WEBVTT

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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Martha Zwane who lives with
13 children (inaudible).

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Her husband lives and works in
Johannesburg, over 300 miles away.

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[sil.]

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Most families of black migrant workers

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are forced to leave in remote areas,
that the government calls homelands.

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It is illegal for whites to enter
these areas without permission,

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which is seldom granted.

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[sil.]

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The families rationed
to two buckets of water

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a day from a church mission.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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… and make the tea for the white people.

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[sil.]

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I\'ve got 20 years here, I\'m in this room.

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Last 20 years I work in this (inaudible).
They give me

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56 rand a month. I send
home 40 rand almost,

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I get 16 rand a month.

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Sometimes I…

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I eat half brown bread

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the whole day because this 16 rand,

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you can\'t eat whole month.

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(inaudible) this 40 rand a month,

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to whole month it is 40 rand. I can\'t… I
can\'t buy the clothes from my children too.

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If I got the Monday, got the holiday,

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I\'ll go home like go see my children,

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because my children, they can\'t come here.
My wife, they can\'t come here.

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If they come here, the policemen will
come here and catch them. They say, got,

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no allowed them to stay here. I\'m
alone, I must stay here in this room.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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There\'s little chance of this happening.

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My face one of the dispossessed people,
on learn, discarded by the whites

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with no economic prospects.

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Black women always uh…

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You look at them at any point in South
African history, they always tend to be

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far more spontaneous. Uh…

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The little issues which are really the
issues which irritate, which frustrate

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and which make the tragedy of apartheid

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uh… make it alive. Now
black women are always

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far more conscious about these things than black
men are because their lives are far more confined

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to the traumas and the
tragedies of apartheid.

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There is hardly ever escape from it,

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their in the home uh…
they have got the problem

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of raising the children without money.
On an average,

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the black women at home gets
in cash about 16 rand a month

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from the breadwinner. Now the
breadwinner may be getting the…

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I think the average unskilled work in the towns
like, I\'m talking about a city like Durban

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would be about 80 rand, to
maybe 90 rand or maybe a 100,

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but, you know, that would be about it.
And if he is sending home 16 rand,

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then the meaning of apartheid for her
is converted into a sum of 16 rand

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which he now has to stretch

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to try and make it possible for
the entire family to live.

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The average family size our
study shows of these 200 women,

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the average family size
is six people, you see.

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So this is what I mean when I say

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that the… the problems for apartheid
hit the black women the hardest.

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Fatima Meer was retained and banned with
other members of Black Women\'s Federation

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after the 1976 uprising. The
banning order for (inaudible).

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She can not be with more then one person at a time
and she\'s constantly watched by the security police.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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Winnie Serobe is a nursing sister,

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one of the few professional women of
the small middle class in Soweto.

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She has five children and she supports
the family. Every black woman

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in Soweto must work if she can find a job.

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[sil.]

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To be a mother of children in Soweto
really, it\'s very difficult like,

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because of us leaving them very early in
the morning, coming back to them very late

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in the evening.

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We leave, some of us 6 o\'clock in the
morning and comeback at 7 pm or 8 pm,

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when they are just about to sleep. You don\'t
know what has happened to them during the day

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and we haven\'t got anybody to look after our
children. We leave them to grow on their own.

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[sil.]

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[sil.]

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What really makes me sad is
the difference of salaries,

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(inaudible) black and white. We
go through same examinations,

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we go through same training for number
of years, we get same certificates,

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we get same medals on our shoulders
but when it gets to salaries,

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I don\'t earn half of what
the white nurse earns,

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final is, not doing half of their salary.
This makes me very sad

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and I feel it is really humiliating. By
doing sort of the same type of work,

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if not more because we are always
social stuffed and work hard.

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It is a private clinic, it\'s a

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(inaudible) Association and umm…

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the… It is served…

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They even feel that\'s… because they pay.
They get genuine contraceptive,

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unlike when they get the contraceptives
free. The government gives them free

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and they are not happy about it. They
feel that government wants to kill

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the black nation. Government
doesn\'t want the black people

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to have children and once they don\'t get
children, they won\'t be future generation.

