00:00:01.126 --> 00:00:02.919
VIEWERS LIKE YOU MAKE
THIS PROGRAM POSSIBLE.

00:00:03.002 --> 00:00:05.422
SUPPORT YOUR LOCAL PBS STATION.

00:00:15.515 --> 00:00:18.977
Male reporter: IN MIAMI,
MORE THAN IN ANY OTHER
MAJOR AMERICAN CITY,

00:00:19.060 --> 00:00:20.687
PEOPLE CAN LIVE QUITE WELL

00:00:20.770 --> 00:00:22.981
WITHOUT SPEAKING
A WORD OF ENGLISH.

00:00:23.064 --> 00:00:23.982
FOR HERE OR TO GO?

00:00:24.065 --> 00:00:26.151
MIAMI IS OFFICIALLY BILINGUAL.

00:00:26.234 --> 00:00:28.695
¿PARA AQUÍ,
PARA LLEVAR?

00:00:28.778 --> 00:00:30.155
EVERY FORM, EVERY SERVICE

00:00:30.238 --> 00:00:31.239
OF THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT

00:00:31.322 --> 00:00:32.991
MUST BE OFFERED IN SPANISH

00:00:33.074 --> 00:00:34.284
AS WELL AS ENGLISH.

00:00:34.367 --> 00:00:37.162
[SINGING IN SPANISH]

00:00:37.245 --> 00:00:41.541
Narrator: MIAMI HAD BECOME
OFFICIALLY BILINGUAL IN 1973,

00:00:41.624 --> 00:00:42.834
FOLLOWING
A REFERENDUM SPONSORED

00:00:42.917 --> 00:00:45.128
BY ITS GROWING CUBAN COMMUNITY.

00:00:50.800 --> 00:00:53.219
OVER 300,000 CUBANS
HAD DESCENDED

00:00:53.303 --> 00:00:56.556
ON SOUTH FLORIDA
DURING THE 1960s AND 1970s

00:00:56.639 --> 00:01:00.727
IN THE AFTERMATH
OF FIDEL CASTRO'S
1959 REVOLUTION

00:01:00.810 --> 00:01:05.648
AND THE RISE
OF A SOVIET-BACKED
COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT.

00:01:05.732 --> 00:01:08.026
Dennis Baron: MANY OF THE FIRST
SPANISH-SPEAKING CUBANS

00:01:08.109 --> 00:01:12.197
WHO CAME TO MIAMI
AFTER FIDEL CASTRO'S REVOLUTION

00:01:12.280 --> 00:01:16.326
WERE UPPER MIDDLE CLASS,
MIDDLE CLASS, PROFESSIONAL,

00:01:16.409 --> 00:01:20.580
WELL-EDUCATED,
AND TO A CERTAIN EXTENT,

00:01:20.663 --> 00:01:24.083
THEY FELT THAT THEY WERE
IN TEMPORARY EXILE,

00:01:24.167 --> 00:01:27.295
AND THEY HELD
ON TO THEIR SPANISH.

00:01:27.378 --> 00:01:30.006
[SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:01:30.089 --> 00:01:32.217
Narrator: AT FIRST,
MIAMIANS WELCOMED

00:01:32.300 --> 00:01:34.719
THESE MOSTLY WHITE CUBAN EXILES,

00:01:34.803 --> 00:01:38.598
BUT BY THE LATE 1970s,
WITH SPANISH SPEAKERS COMPRISING

00:01:38.681 --> 00:01:41.100
OVER 1/3 OF THE POPULATION,

00:01:41.184 --> 00:01:43.728
MANY ENGLISH SPEAKERS WERE
STARTING TO FEEL

00:01:43.812 --> 00:01:46.231
OUT OF PLACE IN THEIR OWN CITY.

00:01:46.314 --> 00:01:48.107
I FEEL LIKE A FOREIGNER.

00:01:48.191 --> 00:01:50.485
THEY'VE TAKEN OVER MIAMI.

00:01:50.568 --> 00:01:54.656
Narrator: IN 1978, RUSSIAN-BORN
IMMIGRANT EMMY SHAFER,

00:01:54.739 --> 00:01:57.742
INCENSED THAT SHE COULD NOT
FIND AN ENGLISH-SPEAKING CLERK

00:01:57.826 --> 00:01:59.244
AT A DADE COUNTY OFFICE,

00:01:59.327 --> 00:02:02.580
SPEARHEADED A CAMPAIGN
TO PUT AN END TO BILINGUALISM

00:02:02.664 --> 00:02:06.960
AND MAKE ENGLISH THE ONLY
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE COUNTY.

00:02:07.043 --> 00:02:08.670
Male reporter:
WHEN EMMY SHAFER EMIGRATED HERE

00:02:08.753 --> 00:02:11.756
FROM EASTERN EUROPE,
SHE HAD TO LEARN ENGLISH.

00:02:11.840 --> 00:02:13.466
SHE WANTS IT THAT WAY AGAIN.

00:02:13.550 --> 00:02:16.553
SHE HAS STARTED A PETITION
DRIVE TO PUT BILINGUALISM

00:02:16.636 --> 00:02:18.596
TO A COUNTYWIDE VOTE.

00:02:18.680 --> 00:02:22.016
WE WILL REMOVE THE CANCER,
WHICH IS BILINGUAL.

00:02:26.771 --> 00:02:28.731
Baron: THERE IS
THIS IDEALISTIC NOTION

00:02:28.815 --> 00:02:31.818
OF ONE LANGUAGE, ONE NATION.

00:02:31.901 --> 00:02:35.780
THE OTHER STRAND THAT FEEDS
INTO MANDATING

00:02:35.864 --> 00:02:39.951
AN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
IS RESENTMENT AND FEAR

00:02:40.034 --> 00:02:44.122
OF PEOPLE WHO SPEAK
A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE.

00:02:44.205 --> 00:02:46.583
IT'S SOMEHOW
MORE POLITE TO SAY,

00:02:46.666 --> 00:02:47.834
"WE DON'T LIKE YOUR LANGUAGE,

00:02:47.917 --> 00:02:49.961
SO WE'RE GONNA
REQUIRE YOU TO CHANGE IT,"

00:02:50.044 --> 00:02:51.254
THAN TO SAY,
"WE DON'T LIKE YOU,

00:02:51.337 --> 00:02:52.922
AND WE'D LIKE YOU TO LEAVE."

00:02:53.006 --> 00:02:55.049
[CHEERING]

00:02:55.133 --> 00:02:58.136
Narrator: EMMY SHAFER'S PUSH
FOR AN ENGLISH-ONLY MIAMI

00:02:58.219 --> 00:03:01.556
WAS A HARBINGER OF A BROADER
ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT

00:03:01.639 --> 00:03:03.182
THAT SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTRY

00:03:03.266 --> 00:03:06.311
IN THE LATE 20th
AND EARLY 21st CENTURIES...

00:03:06.394 --> 00:03:09.689
GO HOME! GO HOME!

00:03:09.772 --> 00:03:11.441
Narrator:
AS MILLIONS OF LATINOS--

00:03:11.524 --> 00:03:15.445
CUBANS,
CENTRAL AMERICANS, MEXICANS--

00:03:15.528 --> 00:03:18.114
SOUGHT FREEDOM
OR ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY,

00:03:18.197 --> 00:03:22.160
IN EL NORTE,
THE UNITED STATES.

00:03:27.790 --> 00:03:29.876
[CHANTING, "CUBA SÍ, RUSIA NO"]

00:03:34.797 --> 00:03:36.633
Male reporter: IT WAS ONE
OF THE BIGGEST DEMONSTRATIONS

00:03:36.716 --> 00:03:38.092
IN MIAMI'S HISTORY.

00:03:38.176 --> 00:03:40.887
THOUSANDS OF CUBAN EXILES
FILLED THE STREETS TO SHOW

00:03:40.970 --> 00:03:42.263
THEIR SUPPORT FOR THE CUBANS

00:03:42.347 --> 00:03:45.058
AT THE PERUVIAN EMBASSY
IN HAVANA.

00:03:45.141 --> 00:03:48.227
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF 1980,
AN UNEXPECTED EVENT

00:03:48.311 --> 00:03:49.896
WOULD GIVE
NEW IMPETUS TO MIAMI'S

00:03:49.979 --> 00:03:51.814
ANTI-BILINGUALISM MOVEMENT.

00:03:51.898 --> 00:03:53.983
[CHANTING CONTINUES]

00:03:57.820 --> 00:04:00.156
10,000 CUBANS,
DESPERATE TO LEAVE A COUNTRY

00:04:00.239 --> 00:04:02.659
THAT HAD BECOME MORE
AND MORE REPRESSIVE,

00:04:02.742 --> 00:04:06.746
OCCUPIED THE PERUVIAN
EMBASSY IN HAVANA.

00:04:06.829 --> 00:04:10.166
WITHIN DAYS, A DEFIANT
PRESIDENT FIDEL CASTRO

00:04:10.249 --> 00:04:14.087
ANNOUNCED THAT ANY CUBAN WHO
WISHED TO LEAVE COULD DO SO.

00:04:27.976 --> 00:04:31.187
SOON A RAMSHACKLE ARMADA
SAILED FROM SOUTH FLORIDA

00:04:31.270 --> 00:04:34.691
TO THE PORT OF MARIEL,
JUST MILES FROM HAVANA,

00:04:34.774 --> 00:04:38.945
WHERE THEY WAITED
FOR THE REFUGEES.

00:04:39.028 --> 00:04:42.615
AMONG THEM WAS A 25-YEAR-OLD
DISAFFECTED WRITER

00:04:42.699 --> 00:04:44.742
LUIS DE LA PAZ.

00:04:44.826 --> 00:04:47.203
[DE LA PAZ SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:04:47.286 --> 00:04:52.083
THEY PUT ME ON A SHRIMP BOAT
WITH 260 OTHER PEOPLE

00:04:52.166 --> 00:04:54.961
IN THE MIDDLE
OF A VERY CHAOTIC SITUATION.

00:04:57.839 --> 00:05:03.136
WE SAILED 14 1/2 HOURS
ON THAT BOAT TO KEY WEST,

00:05:03.219 --> 00:05:07.765
AND WHEN I ARRIVED,
I SAW AN ENORMOUS AMERICAN FLAG.

00:05:10.184 --> 00:05:14.063
Man: ♪ O SAY CAN YOU SEE ♪

00:05:14.147 --> 00:05:15.648
♪ BY THE DAWN'S... ♪

00:05:15.732 --> 00:05:17.525
Narrator:
OVER A PERIOD OF 5 MONTHS,

00:05:17.608 --> 00:05:22.947
BEGINNING IN APRIL 1980,
MORE THAN 125,000 CUBANS ARRIVED

00:05:23.031 --> 00:05:24.949
IN SOUTH FLORIDA.

00:05:25.033 --> 00:05:26.993
THE MARIELITOS,
AS THEY WERE CALLED,

00:05:27.076 --> 00:05:30.747
WERE PLACED IN CHURCHES,
RECREATION CENTERS, ARMORIES,

00:05:30.830 --> 00:05:33.583
EVEN THE ORANGE BOWL.

