Traces the story of several women who left apartheid in South Africa to…
Last Grave at Dimbaza

- Description
- Reviews
- Citation
- Cataloging
- Transcript
In 1969, a small group of South African exiles and British film students formed Morena Films in London to produce films about the apartheid. In 1974, they produced one of the first, and certainly the most influential, films about apartheid. LAST GRAVE AT DIMBAZA - shot clandestinely in South Africa and smuggled out of the country - had an enormous impact on global opinion at a critical moment in the struggle against apartheid, revealing to worldwide audiences the shocking inequalities between whites and blacks in South Africa. It went on to win major awards at many international film festivals. The streaming version was encoded from a newly restored digital master.
This documentary exposé is now a rare, primary visual resource, a portrait of a time and place that was largely unrecorded by photographs or film. It combines scenes of everyday life in South Africa with statements from political leaders that characterize the government's blatantly racist policies.
Filmed throughout South Africa, from Capetown to Johannesburg, as well as in the surrounding black townships and the desolate bantustans, LAST GRAVE AT DIMBAZA visually portrays the stark contrasts between living and working conditions for the majority populace of 18 million blacks and the 4 million whites who rule over them. In addition to revealing the migratory labor system, which separates black families for most of the year, and a repressive passbook policy to control black workers' movements, the film examines the gross inequities in such areas as housing, education, health care, industry, and agriculture.
By combining its clandestinely-photographed scenes of everyday life with relevant statements from National Party leaders such as B.J. Vorster that characterize the government's unabashedly racist policies, LAST GRAVE AT DIMBAZA becomes a stunning indictment of the apartheid system, which had controlled South Africa since 1948. The film's concluding scenes, contrasting increasing labor unrest and strikes amongst black workers and the compulsory training in armaments use for all white South Africans, dramatically foreshadows the conflict that developed during the following two decades, and which culminated in the end of apartheid with the nation's first multiracial elections in 1994.
'Compelling... In this time of ultra-fast-paced information technology and short historical memory, [LAST GRAVE] serves as a necessary reminder of human cruelty and suffering. Its stark visual account and narrative form serve as good teaching tools, illustrating the lessons of the past so that people might apply them to the future.' The Journal of Pan African Studies
'Seminal! Powerful!'-Leon van der Merwe, University of Cape Town
'Provides a window to a world one cannot easily forget... provides the viewer with a clear understanding of the life of the average black person in South Africa.'-Educational Media Reviews Online
'Continually juxtaposes the two communities of South Africa to ghastly effect, and the cold statistics of its commentary are unbearable.'-Time Out
'Explosive! Essential background.'-The Washington Star
Citation
Main credits
Curling, Chris (Director)
Mahomo, Nana (Producer)
Caccia, Antonia (Producer)
Tsehlana, Andrew (Producer)
Other credits
Photography, Benoît Dervaux; editor, Yannick Leroy.
Distributor subjects
Africa; Business Ethics; Civil Rights; Closed Captioned; Economics; Education; Health Care Issues; High School Use; History (World); Human Rights; Politics; Racism; South AfricaKeywords
WEBVTT
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:32.840 align:middle line:90%
00:00:32.840 --> 00:00:37.570 align:middle line:84%
Langa is a black township just
outside Capetown, South Africa.
00:00:37.570 --> 00:00:40.260 align:middle line:84%
Under the South African
system of apartheid,
00:00:40.260 --> 00:00:42.710 align:middle line:84%
blacks are forced to live
in segregated ghettos
00:00:42.710 --> 00:00:44.460 align:middle line:84%
outside the cities
where they work.
00:00:44.460 --> 00:00:52.180 align:middle line:90%
00:00:52.180 --> 00:00:56.695 align:middle line:84%
These shacks used to be
homes for black families.
00:00:56.695 --> 00:00:58.685 align:middle line:84%
But now, the white
government has turned them
00:00:58.685 --> 00:01:00.620 align:middle line:84%
into barracks for
male workers only.
00:01:00.620 --> 00:01:03.660 align:middle line:90%
00:01:03.660 --> 00:01:06.580 align:middle line:84%
The shacks are divided
into compartments.
00:01:06.580 --> 00:01:08.580 align:middle line:84%
There are 18 men in
each compartment.
00:01:08.580 --> 00:01:30.750 align:middle line:90%
00:01:30.750 --> 00:01:33.810 align:middle line:84%
Sunday is the only day
off for these workers,
00:01:33.810 --> 00:01:35.830 align:middle line:84%
but they cannot spend
it with their families,
00:01:35.830 --> 00:01:38.850 align:middle line:84%
because their wives and children
have been evicted and resettled
00:01:38.850 --> 00:01:43.360 align:middle line:84%
in special rural
areas, the Bantustans.
00:01:43.360 --> 00:01:45.040 align:middle line:84%
The government
keeps the men here
00:01:45.040 --> 00:01:48.170 align:middle line:84%
to work in the factories
and docs of Cape Town.
00:01:48.170 --> 00:01:50.410 align:middle line:84%
They live in these
labor camps and can only
00:01:50.410 --> 00:01:55.340 align:middle line:84%
return to the Bantustans
for one month in every year.
00:01:55.340 --> 00:01:58.470 align:middle line:84%
For the other 11 months,
their wives in the Bantustans
00:01:58.470 --> 00:02:03.670 align:middle line:84%
can do nothing except wait
for news and money from them.
00:02:03.670 --> 00:02:07.120 align:middle line:84%
The nearest Bantustans
are over 300 miles away,
00:02:07.120 --> 00:02:09.571 align:middle line:84%
and the Government Act
prevents the women and children
00:02:09.571 --> 00:02:11.445 align:middle line:84%
from joining their
husbands in the townships.
00:02:11.445 --> 00:02:14.490 align:middle line:90%
00:02:14.490 --> 00:02:16.660 align:middle line:84%
The government\'s
justification for their policy
00:02:16.660 --> 00:02:19.940 align:middle line:84%
of splitting up black families
was given by Mr. [? Froman ?]
00:02:19.940 --> 00:02:21.720 align:middle line:84%
while he was Deputy
Minister of Justice.
00:02:21.720 --> 00:02:32.810 align:middle line:90%
00:02:32.810 --> 00:02:35.580 align:middle line:84%
Over 50% of black work
and their families
00:02:35.580 --> 00:02:37.810 align:middle line:90%
are now forced to live apart.
00:02:37.810 --> 00:02:40.370 align:middle line:84%
And here, in Cape Town,
the figure has reached 85%.
00:02:40.370 --> 00:02:53.980 align:middle line:90%
00:02:53.980 --> 00:02:56.790 align:middle line:84%
In this film, we show what
it\'s like for the black people
00:02:56.790 --> 00:02:58.860 align:middle line:84%
of South Africa to
be on the receiving
00:02:58.860 --> 00:03:01.100 align:middle line:84%
end of the white government\'s
apartheid policies.
00:03:01.100 --> 00:03:14.280 align:middle line:90%
00:03:14.280 --> 00:03:16.890 align:middle line:84%
South Africa is a rich
industrialized country,
00:03:16.890 --> 00:03:21.590 align:middle line:84%
with the capability of
producing her own nuclear bombs.
00:03:21.590 --> 00:03:24.450 align:middle line:84%
In this country of
22 million people,
00:03:24.450 --> 00:03:28.610 align:middle line:84%
the lives of the 15 million
blacks, 2 million coloreds,
00:03:28.610 --> 00:03:31.570 align:middle line:84%
and 600,000 Indians
are totally controlled
00:03:31.570 --> 00:03:37.536 align:middle line:84%
by the white minority
of under 4 million
00:03:37.536 --> 00:03:41.210 align:middle line:84%
The whites alone have the
vote, and the whites alone
00:03:41.210 --> 00:03:43.360 align:middle line:84%
control the government
and the law,
00:03:43.360 --> 00:03:44.780 align:middle line:90%
industry, and the armed forces.
00:03:44.780 --> 00:03:51.150 align:middle line:90%
00:03:51.150 --> 00:03:53.380 align:middle line:84%
From this solid
base of supremacy,
00:03:53.380 --> 00:03:55.640 align:middle line:84%
white South Africans
enjoy the highest standard
00:03:55.640 --> 00:03:56.690 align:middle line:90%
of living in the world.
00:03:56.690 --> 00:04:27.491 align:middle line:90%
00:04:27.491 --> 00:04:30.000 align:middle line:84%
These signs are the
face of apartheid
00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:32.500 align:middle line:90%
familiar to the outside world.
00:04:32.500 --> 00:04:36.220 align:middle line:84%
Often, they seem to be
carried to incredible lengths.
00:04:36.220 --> 00:04:39.820 align:middle line:84%
Areas for Chinese only,
while Japanese businessmen,
00:04:39.820 --> 00:04:45.120 align:middle line:84%
for sound economic reasons, are
classified as honorary whites.
00:04:45.120 --> 00:04:48.670 align:middle line:84%
Whites only beaches,
while blacks
00:04:48.670 --> 00:04:51.920 align:middle line:84%
spend the day shoveling back
the sand washed away by the sea.
