WEBVTT

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It\'s dark there are no familiar landmarks.

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Lost tonight.

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My grandson Thomas and I are going
to find out where we really are.

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Since time began humans have
looked up into the wondered.

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Where did it come from.

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Okay

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the

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tomato

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and I

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have come to Southern California
to lead a remarkable scientist.

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Cosmologist Brian Swimme.

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He brought us up to a
telescope to look for the

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The universe and our place in it

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telescopes to me are an image of what it means
to be human and that might sound strange.

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But if you think about how
much intelligence how much

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work how much effort had to go
into the making of a telescope.

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You\'d have to say that all 50 thousand
or a 100 thousand years of Homo sapiens.

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All of that was required
to assemble something.

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So advanced as a telescope

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Galaxies send their light here.

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That light had been present every
day of the entire human journey.

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That took all of this millennia of development
simply to awaken to what is here.

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Now.

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What\'s here now

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all around us the beauty of
diversity of life on Earth

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All this diversity Brian told us comes
from the first moment of creation.

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A single unbelievably intense pulse
of energy that the Big Bang.

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As we understand it now
universe flares into existence

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around 13 billion years ago
as the concentration of a

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trillions and trillions of degrees hot and
then quickly develops into the first atoms.

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And then suddenly the moment
comes when these atoms can join

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together to form the
galaxies and the stars.

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And the stars developing in their core all
of the other elements in the universe.

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These elements system of star systems.

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Then life began on planet Earth in
a process that continues today.

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It\'s a truly amazing story.

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That moment of creation is still
unfolding everywhere around us.

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I always look for ways in which I can
connect with the larger story one of them

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for me as dawn.

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Here it comes

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in that moment just for a brief second.

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Every member that I am a member of
Earth community going around a star.

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One star among two hundred million.

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Ninety three million
miles and Y has to come.

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Already were being harmed by it.

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And what\'s amazing to think about the sun
being a million times as huge as the Earth is

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just this vast fire that enables
all of life to take place here.

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So one way to think about

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every time you see it at dawn is to think
of it as an act of cosmic generosity.

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Is this fast giveaway of energy.

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The sun provides the energy for all life death
decay and rebirth everywhere on the planet

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Everything lives Brian
told us by eating the sun.

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Id like you bake and Brian.

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I like a crisp Good.

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Good morning. I am hungry.

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Now there\'s something really
primordial about a fire.

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Isn\'t there Brian I\'ve always
been amazed by fire and I just

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think on every culture
had a way of relating to

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the mystery of fire and all
of them are interesting but

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the one science brings is the fire here
that\'s burning is actually the sun

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So this is literally the sun\'s energy
through the power photosynthesis.

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There\'s almost nothing more
important or more wonderful.

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Right here we\'re seeing the
energy that was carefully

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folded into the tree mean
released as this fire.

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And then the amazing thing is that this is
our moment for entering into this flow of

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energy because right there in the in
the eggs is the energy from the sun.

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So starting like sunlight gives
energy to the leaves which goes into

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the tree which we chopped down and
burned to make our fire cooks

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the edge between eat.

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So all humans have a bit of some excels.

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And is that what gives energy to us that\'s
exactly what gives energy curves precisely.

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Let\'s get some energy into
your body or your home before.

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The sun is in us released in ourselves
by a process of combustion.

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It\'s the energy of creation
taken up as sunlight.

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Released does fire.

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Fired. It\'s an overwhelming force.

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One we\'ve learned to dread know
what fire can do once it takes hold

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Every year the conflagrations rage

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thousands of hectares of forest
consumers communities destroyed.

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Lives lost as fire grew from 600 acres to over
50 thousand acres a just about four hours.

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Firefighters have not been able to get
out ahead of it by it\'s moving too fast.

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It\'s very dangerous to get out of it.

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How can this be a creative force
part of the planets cycle of life.

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My objectives of this burn this block
has not had the course Thorburn

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and at least two I went to Arizona to
learn what fire has to do with life

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If we get several spots crossed the
line will probably suspend ignition.

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And put in a hand law even
pine is a historian of fired.

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He\'s the first one I\'ve ever met.

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He took me into a forest
as it was said a light.

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It\'s called a controlled burn.

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A pretty unnerving site.

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I\'m used to people stopping
fires not starting them.

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But Stephen Pyne told me.

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This is fires natural habitat.

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Pretty hot flame here f. So when you
look at it like this it looks like it\'s

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causing a lot of damage.

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I\'m what\'ll be the long-term
consequences of this is fine.

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While it is damaging but
temporarily it\'s part of

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the creative destruction if you
will allow them nature\'s economy.

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Over the centuries he
said naturally occurring

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fires shape this forest
and kept it healthy.

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Wildfires racing through the grasses bending
the saplings barely scorching the trees.

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Without regular fires the
forest becomes a tinderbox.

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It may burn to the ground

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It\'s freeing up a lot of nutrients
that are stuck in these logs.

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There\'s not much to decompose it
in an arid climate like this.