00:05:33.666 --> 00:05:37.670
LUIS DE LA PAZ,
ALONG WITH THOUSANDS
OF OTHER CUBAN EXILES,

00:05:37.754 --> 00:05:43.551
WAS HELD ON A MILITARY BASE
WHILE AWAITING ASYLUM.

00:05:43.634 --> 00:05:46.095
[DE LA PAZ SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:05:46.179 --> 00:05:49.599
I'M COMING FROM THE CARIBBEAN
AT THE END OF MAY.

00:05:49.682 --> 00:05:52.477
I ARRIVE IN PENNSYLVANIA,
AND IT WAS REALLY COLD.

00:05:55.855 --> 00:05:58.983
I WAS THERE FOR 30-SOME,
ALMOST 40 DAYS

00:05:59.067 --> 00:06:01.527
IN A CLOSED,
FENCED-IN CAMP.

00:06:02.945 --> 00:06:05.698
Jimmy Carter: WE'LL CONTINUE
TO PROVIDE AN OPEN HEART

00:06:05.782 --> 00:06:08.409
AND OPEN ARMS TO REFUGEES
SEEKING FREEDOM

00:06:08.493 --> 00:06:12.914
FROM COMMUNIST DOMINATION
AND FROM ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION.

00:06:16.584 --> 00:06:19.212
Narrator: PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER
HAD URGED AMERICANS TO RECEIVE

00:06:19.295 --> 00:06:21.798
THE REFUGEES WITH OPEN ARMS

00:06:21.881 --> 00:06:26.052
BUT SOON FOUND HIMSELF
THE VICTIM OF A POLITICAL PLOY.

00:06:26.135 --> 00:06:27.553
Male reporter:
U.S. OFFICIALS SAY THAT

00:06:27.637 --> 00:06:30.473
AMONG THE 120,000
MARIEL REFUGEES

00:06:30.556 --> 00:06:33.726
WERE HUNDREDS
OF HARDENED CRIMINALS
AND MENTAL PATIENTS,

00:06:33.810 --> 00:06:37.063
PLACED IN THE FLOTILLA
BY CUBAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.

00:06:37.146 --> 00:06:39.774
ALTHOUGH ONLY 4%
OF THE NEWLY ARRIVED CUBANS

00:06:39.857 --> 00:06:42.193
WERE FROM MENTAL HOSPITALS,

00:06:42.276 --> 00:06:45.613
OVER 25,000
HAD CRIMINAL RECORDS.

00:06:45.696 --> 00:06:47.907
THE STORY MADE THE HEADLINES

00:06:47.990 --> 00:06:51.035
AND BRANDED THE REFUGEES.

00:06:51.119 --> 00:06:53.579
"MIAMI VICE,"
THE HIT COP SHOW,

00:06:53.663 --> 00:06:55.915
PARADED A SERIES
OF CUBAN PIMPS,

00:06:55.998 --> 00:07:00.753
PROSTITUTES, DRUG DEALERS,
AND PSYCHOPATHS.

00:07:00.837 --> 00:07:03.714
THE MOTION PICTURE
"SCARFACE" CAST AL PACINO

00:07:03.798 --> 00:07:06.759
AS A MARIELITO
COKE SMUGGLER AND KILLER.

00:07:06.843 --> 00:07:11.013
I'M TONY MONTANA,
A POLITICAL PRISONER
FROM CUBA,

00:07:11.097 --> 00:07:13.724
AND I WANT MY ...
HUMAN RIGHTS NOW!

00:07:13.808 --> 00:07:17.019
JUST LIKE THE PRESIDENT
JIMMY CARTER SAYS!

00:07:17.103 --> 00:07:19.397
Eduardo Padrón:
THE MARIEL BOATLIFT BROUGHT

00:07:19.480 --> 00:07:25.695
OVER A 100,000 PEOPLE TO MIAMI
IN A VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.

00:07:25.778 --> 00:07:28.072
PEOPLE FELT SCARED
BY THE FACT

00:07:28.156 --> 00:07:30.867
THAT SO MANY PEOPLE
FROM ANOTHER COUNTRY

00:07:30.950 --> 00:07:34.495
WERE "INVADING" THEIR CITY,

00:07:34.579 --> 00:07:38.708
AND I THINK FOR THE FIRST TIME
I EXPERIENCED

00:07:38.791 --> 00:07:40.710
A SENSE OF REJECTION.

00:07:40.793 --> 00:07:42.545
I HATE THEM USING
SPANISH ALL THE TIME.

00:07:42.628 --> 00:07:44.046
YOU CAN'T GET THEM
TO SPEAK ENGLISH.

00:07:44.130 --> 00:07:45.214
MAKE ME A REFUGEE.

00:07:45.298 --> 00:07:47.300
THEN I'LL HAVE
SOME RIGHTS, OK?

00:07:47.383 --> 00:07:49.927
I SAY PUT THEM
ON LEAKY BOATS!

00:07:54.015 --> 00:07:56.893
Ray Suarez: I THINK MARIEL IS
A TOTALLY DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE

00:07:56.976 --> 00:08:01.063
FROM THE FIRST WAVE
THAT FOLLOWS THE REVOLUTION.

00:08:01.147 --> 00:08:03.900
THE FACT THAT CASTRO
CLEANS OUT HIS JAILS

00:08:03.983 --> 00:08:08.821
AND MENTAL HOSPITALS
GIVES YOU A HOOK TO DENIGRATE

00:08:08.905 --> 00:08:12.617
THESE IMMIGRANTS IN A WAY
THAT YOU COULDN'T DENIGRATE

00:08:12.700 --> 00:08:15.786
THE COLD WAR HEROES
OF THE EARLY SIXTIES.

00:08:15.870 --> 00:08:18.956
♪ GOD BLESS AMERICA ♪

00:08:19.040 --> 00:08:20.666
Female reporter:
SINGING AND BEARING POSTERS

00:08:20.750 --> 00:08:23.002
IN PROTEST OF U.S.
IMMIGRATION LAWS,

00:08:23.085 --> 00:08:25.922
THE CONTINUED USE OF SPANISH
IN DADE COUNTY,

00:08:26.005 --> 00:08:28.466
AND THE CRIME IMPORTED
TO OUR SHORES,

00:08:28.549 --> 00:08:31.135
ANTI-BILINGUALISM LEADER
EMMY SHAFER LED

00:08:31.219 --> 00:08:33.179
A SPARSE BAND OF SUPPORTERS
THROUGH THE STREETS

00:08:33.262 --> 00:08:35.806
OF DOWNTOWN MIAMI
THIS AFTERNOON.

00:08:35.890 --> 00:08:39.060
Narrator: THE ENGLISH ONLY
CAMPAIGN CAME ROARING BACK

00:08:39.143 --> 00:08:42.772
WITH EMMY SHAFER
LEADING THE CHARGE.

00:08:42.855 --> 00:08:45.900
IN THE 1980 ELECTIONS,
VOTERS OVERWHELMINGLY

00:08:45.983 --> 00:08:47.693
APPROVED AN ORDINANCE TO END

00:08:47.777 --> 00:08:50.029
OFFICIAL BILINGUALISM
IN DADE COUNTY.

00:08:50.112 --> 00:08:52.698
Shafer, voice-over:
THIS IS ONE STEP FORWARD,

00:08:52.782 --> 00:08:55.993
AND I WILL ASK EVERYONE
TO WORK TOGETHER

00:08:56.077 --> 00:09:00.873
TOWARD COMMUNICATION INSTEAD
OF MAKING THIS COMMUNITY

00:09:00.957 --> 00:09:03.209
FARTHER AND FARTHER APART.

00:09:03.292 --> 00:09:07.129
Padrón: THE ENGLISH ONLY
ORDINANCE WAS REALLY A SHOCK.

00:09:07.213 --> 00:09:11.092
IN A CITY WHERE CULTURE
AND LANGUAGE

00:09:11.175 --> 00:09:13.511
HAD MADE A DIFFERENCE IN TERMS
OF THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

00:09:13.594 --> 00:09:17.181
OF THE AREA
AND CREATED SIGNIFICANT TIES

00:09:17.265 --> 00:09:19.517
WITH THE LATIN AMERICAN MARKET,

00:09:19.600 --> 00:09:23.813
THAT WAS DIFFICULT
TO UNDERSTAND.

00:09:23.896 --> 00:09:25.064
Narrator:
OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS,

00:09:25.147 --> 00:09:28.985
THE FIGHT AGAINST BILINGUALISM
WENT NATIONAL.

00:09:29.068 --> 00:09:31.988
WHEN IN 1986,
A CALIFORNIA CONGRESSMAN

00:09:32.071 --> 00:09:33.948
PROPOSED
A CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT

00:09:34.031 --> 00:09:35.157
TO DECLARE ENGLISH

00:09:35.241 --> 00:09:36.158
THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

00:09:36.242 --> 00:09:37.159
OF THE UNITED STATES,

00:09:37.243 --> 00:09:39.245
TELEVISION HOST PHIL DONAHUE

00:09:39.328 --> 00:09:40.913
BROUGHT HIS SHOW TO MIAMI

00:09:40.997 --> 00:09:42.999
TO DEBATE THE ISSUE.

00:09:43.082 --> 00:09:45.710
IN A POPULATION
AS DIFFERENT AS OURS IS,

00:09:45.793 --> 00:09:47.044
IT'S IMPORTANT THAT
WE HOLD SOMETHING TOGETHER

00:09:47.128 --> 00:09:48.212
THAT WE HAVE IN COMMON,

00:09:48.296 --> 00:09:50.089
AND THAT'S
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

00:09:50.172 --> 00:09:51.882
IF YOU WANT TO
HAVE CULTURAL UNITY,

00:09:51.966 --> 00:09:53.718
YOU'RE NOT GOING
TO GET IT WITH
THIS AMENDMENT,

00:09:53.801 --> 00:09:55.636
YOU'RE GOING TO GET
TREMENDOUS POLARITY.

00:09:55.720 --> 00:09:59.598
I LOVE THE BILINGUAL SIGNS,
THE BILINGUAL BILLBOARDS,

00:09:59.682 --> 00:10:01.851
BUT I DO FEEL THAT ENGLISH
IS OUR LANGUAGE

00:10:01.934 --> 00:10:04.770
AND THAT'S WHAT REALLY
SHOULD BE SPOKEN.

00:10:04.854 --> 00:10:07.523
I WAS BORN HERE.
WHY SHOULD I SPEAK
A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

00:10:07.606 --> 00:10:09.692
TO GET A JOB HERE
IN AMERICA?

00:10:09.775 --> 00:10:11.152
Shumway: YEAH, YEAH!

00:10:14.655 --> 00:10:17.575
Narrator: VOTERS IN FLORIDA
AND COLORADO WERE THE FIRST

00:10:17.658 --> 00:10:19.952
TO PASS ENGLISH ONLY
REFERENDUMS,

00:10:20.036 --> 00:10:23.706
AND BY THE END OF THE 1980s,
9 OTHER STATES WOULD PASS

00:10:23.789 --> 00:10:27.126
SIMILAR AMENDMENTS...

