.434 --> 02:25:07.000
My friends, it took us 10 years to beat
Landless Rural Workers Movement,

02:25:07.934 --> 02:25:12.133
and 15 years to beat enviromental legislation.

02:25:13.033 --> 02:25:15.901
Now it\'s the indigenous issue.

02:25:16.400 --> 02:25:20.534
Our adversaries, many of them hidden,

02:25:20.767 --> 02:25:24.434
never tire of arming, inciting, setting traps

02:25:24.500 --> 02:25:27.167
to bring down the rural landowner sector,

02:25:27.234 --> 02:25:30.267
the one that does most to help
the national economy.

02:25:30.767 --> 02:25:33.434
I came to tell you just one thing.

02:25:33.534 --> 02:25:38.100
Today in the CNA, among the parliamentary
farming alliance,

02:25:38.200 --> 02:25:42.400
of all the problems that we’re dealing with
across Brazil today

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Bur for us today none is more important

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than solving the indigenous question.

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We’re going to set up PEC215

02:25:54.000 --> 02:25:56.868
before the end of the year, we’ve been promised

02:25:56.868 --> 02:25:59.734
that the PEC215 commission will be set up

02:26:00.167 --> 02:26:04.367
because our aim is to transfer responsibility
for recognizing indigenous lands

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to Brazil’s national congress.

02:26:06.200 --> 02:26:09.167
Demarcated land can’t be expanded!

02:26:09.534 --> 02:26:13.667
The Ministers of the Supreme Court
were the ones who said that.

02:26:14.267 --> 02:26:18.033
It’s our inheritance, it’s our savings.

02:26:18.334 --> 02:26:21.634
I want to tell you all.

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You’ve achieved something unparalleled
today in our country

02:26:26.901 --> 02:26:31.400
When you react, you politicize,

02:26:31.834 --> 02:26:34.767
it’s a phrase, it’s a buzzword,

02:26:35.300 --> 02:26:39.500
and you’ve made it concrete here
in Mato Grosso do Sul.

02:26:39.500 --> 02:26:43.334
The word that fits perfectly here:

02:26:43.701 --> 02:26:45.667
resistance.

02:26:45.901 --> 02:26:51.334
Resistance means the moment
when you’re attacked

02:26:52.100 --> 02:26:55.868
you’re reacting to some kind of aggression.

02:26:56.000 --> 02:27:01.067
Who is going to tell the citizen who wants
to carry on working here,

02:27:01.334 --> 02:27:02.901
to bring his children

02:27:03.133 --> 02:27:07.968
that we don’t know when
another anthropologist

02:27:08.100 --> 02:27:13.167
will turn up on his property to announce
that they took some ayuasca

02:27:13.367 --> 02:27:17.000
and had a dream that there used to be Indians
in the region.

02:27:19.234 --> 02:27:26.300
Embezzling, stealing, mocking our institutions,

02:27:27.200 --> 02:27:30.667
demoralizing everything we believe in.

02:27:31.167 --> 02:27:35.767
Property is the most sacred thing that
the human being possesses,

02:27:37.300 --> 02:27:41.801
property is what drives the Brazilian citizen onward.

02:27:42.901 --> 02:27:46.467
And we have a mission:

02:27:47.434 --> 02:27:50.634
to care for our property,

02:27:50.634 --> 02:27:54.100
because those who don’t look after what’s theirs
don’t deserve to have it!

02:27:57.500 --> 02:28:04.033
Chico, you\'re wisely organizing this movement
to defend the land properties.

02:28:04.267 --> 02:28:08.834
The 80 lawsuits you\'ve got here
in Mato Grosso do Sul,

02:28:09.500 --> 02:28:16.267
the 30 I\'ve got in Rio Grande do Sul,
Paraná, Santo Catarina, Roraima, lots of states,

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will be kept.

02:28:19.100 --> 02:28:22.834
And you’ll have to put up with Indians invading

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and the federal police offering you no protection.

02:28:28.100 --> 02:28:30.767
And this question is ideological.

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When the government of President Dilma

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– who presents herself as a developmentalist,

02:28:37.667 --> 02:28:40.767
as someone who takes Brazil forward,
who wants production –

02:28:40.968 --> 02:28:46.801
has a minister called Gilberto Carvalho,

02:28:46.801 --> 02:28:55.567
who allows Indians, blacks, landless people
gays and lesbians to nestle in his cabinet,

02:28:55.567 --> 02:28:59.100
the family doesn’t exist in his cabinet.

02:28:59.100 --> 02:29:01.667
This is President Dilma’s government.

02:29:01.667 --> 02:29:06.934
Don’t expect these people to solve our problem.

02:30:52.000 --> 02:30:56.968
In forty years of indigenism, I’ve lived
along the Guarani-Kaiowá for little time.

02:30:57.801 --> 02:31:00.701
Nevertheless, they’ve deeply touched me

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with their courage and spirituality.

