WEBVTT

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♪

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♪ Are the stars out tonight ♪

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♪ I don\'t know
if it\'s cloudy or bright ♪

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♪\'Cause I only have eyes
for you ♪

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♪ Dear ♪

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♪ The moon ♪

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This American advert
for an anti-cholesterol drug

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tells us that an insidious evil
can eat away at us,

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even if we feel healthy.

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For the last 60 years,

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cholesterol
has been the subject

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of fierce scientific disputes

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and huge industrial revenue.

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Which arguments
and which influences

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lead us to believe
that cholesterol

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has a harmful effect
on our arteries?

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How has cholesterol earned
itself a negative reputation

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when it\'s a substance that
is essential for our survival?

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♪

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♪ You are ♪

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The story we want
to tell you today

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is really sort of
a detective story

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and it has a complicated plot.

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The killer
is cardiovascular disease.

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Heart failure,
as some of us call it.

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The victims
or potential victims

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are you and me.

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And the detectives
are a team of scientists

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operating at
the University of Minnesota.

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The facts are simple.

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You know the chief killer
of Americans

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is cardiovascular disease.

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Disorders and degeneration
of the heart and blood vessels.

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Of ten men, we can expect
five to get it.

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In the 1950s,

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there had been
this rising tide

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of heart attacks,
of heart disease.

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Middle-aged men were having
heart attacks in their prime

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and there was a real sense
of panic in the country.

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I mean, these are men
whose fathers

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had not had
heart attacks.

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It was a new phenomenon
for people.

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In 1955, President Eisenhower
himself had a heart attack

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and was out of the Oval Office
for ten days.

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You can imagine the panic
of the entire nation.

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The eyes of the nation
and the world

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were focused on Fitzsimons
Army Hospital in Denver,

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where Major John Eisenhower

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and White House Press Secretary
James Hagerty

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arrived during
the first hours

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after word that President
Dwight D. Eisenhower

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had suffered
a heart attack.

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Boston specialist
Dr. Paul Dudley White,

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arriving with Mr. Hagerty,

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described tissue injury
to an anterior heart wall

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as a moderate attack.

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And there was a sense
of crisis, urgency,

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about finding out
what caused heart disease.

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And there were a number
of ideas about it.

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One was it might be
vitamin deficiency,

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maybe it was auto exhaust.

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You know, there were
a number of ideas,

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but there was one idea
proposed by Ancel Keys,

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who was a researcher at
the University of Minnesota,

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he was a pathologist,

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and it was his idea
that it was saturated fats

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that caused heart disease.

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Saturated fats would cause
your total cholesterol to go up,

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which was the only thing they
could measure in those days,

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and that would
clog your arteries

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and give you
a heart attack.

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It was called
the diet-heart hypothesis.

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Here are vital statistics.

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They show that this problem
here in America

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is the worst in the world.

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Probably our mode of life
and our diet are involved.

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But the trouble is we just
don\'t know enough about it.

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It strikes without warning,
but we can\'t say...

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When President Eisenhower
had a heart attack,

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Keys came to the fore

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because this doctor
who was flown in

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to treat Eisenhower,

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immediately put him
on a low-fat diet,

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said it was his diet

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that had caused
the heart attack,

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not the fact that he smoked
like a chimney.

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You know?
Oh no.

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The source of Keys\' idea
came from this idea,

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there\'s a disease where you get
fatty deposits under your skin,

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they\'re called xanthomas.

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And you can see them,

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people get them
on their eyelids and...

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And they\'re--they have
cholesterol in them.

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And so the idea was
that same cholesterol

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would be inside
your arteries.

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And then they would
block your arteries.

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And it came
from this cholesterol.

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So cholesterol was the first
kind of evil demon.

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Keys provides
this hypothesis,

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people start testing it,
scientists start testing it,

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but simultaneously
the research community

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starts talking about it
as if it\'s probably true,

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it just needs to be confirmed.

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What they like to say is,

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\"We\'re trying to nail--

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cross the t\'s and dot the i\'s
on the evidence.\"

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(projector spinning)

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In 1958, Ancel Keys
launched a study

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on an unprecedented scale
across seven countries,

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Greece, Yugoslavia, Italy,
The Netherlands, Finland,

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The United States,
and Japan.

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At the heart
of these observations

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remained the statistical link
between food,

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particularly fatty foods,
cholesterol levels,

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and the risk
of cardiovascular disease

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among populations.

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(projector spinning)

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A step test
for exercise

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in a village
in Central Serbia

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where the men had never
ridden a bicycle,

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so we had to use a step test
instead of a bicycle ergometer.

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This is a preparation of
the diets that we collected.

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This is Margaret Keys
who set up

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the cholesterol laboratories
for these pilot studies.

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Examined about 12,000 men
in 14 areas of 7 countries.

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(projector spinning)

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And we had people
calling in from Finland

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saying that there were more
heart attacks there

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than anywhere in the world.

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And we had Japanese visitors

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who said, \"Come see us.\"

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So that combination
of circumstances.

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After that,
after you choose the variation

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and the variables
you\'re gonna study,

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it\'s entirely
where you get cooperation,

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where you have the chance
of getting in a community.

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(projector running)

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The conclusions
of the seven-country study

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are that there are
very large differences

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in the rate
of heart attacks

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between these cultures.

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On the order
of five to tenfold,

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which we could already find
in five years.

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We found differences
the first time we examined.

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We were much more sure of it.

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When you follow them
five years,

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we were much more sure
at ten years.

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There were
remarkable differences

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in the distribution
of certain cholesterol,

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your topic of the day.

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I\'m sorry I don\'t have
the slide,

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but the distribution
of cholesterol in Japan

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will go like this.

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And then Finland
goes like this.

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And there\'s a tiny little
overlap.

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The highest cholesterols
in Japan

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barely overlap the lowest
cholesterols in Finland.

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I mean, it\'s one
of the most elegant slides

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and it tells you so much.

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It\'s a normal human instinct

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to see what you want
to see, right?

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And then kind of
just not see

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all the arguments
to the contrary.

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But, of course,
scientists are taught

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to fight that
natural instinct,

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to rigorously test
and distrust their own ideas.

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That is the training
of a scientist.

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And what you see
in this field

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is repeatedly that that\'s
just simply not the case.

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I mean, Ancel Keys is the most
incredible example of that,

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where he, you know,

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he says,

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\"I\'m right
and I\'m waiting

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for the information
to prove me wrong.\"

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22 years ago, the nation\'s
first major program

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aimed at finding how widespread
heart disease is,

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how it develops,
and what its causes are,

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more than 5,000 people
were examined regularly

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and the Framingham Study

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just renewed after producing
remarkable results

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is now testing
a second generation.

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For each one milligram
per deciliter per year drop

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in serum cholesterol values

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throughout
the 14 years\' period

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of cholesterol measurement,

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there is an 11% increase

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in both the overall death rate

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and the cardiovascular
death rate.

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We think the bad cholesterols

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are all in part of a system

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that go out and deposit this

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in the arteries of your heart
and the brain,

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all these cholesterol deposits.

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We think the good one goes out
and tries to take that away

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and tries to undo all that.

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So we feel that how
you turn out in life

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is the outcome of that battle
between the good and the bad.

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The brain is the organ with
the highest cholesterol content

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in the entire human body.

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But cholesterol
produced by the liver

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doesn\'t pass the brain\'s
protective barrier.

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Researchers are therefore
trying to explain

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how the cholesterol level
is able to stay the same

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within this organ.

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♪

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Promise presents Tom and Jerry
inButter Trouble.

00:18:14.458 --> 00:18:23.125
♪

00:18:23.125 --> 00:18:27.166
Promise Buttery Light
has 85% less saturated fat

00:18:27.166 --> 00:18:29.333
and no cholesterol.

00:18:29.333 --> 00:18:30.083
♪

00:18:30.083 --> 00:18:31.542
So it\'s a better choice
than butter

00:18:31.542 --> 00:18:36.417
to help reduce the risk
of heart disease.

00:18:36.417 --> 00:18:37.709
♪

00:18:37.709 --> 00:18:41.875
Are you still eating butter?

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The discovery
that these vegetables oils

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lowered cholesterol levels

00:20:13.917 --> 00:20:15.333
then led
to a close interlinking

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with research
on cardiovascular diseases

00:20:17.750 --> 00:20:20.792
and the food industry
began using these oils

00:20:20.792 --> 00:20:23.041
for its products.