00:10:27.209 --> 00:10:29.003
BUT NEW ARRIVALS SPEAKING
FOREIGN LANGUAGES

00:10:29.086 --> 00:10:31.964
HAVE BEEN CENTRAL
TO THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE

00:10:32.048 --> 00:10:35.092
FOR OVER A CENTURY.

00:10:35.176 --> 00:10:38.679
THE YEARS
FROM 1900 TO 1920 HAD DEFINED

00:10:38.763 --> 00:10:41.599
THE UNITED STATES AS
A NATION OF IMMIGRANTS,

00:10:41.682 --> 00:10:46.062
AS OVER 15 MILLION EUROPEANS
SOUGHT A NEW LIFE IN AMERICA.

00:10:51.400 --> 00:10:53.986
AND THE LAST TWO DECADES
OF THE 20th CENTURY

00:10:54.070 --> 00:10:56.989
WOULD SEE ANOTHER WAVE
OF IMMIGRATION,

00:10:57.073 --> 00:11:01.619
ONE OF THE LARGEST
IN U.S. HISTORY.

00:11:01.702 --> 00:11:06.749
SOME CAME FROM COUNTRIES THAT
HAD TRADITIONALLY FED AMERICA,

00:11:06.832 --> 00:11:10.753
OTHERS FROM NEW PLACES
AROUND THE GLOBE.

00:11:10.836 --> 00:11:15.800
MANY WOULD BE THE FIRST
CHILDREN OF GLOBALIZATION,

00:11:15.883 --> 00:11:18.928
OTHERS THE LAST CHILDREN
OF THE COLD WAR

00:11:19.011 --> 00:11:20.930
AS THOUSANDS
OF CENTRAL AMERICANS FLOODED

00:11:21.013 --> 00:11:26.268
INTO THE U.S. SEEKING ESCAPE
FROM OPPRESSION, EVEN DEATH.

00:11:28.938 --> 00:11:32.024
BY THE LATE 1970s,
CENTRAL AMERICA HAD BECOME

00:11:32.108 --> 00:11:35.778
A BLOODY BATTLEGROUND
OF THE COLD WAR.

00:11:35.861 --> 00:11:38.072
IT BEGAN IN NICARAGUA
WITH THE OVERTHROW

00:11:38.155 --> 00:11:42.159
OF DICTATOR ANASTASIO SOMOZA,

00:11:42.243 --> 00:11:45.663
THEN SPREAD TO GUATEMALA
AND EL SALVADOR

00:11:45.746 --> 00:11:47.331
WHERE CUBAN-BACKED
GUERRILLAS ROSE UP

00:11:47.415 --> 00:11:49.875
AGAINST REPRESSIVE GOVERNMENTS,

00:11:49.959 --> 00:11:52.711
SOME SUPPORTED
BY THE UNITED STATES

00:11:52.795 --> 00:11:56.090
SEEKING TO HALT
COMMUNIST EXPANSION.

00:11:56.173 --> 00:11:59.760
FEAR AND TERROR SPREAD
THROUGHOUT THE REGION...

00:11:59.844 --> 00:12:02.680
[GUNSHOT]

00:12:02.763 --> 00:12:04.515
AND SO IT ARRIVED
IN THE SMALL TOWN

00:12:04.598 --> 00:12:08.644
OF ATASQUEPEQUE
IN RURAL EL SALVADOR.

00:12:08.727 --> 00:12:11.814
HERE CARLOS VAQUERANO,
1 OF 11 CHILDREN RAISED

00:12:11.897 --> 00:12:14.567
BY A WIDOWED MOTHER,
FOUND HIMSELF THRUST

00:12:14.650 --> 00:12:17.820
INTO THE MIDST OF A CIVIL WAR.

00:12:17.903 --> 00:12:19.989
Carlos Vaquerano: I WAS ONLY,
YOU KNOW, 15 WHEN

00:12:20.072 --> 00:12:23.951
THE WAR ACTUALLY STARTED
TO GET WORSE.

00:12:24.034 --> 00:12:28.038
I REMEMBER
WHEN I WAS GOING TO SCHOOL

00:12:28.122 --> 00:12:29.206
THE DEATH SQUADS
AND THE MILITARY

00:12:29.290 --> 00:12:30.291
USED TO COME TO MY TOWN,

00:12:30.374 --> 00:12:33.043
SO WE, YOU KNOW--
THEY--THROUGH THE RUMOR,

00:12:33.127 --> 00:12:35.212
YOU KNOW, "THE DEATH SQUADS
IS COMING TOMORROW,"

00:12:35.296 --> 00:12:40.009
SO ALL THE YOUTH HAD
TO GO OUT AND SLEEP OUTSIDE

00:12:40.092 --> 00:12:42.595
IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
OR HIDE SOMEWHERE ELSE

00:12:42.678 --> 00:12:47.600
BUT NOT STAY IN, YOU KNOW,
AVOIDING THEM TO CAPTURE US.

00:12:47.683 --> 00:12:54.148
SO THAT WAS OUR LIVES, YOU KNOW,
FROM 14, 12, TO 17.

00:12:55.900 --> 00:13:00.905
THE MILITARY CAME AND, YOU KNOW,
TOOK OVER THE HIGH SCHOOL.

00:13:00.988 --> 00:13:04.575
YOU KNOW, IT WAS IN 1978, 1979.

00:13:04.658 --> 00:13:08.662
I LOST MANY FRIENDS
FROM HIGH SCHOOL
AND FROM MY TOWN.

00:13:08.746 --> 00:13:09.914
[GUNSHOTS]

00:13:12.875 --> 00:13:15.920
María Cristina García:
PARAMILITARY SQUADS,
THE SO-CALLED DEATH SQUADS,

00:13:16.003 --> 00:13:18.672
THEY'RE GOING AFTER
NOT JUST THE GUERRILLA GROUPS

00:13:18.756 --> 00:13:20.716
BUT ALL THOSE WHO ARE
BELIEVED TO BE SUPPORTING

00:13:20.799 --> 00:13:24.720
THEM IN SOME WAY,
AND THIS INCLUDES JOURNALISTS,

00:13:24.803 --> 00:13:28.641
AND IT INCLUDES CLERGYMEN
AND STUDENTS

00:13:28.724 --> 00:13:30.601
AND UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS

00:13:30.684 --> 00:13:34.813
AND THOSE WHO ARE
POLITICALLY SUSPECT.

00:13:34.897 --> 00:13:38.692
THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE
ARE DISAPPEARING.

00:13:38.776 --> 00:13:41.612
Vaquerano: IN JULY OF 1980,
MY BROTHER MARCIAL

00:13:41.695 --> 00:13:45.324
WAS KIDNAPPED ALONG
WITH 7 OTHER FRIENDS.

00:13:45.407 --> 00:13:49.078
THEY WERE BRUTALLY KILLED.

00:13:49.161 --> 00:13:51.580
[ROOSTER CROWS]

00:13:53.916 --> 00:13:57.836
SO I WENT TO SEE MY MOM
AT ABOUT 5 A.M.,

00:13:57.920 --> 00:14:01.674
AND EVERYBODY WAS THERE,
A LOT OF PEOPLE, YOU KNOW,

00:14:01.757 --> 00:14:07.513
CONSOLING MY MOM,
AND SO...

00:14:13.269 --> 00:14:14.979
SO I SAID, "MOM, I'M HERE,"

00:14:15.062 --> 00:14:17.856
BECAUSE I KNEW THAT
SHE WAS BEING WORRIED,

00:14:17.940 --> 00:14:21.860
BUT MY MOM TOLD ME,
"SON, YOU HAVE TO LEAVE.

00:14:21.944 --> 00:14:25.239
I DON'T WANT YOU HERE BECAUSE
YOU'RE GOING TO BE NEXT."

00:14:29.201 --> 00:14:31.203
García: EVERY AREA
OF EL SALVADOR IS AFFECTED

00:14:31.287 --> 00:14:35.082
IN SOME WAY
BY THE GROWING VIOLENCE,

00:14:35.165 --> 00:14:37.710
AND THERE IS ENORMOUS FEAR,

00:14:37.793 --> 00:14:41.213
AND THAT FEAR PROPELS
MANY PEOPLE TO LEAVE.

00:14:41.297 --> 00:14:44.550
FIRST, THEY SETTLE TO OTHER
AREAS OF THE COUNTRY WHERE

00:14:44.633 --> 00:14:47.094
THEY FEEL THAT IT
MIGHT BE SAFER,

00:14:47.177 --> 00:14:50.889
BUT AS THE VIOLENCE SPREADS
TO THOSE AREAS,

00:14:50.973 --> 00:14:52.725
THEN PEOPLE PACK UP,
AND THEY MOVE

00:14:52.808 --> 00:14:54.893
TO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES.

00:14:54.977 --> 00:14:59.189
THEY MOVE TO GUATEMALA,
OR THEY MIGHT MOVE TO HONDURAS

00:14:59.273 --> 00:15:01.108
OR COSTA RICA,

00:15:01.191 --> 00:15:02.776
AND IF THEY CAN'T
FIND THE ECONOMIC

00:15:02.860 --> 00:15:05.195
AND POLITICAL SECURITY
THAT THEY SEEK

00:15:05.279 --> 00:15:06.697
IN THOSE NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES,

00:15:06.780 --> 00:15:10.159
THEN THE NEXT LOGICAL STEP IS
TO MOVE FURTHER NORTH.

00:15:12.328 --> 00:15:14.872
Narrator:
THE DEATH TOLL MOUNTED--

00:15:14.955 --> 00:15:20.669
30,000 IN NICARAGUA,
75,000 IN EL SALVADOR,

00:15:20.753 --> 00:15:24.173
140,000 IN GUATEMALA.

00:15:24.256 --> 00:15:27.885
NEARLY A MILLION PEOPLE
FLED FOR THEIR LIVES.

00:15:27.968 --> 00:15:31.055
MANY HEADED
TO THE UNITED STATES.

00:15:31.138 --> 00:15:34.183
Vaquerano: I HAD MIXED FEELINGS
BECAUSE I DIDN'T WANT TO LEAVE,

00:15:34.266 --> 00:15:36.852
BUT AT THE SAME TIME,
I SAW THAT, YOU KNOW,

00:15:36.935 --> 00:15:39.730
THAT WAS THE ONLY WAY.

00:15:39.813 --> 00:15:42.900
Narrator: VAQUERANO
REACHED THE BORDER TOWN
OF TIJUANA, MEXICO,

00:15:42.983 --> 00:15:45.903
WHERE HE MET A COYOTE,
A SMUGGLER WHO WOULD SNEAK HIM

00:15:45.986 --> 00:15:50.658
ACROSS THE BORDER
TO CALIFORNIA FOR A FEE.

00:15:50.741 --> 00:15:54.244
Vaquerano: THE COYOTE
PUT MYSELF AND ANOTHER YOUNG BOY

00:15:54.328 --> 00:15:59.625
FROM GUATEMALA
ON A GMC TRUCK, YOU KNOW,

00:15:59.708 --> 00:16:01.794
INSIDE THE ENGINE.

00:16:01.877 --> 00:16:05.381
SINCE I WAS VERY SMALL,
I WAS ABLE TO FIT.