00:04:51.920 --> 00:04:56.410 align:middle line:90%
00:04:56.410 --> 00:04:58.850 align:middle line:84%
But such scenes are
only the absurd part
00:04:58.850 --> 00:05:00.870 align:middle line:84%
of a system which
is designed to allow
00:05:00.870 --> 00:05:03.230 align:middle line:84%
the whites to maintain
exclusive power
00:05:03.230 --> 00:05:04.640 align:middle line:90%
and control over the blacks.
00:05:04.640 --> 00:05:07.220 align:middle line:90%
00:05:07.220 --> 00:05:11.060 align:middle line:84%
As the Prime Minister,
Mr. Vorster has said--
00:05:11.060 --> 00:05:14.580 align:middle line:84%
We need them to work for us, but
the fact that they work for us
00:05:14.580 --> 00:05:17.800 align:middle line:84%
can never entitle them to
claim political rights not now,
00:05:17.800 --> 00:05:20.570 align:middle line:84%
nor in the future, and
in no circumstances.
00:05:20.570 --> 00:05:23.870 align:middle line:90%
00:05:23.870 --> 00:05:26.640 align:middle line:90%
[MARCHING BAND MUSIC]
00:05:26.640 --> 00:05:29.210 align:middle line:84%
Mr. Vorster\'s party,
the nationalists,
00:05:29.210 --> 00:05:33.240 align:middle line:84%
have been in power
for the last 25 years.
00:05:33.240 --> 00:05:34.820 align:middle line:84%
They\'ve been able
to put into effect
00:05:34.820 --> 00:05:36.760 align:middle line:84%
their doctrine of
apartheid because
00:05:36.760 --> 00:05:39.859 align:middle line:90%
of their military strength.
00:05:39.859 --> 00:05:44.690 align:middle line:90%
[APPLAUSE]
00:05:44.690 --> 00:05:46.470 align:middle line:84%
Prime minister
Vorster was imprisoned
00:05:46.470 --> 00:05:49.360 align:middle line:84%
during the Second World War
for his pro-Nazi sympathies.
00:05:49.360 --> 00:05:52.400 align:middle line:90%
00:05:52.400 --> 00:05:54.630 align:middle line:90%
At that time, he said--
00:05:54.630 --> 00:06:09.060 align:middle line:90%
00:06:09.060 --> 00:06:11.690 align:middle line:84%
Under apartheid,
87% of the country
00:06:11.690 --> 00:06:15.130 align:middle line:84%
is reserved for the whites
and called South Africa.
00:06:15.130 --> 00:06:19.430 align:middle line:84%
The remaining 13%, made up
of about 100 pieces of land,
00:06:19.430 --> 00:06:23.380 align:middle line:84%
has been renamed the Bantustans,
the so-called homelands
00:06:23.380 --> 00:06:25.270 align:middle line:90%
for the blacks.
00:06:25.270 --> 00:06:28.950 align:middle line:84%
All the principal towns,
mineral resources, and industry
00:06:28.950 --> 00:06:32.190 align:middle line:84%
are in the white area, and so
is the most productive farming
00:06:32.190 --> 00:06:34.510 align:middle line:90%
land.
00:06:34.510 --> 00:06:39.720 align:middle line:84%
At present, 8 million blacks
live in the white area,
00:06:39.720 --> 00:06:44.790 align:middle line:84%
and 7 million are compelled by
law to live in the Bantustans.
00:06:44.790 --> 00:06:47.720 align:middle line:84%
The government\'s present plans
include the forced removal
00:06:47.720 --> 00:06:51.270 align:middle line:84%
from the white area to the
already overcrowded Bantustans
00:06:51.270 --> 00:06:54.350 align:middle line:84%
of up to another
4 million blacks,
00:06:54.350 --> 00:06:56.835 align:middle line:84%
those labeled as
superfluous appendages.
00:06:56.835 --> 00:07:02.260 align:middle line:90%
00:07:02.260 --> 00:07:05.430 align:middle line:84%
This woman and her family live
in the Transkei Bantustan.
00:07:05.430 --> 00:07:08.600 align:middle line:90%
00:07:08.600 --> 00:07:10.980 align:middle line:84%
Like all the
Bantustans, the Transkei
00:07:10.980 --> 00:07:12.890 align:middle line:84%
is desperately poor
and underdeveloped.
00:07:12.890 --> 00:07:15.420 align:middle line:90%
00:07:15.420 --> 00:07:19.670 align:middle line:84%
They are as one black leader
said, cesspools of poverty,
00:07:19.670 --> 00:07:22.770 align:middle line:90%
ignorance, and disease.
00:07:22.770 --> 00:07:25.420 align:middle line:84%
The pot bellies and the
apathy of these children
00:07:25.420 --> 00:07:29.780 align:middle line:84%
are the all too familiar
signs of malnutrition.
00:07:29.780 --> 00:07:33.110 align:middle line:84%
For a family to survive, the men
have to go away to the cities
00:07:33.110 --> 00:07:35.270 align:middle line:90%
to work for the whites.
00:07:35.270 --> 00:07:37.890 align:middle line:84%
It\'s often impossible
for the women left behind
00:07:37.890 --> 00:07:41.270 align:middle line:84%
to grow enough food because
drought and soil erosion have
00:07:41.270 --> 00:07:42.330 align:middle line:90%
destroyed the land.
00:07:42.330 --> 00:07:47.650 align:middle line:90%
00:07:47.650 --> 00:07:50.310 align:middle line:84%
An official report estimated
that the Bantustans
00:07:50.310 --> 00:07:53.270 align:middle line:84%
could provide a subsistence
living for only 2.5
00:07:53.270 --> 00:07:54.950 align:middle line:90%
million people.
00:07:54.950 --> 00:07:59.840 align:middle line:84%
Today, already 7 million people
are forced to live in them.
00:07:59.840 --> 00:08:02.270 align:middle line:84%
As more people are herded
into the Bantustans,
00:08:02.270 --> 00:08:05.270 align:middle line:84%
the standard of living
declines further.
00:08:05.270 --> 00:08:08.970 align:middle line:84%
The income of each person
here is now only 13 pounds
00:08:08.970 --> 00:08:11.516 align:middle line:84%
a year, among the
lowest in the world.
00:08:11.516 --> 00:08:15.300 align:middle line:90%
00:08:15.300 --> 00:08:19.450 align:middle line:84%
And yet, only 100 years ago,
before the white conquest,
00:08:19.450 --> 00:08:21.070 align:middle line:84%
the forefathers of
these people were
00:08:21.070 --> 00:08:23.210 align:middle line:84%
famous for that large
herds of cattle.
00:08:23.210 --> 00:08:26.720 align:middle line:90%
00:08:26.720 --> 00:08:30.150 align:middle line:84%
Today, the children
are in tatters,
00:08:30.150 --> 00:08:31.850 align:middle line:84%
and the women grow
old in their 20\'s.
00:08:31.850 --> 00:08:42.830 align:middle line:90%
00:08:42.830 --> 00:08:46.060 align:middle line:84%
The white government claims
that under apartheid, the blacks
00:08:46.060 --> 00:08:49.040 align:middle line:84%
can develop separately
in the Bantustans.
00:08:49.040 --> 00:08:51.570 align:middle line:84%
But the conditions of
life here make a mockery
00:08:51.570 --> 00:08:57.210 align:middle line:84%
of any of the government\'s
claims of separate development,
00:08:57.210 --> 00:08:59.770 align:middle line:84%
for even the government can
no longer pretend that there\'s
00:08:59.770 --> 00:09:01.470 align:middle line:84%
any land for the
people they\'re moving
00:09:01.470 --> 00:09:05.190 align:middle line:84%
to the Bantustans
from the townships
00:09:05.190 --> 00:09:08.480 align:middle line:84%
for most of these families are
put in specially built camps,
00:09:08.480 --> 00:09:10.560 align:middle line:90%
like this one.
00:09:10.560 --> 00:09:14.670 align:middle line:84%
This is called Osizweni, and
is in a Kwa-Zulu Bantustan.
00:09:14.670 --> 00:09:20.590 align:middle line:90%
00:09:20.590 --> 00:09:23.100 align:middle line:84%
Families who have lived
all their lives in towns
00:09:23.100 --> 00:09:26.000 align:middle line:84%
are given a one room hut
like this for their new home.
00:09:26.000 --> 00:09:30.210 align:middle line:90%
00:09:30.210 --> 00:09:33.070 align:middle line:84%
There\'s nothing for the
families in these camps;
00:09:33.070 --> 00:09:34.730 align:middle line:90%
no land and no work.
00:09:34.730 --> 00:09:37.520 align:middle line:90%
00:09:37.520 --> 00:09:40.150 align:middle line:84%
The people try and survive
on the meager earnings
00:09:40.150 --> 00:09:42.130 align:middle line:84%
from their absent
husbands, brothers,
00:09:42.130 --> 00:09:46.650 align:middle line:84%
and sons who are away,
working in the cities.
00:09:46.650 --> 00:09:49.790 align:middle line:84%
The government\'s justification
for these mass removals was
00:09:49.790 --> 00:09:52.510 align:middle line:84%
given by Mr. [? Berta, ?]
the Minister for Bantu
00:09:52.510 --> 00:09:54.910 align:middle line:90%
Administration and Development.