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(inaudible)

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and… But we still have problem
with our teenagers. Uh…

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We get more pregnancies
with teenagers than before,

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(inaudible). They are young.
The… The young generation

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uh… feels that they have got to replace

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the children who were
shot during the riots.

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Here in Soweto during 1976,

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the children decided to take their own initiative
and as such we are despised as mothers, as parents.

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Children feel we are too lenient.

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Children feel we are not fighting enough.
Children feel that we are not in the struggle.

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You know, there is that barrier
between the parent and the child.

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These are some of the things that
really frustrate a black woman,

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but there is a great improvement

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on the consciousness of people. As
black women we are more united.

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As black mothers we feel united and
we feel we can stand on our own.

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The name of the group Ikahan.
Ikahan means build yourself.

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Yes, build yourself. So that\'s why we
decided to form this group of women

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where we could look after our own affairs

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which is very important, that a person must be aware of
their self, and aware of the needs of the community.

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We are welfare organization

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but on risk. We depend
solely on our pockets.

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Every month we contribute each a
rand to keep that in the bank

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and this is for the
welfare of the community.

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There are some families which haven\'t
got anything to eat for supper

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because of unemployment.

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Their husband and wife are
unemployed, children are at school

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and the parents keep the little thing
that they ave to pay for the school fees.

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So they are afraid to eat, you know,
this type of food because it will…

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it is costly and they have got to keep
minding for their children at school.

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And the other thing I say,

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there are some families who
live in a two roomed house.

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We find that there are family
16, 17 in a two roomed house.

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So I can say

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a little bit better, not much.

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I feel very much so that we have
been worked into a situation

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where we have had to look hard at ourselves
and hard at ourselves as people,

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hard at ourselves inside and try

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and bring up this force that can
keep any community to going.

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You got yourselves all hardships of all
frustrations of all deliberate manipulation

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to sort of make your
efforts to be fruitless.

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We… You… We\'ve just got to go
on even if we feel hopeless,

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we are determined and maybe
this is, and that makes that

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to be more determined to
go and doing those things

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that we think are worth doing. I mean,
if it went according to legislation

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or we\'re feeling that we don\'t
belong to South Africa,

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we belong to some foreign. People begin
to say some of them as state less

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and even this very frightening issues,
we are facing with determination

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because we feel if we
give in we shall be lost

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and we keep on saying, we belong
here, we\'re people of this country,

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we\'re South Africans by birth
and nobody can deny us this.

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Maybe if I had given up hope

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would not be in this shamble of a home, you
know, may be this is a very minute thing

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that shows that, you know,
people say, I live here

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and I make… I must make the place where
I live, homely and comfortable for me

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and my children to the best of my
ability and to the best of the…

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the opportunities that I have. This
is one thing that can indicate that,

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even if I feel hopeless but I have not given up hope
and I feel that I am not an exception to the rule,

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I think this is how we live in Soweto,

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this is how we live in black communities
in the whole of South Africa.

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We live not from day-to-day
but from minute to minute.

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Ellen Khuzwayo is a social worker

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and is known as the mother of Soweto.
She was the first women member

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of the Soweto leadership chosen by
the people during the uprising.

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She was detained at the
time for six months.

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[sil.]

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Alexander is a black ghetto

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on the edge of white Johannesburg.
Half the house has been demolished

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and the people forced to move.

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The plan was to rebuild this
area as 24 single six barracks

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to re-house elected workers,
forcing them to live separately

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from their families.

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[sil.]

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4,000 women live here, four to a room.

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There is a jail in only
one bud gate, guarded by

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women police 24 hours a day. Hit and run
gates are electronically controlled.

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No one else is allowed in the building.

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[sil.]

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This is the apartheid
ideal where black workers

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are only labor units with
no other social needs.

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[sil.]

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I can tell you this, about how I\'m
living, especially in the hostel.

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I\'m not feeling very well when
I\'m, just living in the hostel

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because I\'m not living with my children. It maybe
very nice if I was staying with my children.

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So we\'re not allotted to
stay with our children here.

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We\'re not allotted out children that they come
and visit for us. If they come to visit for us,

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they are supposed to stay outside the gate.
We go the gate and see them.