00:16:05.464 --> 00:16:08.926
MY OTHER FRIEND, HE WAS,
YOU KNOW, PROBABLY
BEING LIKE THAT.

00:16:09.009 --> 00:16:12.763
I WAS, YOU KNOW, LIKE THIS,

00:16:12.846 --> 00:16:16.809
AND THEY TOLD US IT'S GOING
TO TAKE PROBABLY 30 MINUTES

00:16:16.892 --> 00:16:20.562
BECAUSE WE WERE
CROSSING THE BORDER,

00:16:20.646 --> 00:16:23.774
AND WHEN WE REACHED
20 MINUTES, 25,

00:16:23.857 --> 00:16:26.235
WE JUST DIDN'T KNOW WHAT TO DO.

00:16:26.318 --> 00:16:30.698
I WAS READY TO--TO--TO,
YOU KNOW, TO SCREAM

00:16:30.781 --> 00:16:33.117
AND TO SAY SOMETHING,
"I'M HERE, I'M HERE."

00:16:35.369 --> 00:16:37.996
SO IT TOOK ABOUT
40 MINUTES OR SO

00:16:38.080 --> 00:16:40.082
FOR THEM TO CROSS THE BORDER,

00:16:40.165 --> 00:16:44.253
AND WE WERE SO RELIEVED
WHEN THEY LET US FREE.

00:16:45.796 --> 00:16:48.841
Narrator: THE COYOTE THEN TOOK
VAQUERANO AND HIS COMPANION

00:16:48.924 --> 00:16:52.136
TO A SAFE HOUSE
JUST ACROSS THE BORDER.

00:16:52.219 --> 00:16:53.679
Vaquerano: I REMEMBER THAT DAY.

00:16:53.762 --> 00:16:55.597
IT WAS A VERY NICE HOUSE.

00:16:55.681 --> 00:17:00.018
WE WERE ABLE TO SHOWER
AND HAVE A NICE DINNER,

00:17:00.102 --> 00:17:02.730
AND THE FOLLOWING DAY
IN THE EARLY MORNING,

00:17:02.813 --> 00:17:05.524
THEY TOOK US TO McDONALD'S.

00:17:05.607 --> 00:17:08.610
WE HAD THAT
ANTI-U.S. SENTIMENT.

00:17:08.694 --> 00:17:12.030
McDONALD'S WAS THE SYMBOL
OF THE U.S. IMPERIALISM.

00:17:12.114 --> 00:17:14.867
"THIS IS CRAZY.
HOW CAN I BE HERE?

00:17:14.950 --> 00:17:16.201
I DON'T WANT TO EAT THIS,"

00:17:16.285 --> 00:17:18.162
BUT OF COURSE, I MEAN,
I WAS HUNGRY,

00:17:18.245 --> 00:17:21.039
SO I END UP EATING
AT McDONALD'S.

00:17:22.958 --> 00:17:27.880
Narrator: THE NEXT DAY,
VAQUERANO FINALLY MADE IT
TO LOS ANGELES,

00:17:27.963 --> 00:17:30.549
AND HE RECALLED THE WORDS
HIS OLDER BROTHER HAD SPOKEN

00:17:30.632 --> 00:17:35.179
TO HIM JUST BEFORE
HE LEFT EL SALVADOR.

00:17:35.262 --> 00:17:38.766
Vaquerano: HE SAID,
"DON'T FORGET THAT YOU HAVE

00:17:38.849 --> 00:17:40.517
"TO DO SOMETHING
FOR YOUR COUNTRY

00:17:40.601 --> 00:17:42.519
"EVEN IF YOU LEAVE HERE.

00:17:42.603 --> 00:17:44.730
"AND I KNOW THAT THERE IS
PEOPLE THERE THAT ARE

00:17:44.813 --> 00:17:47.900
ALREADY BEING ORGANIZED TO
DO SOMETHING FOR THE COUNTRY."

00:17:47.983 --> 00:17:50.235
I DON'T FORGET THOSE WORDS,

00:17:50.319 --> 00:17:52.029
AND THAT WAS THE LAST TIME
I SAW MY BROTHER

00:17:52.112 --> 00:17:54.281
BECAUSE HE WAS KILLED
THE FOLLOWING YEAR.

00:17:56.033 --> 00:17:58.869
Narrator: AT FIRST, VAQUERANO
HAD A HARD TIME ADJUSTING

00:17:58.952 --> 00:18:01.872
TO HIS NEW LIFE IN LOS ANGELES.

00:18:01.955 --> 00:18:05.083
HE WAS SICK FROM STRESS
AND WORRIED ABOUT HIS FAMILY

00:18:05.167 --> 00:18:07.503
IN EL SALVADOR.

00:18:07.586 --> 00:18:09.838
Vaquerano: I HAD TO
LEARN THE LANGUAGE,

00:18:09.922 --> 00:18:14.092
FIND A JOB BECAUSE I NEEDED
TO HELP MY FAMILY,

00:18:14.176 --> 00:18:20.516
BUT ALSO DO THE KIND
OF SOCIAL JUSTICE WORK
THAT I WANTED TO DO.

00:18:20.599 --> 00:18:24.520
Narrator: BY 1984 VAQUERANO
WAS WORKING FULL TIME,

00:18:24.603 --> 00:18:28.690
HELPING FELLOW CENTRAL AMERICAN
REFUGEES SURVIVE UNDERGROUND

00:18:28.774 --> 00:18:30.150
IN THE UNITED STATES.

00:18:30.234 --> 00:18:33.070
García: DURING THE 1980s IF
ONE CAME FROM CENTRAL AMERICA,

00:18:33.153 --> 00:18:35.656
IT WAS VERY HARD
TO FIND POLITICAL REFUGE,

00:18:35.739 --> 00:18:38.492
TO FIND ASYLUM
IN THE UNITED STATES.

00:18:38.575 --> 00:18:41.203
THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION,
LATER THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION,

00:18:41.286 --> 00:18:45.290
COULDN'T ADMIT THAT THEY WERE
POLITICAL REFUGEES

00:18:45.374 --> 00:18:48.627
BECAUSE TO DO SO WAS
TO ADMIT THAT

00:18:48.710 --> 00:18:50.254
THE COUNTRIES THAT
THEY WERE SUPPORTING

00:18:50.337 --> 00:18:53.173
WITH BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
IN MILITARY AID

00:18:53.257 --> 00:18:55.259
WERE REPRESSING
THEIR OWN CITIZENS,

00:18:55.342 --> 00:18:59.096
THAT THEIR POLICIES
WERE HELPING TO CREATE

00:18:59.179 --> 00:19:03.016
THE VERY CONDITIONS THAT WERE
PRODUCING THIS MIGRATION.

00:19:10.732 --> 00:19:11.984
EVEN THOUGH MOST GUATEMALANS

00:19:12.067 --> 00:19:14.319
AND SALVADORANS WERE
DENIED ASYLUM,

00:19:14.403 --> 00:19:15.946
THE POPULATION
OF CENTRAL AMERICAN

00:19:16.029 --> 00:19:20.450
AND MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS MORE
THAN DOUBLED DURING THE 1980s.

00:19:23.745 --> 00:19:25.956
A NETWORK OF UNDOCUMENTED
IMMIGRANTS WORKING

00:19:26.039 --> 00:19:28.458
AS GARDENERS, DAY LABORERS,

00:19:28.542 --> 00:19:31.461
CLEANING LADIES, COOKS,
AND NANNIES EMERGED

00:19:31.545 --> 00:19:34.923
IN LOS ANGELES,
SAN FRANCISCO, NEW YORK,

00:19:35.007 --> 00:19:37.843
AND THE SUBURBS
OF WASHINGTON, D.C.

00:19:40.012 --> 00:19:41.805
SEEKING TO BRING
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

00:19:41.889 --> 00:19:43.015
UNDER CONTROL
WHILE MAINTAINING

00:19:43.098 --> 00:19:45.684
A STABLE AGRICULTURAL
LABOR FORCE,

00:19:45.767 --> 00:19:52.065
PRESIDENT REAGAN SIGNED
THE IMMIGRATION REFORM
AND CONTROL ACT OF 1986.

00:19:53.567 --> 00:19:58.655
KNOWN AS IRCA, THE ACT
WAS INTENDED TO TOUGHEN
U.S. IMMIGRATION LAW.

00:19:58.739 --> 00:20:01.325
BORDER SECURITY WAS
TO BE ENHANCED,

00:20:01.408 --> 00:20:03.493
AND EMPLOYERS WERE NOW
REQUIRED TO MONITOR

00:20:03.577 --> 00:20:06.830
THE IMMIGRATION STATUS
OF THEIR EMPLOYEES.

00:20:06.914 --> 00:20:10.542
HIRING UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS
WOULD BE A CRIME...

00:20:13.295 --> 00:20:17.215
BUT IRCA ALSO GRANTED AMNESTY
TO NEARLY 3 MILLION IMMIGRANTS,

00:20:17.299 --> 00:20:19.676
MOSTLY MEXICANS,
WHO HAD QUIETLY SLIPPED

00:20:19.760 --> 00:20:24.222
ACROSS THE BORDER
DURING THE 1970s
AND EARLY 1980s.

00:20:24.306 --> 00:20:27.017
I BELIEVE IN THE IDEA
OF AMNESTY

00:20:27.100 --> 00:20:30.062
FOR THOSE WHO HAVE PUT DOWN
ROOTS AND WHO HAVE LIVED HERE

00:20:30.145 --> 00:20:35.859
EVEN THOUGH SOMETIME
BACK THEY MAY HAVE
ENTERED ILLEGALLY.

00:20:35.943 --> 00:20:37.110
WITH REGARD TO THE EMPLOYERS...

00:20:37.194 --> 00:20:38.403
Linda Chávez: I THINK THIS
WAS A VERY EASY THING

00:20:38.487 --> 00:20:39.863
FOR PRESIDENT REAGAN TO DO.

00:20:39.947 --> 00:20:43.200
HE ONCE GAVE ONE
OF HIS RADIO ADDRESSES

00:20:43.283 --> 00:20:48.872
IN WHICH HE REFERRED
TO ILLEGAL ALIENS
AS ANOTHER NAME.

00:20:48.956 --> 00:20:54.920
HE SAID, "AN ILLEGAL ALIEN
IS JUST A WILLING WORKER."

00:20:55.003 --> 00:20:58.882
AND SO HE SIGNED
THE AMNESTY, AND TODAY,

00:20:58.966 --> 00:21:02.469
YOU KNOW, AMNESTY IS
LIKE THE SCARLET "A,"

00:21:02.552 --> 00:21:07.891
SCARLET LETTER THAT DEMOCRATS
FAVOR AND REPUBLICANS ABHOR,

00:21:07.975 --> 00:21:11.061
BUT AT THAT TIME,
IT WAS CONSIDERED, YOU KNOW,

00:21:11.144 --> 00:21:14.022
AS PART OF THE PACKAGE DEAL.

00:21:14.106 --> 00:21:17.109
ENFORCEMENT OF IRCA
WAS AT BEST SPOTTY,

00:21:17.192 --> 00:21:20.988
BUT THE 1986 AMNESTY
DID OPEN THE PATH TO CITIZENSHIP

00:21:21.071 --> 00:21:23.907
FOR UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS
LIVING IN THE U.S.