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A lot of critical ingredients and chemicals
have to be afraid shakes and bakes to promote

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some species and drives off others

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temporarily takes apart the living
world so that you life can appear.

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Stephen Pyne believes we humans have
a very special part in this cycle.

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People or really poorly endowed creature.

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I mean we\'re not for fixes big.

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We\'re not fast with core sense of
vision smell all these things.

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But then we acquire fire.

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And suddenly we become very powerful.

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Perhaps too powerful.

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We have control over a really fundamental
property of ecosystems and indeed life.

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This is who we are as a creature
where the fire creature

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other animals knock over trees
and dig holes in the ground Han.

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What were the creature
that manipulates fire

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over the millennia he told me fire gave
us safety to heart even culture itself.

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And we treated it with respect.

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Tending the sacred flame

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But about 200 years ago we
shut fire up and put it to

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work with furnaces and
internal combustion engines.

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We built the modern world.

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Know we\'ve lost touch with
the sources of power.

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We think energy comes from
a pump instead of the Sun.

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We\'re still fire creatures never
more so but were not part of

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any process of renewal. Every night

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The industrial world reveals its excesses.

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Burning off the planet stores of
energy lighting up the night.

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Stephen Pyne believes we\'ve forgotten
our role as keepers of the flame.

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We had certain knowledge about how fire

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worked in the world because we
used it all the time and we

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had certain rules and
rituals for guiding how

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we use it when it was good
when it was inappropriate.

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But with industrial combustion
that seems to have gone.

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We don\'t have we don\'t have those guides.

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We don\'t have those codes.

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We don\'t have an understanding of
how that interacts ecologically.

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I would say basically that the planet now has
too much combustion and not enough fire.

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If we\'ve got added balance now with

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the industrial combustion where do we have to
go in and what\'s the future for for fire in

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a future of fire that part
of it is simply to recover

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our lost understanding
of what fire means in

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the world and what our
particular role should

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be in managing it recover our
senses as real fire creatures.

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Fire creatures playing our part
in the planet\'s energy Webb.

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Was burned on a spring that\'s already
come back the grasses thrive on it.

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Most of the wildlife that
would feed on the grass

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like succulent fresh growth
that\'s rich in protein.

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That\'s where the nutrients are.
That\'s what\'s eligible.

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The old dead stuff nobody wants data.

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Life death and rebirth.

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The cycle turn by fire.

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Stephen Pyne says we\'re part of that cycle.

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Whether we like it or not.

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And when our ancestors long long ago ceased
fire they made file standard bargain.

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And the control of fire of combustion.

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It\'s really the basis of our
ecological ascendancy for good or

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ill.. And if we use firewall
we create a virtuous cycle

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And if we use it badly we
create a vicious cycle.

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And so it\'s up to us to
sort of reclaimed land

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heritage admit that bargain
and to use it well.

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One group of people other still see
themselves as fired creatures.

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The Aborigines of Australia believed
there the keepers of the sacred delayed

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When I flew into Arnhem
Land a vast territory and

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Northern Australia the whole
continent seem to be burning.

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Over tens of thousands of years.

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The Aborigines have used
fire stick farming as

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it\'s called to shape the
Australian landscape.

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Burning small patches of woodland.

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They make a mosaic of new grazing
For the animals. They hunt

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Article after I came here to
meet Giovanni le Laura the

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leader of a small group of aborigines
who live in eastern Arnhem Land.

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I wanted to ask him why his
people burden the bush.

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He told me that setting fires is the way
they serve the lamb that feeds them.

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They see it as a sacred trust.

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Australia soil is arid and in fertile
nothing decomposes quickly here. So neutron

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they aren\'t released to feed new growth.

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It takes fire to drive the cycle.

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Aborigines believe they\'re part of
a continuous process of creation.

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Giovanni told me about his people\'s
relationship with the land.

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In a way he said instead
of owning territory

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their own Biot charged with performing
the proper rituals taking proper care.

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What about the light he took me through

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his country and told me a
little of its sacred history.

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Do you have a responsibility
to take care of them land

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or their jobs you have for
you is what do you do

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a big responsibility to move up to

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a LAN and because we were very
important is sacred size.

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The ancestor spirits stingray and sea turtle
still live there in the sacred sites.

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Keeping things going.

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People have to know how to play their part.

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Nominally concert away.

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Now. We\'re still going to charge you

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And you\'re a rich man cost but as long
as you\'ve got the land that\'s right.

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You traditions. Proud of all that enough.

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Because we share haunt
people share their whenever.

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And wherever the corroborate
was the high point of

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my stay with Jabulani the entire community
gathered to share their traditional density.

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First they decorated themselves with clay.
Then they dance

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stories about how people
fit into their work.

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Each dams as a part of a sacred text as
a way of presenting myth and history

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Traditionally have originated see themselves
as caretakers of the world around them.

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Keepers of the flame it\'s an understanding
that\'s under pressure in the modern world.

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But there\'s another strand
to this ancient story I

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discovered which has
lasted 50 thousand years.

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50 thousand E is he\'s a very long time.