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So it\'s very hard to me when I\'m a woman, when
your children come and staying outside the gate,

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but you got the place to stay.

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Carol Mokoena is a cleaner in a
white hospital. For 60 hour week,

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she earns 10 pounds. She has lived
for four years in this room

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with three other women.

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I\'ve got six children. The older one is 21,

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the other one is 18, then other
one is 16 and another one is 10,

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another one eight, and another
one is 10 months old.

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What can I do because nobody can give
me something to eat with this children.

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So that\'s why I leave that… I have leave
this children with three months old.

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So I comeback to the job, to come and work
for them and buy everything for them,

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to pay school fees for the old one
and I do everything for them.

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If you come here and want a
room, they just come with you

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to show which is your bed and which… which
one supposed to stay there. Like me,

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I do come here. The police
asking me my permit and…

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[sil.]

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She just give me the permit and come with
me, to come and show me which bed is mine.

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And yes, this is your
bed and this is locker

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and after that she took to the kitchen and showed,
this is your stove, you can cook here with the stove

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and she showed me, this is your
locker to put all your food there.

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If they show me… I can\'t
change the locker that…

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I want this locker to my side, because each and
every locker, they goes numbers in (inaudible).

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[sil.]

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Tensions and frustrations lead to conflict

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between the women, but the architects
of the system anticipated this

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and provided for it. I mean, when you
fight here, if they take you to the…

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to the prison here right and up in the
gate and… In the morning if they ask you,

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why you fight with somebody? And they… they call the
police to come and fetch you to go to the prison.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:53.000
[sil.]

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So I\'m not allotted to find
the place, where can I stay

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with my children because I haven\'t got
the husband to find the house for me.

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If I haven\'t got the husband, I\'m going
to stay here forever of my life.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
[sil.]

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
This will be her fate

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unless the system is fundamentally changed.

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This last detention was the most horrible

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
of all my detentions. I… I\'m amazed
that how I could have carried it.

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
But when you know that you\'re fighting
for the truth and you know that

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history is on your side and the truth is bound
to win. I think you get some extra strength.

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I remember at one time, one security police came
in to tell me that one of the babies had died,

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one of my children is dead. It could
have thrown me of balance all together,

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especially because when they detained me I was
with my first child and they just took me

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like that and the child was crying, I
had to literally leave the child alone,

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there was nobody to remain with the child.
But I knew that… Like people knew what

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I was… I… I stood for. And I knew that my
neighbors wouldn\'t leave me in the lurch.

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And immediately the cop pulled their van, I
stopped thinking about the child altogether.

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I just told myself, I have a duty now,

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I am in the hands of the enemy. And
if I\'m going to think about my child

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and things like that, you know,
it is more important for people

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to survive than for one
person and it was my child.

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And I think all women can obey with me
because it is a very difficult thing to do.

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I can not claim that my children
never suffered from this.

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My first child is still have
psychological problems.

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
The moment she sees a man, a
white man in safari suits,

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she just gets into a… You know,
she just goes hysterical.

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But these are the things that
you\'ve got to live with.

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You know, some women\'s children have actually died
in their absence, in detention. And to me it was…

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it was not even much of a sacrifice
for me to leave my children beyond.

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It was painful. I can not
claim that it wasn\'t.

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
I still speak of it with a… with a lot of, you
know, but I know what it means to be involved

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
in this (inaudible). Those
are some of milder things

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
that people really have to suffer.

00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:54.999
It makes women very vulnerable.
In fact, when I came out of jail,

00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:59.999
the first things that my mother said was, \"if you want
to be a soldier, I don\'t think you should get children.\"

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.999
And my response was

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.999
\"they must grow up, they
must experience this.\"

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:14.999
I\'m not saying I\'m brining up my children to hate
white people, but I\'m brining up my children

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
to understand the situation, the way it is.
With a strong belief

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
that when they grow up, black people
in this country will be liberated.

00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
We won\'t talk in terms of black and white. We
won\'t talk in terms of majority and minority.

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
We would be talking in terms of people.

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:39.999
That people who share a country on equal
basis. Numsisi Khuzwayo is an educationist

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:44.999
and was a leader in the Black
Consciousness Movement.