00:21:23.991 --> 00:21:26.493
PRIOR TO 1982.

00:21:26.576 --> 00:21:29.079
García: MANY CENTRAL AMERICANS
WHO WERE ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE

00:21:29.162 --> 00:21:31.915
OF THIS AMNESTY PROGRAM
AND NORMALIZE THEIR STATUS,

00:21:31.999 --> 00:21:33.583
ESTABLISH PERMANENT RESIDENCY,

00:21:33.667 --> 00:21:36.086
AND BECOME CITIZENS
OF THE UNITED STATES,

00:21:36.169 --> 00:21:39.256
BUT THIS MIGRATION WAS ONGOING.

00:21:39.339 --> 00:21:41.591
THERE WERE TENS
OF THOUSANDS OF SALVADORANS

00:21:41.675 --> 00:21:43.552
AND GUATEMALANS
AND NICARAGUANS

00:21:43.635 --> 00:21:46.930
WHO WERE ARRIVING EVERY MONTH
IN SEARCH OF POLITICAL SAFETY

00:21:47.014 --> 00:21:49.599
AND ALSO ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY,

00:21:49.683 --> 00:21:53.478
AND THEY WERE NOT BENEFICIARIES
OF THIS AMNESTY PROGRAM.

00:21:56.815 --> 00:22:00.694
Narrator: IN 1992, A SERIES
OF PEACE AGREEMENTS FINALLY

00:22:00.777 --> 00:22:05.073
ENDED THE BLOODSHED
IN EL SALVADOR.

00:22:05.157 --> 00:22:09.953
BY NOW, CARLOS VAQUERANO
HAD BECOME A U.S. CITIZEN.

00:22:10.037 --> 00:22:11.371
Vaquerano: I DECIDED
TO STAY IN THE U.S.

00:22:11.455 --> 00:22:13.790
PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF MY MOM.

00:22:13.874 --> 00:22:15.751
MY MOM SAID, "YOU GOT
TO STAY IN THE U.S.

00:22:15.834 --> 00:22:19.171
I NEED YOU THERE
BECAUSE OTHERWISE
YOU'RE GONNA BE KILLED."

00:22:19.254 --> 00:22:20.630
AND IT WAS TRUE, YOU KNOW.

00:22:20.714 --> 00:22:23.133
ALTHOUGH THE WAR ENDED IN 1992,

00:22:23.216 --> 00:22:26.553
I THOUGHT THAT I COULD
DO MORE BEING HERE.

00:22:33.977 --> 00:22:36.980
[MIAMI SOUND MACHINE'S
"CONGA" PLAYING]

00:22:37.064 --> 00:22:40.150
Narrator: BY THE EARLY 1990s,
THE UNITED STATES WAS HOME

00:22:40.233 --> 00:22:42.861
TO OVER 22 MILLION
CENTRAL AMERICANS,

00:22:42.944 --> 00:22:45.781
MEXICANS, AND CARIBBEANS.

00:22:45.864 --> 00:22:48.075
LATINOS WERE EMERGING
AS A VITAL FORCE

00:22:48.158 --> 00:22:49.659
IN AMERICAN CULTURE.

00:22:49.743 --> 00:22:53.080
Announcer: DE LA HOYA CARRYING
AMERICAN AND MEXICAN FLAGS.

00:22:53.163 --> 00:23:00.879
Narrator: IN SPORTS,
BUSINESS, POLITICS,

00:23:00.962 --> 00:23:03.715
AS WELL AS MUSIC
AND ENTERTAINMENT.

00:23:03.799 --> 00:23:05.467
Gloria Estefan: EVERY ARTICLE
YOU WOULD READ, I THINK,

00:23:05.550 --> 00:23:08.970
AT THAT TIME SHOWED
SOMETHING SEXY, HOT, COOL

00:23:09.054 --> 00:23:11.014
ABOUT BEING LATINO.

00:23:11.098 --> 00:23:15.143
YOU WOULD SEE SHOOTS
THAT HAD THE CUBAN FEEL,
THE LATIN FEEL.

00:23:15.227 --> 00:23:17.145
HOLLYWOOD WAS FOCUSING ON IT.

00:23:17.229 --> 00:23:18.897
ALL OF A SUDDEN,
WE'RE PLAYING THE SUPER BOWL,

00:23:18.980 --> 00:23:23.068
THE SUPER BOWL,
THE MOST AMERICAN
OF PLACES TO BE.

00:23:23.151 --> 00:23:27.656
[CHEERING AND APPLAUSE]

00:23:27.739 --> 00:23:29.741
Narrator:
GLORIA ESTEFAN CAME TO MIAMI

00:23:29.825 --> 00:23:32.202
WITH HER PARENTS IN 1959,

00:23:32.285 --> 00:23:38.125
PART OF THE FIRST WAVE
OF SOMETIMES UNWELCOME
CUBAN EXILES.

00:23:38.208 --> 00:23:40.919
Estefan: I ACTUALLY REMEMBER
MY MOM WALKING UP TO A PLACE

00:23:41.002 --> 00:23:43.922
THAT SAID, "NO CHILDREN,
NO PETS, NO CUBANS."

00:23:44.005 --> 00:23:48.260
THAT WAS--SHE TURNED AROUND.

00:23:48.343 --> 00:23:50.554
THE FIRST MUSIC
I SANG EVER IN MY LIFE WAS

00:23:50.637 --> 00:23:53.765
IN SPANISH
FOR MY MOM, MY GRANDMA.

00:23:53.849 --> 00:23:55.642
IT WAS OLD CUBAN MUSIC,

00:23:55.725 --> 00:23:58.186
OLD LIKE MY GRANDMA'S TIME,

00:23:58.270 --> 00:24:00.105
AND THEN THE SONGS THAT
I SANG IN HIGH SCHOOL

00:24:00.188 --> 00:24:05.485
FOR MY FRIENDS--CAROLE KING,
JAMES TAYLOR, ELTON JOHN--

00:24:05.569 --> 00:24:06.945
THESE WERE THE PEOPLE
THAT WERE INFLUENCING ME,

00:24:07.028 --> 00:24:10.532
SO GROWING UP IN THE STATES
WITH POP MUSIC AND HAVING

00:24:10.615 --> 00:24:14.244
MY CUBAN CULTURE,
IT WAS VERY EASY TO BLEND IT.

00:24:14.327 --> 00:24:18.206
[PLAYING "CONGA"]

00:24:18.290 --> 00:24:20.876
Narrator: OUT OF THAT FUSION
CAME THE HIT SONG THAT LAUNCHED

00:24:20.959 --> 00:24:23.086
THE LATIN EXPLOSION "CONGA."

00:24:23.170 --> 00:24:25.088
♪ FEEL THE RHYTHM
OF THE MUSIC GETTING STRONGER ♪

00:24:25.172 --> 00:24:28.341
♪ DON'T YOU FIGHT IT TILL YOU
TRY TO DO THAT CONGA BEAT ♪

00:24:31.845 --> 00:24:33.889
Narrator: LATIN MUSIC
AND LATIN STYLE

00:24:33.972 --> 00:24:37.184
HAD CROSSED OVER
INTO MAINSTREAM
AMERICAN CULTURE.

00:24:37.267 --> 00:24:40.270
Estefan: YOU SAW
ENRIQUE IGLESIAS TAKING OFF,

00:24:40.353 --> 00:24:42.272
YOU SAW J. LO'S SUCCESS.

00:24:42.355 --> 00:24:44.149
MARC ANTHONY HAD A BIG HIT.

00:24:44.232 --> 00:24:45.984
♪ HERE WE GO ♪

00:24:46.067 --> 00:24:47.777
♪ ALE, ALE, ALE ♪

00:24:47.861 --> 00:24:50.155
Narrator: RICKY MARTIN'S FIRST
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ALBUM

00:24:50.238 --> 00:24:53.325
WOULD SELL OVER
22 MILLION COPIES.

00:24:53.408 --> 00:24:55.285
Estefan: IT'S WONDERFUL
WHEN THE PENDULUM IS SWINGING

00:24:55.368 --> 00:24:59.164
YOUR WAY AND YOU CAN
GRAB ONTO IT AND RUN.

00:24:59.247 --> 00:25:01.583
IT WAS EXCITING TO SHOW
THE PUBLIC THAT

00:25:01.666 --> 00:25:04.794
THE LATIN SOUND, THE LATIN FEEL,
THE LATIN MOVEMENT HAD POWER

00:25:04.878 --> 00:25:07.839
AND THAT YOU COULD PROMOTE
YOUR CULTURE THAT WAY.

00:25:07.923 --> 00:25:10.842
I THINK ULTIMATELY,
FOR ANY ARTIST,

00:25:10.926 --> 00:25:13.929
THE MOST BEAUTIFUL THING IS
TO PROMOTE YOUR CULTURE...

00:25:14.012 --> 00:25:16.514
♪ OH, EH, OH, EH ♪

00:25:16.598 --> 00:25:19.935
BECAUSE YOU DO KIND OF STAND
FOR MORE THAN JUST YOU.

00:25:20.018 --> 00:25:22.187
Audience: ♪ OH, EH, OHH, AHH ♪

00:25:22.270 --> 00:25:24.147
♪ OH, EH, OH, EH ♪

00:25:24.231 --> 00:25:26.274
Audience: ♪ OH, EH, OH, EH ♪

00:25:26.358 --> 00:25:28.026
Estefan: ♪ OH, EH, OHH, AHH ♪

00:25:28.109 --> 00:25:29.694
María Elena Salinas:
LATINOS BEGAN TO FEEL PROUD

00:25:29.778 --> 00:25:32.197
OF THEIR CULTURAL HERITAGE.

00:25:32.280 --> 00:25:34.032
SUDDENLY IT WAS COOL
TO BE LATINO.

00:25:34.115 --> 00:25:35.867
Announcer:
"NOTICIERO UNIVISION"

00:25:35.951 --> 00:25:39.704
CON JORGE RAMOS
Y MARÍA SALINAS.

00:25:39.788 --> 00:25:42.832
Narrator: SINCE 1988,
MARÍA ELENA SALINAS

00:25:42.916 --> 00:25:46.086
HAS CO-ANCHORED
THE EVENING NEWS FOR UNIVISION,

00:25:46.169 --> 00:25:50.048
THE LARGEST SPANISH LANGUAGE
NETWORK IN THE U.S. MARKET.

00:25:52.259 --> 00:25:54.719
BORN IN LOS ANGELES
TO MEXICAN PARENTS,

00:25:54.803 --> 00:25:58.265
SALINAS IS THE EMBODIMENT
OF THE AMERICAN DREAM.

00:26:00.141 --> 00:26:03.645
I GREW UP
IN A LOW-INCOME FAMILY

00:26:03.728 --> 00:26:07.565
IN WHICH I HAD TO START WORKING
WHEN I WAS 14 YEARS OLD

00:26:07.649 --> 00:26:10.694
TO HELP MY PARENTS
MAKE ENDS MEET,

00:26:10.777 --> 00:26:13.613
TO PAY THE RENT,
TO PAY MY PRIVATE SCHOOL,

00:26:13.697 --> 00:26:16.074
TO PAY MY CLOTHES,
TO PAY MY THINGS.