00:09:54.910 --> 00:09:57.304 align:middle line:84%
The Bantu people
like being moved.
00:09:57.304 --> 00:09:59.970 align:middle line:84%
The Bantu people like the places
where they are being resettled.
00:09:59.970 --> 00:10:03.360 align:middle line:90%
00:10:03.360 --> 00:10:07.010 align:middle line:84%
Already, in the last 10
years, 1.5 million people
00:10:07.010 --> 00:10:09.450 align:middle line:84%
have been moved,
and the government
00:10:09.450 --> 00:10:12.340 align:middle line:84%
plans to uproot a
further 4 million blacks
00:10:12.340 --> 00:10:14.860 align:middle line:84%
in the largest forced movement
of people in peacetime.
00:10:14.860 --> 00:10:18.020 align:middle line:90%
00:10:18.020 --> 00:10:20.730 align:middle line:84%
The government provides
practically no services
00:10:20.730 --> 00:10:22.700 align:middle line:84%
or facilities for
those already forced
00:10:22.700 --> 00:10:25.510 align:middle line:84%
to live in the Bantustans,
let alone for those
00:10:25.510 --> 00:10:27.380 align:middle line:90%
who are being resettled.
00:10:27.380 --> 00:10:29.820 align:middle line:84%
These women and children
are walking to a clinic
00:10:29.820 --> 00:10:31.115 align:middle line:90%
in the Transkei Bantustan.
00:10:31.115 --> 00:10:34.820 align:middle line:90%
00:10:34.820 --> 00:10:38.290 align:middle line:84%
They walk in from villages
up to 20 miles away,
00:10:38.290 --> 00:10:41.600 align:middle line:90%
often setting off before dawn.
00:10:41.600 --> 00:10:43.960 align:middle line:84%
Each week, over
400 people attend
00:10:43.960 --> 00:10:48.102 align:middle line:84%
the clinic, held here by the
staff from a mission hospital.
00:10:48.102 --> 00:10:49.976 align:middle line:84%
Most of them are suffering
from malnutrition.
00:10:49.976 --> 00:10:54.630 align:middle line:90%
00:10:54.630 --> 00:10:58.440 align:middle line:84%
Here, 1 in every 5
people has tuberculosis,
00:10:58.440 --> 00:11:00.120 align:middle line:84%
and the major
malnutrition disease
00:11:00.120 --> 00:11:03.040 align:middle line:84%
among children,
Kwashiorkor, has increased
00:11:03.040 --> 00:11:05.860 align:middle line:84%
by 300% over the
last four years.
00:11:05.860 --> 00:11:10.050 align:middle line:90%
00:11:10.050 --> 00:11:13.660 align:middle line:84%
The nurses and the doctor
from Holland do what they can,
00:11:13.660 --> 00:11:16.322 align:middle line:84%
but their resources are
inadequate for the basic needs
00:11:16.322 --> 00:11:16.905 align:middle line:90%
of the people.
00:11:16.905 --> 00:11:23.790 align:middle line:90%
00:11:23.790 --> 00:11:28.080 align:middle line:84%
In South Africa, there is one
doctor for every 400 whites,
00:11:28.080 --> 00:11:42.300 align:middle line:84%
and one doctor for
every 44,000 blacks.
00:11:42.300 --> 00:11:45.190 align:middle line:84%
For the 40,000 cases
of malnutrition created
00:11:45.190 --> 00:11:48.830 align:middle line:84%
by doctors every year,
there are over 1.5 million
00:11:48.830 --> 00:11:50.996 align:middle line:90%
which are never seen.
00:11:50.996 --> 00:11:53.580 align:middle line:84%
Of those who are
seen, the lucky few
00:11:53.580 --> 00:11:56.400 align:middle line:84%
receive treatment in one of the
overcrowded black hospitals.
00:11:56.400 --> 00:12:02.280 align:middle line:90%
00:12:02.280 --> 00:12:04.380 align:middle line:84%
For many, their first
trip to hospital
00:12:04.380 --> 00:12:05.900 align:middle line:90%
means their first proper meal.
00:12:05.900 --> 00:12:09.510 align:middle line:90%
00:12:09.510 --> 00:12:12.720 align:middle line:84%
With this food, most of
these children will recover.
00:12:12.720 --> 00:12:15.600 align:middle line:84%
But six months after their
release from hospital,
00:12:15.600 --> 00:12:20.040 align:middle line:84%
many of them will be back again
suffering from malnutrition.
00:12:20.040 --> 00:12:21.980 align:middle line:84%
There\'s nothing
their mothers can do.
00:12:21.980 --> 00:12:26.450 align:middle line:84%
They\'re too poor to
feed them properly.
00:12:26.450 --> 00:12:29.940 align:middle line:84%
Two doctors who collected
figures in a typical Bantustan
00:12:29.940 --> 00:12:32.640 align:middle line:84%
discovered that
50% of the children
00:12:32.640 --> 00:12:34.110 align:middle line:90%
died before the age of five.
00:12:34.110 --> 00:13:04.360 align:middle line:90%
00:13:04.360 --> 00:13:06.890 align:middle line:84%
The malnutrition
diseases leave children
00:13:06.890 --> 00:13:09.469 align:middle line:84%
retarded, both mentally
and physically,
00:13:09.469 --> 00:13:10.635 align:middle line:90%
for the rest of their lives.
00:13:10.635 --> 00:13:28.530 align:middle line:90%
00:13:28.530 --> 00:13:31.270 align:middle line:84%
These children are suffering,
not because their country is
00:13:31.270 --> 00:13:34.056 align:middle line:84%
poor, but because
87% of the land
00:13:34.056 --> 00:13:35.180 align:middle line:90%
is reserved for the whites.
00:13:35.180 --> 00:13:39.730 align:middle line:90%
00:13:39.730 --> 00:13:41.560 align:middle line:84%
This cattle auction
is taking place
00:13:41.560 --> 00:13:45.960 align:middle line:84%
on the edge of white South
Africa, near the Transkei.
00:13:45.960 --> 00:13:48.750 align:middle line:84%
The forefathers of these
farmers conquered the Africans
00:13:48.750 --> 00:13:51.700 align:middle line:84%
in the 19th century,
took their land,
00:13:51.700 --> 00:13:53.670 align:middle line:84%
and destroyed or
stole their cattle.
00:13:53.670 --> 00:13:57.662 align:middle line:90%
00:13:57.662 --> 00:14:01.155 align:middle line:90%
[AUCTIONEER BANTER]
00:14:01.155 --> 00:14:20.616 align:middle line:90%
00:14:20.616 --> 00:14:23.111 align:middle line:90%
168?
00:14:23.111 --> 00:14:38.130 align:middle line:90%
168.
00:14:38.130 --> 00:14:41.720 align:middle line:84%
Today, blacks are only allowed
back on to their original lands
00:14:41.720 --> 00:14:44.470 align:middle line:84%
to work for the whites,
and their children
00:14:44.470 --> 00:14:46.540 align:middle line:84%
die in the Bantustans
for lack of milk.
00:14:46.540 --> 00:14:52.492 align:middle line:90%
00:14:52.492 --> 00:14:55.964 align:middle line:90%
[AUCTIONEER BANTERING]
00:14:55.964 --> 00:15:28.840 align:middle line:90%
00:15:28.840 --> 00:15:29.340 align:middle line:90%
Yo!
00:15:29.340 --> 00:15:33.738 align:middle line:90%
00:15:33.738 --> 00:15:36.410 align:middle line:90%
[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]
00:15:36.410 --> 00:15:46.730 align:middle line:90%
00:15:46.730 --> 00:15:48.450 align:middle line:84%
The wealth of the
white farmers is
00:15:48.450 --> 00:15:52.940 align:middle line:84%
built on the availability
of cheap black labor.
00:15:52.940 --> 00:15:56.246 align:middle line:84%
These men are cutting
sugar cane near Durban.
00:15:56.246 --> 00:15:59.200 align:middle line:84%
The start at 4:00
in the morning.
00:15:59.200 --> 00:16:01.580 align:middle line:90%
They work six days a week.
00:16:01.580 --> 00:16:05.665 align:middle line:84%
Their p is under five p an
hour, 2 pound 20 a week.
00:16:05.665 --> 00:16:17.990 align:middle line:90%
00:16:17.990 --> 00:16:21.080 align:middle line:84%
If you\'re born black,
you start working young.
00:16:21.080 --> 00:16:22.155 align:middle line:90%
This boy is 12.
00:16:22.155 --> 00:16:25.844 align:middle line:90%
00:16:25.844 --> 00:16:30.182 align:middle line:90%
[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]
00:16:30.182 --> 00:16:32.110 align:middle line:90%
00:16:32.110 --> 00:16:34.010 align:middle line:84%
Foreign companies
own a major share
00:16:34.010 --> 00:16:36.610 align:middle line:84%
of every industry
in South Africa.
00:16:36.610 --> 00:16:39.680 align:middle line:90%
Agriculture is no exception.