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For example,

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in this promotional film
by food giant Best Foods,

00:20:27.208 --> 00:20:30.000
with the prominent researcher
Jeremiah Stamler

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supporting Ancel Keys
in the need

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for a dramatic reduction
in cholesterol.

00:20:36.375 --> 00:20:40.000
Cheese is a long-time
favorite of mine,

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:40.792
like many people.

00:20:40.792 --> 00:20:44.125
I guess that and ice cream
are the two high-fat products

00:20:44.125 --> 00:20:46.834
that I\'ve always
liked the most

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and I find it hardest
to use self-restraint on.

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But we hope to have
modified cheeses

00:20:54.333 --> 00:20:56.542
in quantity
and of good quality.

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We don\'t yet.

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We have a few,

00:20:58.959 --> 00:20:59.834
very limited supply,

00:20:59.834 --> 00:21:03.083
and not high-quality
in terms of taste and flavor.

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But the industry\'s
working on this

00:21:04.667 --> 00:21:07.041
and I\'m sure
if we got to the moon

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we can solve this problem.

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How do they get
from the liquid oil

00:22:44.375 --> 00:22:46.333
that they get
out of the seeds

00:22:46.333 --> 00:22:49.208
to a solid fat
like butter?

00:22:49.208 --> 00:22:51.792
And it\'s quite a process.

00:22:51.792 --> 00:22:53.542
First they take the oil
out of the seed,

00:22:53.542 --> 00:22:55.083
that\'s a very
high-temperature process.

00:22:55.083 --> 00:22:59.291
And what comes out of the seed
looks like black gunk.

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It\'s--it\'s disgusting.

00:23:02.083 --> 00:23:05.917
Then they clean it up
a little bit.

00:23:05.917 --> 00:23:07.542
Then it goes through
this process

00:23:07.542 --> 00:23:08.709
of partial hydrogenation.

00:23:08.709 --> 00:23:10.000
And this is how it\'s done.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:13.750
They mix the oil
with powdered nickel,

00:23:13.750 --> 00:23:16.500
and it\'s put
into a big reactor

00:23:16.500 --> 00:23:19.000
under high temperature
and high pressure,

00:23:19.000 --> 00:23:20.792
hydrogen gas
is bubbled through.

00:23:20.792 --> 00:23:24.458
What goes into that reactor
is a liquid oil,

00:23:24.458 --> 00:23:27.999
what comes out
is a semi-solid,

00:23:27.999 --> 00:23:30.999
looks like
gray cottage cheese.

00:23:30.999 --> 00:23:33.250
So then they have
to clean that up.

00:23:33.250 --> 00:23:35.917
They add emulsifiers
to smooth out the lumps.

00:23:35.917 --> 00:23:39.208
They steam clean it to get rid
of the terrible odor.

00:23:39.208 --> 00:23:41.583
And I mean this stuff
smells horrible.

00:23:41.583 --> 00:23:46.959
And then they bleach it
to get rid of the gray color.

00:23:46.959 --> 00:23:49.583
At that point you have
what they call

00:23:49.583 --> 00:23:50.500
pure vegetable shortening,

00:23:50.500 --> 00:23:53.834
that\'s what\'s used
in cookies, crackers.

00:23:53.834 --> 00:24:04.041
♪

00:24:11.417 --> 00:24:13.250
In the 1970s,

00:24:13.250 --> 00:24:14.709
a woman named Mary Enig

00:24:14.709 --> 00:24:15.583
started looking into it

00:24:15.583 --> 00:24:20.041
and she noticed that
trans fats paralleled--

00:24:20.041 --> 00:24:21.333
the increase
in trans fats paralleled

00:24:21.333 --> 00:24:23.834
the increase
in cancer rates,

00:24:23.834 --> 00:24:25.375
which is just an association,

00:24:25.375 --> 00:24:26.166
but it was observed.

00:24:26.166 --> 00:24:28.291
But even then when she started
asking questions,

00:24:28.291 --> 00:24:31.458
she started having
these experiences like

00:24:31.458 --> 00:24:33.959
the people from
the vegetable oil industry

00:24:33.959 --> 00:24:35.999
would come and visit her
in her office.

00:24:35.999 --> 00:24:37.834
The president
of the Margarine Association

00:24:37.834 --> 00:24:41.999
came and visited her
and told her to, you know,

00:24:41.999 --> 00:24:42.917
stop doing this research.

00:24:42.917 --> 00:24:46.625
There\'s a story she tells
about a journal editor

00:24:46.625 --> 00:24:48.291
where she was gonna have her
paper published,

00:24:48.291 --> 00:24:50.041
the journal editor
receiving phone calls

00:24:50.041 --> 00:24:55.333
trying to get them to stop
publication of the paper.

00:24:55.333 --> 00:24:57.250
I talked to people
who were kind of inside

00:24:57.250 --> 00:25:00.375
the Institute for Shortening
and Edible Oils,

00:25:00.375 --> 00:25:02.417
which is the Washington,
D.C.-based association

00:25:02.417 --> 00:25:06.250
that is designed to protect
that industry.

00:25:06.250 --> 00:25:08.917
And they have
a scientific advisory team,

00:25:08.917 --> 00:25:10.041
and I talked
to members of that

00:25:10.041 --> 00:25:13.750
and they confirmed
that there was no end of tactics

00:25:13.750 --> 00:25:16.166
they would employ to try
to defend their product.

00:25:16.166 --> 00:25:18.125
This is
an interesting thing now,

00:25:18.125 --> 00:25:19.208
we have this here.

00:25:19.208 --> 00:25:20.000
Now the ordinary recipe,

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:22.500
it\'s worth talking about
how you can modify things

00:25:22.500 --> 00:25:23.625
with no trouble at all.

00:25:23.625 --> 00:25:26.750
We like waffles,
we like flapjacks.

00:25:26.750 --> 00:25:29.834
The recipe
calls for one egg

00:25:29.834 --> 00:25:31.250
and a half a cup of milk.

00:25:31.250 --> 00:25:32.667
We throw away the yolk.

00:25:32.667 --> 00:25:33.583
I shouldn\'t say that.

00:25:33.583 --> 00:25:34.917
We give some of the yolk
to our dog

00:25:34.917 --> 00:25:36.333
\'cause it\'s good
for his coat

00:25:36.333 --> 00:25:37.959
and he\'s more resistant
than humans

00:25:37.959 --> 00:25:38.959
to hardening of the arteries.

00:25:38.959 --> 00:25:40.999
No joke, this is
what we actually do.

00:25:40.999 --> 00:25:42.583
And we use the egg white.

00:25:42.583 --> 00:25:45.750
Instead of one egg white
we use two.

00:25:45.750 --> 00:25:51.250
And we use oil
instead of the egg yolk.

00:25:51.250 --> 00:25:52.208
So we up the amount of oil.

00:25:52.208 --> 00:25:55.125
Instead of two tablespoons
we make it three.

00:25:55.125 --> 00:25:56.083
And a half a cup of milk.

00:25:56.083 --> 00:25:59.041
We make it our business
to use skim milk

00:25:59.041 --> 00:25:59.917
instead of whole milk.

00:25:59.917 --> 00:26:03.875
People have been our guests
for waffles, for pancakes,

00:26:03.875 --> 00:26:06.208
Saturday, Sunday morning
for breakfast for years,

00:26:06.208 --> 00:26:07.500
nobody ever noticed
a difference.

00:26:07.500 --> 00:26:12.000
This little book,
Your Heart Has Nine Lives,

00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:16.875
is by Jeremiah Stamler, MD.

00:26:16.875 --> 00:26:19.125
And it was...

00:26:19.125 --> 00:26:24.834
And it was sent out
to thousands of doctors

00:26:24.834 --> 00:26:26.417
all over the country.

00:26:26.417 --> 00:26:28.208
And here it is,
it says,

00:26:28.208 --> 00:26:30.625
\"This special edition is
published by Pocket Books

00:26:30.625 --> 00:26:36.208
in association with
the Corn Products Company,\"

00:26:36.208 --> 00:26:39.125
as an advertisement
for corn oil.