00:26:16.157 --> 00:26:19.577
Narrator: SHE BEGAN HER CAREER
AS A REPORTER IN 1981

00:26:19.661 --> 00:26:22.831
AT KMEX-TV IN LOS ANGELES.

00:26:22.914 --> 00:26:24.624
Salinas, VOICE-OVER:
I WAS VERY YOUNG.

00:26:24.708 --> 00:26:26.668
SPANISH LANGUAGE
MEDIA WAS VERY YOUNG.

00:26:26.751 --> 00:26:28.920
THE HISPANIC COMMUNITY
WAS VERY YOUNG.

00:26:29.004 --> 00:26:32.632
AT THAT TIME, THERE WAS
ONLY A HANDFUL OF STATIONS,

00:26:32.716 --> 00:26:35.760
AND REALLY
VERY FEW PEOPLE BELIEVED

00:26:35.844 --> 00:26:37.053
IN SPANISH LANGUAGE MEDIA.

00:26:37.137 --> 00:26:39.889
[SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:26:39.973 --> 00:26:42.684
[SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:26:42.767 --> 00:26:43.685
[SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:26:43.768 --> 00:26:45.103
Narrator:
IN THE COURSE OF HER CAREER,

00:26:45.186 --> 00:26:49.899
SALINAS WOULD COVER ALL
THE MAJOR STORIES OF THE DAY.

00:26:49.983 --> 00:26:51.276
HELLO, GOVERNOR.
HOW ARE YOU?

00:26:51.359 --> 00:26:52.444
FINE THANK YOU.
NICE TO MEET YOU.

00:26:52.527 --> 00:26:53.361
MARÍA SALINAS.

00:26:53.445 --> 00:26:54.738
NICE TO SEE
YOU, MARÍA.

00:26:54.821 --> 00:26:57.032
Narrator: IN 1994,
SALINAS INTERVIEWED

00:26:57.115 --> 00:27:00.118
CALIFORNIA'S REPUBLICAN
GOVERNOR PETE WILSON,

00:27:00.201 --> 00:27:01.578
WHOSE RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN

00:27:01.661 --> 00:27:03.747
TARGETED
UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS.

00:27:03.830 --> 00:27:06.124
FOR CALIFORNIANS
WHO WORK HARD, PAY TAXES,

00:27:06.207 --> 00:27:08.460
AND OBEY THE LAWS,
I'M SUING TO FORCE

00:27:08.543 --> 00:27:10.879
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
TO CONTROL THE BORDER,

00:27:10.962 --> 00:27:13.089
AND I'M WORKING TO
DENY STATE SERVICES

00:27:13.173 --> 00:27:14.215
TO ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS.

00:27:14.299 --> 00:27:16.051
ENOUGH IS ENOUGH!

00:27:16.134 --> 00:27:17.719
Announcer: GOVERNOR PETE WILSON.

00:27:17.802 --> 00:27:20.513
Salinas; AT SOME POINT,
PETE WILSON'S GRANDPARENTS

00:27:20.597 --> 00:27:22.015
OR GREAT-GRANDPARENTS
WERE EITHER IMMIGRANTS

00:27:22.098 --> 00:27:24.601
OR COME
FROM AN IMMIGRANT FAMILY.

00:27:24.684 --> 00:27:26.978
I REMEMBER ASKING HIM
HOW HIS GRANDPARENTS

00:27:27.062 --> 00:27:29.105
OR GREAT-GRANDPARENTS
WOULD FEEL

00:27:29.189 --> 00:27:33.026
WHEN THEY HEAR HIM BLAMING
WHAT HE CALLED

00:27:33.109 --> 00:27:35.987
THESE ILLEGAL ALIENS
FOR THE BREAKDOWN

00:27:36.071 --> 00:27:38.281
IN THE ECONOMY,
BREAKDOWN IN THE CULTURE.

00:27:38.365 --> 00:27:39.657
Announcer: THEY KEEP COMING...

00:27:39.741 --> 00:27:42.118
2 MILLION ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
IN CALIFORNIA.

00:27:42.202 --> 00:27:44.996
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
WON'T STOP THEM AT THE BORDER,

00:27:45.080 --> 00:27:47.082
YET REQUIRES US
TO PAY BILLIONS

00:27:47.165 --> 00:27:48.291
TO TAKE CARE OF THEM.

00:27:48.375 --> 00:27:49.876
Salinas: IT WAS
THE FIRST TIME WE SAW

00:27:49.959 --> 00:27:51.086
SOMETHING SO DIRECT,

00:27:51.169 --> 00:27:55.006
THE FIRST TIME WE SAW IMAGES
OF IMMIGRANTS RUNNING,

00:27:55.090 --> 00:27:57.050
CROSSING THE BORDER.

00:27:57.133 --> 00:28:01.554
IT WAS THE UGLY FACE
OF IMMIGRATION.

00:28:01.638 --> 00:28:04.808
Eliseo Medina: AND IT WAS
A STRAIGHT OUT RACIST MESSAGE

00:28:04.891 --> 00:28:07.852
THAT WAS IN SERVICE
OF A RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN

00:28:07.936 --> 00:28:10.980
AND WHAT CREATED HUGE
DIVISIVENESS

00:28:11.064 --> 00:28:12.690
IN THE COMMUNITY.

00:28:12.774 --> 00:28:15.860
WE ARE GONNA
TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA.

00:28:15.944 --> 00:28:19.489
Narrator: WILSON THREW HIS
WEIGHT BEHIND PROPOSITION 187,

00:28:19.572 --> 00:28:22.617
A CALIFORNIA BALLOT INITIATIVE
THAT WOULD SEVERELY RESTRICT

00:28:22.700 --> 00:28:25.120
HEALTH CARE
AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SERVICES

00:28:25.203 --> 00:28:28.998
FOR THE UNDOCUMENTED.

00:28:29.082 --> 00:28:30.667
Mark Krikorian:
CALIFORNIA SCHOOLS WERE DEALING

00:28:30.750 --> 00:28:32.961
WITH VERY LARGE NUMBERS
OF KIDS WHO EITHER WERE

00:28:33.044 --> 00:28:36.923
THEMSELVES ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
OR THE CHILDREN BORN HERE

00:28:37.006 --> 00:28:39.551
OF RECENT ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS.

00:28:39.634 --> 00:28:43.847
A LOT OF HOSPITALS CLOSED
THEIR EMERGENCY ROOMS

00:28:43.930 --> 00:28:47.100
BECAUSE LARGE NUMBERS
OF POOR IMMIGRANTS WERE USING

00:28:47.183 --> 00:28:50.728
THOSE AS THEIR MEDICAL CARE.

00:28:50.812 --> 00:28:54.732
YOU CAN'T HAVE AN ONGOING
LARGE FLOW OF PEOPLE

00:28:54.816 --> 00:28:57.902
WHO ARE GOING TO BE IN THAT
SITUATION AND KEEP THAT UP.

00:28:57.986 --> 00:29:01.114
IT'S JUST NOT SUSTAINABLE.

00:29:01.197 --> 00:29:06.035
Narrator: THE PROPOSITION PASSED
WITH 59% OF THE VOTE.

00:29:06.119 --> 00:29:08.997
Krikorian: PEOPLE BASICALLY
VOTED FOR PROP 187

00:29:09.080 --> 00:29:12.667
TO DELIVER 2x4 TO THE HEAD
OF THE POLITICIANS,

00:29:12.750 --> 00:29:14.043
TO TELL THEM "WAKE UP.

00:29:14.127 --> 00:29:17.714
WE WANT SOMETHING
DONE ABOUT THIS."

00:29:17.797 --> 00:29:19.716
Medina: WE WERE DISCOURAGED
THAT THE VOTERS

00:29:19.799 --> 00:29:22.260
WOULD HAVE SUPPORTED
THIS PROPOSITION,

00:29:22.343 --> 00:29:25.096
BUT THE FACT IS THEY HAD,

00:29:25.180 --> 00:29:28.892
AND IF WE KEPT QUIET,
IF WE GAVE UP,

00:29:28.975 --> 00:29:31.227
THEN LIFE WOULD BE WORSE
FOR OUR PEOPLE,

00:29:31.311 --> 00:29:34.522
WOULD BE WORSE FOR OUR CHILDREN
AND EVERYBODY ELSE.

00:29:34.606 --> 00:29:37.233
SO WE BEGAN TO REACH OUT
TO OTHER COMMUNITY GROUPS

00:29:37.317 --> 00:29:39.777
AND ORGANIZATIONS AND UNIONS
THAT REPRESENTED

00:29:39.861 --> 00:29:42.405
IMMIGRANT WORKERS
LIKE OURSELVES.

00:29:42.489 --> 00:29:45.867
Narrator: ELISEO MEDINA BEGAN
HIS CAREER AS A LABOR ORGANIZER

00:29:45.950 --> 00:29:48.995
AT AGE 19 WHEN HE JOINED
THE UNITED FARM WORKERS

00:29:49.078 --> 00:29:52.081
GRAPE STRIKE
IN DELANO, CALIFORNIA.

00:29:52.165 --> 00:29:54.918
OVER THE NEXT 13 YEARS,
HE HONED HIS SKILLS

00:29:55.001 --> 00:29:59.631
ALONGSIDE LABOR LEADERS
CESAR CHAVEZ AND DOLORES HUERTA.

00:29:59.714 --> 00:30:01.257
MEDINA WOULD EVENTUALLY
BECOME THE FIRST

00:30:01.341 --> 00:30:03.801
MEXICAN-AMERICAN VICE PRESIDENT

00:30:03.885 --> 00:30:06.888
OF THE SERVICE EMPLOYEES
INTERNATIONAL UNION.

00:30:06.971 --> 00:30:09.098
Medina: IT GOES BACK
TO THE FARM WORKERS' DAYS.

00:30:09.182 --> 00:30:11.476
WE KNEW THAT
IF WE WERE GONNA WIN

00:30:11.559 --> 00:30:15.897
ON THIS IMMIGRATION DEBATE THAT
WE NEEDED TO FIGHT BACK,

00:30:15.980 --> 00:30:20.235
SO WE FILED LAWSUITS TO
CHALLENGE THE CONSTITUTIONALITY

00:30:20.318 --> 00:30:22.862
OF PROPOSITION 187.

00:30:25.907 --> 00:30:27.534
Narrator:
OVER THE ENSUING MONTHS,

00:30:27.617 --> 00:30:32.872
ONLY A FEW PROVISIONS
OF PROPOSITION 187
WERE ENFORCED,

00:30:32.956 --> 00:30:37.085
AND IN 1996, THE LAW WAS RULED
UNCONSTITUTIONAL

00:30:37.168 --> 00:30:39.295
ON THE GROUNDS THAT ONLY
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

00:30:39.379 --> 00:30:42.966
HAS THE AUTHORITY TO
REGULATE IMMIGRATION,

00:30:43.049 --> 00:30:46.344
BUT FOR HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
OF UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS,

00:30:46.427 --> 00:30:49.138
AN ALARM HAD BEEN SOUNDED.