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And over that time people have become

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so intimately interwoven
with the nature of Australia

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that they\'re embedded in a way

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that no other people in the world
out I think in their environment.

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Tim Flannery believes that this deep
connection has been a hard one lesson.

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He\'s a biologist from the
South Australia Museum in

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Adelaide who has been exploring
the continents ancient past.

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He took me up in July back hill a
sacred site in Northern Arnhem Land.

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And he took me back through
thousands of years.

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It\'s just covered with feeding.

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There\'s going to be thousands of
individual paintings and I\'ve

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seen a lot of them in America
but never like this.

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This is one of the best sites in Australia.

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Layer after layer laid
down over the millennia.

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The paintings depict the living
world of the Aborigines.

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Tim Flannery told me that Australia was
very different when they first arrived.

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There would have been giant mushroom
appeals to size of rhinoceroses.

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There would have been going as
that wood is seven meters long.

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And you know Komodo dragons sort
of blown up to huge size and

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join turtles to size of VW\'s

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but with horns like cows I mean
it was a pretty bizarre phone.

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I began animals and the missing today.

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50 thousand years ago.

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Rain forests covered much of Australia.

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They cycled water making
clouds and rainfall

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drawing coastal monsoons deep
into the centre of the continent.

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So what happened how did those
stray it changed so much.

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It\'s very hard for us to know in the
fossil record exactly what happened.

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But the hypothesis that I\'ve
developed really is the people

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coming to this continent and
they have a profound impact

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By simply precipitate and extinction
may be a hunting caused extinction.

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Maybe they start changing environments.

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Well it\'s hard to tell at this stage.

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But soon after that all of the
big mass shootings are gone.

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And then he\'s trying vegetation
itself starts to challenge.

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No longer grazed by large mammals.

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The forest became choked
and vulnerable to fire

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There must have been a
period of massive wildfires

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that caused lots of
extinction water damage.

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And after that the most incredible change
of all happens because it looks like

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Australia\'s climate itself
changes and the continent starts

00:24:41.450 --> 00:24:49.069
to really dry out wildfires altered the mix
of vegetation and that changed the climate.

00:24:49.070 --> 00:24:57.070
The arid landscape of modern Australia
was more. Sparse eucalyptus

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Woodland adapted to drought
swept by frequent fires.

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Only slowly I think that
Aboriginal people learned to time

00:25:12.380 --> 00:25:16.054
that fire learned to burn and
fight fire with fire if you want.

00:25:16.055 --> 00:25:20.029
And it\'s that process that eventually
led to fire stick farming with

00:25:20.030 --> 00:25:24.900
a very very careful management of
Australia environments using fire.

00:25:27.370 --> 00:25:30.934
In a sense Aboriginal
people found the landscape

00:25:30.935 --> 00:25:33.979
releasing nutrients when they
wanted to releasing feed for

00:25:33.980 --> 00:25:36.469
the animals I haven\'t heard with
a fire stick rather than with

00:25:36.470 --> 00:25:40.834
a plough but the process is every bit
as intricate as traditional farming

00:25:40.835 --> 00:25:48.720
It was a very very complex thing and a
system that evolved over 50 thousand years.

00:26:00.640 --> 00:26:04.954
Aborigines seems so much
a part of their world.

00:26:04.955 --> 00:26:10.710
I was amazed to discover what a
long hard lesson. It\'s been.

00:26:10.900 --> 00:26:14.569
A lot of people are
shocked by the idea that

00:26:14.570 --> 00:26:18.304
Aboriginal people may have lived
in a destructive way in the past.

00:26:18.305 --> 00:26:22.879
But to me it\'s just part of being human
that that\'s the nature of our species.

00:26:22.880 --> 00:26:28.474
And what I see is 50 thousand years of
careful learning about the environment.

00:26:28.475 --> 00:26:30.859
They\'ll be incredibly
ingenious interactions to

00:26:30.860 --> 00:26:34.324
maintain life in a very very
harsh and difficult environment.

00:26:34.325 --> 00:26:37.800
And that\'s the great triumph
of Aboriginal people to me.

00:27:08.110 --> 00:27:14.760
Fire creatures. Learning how to
live within the cycles of renewal.

00:27:15.370 --> 00:27:18.739
That\'s also part of being human.

00:27:18.740 --> 00:27:21.109
That\'s what they have to teach.

00:27:21.110 --> 00:27:23.670
And we to learn.

00:27:44.530 --> 00:27:47.464
Soil is where the

00:27:47.465 --> 00:27:53.554
Energy cycle comes full circle
and death turns into life.

00:27:53.555 --> 00:27:59.719
The seed stirs in the ashes the
spark in the cell fuels growth.

00:27:59.720 --> 00:28:03.780
The plant reaches for
the furnace in the sky.

00:28:15.580 --> 00:28:21.844
Long ago human beings learned how
to manage the power of the soil.

00:28:21.845 --> 00:28:25.860
We became creatures of the earth.

00:28:35.590 --> 00:28:42.330
Today. 6 billion of us depend
on this thin brown layer.