00:26:39.125 --> 00:26:40.208
And here it is
in the back,

00:26:40.208 --> 00:26:42.041
an advertisement
for Mazola Margarine

00:26:42.041 --> 00:26:44.999
and Mazola Corn Oil
as part of this book.

00:26:44.999 --> 00:26:48.208
The rest of the book is
dedicated to talking about,

00:26:48.208 --> 00:26:49.500
you know,
science and heart attacks.

00:26:49.500 --> 00:26:52.625
Heart disease is the nation\'s
number one--number one killer.

00:26:52.625 --> 00:26:54.542
♪ You make me feel
so young ♪

00:26:54.542 --> 00:26:56.333
An estimated
60 million Americans

00:26:56.333 --> 00:26:57.375
have high serum cholesterol.

00:26:57.375 --> 00:27:00.166
♪ You make me feel there are
songs to be sung ♪

00:27:00.166 --> 00:27:02.291
Too much saturated fat--
saturated fat

00:27:02.291 --> 00:27:03.417
may be bad for your heart.

00:27:03.417 --> 00:27:06.500
♪ And every time
I see you grin ♪

00:27:06.500 --> 00:27:07.375
Bad for you heart.

00:27:07.375 --> 00:27:11.083
♪ I\'m such a happy individual ♪

00:27:11.083 --> 00:27:11.917
For your heart.

00:27:11.917 --> 00:27:13.709
In 1948,
Procter and Gamble,

00:27:13.709 --> 00:27:15.041
which is a company--
it\'s the maker

00:27:15.041 --> 00:27:17.291
of Crisco Oil
and Vegetable Oil,

00:27:17.291 --> 00:27:20.083
they designated
the American Heart Association

00:27:20.083 --> 00:27:23.750
as the beneficiary
of a radio contest

00:27:23.750 --> 00:27:26.291
called the Walking Men contest.

00:27:26.291 --> 00:27:27.125
And overnight,

00:27:27.125 --> 00:27:30.709
this is in the American Heart
Association official history,

00:27:30.709 --> 00:27:33.500
overnight they received
millions of dollars.

00:27:33.500 --> 00:27:35.333
So over--and there\'s
literally quotes

00:27:35.333 --> 00:27:37.375
about how
that launched them

00:27:37.375 --> 00:27:40.375
into the national association
that they are today,

00:27:40.375 --> 00:27:43.333
I mean, that they then
spread offices all over,

00:27:43.333 --> 00:27:45.792
opened chapters
all over the country.

00:27:45.792 --> 00:27:49.208
And that was, you know,
money poured in.

00:27:49.208 --> 00:27:50.667
I mean, those are
the literally the words

00:27:50.667 --> 00:27:55.166
in its own official story.

00:27:55.166 --> 00:27:56.208
And then,
subsequently,

00:27:56.208 --> 00:27:59.125
the American Heart Association
started to say

00:27:59.125 --> 00:28:02.583
that you should
replace saturated fats

00:28:02.583 --> 00:28:04.000
with polyunsaturated fats,

00:28:04.000 --> 00:28:05.959
which are vegetable oils,
which was, you know,

00:28:05.959 --> 00:28:11.291
a tremendous endorsement
to a product like Crisco Oil.

00:28:11.291 --> 00:28:14.500
Betsy Jenkins\' pie
wins first prize?

00:28:14.500 --> 00:28:15.625
But it\'s upside down.

00:28:15.625 --> 00:28:18.667
Had to show off
my flaky bottom crust.

00:28:18.667 --> 00:28:20.500
Bottom crust?

00:28:20.500 --> 00:28:21.208
Flaky?

00:28:21.208 --> 00:28:22.208
Impossible.

00:28:22.208 --> 00:28:22.875
Not with Crisco.

00:28:22.875 --> 00:28:25.792
Crisco\'s the shortening
that blends in easy.

00:28:25.792 --> 00:28:27.500
The American Heart Association,

00:28:27.500 --> 00:28:32.208
their role became not
as it initially had been

00:28:32.208 --> 00:28:34.500
to raise money for research

00:28:34.500 --> 00:28:36.166
into heart disease,

00:28:36.166 --> 00:28:40.500
but to raise a consciousness
of heart disease,

00:28:40.500 --> 00:28:44.709
which meant scaring people
about heart disease

00:28:44.709 --> 00:28:45.709
so that they would give money

00:28:45.709 --> 00:28:47.250
to the American
Heart Association

00:28:47.250 --> 00:28:50.250
so they could spend more money
on scaring people

00:28:50.250 --> 00:28:51.166
about heart disease.

00:28:51.166 --> 00:28:55.208
And at the same time
give themselves

00:28:55.208 --> 00:28:58.417
nice cushy jobs.

00:28:58.417 --> 00:28:58.875
♪

00:28:58.875 --> 00:29:00.542
Several theories exist
that dispute

00:29:00.542 --> 00:29:02.500
the overwhelming
cholesterol theory.

00:29:02.500 --> 00:29:04.208
Kilmer McCully
discovered some cases

00:29:04.208 --> 00:29:07.000
of very young children
who died of heart attacks.

00:29:07.000 --> 00:29:09.083
Having suffered from
a rare genetic defect,

00:29:09.083 --> 00:29:11.959
they were not able to regulate
their vitamin B intake,

00:29:11.959 --> 00:29:14.250
which led to an excessive
quantity of a substance

00:29:14.250 --> 00:29:16.917
called homocysteine
within their bodies.

00:29:16.917 --> 00:29:18.709
McCully came up
with the hypothesis

00:29:18.709 --> 00:29:20.667
that the plaques
in the arteries grew bigger

00:29:20.667 --> 00:29:23.250
while there was
an excess of this substance.

00:29:23.250 --> 00:29:26.959
I began to do experiments
with animals.

00:29:26.959 --> 00:29:30.792
And what we did
was first we injected

00:29:30.792 --> 00:29:33.000
homocysteine into rabbits

00:29:33.000 --> 00:29:35.291
and then we looked
at the arteries.

00:29:35.291 --> 00:29:37.750
And we found that within
two or three weeks

00:29:37.750 --> 00:29:39.875
we could see plaques
in the arteries.

00:29:39.875 --> 00:29:43.583
Well, I can\'t tell you how
exciting it was

00:29:43.583 --> 00:29:46.542
to see the plaques
in the arteries.

00:29:46.542 --> 00:29:49.625
I mean, to have a theory

00:29:49.625 --> 00:29:51.500
and to try it out
in animals

00:29:51.500 --> 00:29:56.250
and then to see it
with your own eyes is...

00:29:57.333 --> 00:30:00.542
...it\'s indescribable.

00:30:07.999 --> 00:30:11.417
When I published
my first article in 1969

00:30:11.417 --> 00:30:13.999
about this observation
in children

00:30:13.999 --> 00:30:15.542
of the homocystinuria,

00:30:15.542 --> 00:30:20.917
I was amazed that I received
over 400 reprint requests.

00:30:20.917 --> 00:30:24.250
And I was very careful
what I said.

00:30:24.250 --> 00:30:27.667
And what I said was I felt
that the changes produced

00:30:27.667 --> 00:30:30.792
by homocysteine
were the primary changes

00:30:30.792 --> 00:30:34.709
and the deposition
of cholesterol and fats

00:30:34.709 --> 00:30:38.083
in the lesions was likely
to be secondary.

00:30:38.083 --> 00:30:44.250
And so this did not go well
with the cholesterol people.

00:30:44.250 --> 00:30:45.333
(laughs)

00:30:45.333 --> 00:30:46.125
♪

00:30:46.125 --> 00:30:52.166
And I wasn\'t really prepared
for what happened next.

00:30:52.166 --> 00:30:54.291
♪

00:30:54.291 --> 00:30:56.000
The first thing that happened,

00:30:56.000 --> 00:30:58.458
I was put down in the basement,

00:30:58.458 --> 00:31:01.333
down with the spiders
and the cockroaches

00:31:01.333 --> 00:31:03.667
in the basement of
the Bulfinch Building,

00:31:03.667 --> 00:31:05.500
which was built in 1811.

00:31:05.500 --> 00:31:10.291
So here I was in a windowless,
inadequate laboratory,

00:31:10.291 --> 00:31:15.333
and my colleagues
saw the handwriting on the wall

00:31:15.333 --> 00:31:16.917
and were leaving
and I was left

00:31:16.917 --> 00:31:19.500
with one technician
and myself.