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:49.999
She was detained for the
fifth time in 1978,

00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:55.000
held for six months in a solitary
confinement, interrogated and tortured.

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:13.000
[sil.]

00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
Joyce Lesedi said she works in the Johannesburg
home of a young white couple with one child.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
Their standard of living
is the average for whites.

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
[sil.]

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:34.999
Domestic servants work long hours

00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.999
and live alone in the backyards
of white households.

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:44.999
They are isolated in their work.
They must face the employers alone

00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:49.999
in the difficult area of personal
relations between black and white.

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:54.999
Joyce earns £33 a month,

00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.999
which is above average. She alone
supports her four children,

00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.999
who are not allowed to live with her and
are boarded out with relatives in Soweta.

00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:10.000
[sil.]

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:58.000
[sil.]

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:13.000
[sil.]

00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:19.999
Okay, eat little bit. What you want? One cake please.
Okay, eat little bit, you can have like… I want lunch.

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
Yes, you can have lunch now.
Eat little bit. One.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
(inaudible). Are you sure?

00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
What you want? I want this cake.

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
(inaudible). Are you sure?

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:48.000
[sil.]

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:55.000
[sil.]

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:13.000
[sil.]

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
It will be okay? It will be okay? No.

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
Why? Why? Come look.

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:54.999
It\'s a nice car.

00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:59.999
No, mommy. No.

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
[sil.]

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
The woman of then develops a close relationship
with the child in a care. But she finds that,

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
as the child grows older, instead
of treating her warmth and respect,

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
he turns on her to remind her that she is no
more than a piece of furniture about the house.

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
[sil.]

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
You… You\'re ready? Okay.

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:38.000
[sil.]

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:10.000
[sil.]

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:24.999
The white men has now reduced
the struggle virtually

00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:29.999
to black versus white. This is a
situation that has been created

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:34.999
for us to which we have no choice.

00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:39.999
They have separated us completely from them
and have driven us into an inevitable corner

00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:44.999
where you can only fight in
the context of blackness.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:49.999
You can only hit back as a black

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:54.999
because you are virtually isolated. He tells
you, you\'ve got your own areas to live in.

00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:59.999
You are isolated in jobs. You are
isolated in almost everything.

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:04.999
So life has been reduced
to black versus white

00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:09.999
and that is the context of the
struggle as a whole. Up to 1969,

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:14.999
uh… before I was umm…

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:19.999
Before then, up to that time I had
just been in and out of prisons.

00:46:20.000 --> 00:46:24.999
But when I was uh… in solitary confinement

00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:29.999
for 17 months, there\'s hardly anything to talk about.
People have lost their lives in solitary confinement.

00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:34.999
It is then that

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:39.999
I… I really felt lead.

00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:44.999
It is such a hard test of… of your ideals

00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:49.999
and at the same time it
umm… teaches you so much

00:46:50.000 --> 00:46:54.999
of what you… you stand for,
your… your… your values.

00:46:55.000 --> 00:46:59.999
Perhaps up to that stage I had not realized

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:04.999
the gravity of our struggle
and up to that stage,

00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:09.999
as a mother and as a black
woman, I wouldn\'t have known

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:14.999
what my reaction would be. If I found
myself in a violent situation,

00:47:15.000 --> 00:47:19.999
whether I would actually take
a gun and shoot in defense

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:24.999
of what I believed in? That is before
I went in for solitary confinement.

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:29.999
But from that experience,

00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:34.999
I can assure you, now I know

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:39.999
what I can do in defense of my ideals.

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:44.999
I know I can also shoot and kill

00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:49.999
as they do in defense of my country.
In defense of what I believed

00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:54.999
to be a just a society
and that I believe in.

00:47:55.000 --> 00:47:59.999
Winnie Mandela has suffered
harassment all her adult life.

00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:04.999
Her husband is imprisoned ANC leader Nelson Mandela. She is
banished to a small town hundreds of miles from a Soweto home.

00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:10.000
She is banned and under
constant police surveillance.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:24.999
Crossroads is a squatter camp

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:29.999
outside Cape Town. Homes have been
bulldozed and the people harassed

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:34.999
by the authorities who regard
them as illegal residents.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:39.999
But many were born in the area and most
have lived in it for over 10 years.