00:16:39.680 --> 00:16:43.960 align:middle line:84%
This estate is owned by the
British Firm, Tate & Lyle.
00:16:43.960 --> 00:16:46.840 align:middle line:84%
Another British company,
the Slater Walker group,
00:16:46.840 --> 00:16:49.855 align:middle line:84%
also has substantial interest
in the sugar industry.
00:16:49.855 --> 00:16:54.110 align:middle line:90%
00:16:54.110 --> 00:16:57.870 align:middle line:84%
Furthermore, the United States
subsidizes the white sugar
00:16:57.870 --> 00:17:00.500 align:middle line:84%
farmers by guaranteeing
to buy a fixed
00:17:00.500 --> 00:17:01.920 align:middle line:90%
quota of their annual crop.
00:17:01.920 --> 00:17:06.170 align:middle line:90%
00:17:06.170 --> 00:17:14.310 align:middle line:84%
This is the typical
home of a sugar farmer,
00:17:14.310 --> 00:17:16.300 align:middle line:84%
and these are the
quarters of his laborers.
00:17:16.300 --> 00:17:20.950 align:middle line:90%
00:17:20.950 --> 00:17:22.535 align:middle line:90%
Eight men share this room.
00:17:22.535 --> 00:17:47.100 align:middle line:90%
00:17:47.100 --> 00:17:50.130 align:middle line:84%
White South Africa
considers these conditions
00:17:50.130 --> 00:17:51.860 align:middle line:90%
normal for her black workers.
00:17:51.860 --> 00:18:04.450 align:middle line:90%
00:18:04.450 --> 00:18:08.430 align:middle line:84%
Their diet consists of
porridge without milk or sugar
00:18:08.430 --> 00:18:10.040 align:middle line:90%
and dried pumpkin leaves.
00:18:10.040 --> 00:18:25.440 align:middle line:90%
00:18:25.440 --> 00:18:28.320 align:middle line:84%
The discovery of gold
transforms South Africa
00:18:28.320 --> 00:18:31.860 align:middle line:84%
from an agricultural country
into an advanced industrialized
00:18:31.860 --> 00:18:34.752 align:middle line:84%
state, and it\'s
the gold minds that
00:18:34.752 --> 00:18:37.835 align:middle line:84%
have set the pattern for the
inequality of white and black
00:18:37.835 --> 00:18:43.820 align:middle line:84%
in industry, for the 400,000
black miners have never
00:18:43.820 --> 00:18:46.603 align:middle line:84%
seen the wealth that\'s been
created by the gold they mine.
00:18:46.603 --> 00:18:49.670 align:middle line:90%
00:18:49.670 --> 00:18:52.480 align:middle line:84%
They have to work up to
three miles underground
00:18:52.480 --> 00:18:56.140 align:middle line:90%
in intense heat and humidity.
00:18:56.140 --> 00:18:58.480 align:middle line:84%
The work is extremely
dangerous, especially
00:18:58.480 --> 00:19:00.850 align:middle line:90%
for the black miners.
00:19:00.850 --> 00:19:04.640 align:middle line:84%
18,000 of them have died in
the gold mines in the last 30
00:19:04.640 --> 00:19:08.610 align:middle line:84%
years, an average of
three deaths per shift.
00:19:08.610 --> 00:19:14.190 align:middle line:90%
00:19:14.190 --> 00:19:19.050 align:middle line:84%
By law, miners aren\'t allowed to
work more than 48 hours a week.
00:19:19.050 --> 00:19:22.140 align:middle line:84%
But the black miners spend 60
hours every week underground.
00:19:22.140 --> 00:19:24.710 align:middle line:90%
00:19:24.710 --> 00:19:30.480 align:middle line:84%
Their reward is seven p
an hour, 4 pounds a week.
00:19:30.480 --> 00:19:35.270 align:middle line:84%
The white miners earn
16 times as much.
00:19:35.270 --> 00:19:37.330 align:middle line:84%
But an even greater
proportion of the wealth
00:19:37.330 --> 00:19:40.900 align:middle line:90%
goes to the mining companies.
00:19:40.900 --> 00:19:46.710 align:middle line:84%
For 1972, their total black
wage bill was 50 million pounds.
00:19:46.710 --> 00:19:50.165 align:middle line:84%
Their profits were
280 million pounds.
00:19:50.165 --> 00:19:55.770 align:middle line:90%
00:19:55.770 --> 00:19:57.400 align:middle line:84%
The mining companies
keep the blacks
00:19:57.400 --> 00:20:03.320 align:middle line:84%
in compounds around the mines at
a cost of 8 pounds a year each.
00:20:03.320 --> 00:20:06.310 align:middle line:84%
Here, the miners are queuing
for their daily food.
00:20:06.310 --> 00:20:10.100 align:middle line:84%
It costs the company
9 p a day per miner.
00:20:10.100 --> 00:20:16.470 align:middle line:90%
00:20:16.470 --> 00:20:19.870 align:middle line:84%
Meanwhile, white South Africa
gets richer and richer.
00:20:19.870 --> 00:20:29.970 align:middle line:90%
00:20:29.970 --> 00:20:32.770 align:middle line:84%
She has more cars,
telephones, fridges,
00:20:32.770 --> 00:20:34.850 align:middle line:84%
cameras than any
nation in Europe.
00:20:34.850 --> 00:20:38.940 align:middle line:90%
00:20:38.940 --> 00:20:41.810 align:middle line:84%
In fact, she has more
of every household goods
00:20:41.810 --> 00:20:45.980 align:middle line:84%
except vacuum cleaners
because of the availability
00:20:45.980 --> 00:20:46.970 align:middle line:90%
of cheap servants.
00:20:46.970 --> 00:21:21.190 align:middle line:90%
00:21:21.190 --> 00:21:23.500 align:middle line:84%
Under the Group
Areas Act, blacks
00:21:23.500 --> 00:21:27.840 align:middle line:84%
can\'t live in the
same areas as whites.
00:21:27.840 --> 00:21:30.315 align:middle line:84%
The whites live in the cities
and the surrounding suburbs.
00:21:30.315 --> 00:21:36.775 align:middle line:90%
00:21:36.775 --> 00:21:40.570 align:middle line:84%
They force their black workers
to live in separate townships
00:21:40.570 --> 00:21:42.595 align:middle line:84%
up to 30 miles
outside the cities.
00:21:42.595 --> 00:21:46.387 align:middle line:90%
00:21:46.387 --> 00:21:50.960 align:middle line:84%
The black township for
Johannesburg is Soweto.
00:21:50.960 --> 00:21:54.140 align:middle line:84%
It\'s the largest
conurbation in South Africa,
00:21:54.140 --> 00:21:56.050 align:middle line:84%
with a population
of nearly a million.
00:21:56.050 --> 00:22:01.820 align:middle line:90%
00:22:01.820 --> 00:22:04.766 align:middle line:84%
It\'s illegal for a black
to own his own home here.
00:22:04.766 --> 00:22:09.230 align:middle line:90%
00:22:09.230 --> 00:22:11.745 align:middle line:84%
Every building is owned
by the white authorities.
00:22:11.745 --> 00:22:18.620 align:middle line:90%
00:22:18.620 --> 00:22:21.720 align:middle line:84%
The government calls the
blacks in the towns temporary
00:22:21.720 --> 00:22:25.690 align:middle line:84%
sojourners and only
allows them to remain here
00:22:25.690 --> 00:22:28.230 align:middle line:90%
as long as they\'re working.
00:22:28.230 --> 00:22:30.970 align:middle line:84%
The growing number of
unemployed and the remaining
00:22:30.970 --> 00:22:35.840 align:middle line:84%
firmly in the towns face
removal of the Bantustans.
00:22:35.840 --> 00:22:37.125 align:middle line:90%
Mr. [? Berta ?] has said--
00:22:37.125 --> 00:22:47.900 align:middle line:90%
00:22:47.900 --> 00:22:50.430 align:middle line:84%
The Group Areas Act
is now being enforced
00:22:50.430 --> 00:22:54.210 align:middle line:84%
against the colored
and Indian populations.
00:22:54.210 --> 00:22:56.280 align:middle line:84%
They\'re being evicted
from their homes
00:22:56.280 --> 00:23:00.240 align:middle line:84%
so that the cities
become all white.
00:23:00.240 --> 00:23:04.320 align:middle line:84%
There are 2 million colors,
part black, part white.
00:23:04.320 --> 00:23:06.250 align:middle line:84%
And from the earliest
days, many of them
00:23:06.250 --> 00:23:09.110 align:middle line:84%
have lived in
Capetown, particularly
00:23:09.110 --> 00:23:11.220 align:middle line:84%
in this area called
District Six.
00:23:11.220 --> 00:23:42.666 align:middle line:90%
00:23:42.666 --> 00:23:46.280 align:middle line:84%
45,000 coloreds are being
thrown out of District Six
00:23:46.280 --> 00:23:53.590 align:middle line:90%
to make way for 15,000 whites.
00:23:53.590 --> 00:23:56.650 align:middle line:84%
Some of their old homes
will be converted.