00:30:49.222 --> 00:30:51.266
Medina: THERE WAS
A LOT OF FEAR FOR PEOPLE

00:30:51.349 --> 00:30:53.685
ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING
TO HAPPEN TO THEM,

00:30:53.768 --> 00:30:55.728
WHAT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN
TO THEIR FAMILIES,

00:30:55.812 --> 00:30:57.272
PARTICULARLY
IF YOU WERE UNDOCUMENTED

00:30:57.355 --> 00:31:00.692
AND YOU HAD
AMERICAN-BORN CHILDREN.

00:31:00.775 --> 00:31:02.777
IF YOU GOT ARRESTED
AND DEPORTED,

00:31:02.860 --> 00:31:05.905
YOUR CHILDREN ARE
LEFT BEHIND, HELPLESS.

00:31:05.989 --> 00:31:08.825
[INDISTINCT CHATTER]

00:31:08.908 --> 00:31:11.244
Narrator: STILL, THE FLOW
OF IMMIGRANTS,

00:31:11.327 --> 00:31:15.290
ESPECIALLY
FROM MEXICO, INCREASED,

00:31:15.373 --> 00:31:18.876
FEEDING THE DEMANDS
OF THE BOOMING U.S. ECONOMY.

00:31:20.878 --> 00:31:22.255
IMMIGRATION AGENTS
WERE APPREHENDING

00:31:22.338 --> 00:31:25.800
NEARLY 10,000
UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS A WEEK

00:31:25.883 --> 00:31:28.094
AT THE MEXICAN BORDER

00:31:28.177 --> 00:31:33.099
AND IN RAIDS OF HOMES
AND WORKPLACES.

00:31:33.182 --> 00:31:36.144
Salinas: THERE SEEMED TO
BE IN MAINSTREAM AMERICA

00:31:36.227 --> 00:31:38.646
A SENTIMENT OF THREAT.

00:31:38.730 --> 00:31:39.814
"WHO ARE THESE PEOPLE?

00:31:39.897 --> 00:31:43.109
"WHAT--THEY'RE
INVADING OUR COUNTRY.

00:31:43.192 --> 00:31:45.695
THEY ARE A THREAT TO
OUR WAY OF LIFE."

00:31:45.778 --> 00:31:49.073
Narrator: BY 2004,
ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT REACHED

00:31:49.157 --> 00:31:50.241
A TIPPING POINT.

00:31:50.325 --> 00:31:51.618
Brian Williams: AT LEAST
ONE PERSON WAS INJURED

00:31:51.701 --> 00:31:53.661
IN A CONFRONTATION
OVER EXTENDING BENEFITS

00:31:53.745 --> 00:31:55.038
TO ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS.

00:31:55.121 --> 00:31:58.625
Narrator: DISTURBANCES
BROKE OUT ACROSS THE COUNTRY,

00:31:58.708 --> 00:32:01.044
AND IN BORDER STATES
SUCH AS ARIZONA,

00:32:01.127 --> 00:32:04.339
SOME BEGAN TO TAKE MATTERS
INTO THEIR OWN HANDS.

00:32:04.422 --> 00:32:06.424
Male reporter:
ABOUT 400 VOLUNTEERS THIS MONTH

00:32:06.507 --> 00:32:09.052
ARE EXPECTED TO JOIN
THE SO-CALLED MINUTEMEN,

00:32:09.135 --> 00:32:11.512
CITIZENS FRUSTRATED
WITH WHAT THEY CLAIM

00:32:11.596 --> 00:32:15.016
IS A FAILURE TO PROTECT
AND CONTROL U.S. BORDERS.

00:32:15.099 --> 00:32:16.893
Chris Simcox: THE GOVERNMENT
IS NOT DOING ITS JOB.

00:32:16.976 --> 00:32:20.563
WE ARE THE GOVERNMENT,
SO WE WILL TAKE UP THE SLACK,

00:32:20.647 --> 00:32:24.108
AND WE WILL ASSIST THEM
IN DOING THEIR JOB.

00:32:24.192 --> 00:32:26.944
Narrator: FORMER KINDERGARTEN
TEACHER CHRIS SIMCOX

00:32:27.028 --> 00:32:32.241
ORGANIZED A MILITIA CALLED
THE MINUTEMAN PROJECT.

00:32:32.325 --> 00:32:37.246
IN APRIL 2005, THEY BEGAN
PATROLLING THE BORDER.

00:32:37.330 --> 00:32:39.123
VOLUNTEERS SITTING
IN LAWN CHAIRS

00:32:39.207 --> 00:32:41.918
WITH BINOCULARS,
MANY OF THEM ARMED,

00:32:42.001 --> 00:32:44.128
WOULD REPORT UNAUTHORIZED
BORDER CROSSINGS

00:32:44.212 --> 00:32:48.716
OR OTHER ILLEGAL ACTIVITY
TO THE U.S. BORDER PATROL.

00:32:48.800 --> 00:32:52.053
YOU CAN SEE A GROUP'S
COME THROUGH HERE RECENTLY.

00:32:52.136 --> 00:32:54.639
Simcox, voice-over: I'VE GOT
NOTHING AGAINST IMMIGRANTS.

00:32:54.722 --> 00:32:58.142
AS LONG AS YOU COME IN LEGALLY,
YOU'RE WELCOME.

00:32:58.226 --> 00:33:00.103
THIS IS WHAT ALL AMERICANS
SHOULD BE DOING.

00:33:00.186 --> 00:33:02.605
THEY ALL SHOULD BE DRIVING
DOWN HERE AND TELLING

00:33:02.689 --> 00:33:04.732
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
THAT THIS IS INTOLERABLE

00:33:04.816 --> 00:33:06.734
AND ENOUGH IS ENOUGH.

00:33:06.818 --> 00:33:09.654
THESE PEOPLE ARE COMING
AND JUST SPITTING
ON OUR CITIZENSHIP,

00:33:09.737 --> 00:33:13.574
JUST TRAMPLING ON IT,
CHEAPENING IT.

00:33:13.658 --> 00:33:16.744
Chávez: THOSE PEOPLE ARE HERE
BECAUSE WE HAVE JOBS

00:33:16.828 --> 00:33:20.957
IN THE UNITED STATES
THAT AMERICANS SHUN.

00:33:21.040 --> 00:33:22.625
THEY'RE JOBS PICKING OUR CROPS.

00:33:22.709 --> 00:33:24.711
THEY'RE WORKING
IN OUR MEAT INDUSTRY,

00:33:24.794 --> 00:33:26.921
IN OUR POULTRY INDUSTRY.

00:33:27.004 --> 00:33:28.005
THEY'RE CLEANING
OUR BUILDINGS,

00:33:28.089 --> 00:33:29.340
THEY'RE TAKING CARE
OF OUR BABIES,

00:33:29.424 --> 00:33:31.217
THEY'RE WAITING TABLES.

00:33:31.300 --> 00:33:34.303
THESE ARE JOBS THAT NEED DOING

00:33:34.387 --> 00:33:38.099
AND THAT THESE IMMIGRANTS
ARE WILLING TO TAKE

00:33:38.182 --> 00:33:40.601
WHEN AMERICANS AREN'T.

00:33:40.685 --> 00:33:43.146
Krikorian: EVEN IF
YOU WERE OF THE BELIEF

00:33:43.229 --> 00:33:46.065
THAT THERE WERE JOBS
AMERICANS WOULDN'T DO

00:33:46.149 --> 00:33:48.109
AND WE NEEDED
FOREIGN LABOR TO MOW OUR LAWNS

00:33:48.192 --> 00:33:52.029
AND, YOU KNOW, COOK OUR FOOD
AND WASH OUR DISHES,

00:33:52.113 --> 00:33:56.576
IT DOESN'T EXCUSE
MASS VIOLATION OF THE LAW.

00:33:57.952 --> 00:34:00.913
Narrator: BY THE END OF 2005,
ANTI-IMMIGRANT RHETORIC

00:34:00.997 --> 00:34:04.125
TURNED INTO LEGISLATION WHEN
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

00:34:04.208 --> 00:34:09.797
PASSED A FAR-REACHING BILL,
H.R. 4437, INTRODUCED

00:34:09.881 --> 00:34:13.301
BY CONGRESSMAN
JIM SENSENBRENNER OF WISCONSIN.

00:34:13.384 --> 00:34:14.886
Sensenbrenner:
WE'VE GOT TO GET CONTROL

00:34:14.969 --> 00:34:16.345
OF OUR BORDERS
BECAUSE IF WE DON'T

00:34:16.429 --> 00:34:19.140
WE'RE GONNA SEE
OUR ECONOMY COLLAPSE.

00:34:19.223 --> 00:34:20.349
THEY'LL FLOOD OUR SCHOOLS.

00:34:20.433 --> 00:34:22.602
OUR HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
WILL COLLAPSE,

00:34:22.685 --> 00:34:27.523
AND OUR SOCIAL SERVICES SYSTEM
WILL END UP BEING OVERTAXED.

00:34:27.607 --> 00:34:31.944
IF THE SENATE WENT ALONG,
12 MILLION UNDOCUMENTED
LATINO IMMIGRANTS

00:34:32.028 --> 00:34:36.240
WOULD BE GIVEN A BLANKET TITLE--
THEY WOULD ALL BE FELONS.

00:34:36.324 --> 00:34:37.992
Medina: THE SENSENBRENNER
AMENDMENT CLEARLY

00:34:38.076 --> 00:34:40.995
ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL
WOULD HAVE CRIMINALIZED

00:34:41.078 --> 00:34:42.330
MILLIONS OF LATINOS.

00:34:42.413 --> 00:34:46.375
IT WOULD HAVE CRIMINALIZED
THE GOOD SAMARITAN.

00:34:46.459 --> 00:34:49.212
THAT MEANS THAT
WHOMEVER WOULD HELP
AN UNDOCUMENTED WORKER

00:34:49.295 --> 00:34:51.005
WOULD BE GUILTY OF A CRIME.

00:34:51.088 --> 00:34:53.257
[CHANTING, "SÍ SE PUEDE"]

00:34:55.927 --> 00:34:59.263
Medina: WHEN THAT AMENDMENT GOT
INTRODUCED IN THE U.S. CONGRESS,

00:34:59.347 --> 00:35:04.268
WE ALL ROSE TOGETHER
AND STARTED FIGHTING AGAINST IT.

00:35:04.352 --> 00:35:06.687
THERE WAS SOMETHING
IN THAT COMMUNITY

00:35:06.771 --> 00:35:08.356
THAT FINALLY SAID,
"WE'VE HAD ENOUGH."

00:35:08.439 --> 00:35:10.650
[CHANTING, "SÍ SE PUEDE"]

00:35:10.733 --> 00:35:12.735
Salinas: WHAT WE HAD BEEN
CALLING THE SLEEPING GIANT

00:35:12.819 --> 00:35:17.865
FOR MANY YEARS
AT THAT MOMENT WOKE UP.

00:35:17.949 --> 00:35:19.617
Narrator:
THE PROTESTS OF 2006 ECHOED

00:35:19.700 --> 00:35:24.872
THE CIVIL RIGHTS
MARCHES OF THE 1960s.