00:31:19.500 --> 00:31:23.166
And they said, \"Well,
you have to renew your grant

00:31:23.166 --> 00:31:26.000
or we can\'t support
your salary,

00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:27.000
you have to leave.\"

00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:29.834
And I still remember
getting a call

00:31:29.834 --> 00:31:32.375
from the Director
of Public Relations

00:31:32.375 --> 00:31:34.458
as Massachusetts
General Hospital.

00:31:34.458 --> 00:31:38.583
He told me to just shut up
and that I didn\'t--

00:31:38.583 --> 00:31:41.000
he didn\'t want
the name McCully

00:31:41.000 --> 00:31:43.000
associated
with the name Harvard

00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:44.792
or Massachusetts
General Hospital

00:31:44.792 --> 00:31:47.917
at any time
in the future.

00:31:48.875 --> 00:31:52.250
And I told my wife
at the time that

00:31:52.250 --> 00:31:55.166
if there was something wrong
with the theory,

00:31:55.166 --> 00:31:56.667
if this was nonsense,

00:31:56.667 --> 00:31:59.750
if there was nothing
to this theory,

00:31:59.750 --> 00:32:01.875
nobody would care.

00:32:01.875 --> 00:32:03.999
The only reason
that people cared

00:32:03.999 --> 00:32:05.667
was there was a threat
to somebody

00:32:05.667 --> 00:32:09.166
or there was
some important factors

00:32:09.166 --> 00:32:12.834
that I didn\'t understand
that was causing this--

00:32:12.834 --> 00:32:16.625
this blackballing
that happened to me.

00:32:16.625 --> 00:32:24.417
♪

00:32:24.583 --> 00:32:25.667
Our Segment 3 this evening,

00:32:25.667 --> 00:32:28.500
the second in a series
on heart attacks

00:32:28.500 --> 00:32:29.583
and what causes them.

00:32:29.583 --> 00:32:31.999
The Japanese have
a low heart attack rate.

00:32:31.999 --> 00:32:36.834
Their diet contains little
animal fat or cholesterol.

00:32:37.458 --> 00:32:39.542
Americans get
many more heart attacks

00:32:39.542 --> 00:32:41.542
and they eat
much more cholesterol.

00:32:41.542 --> 00:32:43.875
Such comparisons
first convinced many doctors

00:32:43.875 --> 00:32:46.917
that Americans should change
their eating habits.

00:32:46.917 --> 00:32:49.542
Dr. George Mann,
a veteran heart researcher,

00:32:49.542 --> 00:32:52.792
says diet has nothing to do
with heart disease.

00:32:52.792 --> 00:32:54.625
Dr. Mann points
to his own studies

00:32:54.625 --> 00:32:57.166
with the Maasai tribe
of Tanzania.

00:32:57.166 --> 00:32:58.750
Dr. Mann thinks
part of the reason

00:32:58.750 --> 00:33:02.041
is that the Maasai
get a lot of exercise.

00:33:02.041 --> 00:33:03.875
The reason that
there is no evidence

00:33:03.875 --> 00:33:06.583
on the exercise issue
is because we\'ve spent

00:33:06.583 --> 00:33:10.166
our money and our time
and our people

00:33:10.166 --> 00:33:15.291
belaboring this ailing
diet-heart hypothesis.

00:33:15.291 --> 00:33:16.500
George Mann would go,

00:33:16.500 --> 00:33:18.375
yeah, you could go to Kenya

00:33:18.375 --> 00:33:21.834
and study the warrior class
of the Maasai

00:33:21.834 --> 00:33:26.291
that lived primarily
on milk and blood and meat

00:33:26.291 --> 00:33:27.250
from the cattle
they herded,

00:33:27.250 --> 00:33:30.291
and this was an extraordinarily
high saturated fat diet

00:33:30.291 --> 00:33:33.375
and they didn\'t seem
to get heart disease.

00:33:33.375 --> 00:33:34.375
Yeah, high cholesterol,

00:33:34.375 --> 00:33:36.125
but they didn\'t seem
to get heart disease.

00:33:36.125 --> 00:33:39.458
He was bitter
about his experiences.

00:33:39.458 --> 00:33:40.792
I mean, one of his stories,

00:33:40.792 --> 00:33:43.083
which doesn\'t surprise me
because I\'ve heard

00:33:43.083 --> 00:33:44.250
this same story
from other,

00:33:44.250 --> 00:33:46.959
in some form or another,
from other researchers,

00:33:46.959 --> 00:33:49.959
was that he was in NIH

00:33:49.959 --> 00:33:50.834
and that NIH, you know,

00:33:50.834 --> 00:33:54.750
where he had been a researcher,
prestigious position,

00:33:54.750 --> 00:33:57.375
and a secretary called him out
into the hall and said,

00:33:57.375 --> 00:34:00.542
\"Dr. Mann, if you continue
your opposition to Ancel Keys,

00:34:00.542 --> 00:34:03.583
it\'s gonna cost you
your research grant.\"

00:34:03.583 --> 00:34:06.375
And shortly after, it did.

00:34:06.375 --> 00:34:08.917
He became more vocal
about what he called

00:34:08.917 --> 00:34:10.375
\"the diet-heart mafia.\"

00:34:10.375 --> 00:34:12.125
You know, the group of people,

00:34:12.125 --> 00:34:14.125
Ancel Keys,
Jeremiah Stamler,

00:34:14.125 --> 00:34:15.208
Ivan Frantz,
you know,

00:34:15.208 --> 00:34:18.583
there just was a small
kind of coterie of experts

00:34:18.583 --> 00:34:21.375
who seemed to control
the whole agenda

00:34:21.375 --> 00:34:22.625
in nutrition science.

00:34:22.625 --> 00:34:23.583
They were the ones

00:34:23.583 --> 00:34:25.709
who were in command
of the major studies,

00:34:25.709 --> 00:34:28.625
they sat on the expert panels
at NIH,

00:34:28.625 --> 00:34:30.709
they were the ones
who granted research funds,

00:34:30.709 --> 00:34:33.792
they did the research, they sat
on the major editorial boards

00:34:33.792 --> 00:34:36.417
of the major journals, they
reviewed each other\'s papers.

00:34:36.417 --> 00:34:39.834
I mean, they seemed to be,
to George Mann,

00:34:39.834 --> 00:34:41.375
a kind of mafia.

00:34:41.375 --> 00:34:44.792
♪

00:35:00.291 --> 00:35:02.500
Researchers noted that
the introduction of sugar

00:35:02.500 --> 00:35:06.583
into an indigenous populations
provoked heart diseases

00:35:06.583 --> 00:35:08.166
that had been
hitherto unseen.

00:35:08.166 --> 00:35:09.959
Cristin Kearns
had recently unearthed

00:35:09.959 --> 00:35:12.250
some confidential
internal documents

00:35:12.250 --> 00:35:14.250
from the sugar industry
which proved

00:35:14.250 --> 00:35:17.417
that this industry
subsidized research

00:35:17.417 --> 00:35:19.125
from the 1960s onwards

00:35:19.125 --> 00:35:20.709
to divert attention away
from sugar

00:35:20.709 --> 00:35:24.500
and make cholesterol solely
responsible for heart disease.

00:35:24.500 --> 00:35:27.625
John Yudkin
was a British physiologist

00:35:27.625 --> 00:35:32.166
who became very concerned
about the connections

00:35:32.166 --> 00:35:35.834
between sugar consumption
and heart disease.

00:35:35.834 --> 00:35:39.041
And he really became
a spokesperson

00:35:39.041 --> 00:35:40.375
that gained attention
in the media,

00:35:40.375 --> 00:35:41.750
that gained
the public\'s attention

00:35:41.750 --> 00:35:45.667
about the potential dangers
of sugar and heart disease.

00:35:45.667 --> 00:35:50.792
So, in 1964 the sugar industry
became really concerned

00:35:50.792 --> 00:35:52.500
about the evidence
that was emerging

00:35:52.500 --> 00:35:54.083
linking sugar
to heart disease.