00:23:56.650 --> 00:23:58.900 align:middle line:84%
The rest, bulldozed
to the ground
00:23:58.900 --> 00:24:02.040 align:middle line:84%
to make way for
luxury flats, shopping
00:24:02.040 --> 00:24:05.647 align:middle line:84%
centers and maisonettes
for white occupation only.
00:24:05.647 --> 00:24:10.220 align:middle line:90%
00:24:10.220 --> 00:24:13.080 align:middle line:84%
The whites already occupy
the old colored homes
00:24:13.080 --> 00:24:14.990 align:middle line:84%
in this part of
Cape Town, Newlands.
00:24:14.990 --> 00:24:17.590 align:middle line:90%
00:24:17.590 --> 00:24:20.890 align:middle line:84%
A bit of paint here and some
conversion and restoration
00:24:20.890 --> 00:24:24.610 align:middle line:84%
there have turned Newlands into
a white middle class paradise.
00:24:24.610 --> 00:24:30.270 align:middle line:90%
00:24:30.270 --> 00:24:34.131 align:middle line:84%
For the coloreds,
the Cape flats,
00:24:34.131 --> 00:24:39.740 align:middle line:84%
a barren piece of wilderness
and sand and high winds 20 miles
00:24:39.740 --> 00:24:42.500 align:middle line:90%
outside Cape Town.
00:24:42.500 --> 00:24:44.775 align:middle line:84%
It\'s been set aside
for colored occupation.
00:24:44.775 --> 00:24:50.830 align:middle line:90%
00:24:50.830 --> 00:24:53.760 align:middle line:84%
Many of the colored families
thrown out of Capetown
00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:56.690 align:middle line:84%
have joined the 40,000
colored families already
00:24:56.690 --> 00:24:58.220 align:middle line:90%
without housing in the area.
00:24:58.220 --> 00:25:03.280 align:middle line:90%
00:25:03.280 --> 00:25:06.114 align:middle line:84%
For them, the desolation
of a shanty town.
00:25:06.114 --> 00:25:39.060 align:middle line:90%
00:25:39.060 --> 00:25:42.110 align:middle line:84%
Every morning, from their
shanty towns and townships,
00:25:42.110 --> 00:25:44.160 align:middle line:84%
the blacks move off
on their daily journey
00:25:44.160 --> 00:25:47.210 align:middle line:84%
to work in the factories and
kitchens of white South Africa.
00:25:47.210 --> 00:26:11.680 align:middle line:90%
00:26:11.680 --> 00:26:14.930 align:middle line:84%
For South Africa, these blacks
pouring into Johannesburg
00:26:14.930 --> 00:26:16.560 align:middle line:90%
are well off.
00:26:16.560 --> 00:26:19.410 align:middle line:84%
And yet, 4 out of every
5 of them are underfed.
00:26:19.410 --> 00:26:40.620 align:middle line:90%
00:26:40.620 --> 00:26:42.930 align:middle line:84%
All menial jobs are
performed by blacks.
00:26:42.930 --> 00:26:45.750 align:middle line:90%
00:26:45.750 --> 00:26:48.265 align:middle line:84%
These men are collecting
garbage in the back alleys
00:26:48.265 --> 00:26:49.140 align:middle line:90%
of the white suburbs.
00:26:49.140 --> 00:26:52.780 align:middle line:90%
00:26:52.780 --> 00:26:56.930 align:middle line:84%
They begin tracing the trash
lorry at 6:00 every morning.
00:26:56.930 --> 00:26:58.430 align:middle line:90%
The white driver never stops.
00:26:58.430 --> 00:27:01.770 align:middle line:90%
00:27:01.770 --> 00:27:05.370 align:middle line:84%
Their pay is 5 pound
50 a week, which is
00:27:05.370 --> 00:27:09.320 align:middle line:90%
below the poverty datum line.
00:27:09.320 --> 00:27:11.440 align:middle line:84%
The poverty datum
line represents
00:27:11.440 --> 00:27:14.820 align:middle line:84%
the lowest possible cost of
maintaining a family and health
00:27:14.820 --> 00:27:18.130 align:middle line:90%
on a day to day basis.
00:27:18.130 --> 00:27:21.800 align:middle line:84%
Even in Johannesburg, 7
black families in every town
00:27:21.800 --> 00:27:22.930 align:middle line:90%
live below the line.
00:27:22.930 --> 00:27:29.130 align:middle line:90%
00:27:29.130 --> 00:27:32.390 align:middle line:84%
There is a rigid color
bar in all industries.
00:27:32.390 --> 00:27:37.680 align:middle line:84%
No black is allowed to hold the
position higher than a white.
00:27:37.680 --> 00:27:40.300 align:middle line:84%
But the system of job
reservation goes further
00:27:40.300 --> 00:27:45.460 align:middle line:84%
and reserves all so called
skilled work for white.
00:27:45.460 --> 00:27:49.888 align:middle line:90%
[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]
00:27:49.888 --> 00:27:56.290 align:middle line:90%
00:27:56.290 --> 00:27:59.090 align:middle line:84%
For example, these
white crane drivers
00:27:59.090 --> 00:28:00.710 align:middle line:90%
can never be replaced by blacks.
00:28:00.710 --> 00:28:04.640 align:middle line:90%
00:28:04.640 --> 00:28:07.195 align:middle line:84%
The whites call it their
Civilized Labour Policy.
00:28:07.195 --> 00:28:11.400 align:middle line:90%
00:28:11.400 --> 00:28:13.760 align:middle line:84%
Dr. [? Babut, ?] the
last prime minister,
00:28:13.760 --> 00:28:16.300 align:middle line:84%
was very explicit about the
position of black workers.
00:28:16.300 --> 00:28:36.070 align:middle line:90%
00:28:36.070 --> 00:28:39.440 align:middle line:84%
The rigid color bar is the basis
for the inequality in the wages
00:28:39.440 --> 00:28:42.800 align:middle line:90%
paid to black and white.
00:28:42.800 --> 00:28:45.070 align:middle line:84%
The average income for
a white family of five
00:28:45.070 --> 00:28:47.100 align:middle line:90%
is 60 pounds a week.
00:28:47.100 --> 00:28:51.370 align:middle line:84%
For a black family of five,
it\'s 4 pound 50 a week,
00:28:51.370 --> 00:28:53.680 align:middle line:84%
and the gap has widened
over the last 10 years.
00:28:53.680 --> 00:29:00.320 align:middle line:90%
00:29:00.320 --> 00:29:02.410 align:middle line:84%
Under the master
and servant laws,
00:29:02.410 --> 00:29:04.040 align:middle line:84%
a black in many
industries can go
00:29:04.040 --> 00:29:06.730 align:middle line:84%
to jail for being
absent from work,
00:29:06.730 --> 00:29:10.310 align:middle line:84%
for trying to change his job
before his contract expires,
00:29:10.310 --> 00:29:12.290 align:middle line:84%
or for refusing
to obey a command.
00:29:12.290 --> 00:29:20.770 align:middle line:90%
00:29:20.770 --> 00:29:23.750 align:middle line:84%
Furthermore, black trade
unions aren\'t recognized,
00:29:23.750 --> 00:29:26.190 align:middle line:84%
and nearly all
strikes are illegal.
00:29:26.190 --> 00:29:29.710 align:middle line:84%
In fact, black workers have
no protection under the law.
00:29:29.710 --> 00:29:31.692 align:middle line:84%
As Dr. [? Kernhoff ?]
said while minister
00:29:31.692 --> 00:29:32.650 align:middle line:90%
for the Bantu affairs--
00:29:32.650 --> 00:29:45.530 align:middle line:90%
00:29:45.530 --> 00:29:48.580 align:middle line:84%
The cheap labor system depends
upon the government control
00:29:48.580 --> 00:29:51.470 align:middle line:90%
of the movement of the blacks.
00:29:51.470 --> 00:29:54.190 align:middle line:84%
This is exercised
through the pass laws.
00:29:54.190 --> 00:29:56.740 align:middle line:90%
00:29:56.740 --> 00:30:00.880 align:middle line:84%
All blacks over the age of 16
must carry a passbook stating
00:30:00.880 --> 00:30:03.810 align:middle line:84%
the one area where he or
she is permitted to live
00:30:03.810 --> 00:30:08.230 align:middle line:84%
and the type of work he
or she is permitted to do.
00:30:08.230 --> 00:30:11.430 align:middle line:84%
Failure to produce your
passbook on demand,
00:30:11.430 --> 00:30:14.620 align:middle line:84%
lack of necessary permits,
or incorrect entries
00:30:14.620 --> 00:30:15.775 align:middle line:90%
mean immediate arrest.
00:30:15.775 --> 00:30:21.070 align:middle line:90%
00:30:21.070 --> 00:30:22.800 align:middle line:84%
Computers supplied
to the government
00:30:22.800 --> 00:30:26.125 align:middle line:84%
by the British firm, ICL, are to
make the system more efficient.
00:30:26.125 --> 00:30:30.490 align:middle line:90%
00:30:30.490 --> 00:30:33.370 align:middle line:84%
6 million blacks have been
arrested under the pass
00:30:33.370 --> 00:30:35.530 align:middle line:90%
laws over the last 10 years.