00:28:57.580 --> 00:29:05.580
Fire and water earth and air
combined into the matrix for growth.

00:29:09.940 --> 00:29:12.499
On the beach in Kelvin

00:29:12.500 --> 00:29:16.009
soil scientist explaining them showed me

00:29:16.010 --> 00:29:20.179
the sacred balance that
continually creates the soil.

00:29:20.180 --> 00:29:28.180
This rock will become soil through
the action of weather wind rain.

00:29:28.265 --> 00:29:35.314
And the microorganisms that grow on Iraq
the bacteria for example growing on this.

00:29:35.315 --> 00:29:37.324
We\'ll break this down.

00:29:37.325 --> 00:29:42.649
The likens the mass will grow on those
bacteria the phosphate fixed by

00:29:42.650 --> 00:29:44.989
those bacteria and break it down into

00:29:44.990 --> 00:29:48.469
the constituent sand silt and
clay that we\'re looking at here.

00:29:48.470 --> 00:29:49.819
The bacteria grow in

00:29:49.820 --> 00:29:54.244
their produce organic matter and on that
the fungi then start to grow contribute

00:29:54.245 --> 00:29:58.129
Danek manner to the material then along
come the protozoa and nematodes and they

00:29:58.130 --> 00:30:02.884
start that process of nutrient
cycling which turns this into soil.

00:30:02.885 --> 00:30:06.604
But that plant looks like it\'s
growing out of solid rock.

00:30:06.605 --> 00:30:11.389
But you had to have a just a little
bit of soil caught in that crevice.

00:30:11.390 --> 00:30:13.849
And then the seed had to
fall in there as well.

00:30:13.850 --> 00:30:17.179
And it\'s the nutrient cycling
in that soil that allows

00:30:17.180 --> 00:30:21.409
that seed to germinate and start to grow
and get the nutrients that it needs

00:30:21.410 --> 00:30:29.410
And those are going to click free barren rock
to mighty forest is a long long journey.

00:30:36.730 --> 00:30:44.220
Place eats away at the raw materials
and binds them into a living food web.

00:31:00.700 --> 00:31:03.559
Millennia must pass

00:31:03.560 --> 00:31:08.599
The soil is ready to support a
forest community like this one.

00:31:08.600 --> 00:31:14.584
So this is a forest soil which I guess
is taken thousands of years to evolve.

00:31:14.585 --> 00:31:18.814
And certainly has we have to
slowly but surely develop this

00:31:18.815 --> 00:31:23.569
from the things we were looking at
on the beach but this isn\'t soil.

00:31:23.570 --> 00:31:25.324
I mean this is stuff coming off the tree.

00:31:25.325 --> 00:31:27.889
That\'s right that\'s the organic
matter that\'s coming down to

00:31:27.890 --> 00:31:31.339
the surface of the soil and the
organisms are going to decompose

00:31:31.340 --> 00:31:33.559
this material turn it into

00:31:33.560 --> 00:31:37.669
the organic matter to build the rest of
that soil structure that we\'re looking at.

00:31:37.670 --> 00:31:42.784
So let\'s take a little bit of a look
in the soils see what we can find.

00:31:42.785 --> 00:31:46.069
This food web in here is just

00:31:46.070 --> 00:31:49.384
More diversity than almost
any place else on earth.

00:31:49.385 --> 00:31:51.769
Soil is where diversity really lies.

00:31:51.770 --> 00:31:55.744
We look above ground and we say ooh look
at all the plant species. Here we go.

00:31:55.745 --> 00:31:58.684
There\'s 1015 different plants in here.

00:31:58.685 --> 00:32:03.304
High diversity doesn\'t have a
candle to what\'s here in the soil.

00:32:03.305 --> 00:32:07.069
We\'re looking at probably
about a 100 miles of

00:32:07.070 --> 00:32:11.539
fungi per gram of soil per
teaspoon of soil in here.

00:32:11.540 --> 00:32:15.529
When we look at one teaspoon of
soil you know and so it\'s like that

00:32:15.530 --> 00:32:19.729
much or looking at 40
thousand species of bacteria.

00:32:19.730 --> 00:32:23.569
We\'re looking at probably 20
thousand species of fungi

00:32:23.570 --> 00:32:27.859
in that wonder species but
individually not individuals.

00:32:27.860 --> 00:32:30.889
Because now when we go to
individuals we\'re looking at

00:32:30.890 --> 00:32:37.009
a 1000 million individual bacteria
split amongst 40 thousand species.

00:32:37.010 --> 00:32:40.159
So it\'s a huge diversity that
I\'m holding right there in

00:32:40.160 --> 00:32:43.579
the body of my hand I would have
to say that\'s a living organism.

00:32:43.580 --> 00:32:44.959
Yeah that\'s alive.

00:32:44.960 --> 00:32:46.399
It\'s a it\'s a community.

00:32:46.400 --> 00:32:49.860
You can sort of think of
this as New York City.

00:33:19.150 --> 00:33:22.609
These trees wouldn\'t be here
without this diversity.