00:35:54.083 --> 00:35:57.709
So John Hickson, who was
the Sugar Research Foundation\'s

00:35:57.709 --> 00:36:00.166
Vice President of Research,

00:36:00.166 --> 00:36:02.834
commented that there were
flowing reports

00:36:02.834 --> 00:36:05.375
from laboratories,
such as Yudkin\'s,

00:36:05.375 --> 00:36:07.542
linking sugar
to heart disease,

00:36:07.542 --> 00:36:11.750
and that they needed to come up
with a plan of action.

00:36:11.750 --> 00:36:14.458
(typing)

00:36:16.917 --> 00:36:20.250
In 1965, a series of articles
that was published

00:36:20.250 --> 00:36:21.959
in theAnnals
of Internal Medicine

00:36:21.959 --> 00:36:24.834
was written up in
theNew York Herald Tribune,

00:36:24.834 --> 00:36:26.083
which was
a major competitor

00:36:26.083 --> 00:36:28.000
ofThe New York Times
at the time.

00:36:28.000 --> 00:36:32.792
It got a full page article
in the Sunday edition.

00:36:32.792 --> 00:36:36.333
And the newspaper article
was questioning

00:36:36.333 --> 00:36:39.542
whether it really was fat that
was linked to heart disease

00:36:39.542 --> 00:36:43.083
or was it sugar that
was linked to heart disease.

00:36:43.083 --> 00:36:44.834
And the article
went on to say

00:36:44.834 --> 00:36:46.375
this link between sugar
and heart disease

00:36:46.375 --> 00:36:49.583
had been theoretical
up until this point,

00:36:49.583 --> 00:36:52.458
but this new evidence
was really strengthening

00:36:52.458 --> 00:36:55.208
that link between sugar
and heart disease.

00:36:55.208 --> 00:36:58.458
So as soon
as that article came out,

00:36:58.458 --> 00:37:01.999
within a couple of days
the sugar executives

00:37:01.999 --> 00:37:06.208
committed funding
for Project 226.

00:37:07.291 --> 00:37:11.125
That was a commissioned
literature review.

00:37:11.125 --> 00:37:13.041
And the industry
was interested

00:37:13.041 --> 00:37:16.542
in having researchers
at Harvard

00:37:16.542 --> 00:37:19.834
to collect
the evidence

00:37:19.834 --> 00:37:21.291
linking sugar
to heart disease

00:37:21.291 --> 00:37:24.000
and to publish a review
that would critique

00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:27.375
all of that evidence
to make it less likely

00:37:27.375 --> 00:37:30.375
that policy makers would
consider that evidence

00:37:30.375 --> 00:37:31.917
when they were looking
at the links

00:37:31.917 --> 00:37:34.333
between sugar and disease.

00:37:35.834 --> 00:37:40.792
So here they\'re corresponding
about the drafts of the paper.

00:37:40.792 --> 00:37:42.542
And Hickson
at the sugar industry

00:37:42.542 --> 00:37:46.625
wrote to Hegsted saying he\'d
expected to see a draft by now

00:37:46.625 --> 00:37:49.333
and was wondering why it had
been delayed and is saying,

00:37:49.333 --> 00:37:51.917
\"I hope you will find it
possible to let me have a copy

00:37:51.917 --> 00:37:55.291
of the draft of the manuscript
at an early date,\"

00:37:55.291 --> 00:37:58.250
so that he can complete
his obligations.

00:37:58.250 --> 00:37:59.625
This is a letter
from Hixon

00:37:59.625 --> 00:38:01.417
at the Sugar
Research Foundation

00:38:01.417 --> 00:38:02.959
to Hegsted saying,

00:38:02.959 --> 00:38:05.709
\"Thank you very much for
the draft of the manuscript.

00:38:05.709 --> 00:38:08.083
Let me assure you this is
quite what we had in mind

00:38:08.083 --> 00:38:10.500
and we look forward to its
appearance in print.\"

00:38:10.500 --> 00:38:14.500
They\'re really focused on
does sugar cause heart disease,

00:38:14.500 --> 00:38:18.458
and they reviewed
an enormous number of studies

00:38:18.458 --> 00:38:23.417
and picked apart
every study one by one

00:38:23.417 --> 00:38:26.959
and pointed out
some sort of flaw.

00:38:27.542 --> 00:38:28.458
The published article

00:38:28.458 --> 00:38:30.041
did not mention
any funding

00:38:30.041 --> 00:38:32.250
from the Sugar
Research Foundation.

00:38:32.250 --> 00:38:35.125
So here we have
Harvard researchers,

00:38:35.125 --> 00:38:36.667
we have
the highly prestigious

00:38:36.667 --> 00:38:38.959
New England
Journal of Medicine.

00:38:38.959 --> 00:38:40.750
The sugar industry
could not have found

00:38:40.750 --> 00:38:46.959
a more credible avenue
to get their message out.

00:39:09.083 --> 00:39:10.625
So this is from testimony

00:39:10.625 --> 00:39:13.125
related to
the McGovern committee

00:39:13.125 --> 00:39:14.709
in the \'70s.

00:39:14.709 --> 00:39:15.999
Senator McGovern says,

00:39:15.999 --> 00:39:18.542
\"I\'m under the impression
that most doctors

00:39:18.542 --> 00:39:20.999
still are treating
a high cholesterol count

00:39:20.999 --> 00:39:22.917
by calling for
a sharp reduction

00:39:22.917 --> 00:39:24.999
in dairy product intakes
and fats

00:39:24.999 --> 00:39:27.458
with very little emphasis
on sugar.

00:39:27.458 --> 00:39:30.125
I take it your view is that
the high sugar intake

00:39:30.125 --> 00:39:33.709
is more significant
than the fat intake?\"

00:39:33.709 --> 00:39:34.875
And Dr. Yudkin replied,

00:39:34.875 --> 00:39:38.083
\"Yes, sir, I certainly
believe that.

00:39:38.083 --> 00:39:39.875
I think that
we were misled.

00:39:39.875 --> 00:39:42.500
I think that we have
been pushed into a pathway

00:39:42.500 --> 00:39:44.458
that will turn out
to be a cul-de-sac

00:39:44.458 --> 00:39:47.041
by concentrating our efforts
and our research

00:39:47.041 --> 00:39:48.999
on measuring
cholesterol level.

00:39:48.999 --> 00:39:51.792
I think this is
only a small part,

00:39:51.792 --> 00:39:52.583
if a part at all,

00:39:52.583 --> 00:39:54.999
of the coronary
heart disease story.\"

00:39:54.999 --> 00:39:56.792
Senator McGovern replied,

00:39:56.792 --> 00:39:58.875
\"If you had a patient
where you detected

00:39:58.875 --> 00:40:00.166
a high cholesterol count,

00:40:00.166 --> 00:40:02.041
would you be more likely
to prescribe

00:40:02.041 --> 00:40:03.291
reducing the sugar intake

00:40:03.291 --> 00:40:05.375
than reducing
the fat intake?\"

00:40:05.375 --> 00:40:07.709
Dr. Yudkin said,
\"That\'s right.

00:40:07.709 --> 00:40:08.917
Yes, certainly I would.\"

00:40:08.917 --> 00:40:12.000
Senator McGovern,
\"That is exactly the opposite

00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:14.667
of what my doctor told me.\"

00:40:14.667 --> 00:40:17.250
♪

00:40:17.250 --> 00:40:18.750
In order
to definitively prove

00:40:18.750 --> 00:40:21.291
the role played by cholesterol
in heart disease,

00:40:21.291 --> 00:40:24.208
despite the skepticism
of many scientists,

00:40:24.208 --> 00:40:26.417
the National Institutes
of Health

00:40:26.417 --> 00:40:29.500
launched the LRC in 1977,

00:40:29.500 --> 00:40:30.542
which involved
a clinical study

00:40:30.542 --> 00:40:33.834
of 3,800 men with
high cholesterol levels.

00:40:33.834 --> 00:40:36.208
One group was fed a diet
low in cholesterol

00:40:36.208 --> 00:40:38.333
and received the drug
Cholestyramine,

00:40:38.333 --> 00:40:41.709
which reduces cholesterol levels
in the blood.

00:40:41.709 --> 00:40:46.166
♪

00:41:03.083 --> 00:41:07.000
So it\'s very interesting because
you have this very narrow--

00:41:07.000 --> 00:41:08.000
narrowly focused point of fact,

00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:13.000
which is middle aged men able
to keep a rigorous discipline

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:14.917
of consuming
a particularly noxious drug

00:41:14.917 --> 00:41:18.208
find a very slim reduction
in cardiovascular disease.