00:30:35.530 --> 00:30:38.250 align:middle line:84%
That\'s over half the total
black adult population.
00:30:38.250 --> 00:30:50.065 align:middle line:90%
00:30:50.065 --> 00:30:53.530 align:middle line:90%
[LIVELY MUSIC]
00:30:53.530 --> 00:30:58.540 align:middle line:90%
00:30:58.540 --> 00:31:02.125 align:middle line:84%
In the towns, theaters,
cinemas, hotels, and restaurants
00:31:02.125 --> 00:31:03.916 align:middle line:90%
are for whites only.
00:31:03.916 --> 00:31:07.780 align:middle line:90%
[LIVELY MUSIC]
00:31:07.780 --> 00:31:11.170 align:middle line:90%
00:31:11.170 --> 00:31:14.467 align:middle line:84%
There are no
facilities for blacks.
00:31:14.467 --> 00:31:19.357 align:middle line:90%
[LIVELY MUSIC]
00:31:19.357 --> 00:31:21.313 align:middle line:90%
00:31:21.313 --> 00:31:24.440 align:middle line:84%
At lunch time, the takeaway
counter on the pavement
00:31:24.440 --> 00:31:26.357 align:middle line:90%
are the black\'s only choice.
00:31:26.357 --> 00:31:30.827 align:middle line:90%
[TRAFFIC NOISES]
00:31:30.827 --> 00:31:31.327 align:middle line:90%
00:31:31.327 --> 00:31:35.303 align:middle line:90%
[LIVELY MUSIC]
00:31:35.303 --> 00:31:36.794 align:middle line:90%
00:31:36.794 --> 00:31:40.770 align:middle line:90%
[TRAFFIC NOISES]
00:31:40.770 --> 00:31:47.231 align:middle line:90%
00:31:47.231 --> 00:31:50.213 align:middle line:90%
[LIVELY MUSIC]
00:31:50.213 --> 00:31:54.189 align:middle line:90%
[TRAFFIC NOISES]
00:31:54.189 --> 00:32:08.630 align:middle line:90%
00:32:08.630 --> 00:32:11.990 align:middle line:84%
This home is in a
suburb of Johannesburg.
00:32:11.990 --> 00:32:14.130 align:middle line:84%
Three servants
work and live here.
00:32:14.130 --> 00:32:16.890 align:middle line:90%
00:32:16.890 --> 00:32:20.140 align:middle line:90%
They earn 2 pound 40 a week.
00:32:20.140 --> 00:32:23.185 align:middle line:84%
They\'re on call 24 hours of
the day, six days a week.
00:32:23.185 --> 00:32:25.770 align:middle line:90%
00:32:25.770 --> 00:32:27.980 align:middle line:84%
Their families are forbidden
to stay with them here,
00:32:27.980 --> 00:32:31.120 align:middle line:90%
for this is a white area.
00:32:31.120 --> 00:32:33.390 align:middle line:84%
The servant\'s rooms
are in the backyard,
00:32:33.390 --> 00:32:35.463 align:middle line:84%
and by law, have to be
separated from the house.
00:32:35.463 --> 00:32:38.580 align:middle line:90%
00:32:38.580 --> 00:32:43.330 align:middle line:84%
Mrs. Gertrude Embata has been
a servant since the age of 15.
00:32:43.330 --> 00:32:47.530 align:middle line:84%
Her husband lives 30
miles away in Soweto.
00:32:47.530 --> 00:32:52.220 align:middle line:84%
She sees him once a
week on her day off.
00:32:52.220 --> 00:32:54.900 align:middle line:84%
She works so that they can
pay for their four children
00:32:54.900 --> 00:32:56.970 align:middle line:90%
to go to school.
00:32:56.970 --> 00:33:00.080 align:middle line:84%
Since her children are
forbidden to stay with her here,
00:33:00.080 --> 00:33:05.920 align:middle line:84%
she sent them 300 miles away to
a relative in the Bantustans.
00:33:05.920 --> 00:33:08.210 align:middle line:84%
She\'s lucky if she can
see them once a year.
00:33:08.210 --> 00:33:11.470 align:middle line:90%
00:33:11.470 --> 00:33:15.430 align:middle line:84%
Mrs. Ayatin [? Acosi ?]
looks after Melissa.
00:33:15.430 --> 00:33:16.750 align:middle line:90%
Oh!
00:33:16.750 --> 00:33:19.950 align:middle line:90%
She\'s one daughter of her own.
00:33:19.950 --> 00:33:24.100 align:middle line:84%
Her only son died
from malnutrition.
00:33:24.100 --> 00:33:27.460 align:middle line:90%
[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]
00:33:27.460 --> 00:33:29.170 align:middle line:90%
00:33:29.170 --> 00:33:32.430 align:middle line:90%
Now, eat.
00:33:32.430 --> 00:33:34.470 align:middle line:84%
When she accepted
this job, she had
00:33:34.470 --> 00:33:37.000 align:middle line:84%
to send her own daughter away
to friends in the Bantustans.
00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:40.260 align:middle line:90%
00:33:40.260 --> 00:33:44.580 align:middle line:84%
Her husband lives in an
all-male barrack in Soweto.
00:33:44.580 --> 00:33:47.260 align:middle line:84%
She is forbidden to
stay with him there.
00:33:47.260 --> 00:33:50.896 align:middle line:84%
He\'s forbidden to
stay with her here.
00:33:50.896 --> 00:33:51.395 align:middle line:90%
Oh.
00:33:51.395 --> 00:33:54.420 align:middle line:90%
00:33:54.420 --> 00:33:59.600 align:middle line:84%
When these pictures were taken,
she was about to have a baby.
00:33:59.600 --> 00:34:02.209 align:middle line:84%
A few weeks later, she
gave birth to twins
00:34:02.209 --> 00:34:03.375 align:middle line:90%
in the local black hospital.
00:34:03.375 --> 00:34:09.260 align:middle line:90%
00:34:09.260 --> 00:34:11.889 align:middle line:84%
They will have no choice but
to send them away to friends
00:34:11.889 --> 00:34:14.690 align:middle line:84%
as soon as they\'re wained
so that she can continue
00:34:14.690 --> 00:34:17.755 align:middle line:84%
to look after Melissa and earn
the money to keep them alive.
00:34:17.755 --> 00:34:39.389 align:middle line:90%
00:34:39.389 --> 00:34:41.929 align:middle line:84%
The only common friendship
between white and black
00:34:41.929 --> 00:34:44.439 align:middle line:84%
is that between a black
nanny and her white child.
00:34:44.439 --> 00:34:54.260 align:middle line:90%
00:34:54.260 --> 00:34:55.920 align:middle line:90%
Even then, it\'s short lived.
00:34:55.920 --> 00:34:58.650 align:middle line:90%
00:34:58.650 --> 00:35:00.970 align:middle line:84%
As this child grows
up, she\'ll learn
00:35:00.970 --> 00:35:03.530 align:middle line:84%
that it\'s not the custom
for black and white
00:35:03.530 --> 00:35:05.147 align:middle line:90%
to walk arm in arm.
00:35:05.147 --> 00:35:13.130 align:middle line:90%
00:35:13.130 --> 00:35:15.680 align:middle line:84%
Meanwhile, in the black
areas, their own children
00:35:15.680 --> 00:35:17.710 align:middle line:84%
make do with what
they can on their own.
00:35:17.710 --> 00:35:21.580 align:middle line:90%
00:35:21.580 --> 00:35:27.000 align:middle line:84%
Many of these children only
see their mothers once a year.
00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:28.960 align:middle line:90%
[GIGGLING]
00:35:28.960 --> 00:35:32.390 align:middle line:90%
00:35:32.390 --> 00:35:34.840 align:middle line:90%
[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]
00:35:34.840 --> 00:35:41.240 align:middle line:90%
00:35:41.240 --> 00:35:44.120 align:middle line:84%
Schooling is compulsory and
free for white children.
00:35:44.120 --> 00:35:57.500 align:middle line:90%
00:35:57.500 --> 00:36:01.360 align:middle line:84%
In 1970, the government
spent 160 pounds
00:36:01.360 --> 00:36:05.890 align:middle line:84%
on each white child\'s
education, and nine pounds
00:36:05.890 --> 00:36:08.805 align:middle line:90%
on each black child.
00:36:08.805 --> 00:36:12.800 align:middle line:90%
[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]
00:36:12.800 --> 00:36:35.400 align:middle line:90%
00:36:35.400 --> 00:36:38.790 align:middle line:84%
45% of black children
don\'t go to school,
00:36:38.790 --> 00:36:42.640 align:middle line:90%
despite South Africa\'s wealth.
00:36:42.640 --> 00:36:44.960 align:middle line:84%
The main reason is
that by law, blacks,
00:36:44.960 --> 00:36:47.835 align:middle line:84%
unlike whites, have to pay for
their children\'s education.