00:33:22.610 --> 00:33:27.964
This food web structure is the only thing
that keeps these trees alive and grind.

00:33:27.965 --> 00:33:33.540
This is the grandest cycling
system that we\'ve ever seen.

00:33:47.110 --> 00:33:52.249
Elaine is much in-demand
helping farmers to maximize

00:33:52.250 --> 00:33:57.000
The health of their soil by
working within the energy web.

00:33:58.270 --> 00:34:02.539
How are things going
actually very well we had

00:34:02.540 --> 00:34:07.399
some good results in this block trying to
address some soil compaction and we\'re

00:34:07.400 --> 00:34:10.969
seeing some good improvements
and soil structure and

00:34:10.970 --> 00:34:16.189
in the aggregate Sinsky vineyards
in California\'s Napa Valley.

00:34:16.190 --> 00:34:19.398
She\'s working with the manager Kurt grace

00:34:19.399 --> 00:34:23.044
to increase productivity
without chemical input.

00:34:23.045 --> 00:34:24.439
Great Earth were learning too.

00:34:24.440 --> 00:34:29.974
And here look at all those organisms in
the structure and the fungus right there.

00:34:29.975 --> 00:34:34.189
You also see some of the campus that we\'ve
been putting on over the last few years too

00:34:34.190 --> 00:34:37.009
Kurt seems to be an awful lot of plant

00:34:37.010 --> 00:34:39.979
growing between the vines here
is at the normal situation.

00:34:39.980 --> 00:34:44.359
Well actually we planted a cover crop
here to help increase organic matter.

00:34:44.360 --> 00:34:48.469
Florida New York or using the farmers
are reducing their dependence on

00:34:48.470 --> 00:34:53.704
chemical pesticides and trying to
breathe life back into the soil.

00:34:53.705 --> 00:34:56.599
Now this is a compost that
you use rights right yeah.

00:34:56.600 --> 00:35:01.579
So when you spread this as this essentially
replacing the fertilizer that you add to

00:35:01.580 --> 00:35:04.549
the field well as not really replacing

00:35:04.550 --> 00:35:08.464
the fertilizer you\'re doing other
things as an addition but the compost.

00:35:08.465 --> 00:35:12.049
So in addition to providing that
nutrient when you when you spray it on

00:35:12.050 --> 00:35:16.609
your fields you\'re in effect
inoculating your orchards with

00:35:16.610 --> 00:35:19.129
Coal communities of creatures that\'s right

00:35:19.130 --> 00:35:22.144
the beneficial things
that you want to improve.

00:35:22.145 --> 00:35:25.909
Soil quality the health of
the soil out and field.

00:35:25.910 --> 00:35:29.629
This is so different from the kind of type

00:35:29.630 --> 00:35:33.139
of farming that I\'m I\'m
used to thinking about now.

00:35:33.140 --> 00:35:38.089
How is it for your people here
to make that transition isn\'t

00:35:38.090 --> 00:35:40.234
it kinda scary to get away from the idea of

00:35:40.235 --> 00:35:42.979
using powerful powerful chemicals
that could do the job.

00:35:42.980 --> 00:35:45.244
Well the way we did it
was an incrementally.

00:35:45.245 --> 00:35:48.484
And because of that
successful upon success.

00:35:48.485 --> 00:35:50.554
And so it was actually a very natural live

00:35:50.555 --> 00:35:53.149
or give us an idea of how
successful you\'ve been.

00:35:53.150 --> 00:35:57.979
Well our productivity
has stayed quite level.

00:35:57.980 --> 00:36:01.549
We\'ve watched flavors
increase in The Grapes.

00:36:01.550 --> 00:36:08.239
Something in winemaking is very important is
to get smaller berries and tighter clusters.

00:36:08.240 --> 00:36:12.304
So that did the scans actually
in part a lot of flavor.

00:36:12.305 --> 00:36:14.584
And we\'ve been able to
successfully do that through

00:36:14.585 --> 00:36:18.390
methods that we\'re using.
Quite successfully.

00:36:20.620 --> 00:36:27.364
It is a paradigm shift from going out there
and killing everything that we don\'t want to

00:36:27.365 --> 00:36:31.399
encouraging supporting all of the
life that we do want so that

00:36:31.400 --> 00:36:35.059
we don\'t use pesticides we don\'t have to
use high levels of inorganic fertilizers

00:36:35.060 --> 00:36:43.060
. Here\'s to the soil and the
organisms that made this possible.

00:36:43.505 --> 00:36:46.350
I\'ll drink to that degree.

00:37:14.170 --> 00:37:17.449
The marriage of sunlight in soil

00:37:17.450 --> 00:37:23.640
Seems nowhere more blessed than on
the island of Bali in Indonesia.

00:37:23.950 --> 00:37:30.750
People here have a deep connection
with the sacred cycles of creation.