02:31:23.567 --> 02:31:27.534
In some of the last footage from the 1990s,

02:31:28.100 --> 02:31:32.634
I recorded a children’s baptism ceremony,
the Kurumim Pepy.

02:32:46.734 --> 02:32:52.334
Before our departure, a group comes out
of the prayer house,

02:32:52.334 --> 02:32:55.634
chanting a song of the skies to bless our journey.

02:32:59.968 --> 02:33:03.234
I had to hold back my tears to keep
the camera steady.

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But after a kilometer of road,
I couldn’t contain them anymore.

02:33:20.801 --> 02:33:25.067
I stopped the car, got out
and cried convulsively…

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I cried with the beauty of their mantras,

02:33:31.534 --> 02:33:34.234
the affection with which they treat their allies,

02:33:34.801 --> 02:33:38.734
their joy for life beyond the material poverty
in which they live

02:33:39.167 --> 02:33:41.567
and the disdain and hate that surrounds them,

02:33:41.968 --> 02:33:43.767
the violence that they suffer.

02:33:47.334 --> 02:33:51.901
From this day onwards, every time I leave a village,
and there have been many,

02:33:51.901 --> 02:33:54.734
I’m convulsed with the same emotions.

02:33:57.167 --> 02:33:59.300
Highly trained security guards.

02:34:00.400 --> 02:34:02.300
Another quick reflex shot.

02:34:03.868 --> 02:34:06.334
Prepared to combat anything.

02:34:08.000 --> 02:34:09.534
Knife in the skull.

02:34:11.200 --> 02:34:12.734
Gaspem Security.

02:34:13.334 --> 02:34:15.634
Making everyone secure.

02:34:33.133 --> 02:34:35.400
They are shooting!

02:34:36.434 --> 02:34:38.200
Watch out! My God!

02:34:38.968 --> 02:34:40.834
Oh my God!

02:34:41.467 --> 02:34:45.267
Please, be careful, or you\'ll get shot!

02:34:46.834 --> 02:34:48.601
They are shooting over there!

02:34:53.534 --> 02:34:56.133
They are going over there holding a gun!

02:34:56.534 --> 02:34:57.601
Be careful!

02:34:57.734 --> 02:34:59.701
Let\'s film it from here!

02:35:01.534 --> 02:35:02.701
Ouch!

02:35:11.934 --> 02:35:14.968
They want to scare us with fireworks!

02:35:16.968 --> 02:35:20.100
There were three. One is going down!

02:35:20.434 --> 02:35:22.567
There\'s another one coming here again.

02:35:33.634 --> 02:35:36.100
That one over there is going down!

02:35:36.334 --> 02:35:38.467
He\'s coming here, he doesn\'t care!

02:35:38.601 --> 02:35:40.601
There he comes holding a gun.

02:35:40.968 --> 02:35:45.267
Be careful, they want to get closer!

02:35:45.400 --> 02:35:47.767
The one in the motorcycle is going over there!

02:35:48.100 --> 02:35:49.934
Go get the rest of the people

02:35:50.067 --> 02:35:52.300
before something happens
and they run away.

02:35:52.500 --> 02:35:55.500
There\'s a car coming!

02:35:56.067 --> 02:35:58.968
Watch out, there are going to shoot!

02:36:00.200 --> 02:36:01.500
Daniel!

02:36:01.667 --> 02:36:05.067
Tell them not to go there, it\'s a lot of men.

02:36:05.200 --> 02:36:10.234
They keep walking over there!
The guys went ahead!

02:36:12.033 --> 02:36:16.534
Thell them to stay there,
not to go any further.

02:36:17.033 --> 02:36:18.834
Mom, don\'t yell so much!

02:36:19.100 --> 02:36:20.968
Watch out, they\'re right there!

02:36:33.701 --> 02:36:40.033
The camcorder we left in Pyelito Kue registered this
attack just five days after our departure.

02:36:40.567 --> 02:36:45.467
After that, there was 25 new attacks in other camps

02:36:45.667 --> 02:36:47.968
with dead and wounded people.

02:36:50.133 --> 02:36:55.801
What happened to the welcoming Indians
who were met by the first travelers?

02:36:56.601 --> 02:37:02.767
History is the witness of indigenous
plight and can’t be erased.

02:37:03.734 --> 02:37:06.534
For how long will it repeat itself?

02:37:06.868 --> 02:37:10.767
The Brazilian society reveals itself in its relationship
with the indigenous people

02:37:11.567 --> 02:37:15.801
Will the Brazilian government have the courage
to assume responsibility

02:37:15.934 --> 02:37:18.968
for this never ending tragedy?

02:37:20.300 --> 02:37:23.667
Or will we face even darker times?

02:37:24.400 --> 02:37:31.234
How will these kids grow up,
living in the terror imposed to the camps?

02:37:56.767 --> 02:38:04.167
More than create, to film is \"being with\", body and soul...
Deliberately take side believing that nothing is immutable.

02:38:06.200 --> 02:38:11.400
To the Guarani Kaiowá who fell in the fight.
To Myriam Medina Aoki and Jacqueline, my mother.