00:36:47.835 --> 00:36:51.290 align:middle line:90%
00:36:51.290 --> 00:36:53.130 align:middle line:84%
Even those that do
get to school have
00:36:53.130 --> 00:36:55.040 align:middle line:84%
to follow a special
syllabus which
00:36:55.040 --> 00:36:59.090 align:middle line:84%
is inferior to that
taught in white schools,
00:36:59.090 --> 00:37:03.240 align:middle line:84%
for as Dr. [? Babut ?] said, the
purpose of Bantu education is--
00:37:03.240 --> 00:37:12.295 align:middle line:90%
00:37:12.295 --> 00:37:14.790 align:middle line:90%
March!
00:37:14.790 --> 00:37:18.782 align:middle line:90%
[MARCHING BAND MUSIC PLAYING]
00:37:18.782 --> 00:38:05.750 align:middle line:90%
00:38:05.750 --> 00:38:07.310 align:middle line:84%
Foreign companies
have always been
00:38:07.310 --> 00:38:09.380 align:middle line:84%
attracted by the
huge profits that
00:38:09.380 --> 00:38:12.780 align:middle line:84%
are a feature of the
South African system.
00:38:12.780 --> 00:38:16.080 align:middle line:84%
Nearly all the major British,
American, French, German,
00:38:16.080 --> 00:38:18.460 align:middle line:84%
Italian, and Japanese
firms that are
00:38:18.460 --> 00:38:20.690 align:middle line:84%
household names in
their own countries
00:38:20.690 --> 00:38:21.780 align:middle line:90%
have subsidiaries here.
00:38:21.780 --> 00:38:24.620 align:middle line:90%
00:38:24.620 --> 00:38:26.340 align:middle line:84%
They\'ve been crucial
to South Africa\'s
00:38:26.340 --> 00:38:28.850 align:middle line:84%
industrial
development, and today,
00:38:28.850 --> 00:38:32.070 align:middle line:84%
control 80% of all private
industrial production.
00:38:32.070 --> 00:38:35.060 align:middle line:90%
00:38:35.060 --> 00:38:37.190 align:middle line:84%
They claim that their
continued presence will
00:38:37.190 --> 00:38:40.140 align:middle line:84%
lead to the gradual
erosion of apartheid
00:38:40.140 --> 00:38:42.900 align:middle line:84%
and the economic
betterment of the blacks,
00:38:42.900 --> 00:38:46.780 align:middle line:84%
but the governments
specifically deny this.
00:38:46.780 --> 00:38:49.440 align:middle line:84%
As Mr. [? Viluoin, ?] the
Minister of Labor has said--
00:38:49.440 --> 00:39:01.340 align:middle line:90%
00:39:01.340 --> 00:39:04.360 align:middle line:84%
Furthermore, the facts
suggest that up until now,
00:39:04.360 --> 00:39:07.430 align:middle line:84%
foreign companies have allowed
themselves to become part
00:39:07.430 --> 00:39:09.100 align:middle line:90%
of racist white South Africa.
00:39:09.100 --> 00:39:12.870 align:middle line:90%
00:39:12.870 --> 00:39:15.590 align:middle line:84%
For example, nearly
all of them pay wages
00:39:15.590 --> 00:39:17.200 align:middle line:90%
below the poverty datum line.
00:39:17.200 --> 00:39:22.610 align:middle line:90%
00:39:22.610 --> 00:39:25.330 align:middle line:84%
Here in Port Elizabeth,
the center of the foreign
00:39:25.330 --> 00:39:29.090 align:middle line:84%
and motor and rubber industries,
the infant mortality rate
00:39:29.090 --> 00:39:33.090 align:middle line:84%
is 15 times as high for
blacks as for whites,
00:39:33.090 --> 00:39:37.980 align:middle line:84%
and 1 black child in every
3 is dead by the age of one.
00:39:37.980 --> 00:39:47.640 align:middle line:90%
00:39:47.640 --> 00:39:49.270 align:middle line:84%
In foreign owned
factories, there\'s
00:39:49.270 --> 00:39:50.710 align:middle line:90%
a usual rigid color bar.
00:39:50.710 --> 00:39:53.220 align:middle line:90%
00:39:53.220 --> 00:39:56.640 align:middle line:84%
Management, supervisory,
and so-called skilled work
00:39:56.640 --> 00:39:57.635 align:middle line:90%
is reserved for whites.
00:39:57.635 --> 00:40:05.410 align:middle line:90%
00:40:05.410 --> 00:40:07.561 align:middle line:84%
There\'s not one registered
black apprentice
00:40:07.561 --> 00:40:08.435 align:middle line:90%
in the whole country.
00:40:08.435 --> 00:40:17.680 align:middle line:90%
00:40:17.680 --> 00:40:21.010 align:middle line:84%
The profits of one of the major
foreign car companies, British
00:40:21.010 --> 00:40:26.230 align:middle line:84%
Leyland, where in 1970 and
\'71, 200 pounds per worker
00:40:26.230 --> 00:40:29.330 align:middle line:84%
in Britain and the
rest of the world.
00:40:29.330 --> 00:40:33.720 align:middle line:84%
In South Africa, they were
1,000 pounds per worker,
00:40:33.720 --> 00:40:34.760 align:middle line:90%
five times as much.
00:40:34.760 --> 00:40:39.510 align:middle line:90%
00:40:39.510 --> 00:40:43.510 align:middle line:84%
Of every 1,000 cars produced
by this Volkswagen factory,
00:40:43.510 --> 00:40:45.647 align:middle line:90%
three will be sold to blacks.
00:40:45.647 --> 00:40:54.950 align:middle line:90%
00:40:54.950 --> 00:40:59.150 align:middle line:84%
After work, blacks must
return to the townships,
00:40:59.150 --> 00:41:02.180 align:middle line:84%
for in the cities, there\'s a
curfew from dusk until dawn
00:41:02.180 --> 00:41:03.550 align:middle line:90%
applicable to them only.
00:41:03.550 --> 00:41:07.280 align:middle line:90%
00:41:07.280 --> 00:41:10.710 align:middle line:84%
During this period,
they\'re expendable.
00:41:10.710 --> 00:41:12.850 align:middle line:84%
They\'ve catered to the
needs of the whites
00:41:12.850 --> 00:41:15.030 align:middle line:84%
and must now lose
themselves in the townships.
00:41:15.030 --> 00:43:32.630 align:middle line:90%
00:43:32.630 --> 00:43:34.850 align:middle line:84%
Bantu beer halls are
the only amenities
00:43:34.850 --> 00:43:38.270 align:middle line:84%
available to blacks
in the township.
00:43:38.270 --> 00:43:40.340 align:middle line:84%
They are run by the
government, and are only
00:43:40.340 --> 00:43:44.530 align:middle line:90%
licensed to sell Bantu beer.
00:43:44.530 --> 00:43:45.890 align:middle line:90%
Women are forbidden entry.
00:43:45.890 --> 00:44:21.400 align:middle line:90%
00:44:21.400 --> 00:44:26.139 align:middle line:84%
So what hope is there of change,
for policies of the government
00:44:26.139 --> 00:44:28.180 align:middle line:84%
suggest that they\'re
determined that there should
00:44:28.180 --> 00:44:31.529 align:middle line:84%
be no peaceful change,
and instead, that they\'re
00:44:31.529 --> 00:44:32.695 align:middle line:90%
preparing for confrontation.
00:44:32.695 --> 00:44:39.490 align:middle line:90%
00:44:39.490 --> 00:44:41.770 align:middle line:84%
For example, it\'s
government policy
00:44:41.770 --> 00:44:45.110 align:middle line:84%
that every white man, woman, and
child should be able to shoot.
00:44:45.110 --> 00:44:47.810 align:middle line:90%
00:44:47.810 --> 00:44:49.920 align:middle line:84%
Every police station
has a pistol club,
00:44:49.920 --> 00:44:54.850 align:middle line:84%
where marksman teach men
and women how to shoot.
00:44:54.850 --> 00:44:57.950 align:middle line:84%
Under the government\'s new
Youth Preparedness proposals,
00:44:57.950 --> 00:45:00.840 align:middle line:84%
drilling and shooting are
compulsory school subjects
00:45:00.840 --> 00:45:02.085 align:middle line:90%
for both boys and girls.
00:45:02.085 --> 00:45:06.470 align:middle line:90%
00:45:06.470 --> 00:45:08.000 align:middle line:84%
In addition,
there\'s conscription
00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:11.000 align:middle line:90%
for all white males.
00:45:11.000 --> 00:45:12.730 align:middle line:84%
The government\'s
present target is
00:45:12.730 --> 00:45:14.710 align:middle line:84%
to be able to put a
quarter of a million men
00:45:14.710 --> 00:45:18.520 align:middle line:90%
into the field at short notice.
00:45:18.520 --> 00:45:22.730 align:middle line:84%
South Africa\'s annual military
expenditure is 119 million
00:45:22.730 --> 00:45:24.032 align:middle line:90%
pound.
00:45:24.032 --> 00:45:28.055 align:middle line:84%
Her expenditure on black
education is 8 million pounds.
00:45:28.055 --> 00:45:35.300 align:middle line:90%
00:45:35.300 --> 00:45:36.890 align:middle line:84%
She depends on
her Western allies
00:45:36.890 --> 00:45:41.360 align:middle line:84%
for her massive
arsenal of weapon.