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:44.999
It is government policy to separate
the families of black workers

00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:49.999
and force the women and children
into rural reserves. In this case,

00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:54.999
the Transkei 600 miles away.

00:48:55.000 --> 00:48:59.999
I went back to Transkei.

00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:04.999
Transkei is a place which is really dry.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:09.999
There\'s no work in Transkei.
Doctors are very far.

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:14.999
Starving, people… people are starving over
there. There\'s no cattle to plough the lands.

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:19.999
People are supposed to higher
tractors to… to plough the lands.

00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:24.999
Now there\'s no money for that,
because theirs no work.

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:29.999
So I stayed there about two
years and then I decide here,

00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:35.000
I\'m starving now again. I
must go back to Cape Town.

00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:44.999
So I struggled with three kids of mine.

00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:49.999
From there to three, from there to there.
From bush to bush, from bush to bush,

00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:54.999
from bush to bush, until
we get a (inaudible),

00:49:55.000 --> 00:49:59.999
that was the last bush to me. And
then they came. This inspector again,

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:04.999
they come and knock down our houses and
say to us, \"you better go to Crossroads.\"

00:50:05.000 --> 00:50:13.000
[sil.]

00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:19.999
Other squatter camps in
the area were demolished

00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:24.999
and the people had it together here.

00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:29.999
The authorities planned to force them out in one
operation. But the 24,000 people of Crossroads

00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:34.999
have refused to go. That defiance

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:39.999
and solidarity have won them a
reprieve, but it is only temporary.

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:48.000
[sil.]

00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:23.000
[sil.]

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:14.999
Early 1979, in the phase of an
international outcry over Crossroads,

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:19.999
the government tried new tactics.

00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:24.999
So they gave us this six months
permit, until January. After January,

00:54:25.000 --> 00:54:29.999
we\'ll hear something else, although we don\'t
know what will be. We are from South African.

00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:34.999
They can do what they like to do, we
are waiting for them, we know them,

00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:39.999
we\'re knowing them, what kind of a
person are they, we\'re knowing them.

00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:44.999
So we\'re waiting for them. We haven\'t
got guards, we haven\'t got nothing,

00:54:45.000 --> 00:54:49.999
they have got everything, so we\'re just going
to fight with our talk is the only thing.

00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:54.999
There\'s no idea what\'s going to
happen after this six months permit.

00:54:55.000 --> 00:54:59.999
And we don\'t care, whatever they are going to say
after this classification, one thing we know,

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:04.999
we\'re going to stay here in Cape Town. This is our
choice. It\'s not that they are solving the problem,

00:55:05.000 --> 00:55:09.999
they are making it worse because we are
prepared to… to fly our very life,

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:14.999
flies or like chickens, no, we\'re just
going to sit down. So it make you worse.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:19.999
We are going to be dumped here,
we\'re not going to move nothing.

00:55:20.000 --> 00:55:24.999
In October 79, the government announced

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:29.999
that three quarters of the people of
Crossroads would be forced to leave.

00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:34.999
In January this year, their
six months reprieve ended.

00:55:35.000 --> 00:55:39.999
The authorities have not yet acted. The people
of Crossroads await the final confrontation.

00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:44.999
The problem now is a
fundamental problem of change.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:49.999
There is a feeling of urgency
that this change must come.

00:55:50.000 --> 00:55:54.999
It probably is inevitable,
that the final solution

00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:59.999
will come through the taking up
of arms between black and white.

00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:04.999
And, if that is the way

00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:09.999
that the solution will come, then
obviously black women will have to

00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:14.999
play their part fully in an armed struggle.

00:56:15.000 --> 00:56:19.999
No same person can see the
South African situation

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:24.999
being altered by anything else now.

00:56:25.000 --> 00:56:29.999
My ultimate goal is the liberation of my people.
It is because I know we are going to win.

00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:34.999
It is because I also understand
what the white man is fighting for.

00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:40.000
When he loses it, he will lose it forever. And what I\'m
fighting for, when I get it, I will get it forever.