00:37:45.700 --> 00:37:49.789
You can see at once that Belize a place of

00:37:49.790 --> 00:37:53.269
ancient and abundant fertility they\'ve been

00:37:53.270 --> 00:37:58.470
growing irrigated rice here
for almost 200 thousand years

00:38:09.220 --> 00:38:16.170
I went to a village called cell B2 to
meet an anthropologist from two saw.

00:38:17.470 --> 00:38:23.389
Steven Lansing has been visiting this
community for more than 20 years.

00:38:23.390 --> 00:38:26.014
He\'s been studying the way people here.

00:38:26.015 --> 00:38:29.314
Define their relationship to the land.

00:38:29.315 --> 00:38:34.849
Ecologists think about ecology as a
science and of course it is a science.

00:38:34.850 --> 00:38:41.689
Bonnie\'s also think about how human ideas
and emotions and how human society

00:38:41.690 --> 00:38:44.959
Is connected to ecology and they
have a way of thinking about that.

00:38:44.960 --> 00:38:47.340
That is utterly fascinating.

00:38:50.170 --> 00:38:57.994
They believe Steven explained that the lens
endless fertility is a gift from the gods.

00:38:57.995 --> 00:39:01.909
As farmers they\'re touching
the sacred source.

00:39:01.910 --> 00:39:05.550
The energy that creates life.

00:39:08.320 --> 00:39:11.779
Water carries the energy.

00:39:11.780 --> 00:39:14.674
Every village has its water temple

00:39:14.675 --> 00:39:18.304
Daily life is linked with the Divine.

00:39:18.305 --> 00:39:21.334
So where does this water
come from steam well

00:39:21.335 --> 00:39:24.469
the Balinese think it comes from the
great Crater Lake amount but to or even

00:39:24.470 --> 00:39:30.484
took me to the water temple et cetera to
to show me the science behind the sacred.

00:39:30.485 --> 00:39:33.019
So when the rains fall they recharge

00:39:33.020 --> 00:39:36.529
the lake and that recharges
the springs valid is dotted

00:39:36.530 --> 00:39:39.289
with just innumerable little
springs like this one

00:39:39.290 --> 00:39:42.544
this is a spring Temple
built to capture that flow.

00:39:42.545 --> 00:39:45.334
The Balinese even call their religion.

00:39:45.335 --> 00:39:49.050
Aga maturity which means the
religion of holy water.

00:39:49.450 --> 00:39:54.619
There are two things that they
notice and revere about water.

00:39:54.620 --> 00:39:56.939
First that it can make things grow

00:39:56.940 --> 00:39:59.859
You need it to make things grow and second

00:39:59.860 --> 00:40:02.649
that it can cleanse it
can wash away pollution.

00:40:02.650 --> 00:40:07.029
So in a place like this and since
where water is first emerging from

00:40:07.030 --> 00:40:12.290
the from the Earth so it\'s clean
pure water can make things grow.

00:40:16.680 --> 00:40:20.184
This is powerful water.

00:40:20.185 --> 00:40:23.679
The Balinese believe that all water

00:40:23.680 --> 00:40:27.489
comes from Lake by tour at the
foot of the sacred mountain.

00:40:27.490 --> 00:40:30.879
The rice goddess Dewey down who lives in

00:40:30.880 --> 00:40:35.930
the lake sending water down
into every field in Bali

00:40:39.220 --> 00:40:42.979
The water passes through
volcanic rock that\'s

00:40:42.980 --> 00:40:46.830
rich in natural fertilizers
such as phosphate.

00:40:47.260 --> 00:40:52.860
That\'s what Stephen showed me
in the water template set b2.

00:40:53.230 --> 00:40:57.469
So David we\'ve been taking water
samples from the spring for

00:40:57.470 --> 00:41:01.594
awhile and the rivers and also
the ocean just looking at

00:41:01.595 --> 00:41:05.059
what are their concentrations
of nutrients that are naturally

00:41:05.060 --> 00:41:09.664
present in the water because it\'s
percolating through the volcanic soil.

00:41:09.665 --> 00:41:13.399
So here with this little spring sample

00:41:13.400 --> 00:41:16.369
I\'ve got a little variation
to do a phosphate tests.

00:41:16.370 --> 00:41:21.794
And a little portable colorimeter.
He\'d tell you how

00:41:21.795 --> 00:41:25.659
He\'s in there yeah basically
as the water changes.

00:41:25.660 --> 00:41:28.239
So you get a reading on the darker
the water basically this\'ll

00:41:28.240 --> 00:41:32.180
turn blue and the darker the blue
the more phosphate in the water.

00:41:34.530 --> 00:41:39.369
Stevens meter shows how
rich the water is in

00:41:39.370 --> 00:41:41.739
the natural fertilizer provided by

00:41:41.740 --> 00:41:45.069
ecosystem of phosphates and
that\'s a very high concentration.

00:41:45.070 --> 00:41:48.729
So what it means is that there
is enough phosphate flowing in

00:41:48.730 --> 00:41:52.509
the irrigation systems to take to
replace whatever the plants take out.

00:41:52.510 --> 00:41:56.454
And because the rivers are flowing and the
irrigation systems are flowing continuously.