00:45:41.360 --> 00:45:44.580 align:middle line:84%
These [? impala ?] are
Italian plane produced here
00:45:44.580 --> 00:45:46.700 align:middle line:90%
under special license.
00:45:46.700 --> 00:45:49.730 align:middle line:84%
They\'re equipped with
British Rolls Royce engines,
00:45:49.730 --> 00:45:52.150 align:middle line:84%
also manufactured here
under special license.
00:45:52.150 --> 00:45:56.810 align:middle line:90%
00:45:56.810 --> 00:46:00.771 align:middle line:84%
This is the British Buccaneer,
produced by Hawker Siddeley.
00:46:00.771 --> 00:46:13.210 align:middle line:90%
00:46:13.210 --> 00:46:16.929 align:middle line:84%
These French Mirage are jet
strike aircraft carrying 36 air
00:46:16.929 --> 00:46:17.720 align:middle line:90%
to ground missiles.
00:46:17.720 --> 00:46:23.130 align:middle line:90%
00:46:23.130 --> 00:46:25.830 align:middle line:84%
Today, it\'s the French, who
in defiance of United Nations
00:46:25.830 --> 00:46:28.890 align:middle line:84%
resolutions, continue to
supply South Africa with most
00:46:28.890 --> 00:46:31.670 align:middle line:90%
of her sophisticated weaponry.
00:46:31.670 --> 00:46:34.955 align:middle line:84%
Alouette helicopters,
[INAUDIBLE] submarines,
00:46:34.955 --> 00:46:36.350 align:middle line:90%
and a missile system.
00:46:36.350 --> 00:46:40.880 align:middle line:90%
00:46:40.880 --> 00:46:43.770 align:middle line:84%
Against all the odds,
there\'s growing labor unrest
00:46:43.770 --> 00:46:47.010 align:middle line:90%
among the black population.
00:46:47.010 --> 00:46:49.600 align:middle line:84%
The increasing number
of strikes are a sign
00:46:49.600 --> 00:46:55.350 align:middle line:84%
of the black\'s refusal to accept
their exploitation any longer.
00:46:55.350 --> 00:46:57.180 align:middle line:84%
Nearly all the
major foreign firms
00:46:57.180 --> 00:47:02.914 align:middle line:84%
were hit by these
protests during 1973.
00:47:02.914 --> 00:47:05.080 align:middle line:84%
This is the end of a worker\'s
meeting at [? Metal ?]
00:47:05.080 --> 00:47:06.980 align:middle line:90%
Box, a leading British firm.
00:47:06.980 --> 00:47:10.060 align:middle line:90%
00:47:10.060 --> 00:47:12.080 align:middle line:84%
On their return, the
workers discovered
00:47:12.080 --> 00:47:14.775 align:middle line:84%
that the management had
called in the police
00:47:14.775 --> 00:47:18.000 align:middle line:90%
and locked them out.
00:47:18.000 --> 00:47:20.600 align:middle line:84%
This is the normal practice
in industrial relations
00:47:20.600 --> 00:47:21.420 align:middle line:90%
in South Africa.
00:47:21.420 --> 00:47:26.800 align:middle line:90%
00:47:26.800 --> 00:47:30.660 align:middle line:84%
The management then issued
an ultimatum to the workers.
00:47:30.660 --> 00:47:33.720 align:middle line:84%
Either they accept their wage
offer, or they lose their jobs.
00:47:33.720 --> 00:47:36.490 align:middle line:90%
00:47:36.490 --> 00:47:39.380 align:middle line:84%
Unemployment is 22%
among the blacks,
00:47:39.380 --> 00:47:42.320 align:middle line:90%
and there are no union funds.
00:47:42.320 --> 00:47:45.640 align:middle line:84%
So most workers had little
choice but to accept the offer,
00:47:45.640 --> 00:47:48.350 align:middle line:84%
although the increase still
left many wage packets
00:47:48.350 --> 00:47:50.000 align:middle line:90%
below the poverty datum line.
00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:55.410 align:middle line:90%
00:47:55.410 --> 00:47:57.880 align:middle line:84%
Assured of the support
of Western companies,
00:47:57.880 --> 00:47:59.650 align:middle line:84%
the government
continues to carry out
00:47:59.650 --> 00:48:05.400 align:middle line:84%
its twin apartheid policies of
resettlement and migrant labor.
00:48:05.400 --> 00:48:08.180 align:middle line:84%
They\'re accelerating the
removal from the townships
00:48:08.180 --> 00:48:10.960 align:middle line:84%
of all blacks who don\'t
qualify as serving
00:48:10.960 --> 00:48:13.980 align:middle line:90%
the needs of the white man.
00:48:13.980 --> 00:48:16.710 align:middle line:84%
To do this, they\'re
undertaking a massive program
00:48:16.710 --> 00:48:21.420 align:middle line:84%
of building single sex
hostels in all the townships.
00:48:21.420 --> 00:48:23.530 align:middle line:84%
These giant barracks
house the men
00:48:23.530 --> 00:48:26.320 align:middle line:84%
whose wives and children are
being sent to the Bantustans.
00:48:26.320 --> 00:48:29.690 align:middle line:90%
00:48:29.690 --> 00:48:32.360 align:middle line:84%
The government\'s ultimate aim
is that all the blacks should
00:48:32.360 --> 00:48:35.300 align:middle line:84%
officially live
in the Bantustans,
00:48:35.300 --> 00:48:38.820 align:middle line:84%
but that the men and women
needed by the farms, factories,
00:48:38.820 --> 00:48:41.060 align:middle line:84%
and kitchens of
white South Africa
00:48:41.060 --> 00:48:45.190 align:middle line:84%
should spend 11 months in every
year in these single sex labor
00:48:45.190 --> 00:48:45.690 align:middle line:90%
camps.
00:48:45.690 --> 00:48:49.930 align:middle line:90%
00:48:49.930 --> 00:48:52.360 align:middle line:84%
Their commitment to the
destruction of black family
00:48:52.360 --> 00:48:55.110 align:middle line:90%
life is unambiguous.
00:48:55.110 --> 00:49:13.120 align:middle line:84%
Mr. [? Fronmann ?] has
said-- And in the Bantustans,
00:49:13.120 --> 00:49:15.600 align:middle line:84%
they\'re building more
and more resettlement
00:49:15.600 --> 00:49:20.400 align:middle line:90%
camps like Osizweni and Dimbaza.
00:49:20.400 --> 00:49:23.270 align:middle line:84%
The first huts
were built in 1968,
00:49:23.270 --> 00:49:26.840 align:middle line:84%
but the majority of the
7,000 people who live here
00:49:26.840 --> 00:49:30.340 align:middle line:84%
now have been moved from
towns in the last three years.
00:49:30.340 --> 00:49:36.450 align:middle line:90%
00:49:36.450 --> 00:49:38.970 align:middle line:84%
Once you can no longer
work for the whites,
00:49:38.970 --> 00:49:40.420 align:middle line:90%
this is how they dispose of you.
00:49:40.420 --> 00:50:04.180 align:middle line:90%
00:50:04.180 --> 00:50:06.380 align:middle line:84%
There have been many
deaths in Dimbaza
00:50:06.380 --> 00:50:09.080 align:middle line:90%
in the last three years.
00:50:09.080 --> 00:50:15.730 align:middle line:84%
By 1973, there was 60 adult
graves and 450 children\'s
00:50:15.730 --> 00:50:18.540 align:middle line:90%
graves.
00:50:18.540 --> 00:50:20.760 align:middle line:84%
This is a special
children\'s graveyard.
00:50:20.760 --> 00:50:24.210 align:middle line:90%
00:50:24.210 --> 00:50:27.210 align:middle line:84%
Nearly all the children
died before the age of two.
00:50:27.210 --> 00:51:48.742 align:middle line:90%
00:51:48.742 --> 00:51:51.400 align:middle line:84%
These graves have been
dug in preparation
00:51:51.400 --> 00:51:52.710 align:middle line:90%
for the next month\'s toll.
00:51:52.710 --> 00:52:17.490 align:middle line:90%
00:52:17.490 --> 00:52:20.050 align:middle line:84%
During the hour you\'ve
been watching this film,
00:52:20.050 --> 00:52:22.810 align:middle line:84%
in South Africa,
six black families
00:52:22.810 --> 00:52:26.420 align:middle line:84%
have been thrown
out of their homes,
00:52:26.420 --> 00:52:32.510 align:middle line:84%
60 blacks have been arrested
under the pass laws,
00:52:32.510 --> 00:52:35.840 align:middle line:84%
and 60 black children have died
of the effects of malnutrition.
00:52:35.840 --> 00:52:45.650 align:middle line:90%
00:52:45.650 --> 00:52:48.710 align:middle line:84%
And during the same hour,
the gold mining companies
00:52:48.710 --> 00:52:52.490 align:middle line:84%
have made a profit
of 35,000 pounds.
00:52:52.490 --> 00:53:26.874 align:middle line:90%
Distributor: Icarus Films
Length: 55 minutes
Date: 1974
Genre: Expository
Language: English
Grade: 10-12, College, Adult
Color/BW:
Closed Captioning: Available
Interactive Transcript: Available
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