00:41:18.208 --> 00:41:21.709
And what\'s actually published
out of the study

00:41:21.709 --> 00:41:23.500
is a much, much broader
conclusion

00:41:23.500 --> 00:41:26.417
that reducing cholesterol
will do good things

00:41:26.417 --> 00:41:27.375
for the American population

00:41:27.375 --> 00:41:29.083
and that--not only for this
group of people,

00:41:29.083 --> 00:41:32.875
but for anybody, really,
over the age of two.

00:42:46.375 --> 00:42:48.291
♪

00:45:15.750 --> 00:45:18.375
The government did
several studies

00:45:18.375 --> 00:45:22.250
and even after
these studies came out,

00:45:22.250 --> 00:45:24.542
in which
they purported to show

00:45:24.542 --> 00:45:26.291
that cholesterol
caused heart disease,

00:45:26.291 --> 00:45:29.166
there were many people
who were dissenting,

00:45:29.166 --> 00:45:31.250
many scientists
who didn\'t agree,

00:45:31.250 --> 00:45:32.750
who were very angry.

00:45:32.750 --> 00:45:33.875
So they had
what was called

00:45:33.875 --> 00:45:35.834
the Cholesterol
Consensus Conference

00:45:35.834 --> 00:45:39.999
and they invited
all the dissenters to speak.

00:45:39.999 --> 00:45:41.667
And they were allowed
to speak,

00:45:41.667 --> 00:45:43.999
but their views
were not published

00:45:43.999 --> 00:45:45.458
in the final report.

00:45:45.458 --> 00:45:46.792
Their names were there,

00:45:46.792 --> 00:45:48.333
but the views
were not published.

00:45:48.333 --> 00:45:51.417
So the final report
made it look

00:45:51.417 --> 00:45:56.750
as though all the dissenters
had finally seen the light

00:45:56.750 --> 00:45:57.375
and they agreed,

00:45:57.375 --> 00:46:00.041
\"Yes, the cholesterol
and saturated fat

00:46:00.041 --> 00:46:01.208
are the bad guys.\"

00:46:01.208 --> 00:46:02.583
-Oh, I\'m worried.
-Why, honey?

00:46:02.583 --> 00:46:04.500
Those hunters haven\'t been
around here in months.

00:46:04.500 --> 00:46:07.291
No, I\'m worried about
your cholesterol level.

00:46:07.291 --> 00:46:09.375
I don\'t want you
to have a heart attack.

00:46:09.375 --> 00:46:10.875
But, honey, I\'m a duck.

00:46:10.875 --> 00:46:12.417
Heredity is only part of it.

00:46:12.417 --> 00:46:14.166
You\'ve also got to watch
what you eat,

00:46:14.166 --> 00:46:16.000
like not stuffing yourself
with foods

00:46:16.000 --> 00:46:18.333
high in saturated fats
and cholesterol.

00:46:18.333 --> 00:46:22.166
Watch what you eat as
if your life depended on it.

00:46:22.166 --> 00:46:23.667
It does.

00:46:23.667 --> 00:46:26.166
And what comes out of this
initial Consensus Conference

00:46:26.166 --> 00:46:27.875
is the founding
of a program called

00:46:27.875 --> 00:46:30.250
the National Cholesterol
Education Program.

00:46:30.250 --> 00:46:34.166
That that awareness campaign
needs to be mobilized

00:46:34.166 --> 00:46:36.875
along at least
two different groups,

00:46:36.875 --> 00:46:38.917
one of them being
health professionals,

00:46:38.917 --> 00:46:42.208
principally physicians
but also nurses,

00:46:42.208 --> 00:46:43.917
pharmacists,
public health officials.

00:46:43.917 --> 00:46:46.000
And then the second
being the general public.

00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:49.750
So that on the one hand
there should be more screening

00:46:49.750 --> 00:46:51.834
of cholesterol
happening in clinics

00:46:51.834 --> 00:46:54.375
to find pathologically
high cholesterol,

00:46:54.375 --> 00:46:55.834
on the other hand
there should be

00:46:55.834 --> 00:47:00.458
a broader sensibility
that the everyday American

00:47:00.458 --> 00:47:02.250
would know something
about cholesterol,

00:47:02.250 --> 00:47:03.709
would know
their own cholesterol,

00:47:03.709 --> 00:47:05.375
would think that this
number of cholesterol

00:47:05.375 --> 00:47:08.625
was something that
they should identify with

00:47:08.625 --> 00:47:11.125
as part of
their health status.

00:47:38.291 --> 00:47:42.000
Today, the Nobel Prize
for Medicine went to two men.

00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:44.583
Doctors Michael Brown
and Joseph Goldstein

00:47:44.583 --> 00:47:46.000
learned they were winners

00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:47.000
while attending a conference

00:47:47.000 --> 00:47:49.917
at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.

00:47:49.917 --> 00:47:52.834
Working together since 1972,

00:47:52.834 --> 00:47:53.917
the molecular geneticists

00:47:53.917 --> 00:47:56.041
discovered that cells
in the body

00:47:56.041 --> 00:47:59.333
have receptors
which capture fatty cholesterol

00:47:59.333 --> 00:48:00.125
in the blood.

00:48:00.125 --> 00:48:01.875
The receptors move
the cholesterol

00:48:01.875 --> 00:48:04.875
to a site which acts like
a garbage disposal

00:48:04.875 --> 00:48:08.000
before the cholesterol
builds up and blocks an artery.

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:09.959
The researchers made
their breakthrough

00:48:09.959 --> 00:48:11.875
studying patients
like Stormy Jones

00:48:11.875 --> 00:48:15.291
who had a heart attack
when she was just six.

00:48:15.291 --> 00:48:17.667
Stormy suffers
from a genetic disease

00:48:17.667 --> 00:48:21.083
which causes a shortage
of receptors.

00:49:02.458 --> 00:49:05.041
(heart beating)

00:49:05.041 --> 00:49:05.542
Sir.

00:49:05.542 --> 00:49:08.458
We have an obstruction in one
of the main arteries.

00:49:08.458 --> 00:49:11.583
♪

00:49:11.583 --> 00:49:13.333
Who are they?

00:49:13.333 --> 00:49:15.166
I have a lead on the suspect.

00:49:15.166 --> 00:49:16.500
He goes by Big Fat Paulie,

00:49:16.500 --> 00:49:19.125
aka LDL
aka Bad Cholesterol.

00:49:19.125 --> 00:49:21.458
He\'s the leader
of the Cholesterol Gang.

00:49:21.458 --> 00:49:22.709
They\'re not outsiders.

00:49:22.709 --> 00:49:23.999
They grow in the body.

00:49:23.999 --> 00:49:25.250
But when there are too many,

00:49:25.250 --> 00:49:26.208
they block the blood vessels

00:49:26.208 --> 00:49:29.417
from delivering necessary
oxygen to the heart.

00:49:29.417 --> 00:49:30.458
♪

00:49:30.458 --> 00:49:31.333
Should we talk to him?

00:49:31.333 --> 00:49:36.583
We don\'t negotiate
with bad cholesterol.

00:53:35.041 --> 00:53:37.667
(applause)

00:53:37.667 --> 00:53:45.709
♪

00:53:45.709 --> 00:53:49.959
In 1980, a Japanese researcher
discovered a substance

00:53:49.959 --> 00:53:51.834
that lowered levels of LDL,

00:53:51.834 --> 00:53:53.875
the so-called
bad cholesterol.

00:53:53.875 --> 00:53:55.959
That marked the birth
of a new class of drug,

00:53:55.959 --> 00:53:59.000
statins, which inhibit
the body\'s ability

00:53:59.000 --> 00:54:00.125
to produce cholesterol.

00:54:00.125 --> 00:54:02.375
Statins became
the most prescribed drug

00:54:02.375 --> 00:54:03.750
after the turn
of the century,

00:54:03.750 --> 00:54:06.291
220 million people
around the world

00:54:06.291 --> 00:54:08.709
take prescriptions
of them.