00:41:56.455 --> 00:41:58.329
You gotta perfect little
continuous delivery

00:41:58.330 --> 00:42:00.894
system replenishing the
fertilizer in the fields.

00:42:00.895 --> 00:42:04.229
That\'s why you can plant rice
endlessly you know essentially

00:42:04.230 --> 00:42:07.024
century without adding chemicals.

00:42:07.025 --> 00:42:10.789
The Balinese know they\'re part of a light

00:42:10.790 --> 00:42:15.364
creating energy cycle that has
fed them well for centuries.

00:42:15.365 --> 00:42:21.949
But in the seventies the Indonesian
government tried to make a good thing better.

00:42:21.950 --> 00:42:26.824
In 197576 the Green
Revolution had just begun.

00:42:26.825 --> 00:42:30.754
The green revolution means the introduction
of western farming techniques.

00:42:30.755 --> 00:42:33.949
Basically it\'s high-yielding
plants that are designed to

00:42:33.950 --> 00:42:37.984
grow quickly along with chemical
fertilizers and pesticides.

00:42:37.985 --> 00:42:41.344
So this came as a package
to the Balinese farmers.

00:42:41.345 --> 00:42:45.169
The farmers were told in the
interests of national development.

00:42:45.170 --> 00:42:46.429
Take this new rice

00:42:46.430 --> 00:42:49.594
And plant just as fast as you can
if you can get three crops a year

00:42:49.595 --> 00:42:53.239
great some of the old people
said Well the trouble with

00:42:53.240 --> 00:42:58.099
that is according to our traditional
system we we schedule we carefully

00:42:58.100 --> 00:43:00.559
time when the water goes
into the fields and when

00:43:00.560 --> 00:43:04.020
it doesn\'t send it has there
are reasons for that.

00:43:04.870 --> 00:43:12.660
After a couple of years of bumper harvests
those reasons started to become clear.

00:43:17.050 --> 00:43:23.599
Stephen Lansing\'s old friend
why mpeg is a farmer in 72.

00:43:23.600 --> 00:43:27.064
He remembers what it was like 20 years ago.

00:43:27.065 --> 00:43:28.894
When the pests began

00:43:28.895 --> 00:43:33.679
Welcome to Buddha or landing la la e.

00:43:33.680 --> 00:43:38.869
The Green Revolution remedy for pests was
pesticides in memory and you\'re rendering.

00:43:38.870 --> 00:43:41.914
It\'s not just that the farmers
were advised to use pesticides.

00:43:41.915 --> 00:43:43.999
They were forced to use pesticides.

00:43:44.000 --> 00:43:46.399
There there would be punished
by the government if they

00:43:46.400 --> 00:43:48.739
didn\'t because the government would say if

00:43:48.740 --> 00:43:51.499
anybody doesn\'t use pesticides
immediately as soon as

00:43:51.500 --> 00:43:55.500
any sign of customer peer than the
PESTEL spread to other fields.

00:43:56.800 --> 00:44:00.629
So within a year or two even the farmers

00:44:00.630 --> 00:44:04.624
six pumping these pesticides into their
fields couldn\'t kill all the pests.

00:44:04.625 --> 00:44:07.474
The government men began to fly the island

00:44:07.475 --> 00:44:10.894
dropping pesticides from
airplanes and they succeeded

00:44:10.895 --> 00:44:15.420
And there everything lookup with Dian.

00:44:20.500 --> 00:44:22.969
He says that everything
is made by a creator.

00:44:22.970 --> 00:44:25.309
And so by disturbing

00:44:25.310 --> 00:44:28.669
anything by killing anything you\'re
disturbing part of their creation.

00:44:28.670 --> 00:44:29.989
So you need to pay attention to

00:44:29.990 --> 00:44:33.450
the whole picture essentially saying
you have to pay attention old picture.

00:44:37.000 --> 00:44:42.454
And that\'s Steven told me was
the role of the water tempo.

00:44:42.455 --> 00:44:49.350
Looking at the whole picture applying
wisdom accumulated over centuries

00:44:56.230 --> 00:45:01.864
In the middle courtyard of the temple
the farmers gather every month.

00:45:01.865 --> 00:45:07.350
They make decisions in a democratic
assembly on how they\'re going to plant.

00:45:07.450 --> 00:45:14.644
And yeah and then I make I must have
some more agricultural activities

00:45:14.645 --> 00:45:17.794
are coordinated through the temple calendar

00:45:17.795 --> 00:45:22.230
giving spiritual force
to practical knowledge.

00:45:31.120 --> 00:45:34.774
The timetable is sacred

00:45:34.775 --> 00:45:41.370
All the fields are flooded at one\'s
driving out rats and other paths.

00:45:41.560 --> 00:45:48.090
When the harvest is ready the farmers
collaborate to bring it in quickly.

00:45:49.480 --> 00:45:53.584
Ducks glean insects and
grain in the stubble.

00:45:53.585 --> 00:45:55.849
Then the fields are flooded again.

00:45:55.850 --> 00:45:58.860
And there\'s no place for pests.