00:54:08.709 --> 00:54:10.625
♪

00:56:04.125 --> 00:56:09.709
So with 85% of our clinical
trials commercially funded,

00:56:09.709 --> 00:56:14.458
and now 97% of the most
influential clinical trials

00:56:14.458 --> 00:56:16.291
commercially funded,

00:56:16.291 --> 00:56:17.583
what we find
is that the odds

00:56:17.583 --> 00:56:20.750
are more than
five times greater

00:56:20.750 --> 00:56:22.417
that commercially funded trials

00:56:22.417 --> 00:56:24.583
will conclude
that the sponsor\'s drug

00:56:24.583 --> 00:56:25.542
is the treatment of choice

00:56:25.542 --> 00:56:28.041
compared to non-commercially
funded trials

00:56:28.041 --> 00:56:30.792
of exactly the same drugs.

00:56:31.542 --> 00:56:32.500
Those are pretty good odds.

00:56:32.500 --> 00:56:36.792
And, you know, we tend to think
of scientific studies

00:56:36.792 --> 00:56:41.542
as being objective
and not being subject to bias.

00:56:41.542 --> 00:56:43.750
But what we find
when we look

00:56:43.750 --> 00:56:48.500
at the way the system
is structured,

00:56:48.500 --> 00:56:51.917
the companies
sponsor the trials

00:56:51.917 --> 00:56:53.875
to help to sell
their drugs.

00:56:53.875 --> 00:56:55.709
The companies
own the data

00:56:55.709 --> 00:56:58.542
the same way that
the Coca-Cola Company

00:56:58.542 --> 00:57:00.875
owns the recipe for Coke.

00:58:27.667 --> 00:58:30.458
(dishes clattering)

00:58:30.458 --> 00:58:33.750
♪

01:00:25.709 --> 01:00:27.999
♪

01:00:27.999 --> 01:00:29.959
In 2004, a scandal broke out

01:00:29.959 --> 01:00:32.083
over the anti-inflammatory
Vioxx,

01:00:32.083 --> 01:00:34.417
which caused the deaths
of 30,000 people

01:00:34.417 --> 01:00:35.667
in the United States.

01:00:35.667 --> 01:00:36.625
The legal system
uncovered

01:00:36.625 --> 01:00:37.999
that the laboratory
was aware

01:00:37.999 --> 01:00:40.000
of the potentially fatal
effects of its drugs

01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:43.333
and had deliberately
hidden them.

01:00:43.333 --> 01:00:44.583
♪

01:01:45.542 --> 01:01:47.417
♪

01:01:47.417 --> 01:01:50.500
Nor the doubts regarding
the initial studies on statins

01:01:50.500 --> 01:01:53.792
nor the impossibility of
reproducing positive results

01:01:53.792 --> 01:01:57.041
could impede the
anti-cholesterol obsession.

01:01:57.041 --> 01:01:57.875
The dogma remained.

01:01:57.875 --> 01:02:01.709
The lower the levels,
the better.

01:03:28.709 --> 01:03:29.458
♪

01:03:29.458 --> 01:03:30.667
Now medical information
comes along

01:03:30.667 --> 01:03:35.083
that says you may need to get
that bad cholesterol even lower.

01:03:35.083 --> 01:03:35.959
♪

01:03:35.959 --> 01:03:36.834
Now what do you do?

01:03:36.834 --> 01:03:39.417
Well, if your doctor says
aim lower,

01:03:39.417 --> 01:03:40.166
ask about Crestor.

01:03:40.166 --> 01:03:43.333
Crestor along with diet
can lower bad cholesterol

01:03:43.333 --> 01:03:44.834
by up to 52%.

01:03:44.834 --> 01:03:46.250
In the cholesterol guidelines,

01:03:46.250 --> 01:03:50.834
the last major revision
was in 2001

01:03:50.834 --> 01:03:53.125
in the American
cholesterol guidelines.

01:03:53.125 --> 01:03:55.417
Nine out of fourteen
of the experts

01:03:55.417 --> 01:03:58.750
who were on the panel
that set the standards

01:03:58.750 --> 01:04:00.999
had financial ties
to the drug companies.

01:04:00.999 --> 01:04:06.333
Now this is very important
because the 2001 guidelines

01:04:06.333 --> 01:04:08.458
almost tripled
the number of Americans

01:04:08.458 --> 01:04:10.667
for whom statin therapy
was recommended.

01:04:10.667 --> 01:04:13.999
The number went from
13 million to 36 million.

01:04:13.999 --> 01:04:17.333
And most of the 23 million
people for whom statins

01:04:17.333 --> 01:04:20.125
became recommended
based on those guidelines

01:04:20.125 --> 01:04:21.709
did not yet
have heart disease.

01:04:21.709 --> 01:04:23.583
You know, it\'s an odd paradox,
right?

01:04:23.583 --> 01:04:24.875
I\'d like to take a moment

01:04:24.875 --> 01:04:26.166
to think about
these terms we use

01:04:26.166 --> 01:04:29.458
when we talk about normal
and pathological, right?

01:04:29.458 --> 01:04:30.999
If something\'s pathological,

01:04:30.999 --> 01:04:32.500
there\'s clearly
a disease there,

01:04:32.500 --> 01:04:35.166
and this is easy when
you\'re dealing with something

01:04:35.166 --> 01:04:36.750
like cholera
or tuberculosis.

01:04:36.750 --> 01:04:39.999
It\'s characteristic lesions
or complexes

01:04:39.999 --> 01:04:41.208
or germs that can be grown.

01:04:41.208 --> 01:04:43.709
It\'s harder when you\'re
dealing with this continuum

01:04:43.709 --> 01:04:46.542
of some degree of fatty plaques
being on pretty much

01:04:46.542 --> 01:04:49.500
every adult\'s inside
of their blood vessels

01:04:49.500 --> 01:04:51.125
by the time they\'re over
the age of 40.

01:04:51.125 --> 01:04:54.709
There\'s a big reason
to lower high cholesterol.

01:04:54.709 --> 01:04:57.792
Dangerous plaque that can
build up in arteries.

01:04:57.792 --> 01:05:00.709
It\'s called atherosclerosis,
or athero,

01:05:00.709 --> 01:05:03.166
and high cholesterol
is a major factor.

01:05:03.166 --> 01:05:05.792
But Crestor can help slow
the buildup

01:05:05.792 --> 01:05:06.917
of plaque in arteries.

01:05:06.917 --> 01:05:10.375
Go to ArteryTour.com
and take an interactive tour

01:05:10.375 --> 01:05:13.208
to learn how plaque builds up.

01:06:58.291 --> 01:07:02.792
By the late \'90s,
many cardiologists will say,

01:07:02.792 --> 01:07:04.041
only half-jokingly,

01:07:04.041 --> 01:07:06.417
that stains really should be
added to the drinking water.

01:07:06.417 --> 01:07:10.000
And it\'s a half-joke in that
it\'s intended to be funny,

01:07:10.000 --> 01:07:11.750
and sometimes
it produces a laugh,

01:07:11.750 --> 01:07:15.125
but behind it is
this earnest sensibility

01:07:15.125 --> 01:07:18.208
that this is an intervention
that is so powerful

01:07:18.208 --> 01:07:22.250
and the goal of preventing
stroke and heart disease

01:07:22.250 --> 01:07:25.125
so worthwhile
on a broad societal basis

01:07:25.125 --> 01:07:28.500
that even if some people
did develop side effects

01:07:28.500 --> 01:07:29.291
and adverse effects,

01:07:29.291 --> 01:07:30.583
that it would
still be worth it

01:07:30.583 --> 01:07:31.999
for the whole
of the U.S. population

01:07:31.999 --> 01:07:36.041
to have this overall
improvement in health.

01:09:31.291 --> 01:09:31.999
♪

01:09:31.999 --> 01:09:36.166
I\'m taking the Uncle Toby\'s Oats
Cholesterol Challenge

01:09:36.166 --> 01:09:38.083
for six weeks.

01:09:38.083 --> 01:09:40.500
♪

01:09:40.500 --> 01:09:41.834
Because eating
Uncle Toby\'s Oats

01:09:41.834 --> 01:09:43.999
every day as part
of a healthy diet

01:09:43.999 --> 01:09:47.125
can help lower
cholesterol reabsorption.

01:09:47.125 --> 01:09:47.542
♪

01:09:47.542 --> 01:09:52.250
So join me in the Uncle Toby\'s
Oats Cholesterol Challenge.

01:09:52.250 --> 01:09:54.667
Let\'s take it on!

01:09:54.667 --> 01:09:56.542
♪

01:11:08.375 --> 01:11:12.583
Certain foods are high
in saturated fat.

01:11:13.333 --> 01:11:15.667
This is the average amount
of saturated fat

01:11:15.667 --> 01:11:19.000
a person consumes in a month.

01:11:20.792 --> 01:11:22.458
If you eat too much of this,

01:11:22.458 --> 01:11:24.333
then over time
fatty deposits

01:11:24.333 --> 01:11:25.583
could build up
in your arteries

01:11:25.583 --> 01:11:29.375
and this increases your risk
of heart disease.

01:11:29.375 --> 01:11:33.625
♪

01:11:33.625 --> 01:11:36.041
If saturated fat
can clog this pipe,

01:11:36.041 --> 01:11:39.625
imagine what it\'s
doing to yours.

01:13:05.917 --> 01:13:08.625
After ten years of the mass
prescription of statins,

01:13:08.625 --> 01:13:11.583
thousands of patients complained
of serious side effects,

01:13:11.583 --> 01:13:13.000
to the point where
in the United States

01:13:13.000 --> 01:13:16.500
law firms started offering
their services on television

01:13:16.500 --> 01:13:19.250
to defend these patients.

01:14:08.166 --> 01:14:10.709
We published a case series
of 171 people

01:14:10.709 --> 01:14:13.417
with cognitive adverse effects
on statins

01:14:13.417 --> 01:14:19.166
and some of these
are quite compelling

01:14:19.166 --> 01:14:21.041
and troubling cases.

01:14:21.041 --> 01:14:25.917
There was one individual
who was a retired professor

01:14:25.917 --> 01:14:27.959
in multiple
different departments

01:14:27.959 --> 01:14:29.875
with a reported IQ
of over 180

01:14:29.875 --> 01:14:33.291
who had actually been identified
by two academic institutions

01:14:33.291 --> 01:14:35.417
as having the rapidly
progressive form

01:14:35.417 --> 01:14:36.458
of Alzheimer\'s disease.

01:14:36.458 --> 01:14:40.000
And he actually went
to a 50 year school reunion

01:14:40.000 --> 01:14:41.750
with a sign around
his neck saying,

01:14:41.750 --> 01:14:44.000
\"My name is,
I have Alzheimer\'s,\"

01:14:44.000 --> 01:14:45.000
so that people
would understand

01:14:45.000 --> 01:14:46.458
why he would repeat
the same sentence

01:14:46.458 --> 01:14:48.208
again and again
and wouldn\'t know people,

01:14:48.208 --> 01:14:51.000
wouldn\'t recognize people
he\'d known closely for decades.

01:14:51.000 --> 01:14:52.458
He also couldn\'t read
more than a page of text

01:14:52.458 --> 01:14:54.917
because he wouldn\'t remember
what he\'d read.

01:14:54.917 --> 01:14:58.166
And then his wife decided
to stop his simvastatin

01:14:58.166 --> 01:15:02.417
and he appeared to screen
for an experimental drug trial

01:15:02.417 --> 01:15:05.625
for Alzheimer\'s
at another university.

01:15:05.625 --> 01:15:06.999
And they re-assessed him
and they said,

01:15:06.999 --> 01:15:08.458
\"Not only you don\'t have
Alzheimer\'s,

01:15:08.458 --> 01:15:09.458
you don\'t have dementia.\"

01:15:09.458 --> 01:15:11.792
And by his reckoning,
it was about two years

01:15:11.792 --> 01:15:13.583
before he was all the way
back to normal,

01:15:13.583 --> 01:15:15.999
but by then he was back to
reading three newspapers a day,

01:15:15.999 --> 01:15:17.709
The New York Times,
The Wall Street Journal,

01:15:17.709 --> 01:15:20.000
andWashington Postonline.

01:16:23.959 --> 01:16:25.792
Attention Women Who Use Lipitor.

01:16:25.792 --> 01:16:27.625
Stand by
for an important message.

01:16:27.625 --> 01:16:30.125
A medical study in the
Archives of Internal Medicine

01:16:30.125 --> 01:16:33.291
reported that postmenopausal
women who used Lipitor

01:16:33.291 --> 01:16:36.417
were 48% more likely
to develop diabetes

01:16:36.417 --> 01:16:37.208
than women who did not.

01:16:37.208 --> 01:16:38.875
If you or a loved one
started taking Lipitor

01:16:38.875 --> 01:16:43.041
before February 2012 and were
diagnosed with type 2 diabetes,

01:16:43.041 --> 01:16:46.625
you may be entitled
to money damages.

01:18:40.250 --> 01:18:41.542
♪

01:18:41.542 --> 01:18:44.125
(applause)

01:18:44.125 --> 01:18:54.375
♪

01:19:53.291 --> 01:19:55.250
Good morning.
You know, this is big news

01:19:55.250 --> 01:19:56.917
for people
with high cholesterol

01:19:56.917 --> 01:19:59.458
who are on statins
but have still not been able

01:19:59.458 --> 01:20:01.709
to lower their
bad cholesterol enough.

01:20:01.709 --> 01:20:02.500
This new class of drugs,

01:20:02.500 --> 01:20:04.583
it works in
an entirely different way.

01:20:04.583 --> 01:20:07.500
And the new studies show
it can lower bad cholesterol

01:20:07.500 --> 01:20:10.542
in these people
an additional 60%.

01:20:10.542 --> 01:20:11.291
That\'s huge.

01:20:11.291 --> 01:20:13.000
But the drug
isn\'t for everyone.

01:20:13.000 --> 01:20:14.709
It needs to be given
by injection

01:20:14.709 --> 01:20:15.750
every two
to four weeks

01:20:15.750 --> 01:20:19.166
and almost 30% of the people
in the study had to drop out.

01:20:19.166 --> 01:20:20.792
Bigger studies
are being done now

01:20:20.792 --> 01:20:22.166
to determine
whether these drugs

01:20:22.166 --> 01:20:23.333
truly reduce
the risk

01:20:23.333 --> 01:20:24.542
of heart attack
and stroke,

01:20:24.542 --> 01:20:25.999
which is really
what we\'re after,

01:20:25.999 --> 01:20:26.999
and whether they\'re safe.

01:20:26.999 --> 01:20:29.583
However, we\'ve been talking
to cardiologists all weekend,

01:20:29.583 --> 01:20:31.750
they\'re very excited
about these drugs,

01:20:31.750 --> 01:20:33.375
and the FDA
is expected to rule

01:20:33.375 --> 01:20:37.625
on an application for approval
later this year.

01:21:28.000 --> 01:21:36.291
♪

01:21:36.291 --> 01:21:38.333
Do you know your number?

01:21:38.333 --> 01:21:39.083
What number?

01:21:39.083 --> 01:21:40.583
Your cholesterol.

01:21:40.583 --> 01:21:41.999
I do.

01:21:41.999 --> 01:21:42.999
Uh...

01:21:42.999 --> 01:21:44.834
I had them tested forNightline.

01:21:44.834 --> 01:21:46.458
They\'re on my website.

01:21:46.458 --> 01:21:47.750
No.

01:21:47.750 --> 01:21:49.500
Don\'t have a clue.

01:21:49.500 --> 01:21:50.959
I\'m a member of a family

01:21:50.959 --> 01:21:53.250
with familial
hypercholesterolemia,

01:21:53.250 --> 01:21:57.458
so it\'s between
seven and eight.

01:21:58.792 --> 01:22:00.041
I don\'t know what it is now.

01:22:00.041 --> 01:22:02.375
My total cholesterol
is 189.

01:22:02.375 --> 01:22:05.041
I wish it were a bit higher.

01:22:08.750 --> 01:22:12.917
No, I actually do not know
my cholesterol number.

01:22:12.917 --> 01:22:15.000
One of these days.

01:22:15.000 --> 01:22:17.291
I should.

01:22:17.291 --> 01:22:18.999
Um, but I don\'t.

01:22:18.999 --> 01:22:20.625
No.
Why should I?

01:22:20.625 --> 01:22:24.291
I don\'t think that they have
any implications on my...

01:22:24.291 --> 01:22:25.625
(laughs)

01:22:32.709 --> 01:22:36.875
♪