00:46:05.080 --> 00:46:09.784
As Stephen Lansing explained
it the sacred calendar

00:46:09.785 --> 00:46:14.910
worked within the insect
cycles holding pests at bay

00:46:18.280 --> 00:46:25.430
Once the government understood this they
allowed the water temples to regain control.

00:46:42.220 --> 00:46:50.220
The Island of valley is regaining its place
within the cycles that create and renew life.

00:46:54.190 --> 00:46:59.689
In 72 everyone was preparing
for the biggest festival

00:46:59.690 --> 00:47:07.690
Calendar YN and his extended family
were busy organizing the offerings.

00:47:07.865 --> 00:47:13.350
They\'re giving back to the gods a
portion of what they\'ve received.

00:47:27.220 --> 00:47:32.599
Early next morning YN called
the people to the temple.

00:47:32.600 --> 00:47:40.170
The whole village came wearing their temple
close bringing the fruits of the harvest

00:47:50.140 --> 00:47:57.769
We humans have an extraordinary capacity to
enshrine the knowledge we need for survival.

00:47:57.770 --> 00:48:01.129
We pass it on and we honored.

00:48:01.130 --> 00:48:08.700
It connects us to the process of creation
that continually unfolds around us

00:48:27.220 --> 00:48:29.820
That turns out

00:48:39.250 --> 00:48:40.819
across

00:48:40.820 --> 00:48:45.154
time and space through
thousands of generations.

00:48:45.155 --> 00:48:48.870
We tell ourselves the stories.

00:48:49.960 --> 00:48:53.704
They teach us about life and death.

00:48:53.705 --> 00:48:55.684
About rebirth.

00:48:55.685 --> 00:48:58.980
They teach us where we live.

00:49:09.820 --> 00:49:17.160
Since the very beginning we\'ve been
dancing our place among the stars.

00:49:27.070 --> 00:49:31.009
On that mountain top in California.

00:49:31.010 --> 00:49:37.309
My grandson Tomoko looked out and saw
the fires burning all around us.

00:49:37.310 --> 00:49:42.919
There part of that first great pulse
of energy that created the cosmos.

00:49:42.920 --> 00:49:45.450
And so are we

00:49:49.810 --> 00:49:53.359
It\'s all a matter of perspective.

00:49:53.360 --> 00:49:57.619
That\'s what Brian Swimme
explained to us that night can.

00:49:57.620 --> 00:50:00.829
Now if we look straight up at the
stars here\'s an amazing thing.

00:50:00.830 --> 00:50:04.879
When we look up we think of
the stars is being above us.

00:50:04.880 --> 00:50:06.949
In a certain sense they are.

00:50:06.950 --> 00:50:13.939
But in space there\'s no there\'s no down
really run a planet so round planet.

00:50:13.940 --> 00:50:17.479
So there\'d be no left or right.

00:50:17.480 --> 00:50:18.979
There\'s no left to right.

00:50:18.980 --> 00:50:22.564
There\'s no up or down all depends
on your orientation where you are.

00:50:22.565 --> 00:50:26.419
So for instance even though right
now we think of the stars being up.

00:50:26.420 --> 00:50:28.984
If we on the other side of the planet.

00:50:28.985 --> 00:50:30.964
And we looked at the stars

00:50:30.965 --> 00:50:34.084
You\'d actually be looking down frey.

00:50:34.085 --> 00:50:36.169
So we can actually do that here.

00:50:36.170 --> 00:50:39.619
As you look up you can
use your imagination.

00:50:39.620 --> 00:50:44.209
Imagine we\'re on the other
bottom side of the planet.

00:50:44.210 --> 00:50:46.980
And we\'re looking at the stars.

00:50:53.980 --> 00:50:58.369
We look out and see all the
galaxies are expanding away from

00:50:58.370 --> 00:51:02.764
us but that\'s true no matter
where you are in the universe.

00:51:02.765 --> 00:51:07.309
Every place is right at the
center of that expansion.

00:51:07.310 --> 00:51:09.589
Everything is at the center.

00:51:09.590 --> 00:51:13.164
Everything is at its center
in all of those centers are

00:51:13.165 --> 00:51:21.165
together. The universe is

00:51:21.710 --> 00:51:25.219
a tapestry in which every
event every bean is

00:51:25.220 --> 00:51:30.510
woven into the life and destiny
and reality of every other B.

00:51:38.170 --> 00:51:41.689
That\'s where my journey has brought me.

00:51:41.690 --> 00:51:47.749
Back to the beginning into the
center were not lost at all.

00:51:47.750 --> 00:51:55.750
Where imbedded in the universe burning
like all life with the fire of creation.

00:52:06.160 --> 00:52:09.889
Next time we explore a world of

00:52:09.890 --> 00:52:17.890
human connections are linked to each other
close relatives of all life on Earth.

00:52:21.370 --> 00:52:27.090
We live within the sacred
balance of the cosmos.

00:52:37.060 --> 00:52:39.300
Okay.

00:53:19.270 --> 00:53:21.420
Okay