00:35:24.956 --> 00:35:27.250
IN THE WEEKS THAT FOLLOWED,
MARCHERS TURNED OUT

00:35:27.333 --> 00:35:30.253
IN CITIES ACROSS THE NATION
FROM PORTLAND, OREGON,

00:35:30.336 --> 00:35:34.882
TO OMAHA, NEW YORK, AND BOSTON.

00:35:34.966 --> 00:35:36.217
SOME OF THE LARGEST
DEMONSTRATIONS WERE

00:35:36.300 --> 00:35:40.930
IN CHICAGO, LOS ANGELES,
AND WASHINGTON, D.C...

00:35:41.013 --> 00:35:42.974
[SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:35:43.057 --> 00:35:48.104
Narrator: WHERE NEARLY 500,000
RALLIED IN EACH CITY.

00:35:48.187 --> 00:35:50.857
Vaquerano: THAT DAY
WAS VERY HISTORICAL.

00:35:50.940 --> 00:35:53.651
I WENT WITH A GROUP
OF STUDENTS AND PARENTS

00:35:53.734 --> 00:35:54.861
BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT WE DO.

00:35:54.944 --> 00:35:57.280
WE ORGANIZE PARENTS,
WE ORGANIZE THE DREAMERS,

00:35:57.363 --> 00:35:59.782
YOU KNOW, UNDOCUMENTED
STUDENTS WHO ARE FIGHTING

00:35:59.866 --> 00:36:03.786
TO BE RECOGNIZED
AND TO GET LEGAL RESIDENCY.

00:36:03.870 --> 00:36:05.163
Medina: THE WHOLE RAINBOW
OF IMMIGRANTS

00:36:05.246 --> 00:36:07.290
FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD
WERE OUT MARCHING

00:36:07.373 --> 00:36:12.170
WITH ONE VERY SIMPLE MESSAGE--
"WE ARE NOT CRIMINALS.

00:36:12.253 --> 00:36:15.673
WE DESERVE RESPECT."

00:36:15.756 --> 00:36:20.678
Salinas: IF BEFORE IT WAS ONLY
UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS SORT
OF LIKE MAYBE COMPLAINING

00:36:20.761 --> 00:36:24.265
AND SOME SMALL ADVOCACY
GROUPS DEFENDING THEIR RIGHTS,

00:36:24.348 --> 00:36:27.184
I THINK THAT THAT
WAS ONE OF THE TURNING POINTS

00:36:27.268 --> 00:36:30.521
WHERE THE LATINO COMMUNITY
AS A WHOLE FELT THREATENED,

00:36:30.605 --> 00:36:35.151
AND THEY KNEW THAT
THEY HAD THE POWER TO
DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT.

00:36:35.234 --> 00:36:38.863
Medina: AND HIDDEN IN THERE
WAS A MESSAGE THAT SAID,

00:36:38.946 --> 00:36:42.325
"TODAY WE MARCH.
TOMORROW WE VOTE."

00:36:44.076 --> 00:36:47.246
H.R. 4437,
THE SENSENBRENNER BILL,

00:36:47.330 --> 00:36:49.123
DIED IN THE SENATE.

00:36:49.206 --> 00:36:53.169
THE MASSIVE RESPONSE HAD WORKED,

00:36:53.252 --> 00:36:56.964
BUT WITH NO NEW COMPREHENSIVE
FEDERAL IMMIGRATION POLICY

00:36:57.048 --> 00:37:00.009
AND ONLY HAPHAZARD ENFORCEMENT
OF EXISTING LAWS,

00:37:00.092 --> 00:37:03.221
SOME STATES ACTED ON THEIR OWN.

00:37:03.304 --> 00:37:07.183
IN APRIL 2010,
GOVERNOR JAN BREWER OF ARIZONA

00:37:07.266 --> 00:37:10.895
SIGNED THE BROADEST AND TOUGHEST
ANTI-ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT LAW

00:37:10.978 --> 00:37:13.981
IN U.S. HISTORY.

00:37:14.065 --> 00:37:17.193
KNOWN AS S.B. 1070,
IT CRACKED DOWN ON ANYONE

00:37:17.276 --> 00:37:20.237
HARBORING OR HIRING
UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS

00:37:20.321 --> 00:37:23.783
AND GAVE LOCAL POLICE
UNPRECEDENTED POWERS.

00:37:23.866 --> 00:37:25.910
Male reporter: THE LAW WOULD
ALLOW LOCAL POLICE TO QUESTION

00:37:25.993 --> 00:37:29.622
AND POTENTIALLY ARREST
ANY PERSON THEY THINK
IS HERE ILLEGALLY,

00:37:29.705 --> 00:37:32.667
EVEN ON ROUTINE TRAFFIC STOPS.

00:37:32.750 --> 00:37:36.712
OVER THE NEXT TWO YEARS,
OTHER STATES WOULD FOLLOW SUIT.

00:37:36.796 --> 00:37:38.923
THE BATTLEGROUND
OF THE IMMIGRATION WAR

00:37:39.006 --> 00:37:43.719
WAS STARTING TO SPREAD.

00:37:43.803 --> 00:37:46.931
SINCE THE 1980s,
LATINOS HAD BEGUN MOVING AWAY

00:37:47.014 --> 00:37:50.935
FROM BORDER STATES,
WHERE JOBS WERE BECOMING SCARCE,

00:37:51.018 --> 00:37:52.770
TO OTHER PARTS
OF THE COUNTRY,

00:37:52.853 --> 00:37:55.022
ESPECIALLY THE SOUTHEAST.

00:37:59.652 --> 00:38:01.862
JORGE SALAICES HAD FOLLOWED
HIS TWO BROTHERS

00:38:01.946 --> 00:38:06.701
OUT OF MEXICO, FIRST TO TEXAS,
AND THEN, IN 1987,

00:38:06.784 --> 00:38:10.746
TO DALTON, GEORGIA,
DEEP IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIA.

00:38:10.830 --> 00:38:13.249
Salaices: I COME
FROM A LITTLE VILLAGE

00:38:13.332 --> 00:38:16.002
IN THE STATE OF ZACATECAS
NAMED MOJITOS.

00:38:16.085 --> 00:38:19.797
THERE'S NO--NO WORK.

00:38:19.880 --> 00:38:22.299
THE YOUNGER BOYS
IN MY GENERATION,

00:38:22.383 --> 00:38:25.553
WE WERE THINKING OF COMING
TO WORK TO THE UNITED STATES.

00:38:25.636 --> 00:38:29.015
WHEN THE OPPORTUNITY CAME,
WE TOOK IT.

00:38:32.143 --> 00:38:33.853
Narrator: GEORGIA HAD
BECOME ATTRACTIVE

00:38:33.936 --> 00:38:35.688
TO MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS
WITH THE ECONOMIC BOOM

00:38:35.771 --> 00:38:38.816
THAT BEGAN IN THE LATE 1980s.

00:38:38.899 --> 00:38:40.151
THOUSANDS MOVED TO DALTON,

00:38:40.234 --> 00:38:43.487
KNOWN AS THE CARPET CAPITAL
OF THE WORLD.

00:38:45.698 --> 00:38:49.243
BY THE MID-1990s,
80% OF THE WALL-TO-WALL CARPET

00:38:49.326 --> 00:38:52.705
PRODUCED IN THE U.S.
WAS MADE IN DALTON

00:38:52.788 --> 00:38:57.918
BY A WORKFORCE THAT WAS
BECOMING INCREASINGLY LATINO.

00:38:58.002 --> 00:39:02.840
SALAICES EASILY LANDED
A JOB IN A CARPET MILL.

00:39:02.923 --> 00:39:05.509
Salaices:
IT WAS A SIMPLE LIFE.

00:39:05.593 --> 00:39:08.137
THE HISPANIC COMMUNITY
WAS VERY SMALL,

00:39:08.220 --> 00:39:10.598
MAINLY LIVING
IN TWO NEIGHBORHOODS,

00:39:10.681 --> 00:39:13.100
AND WE KNEW EVERYBODY,

00:39:13.184 --> 00:39:17.980
AND THE CARPET MILLS,
THEY SEE US AS WORKERS,
AS HARD WORKERS.

00:39:18.064 --> 00:39:20.775
SO THEREFORE,
THEY WELCOME EVERYBODY.

00:39:20.858 --> 00:39:21.859
THAT'S THE MAIN THING.

00:39:21.942 --> 00:39:23.110
WE'RE HERE TO COME TO WORK

00:39:23.194 --> 00:39:24.862
AND HAVE A GOOD LIFE.

00:39:28.115 --> 00:39:30.034
Narrator: JORGE SALAICES
MARRIED A WOMAN

00:39:30.117 --> 00:39:32.620
FROM HIS HOME STATE
OF ZACATECAS.

00:39:32.703 --> 00:39:35.206
THEY WERE ABLE TO BUY
A HOUSE IN DALTON

00:39:35.289 --> 00:39:38.709
AND SOON STARTED A FAMILY,

00:39:38.793 --> 00:39:43.881
AND IN 1998, SALAICES
BECAME A U.S. CITIZEN,

00:39:43.964 --> 00:39:46.217
BUT HIS WIFE HAD ONCE BEEN
CAUGHT ENTERING THE COUNTRY

00:39:46.300 --> 00:39:50.012
ILLEGALLY AND WAS
INELIGIBLE FOR CITIZENSHIP.

00:39:59.063 --> 00:40:01.899
Norberto Reyes:
FOR THE LATINOS THAT WERE
COMING IN TO THE AREA,

00:40:01.982 --> 00:40:06.070
THEY NEED THE LATINO PRODUCTS,
THE MEXICAN PRODUCTS,

00:40:06.153 --> 00:40:08.823
SO SMALL STORES
START OPENING UP,

00:40:08.906 --> 00:40:12.701
BUTCHER SHOPS,
PANADERÍAS, CARNICERÍAS.

00:40:12.785 --> 00:40:16.080
EVERYTHING THAT WE NEEDED
IN THAT TIME STARTED COMING IN,

00:40:16.163 --> 00:40:21.252
SO THIS TOWN FLOURISHED BECAUSE
OF LATINO BUSINESSES.

00:40:21.335 --> 00:40:22.253
IS EVERYTHING OK?

00:40:22.336 --> 00:40:23.796
YES, SIR.
ALL RIGHT.
GOOD, GOOD.

00:40:23.879 --> 00:40:26.841
Narrator: BY THE YEAR 2000,
THE POPULATION OF DALTON

00:40:26.924 --> 00:40:31.720
HAD BECOME 40% MEXICAN,
OVER 11,000 PEOPLE.

00:40:31.804 --> 00:40:33.931
HOW YOU GUYS DOING?
IS EVERYTHING OK?

00:40:34.014 --> 00:40:35.975
Reyes, voice-over:
IN THE BOOM TIMES
AND WITH AMNESTY,

00:40:36.058 --> 00:40:39.353
A LOT OF PEOPLE BECAME LEGAL,
AND THEY STAYED IN THE AREA,

00:40:39.436 --> 00:40:42.189
AND NOW KIDS,
THEIR KIDS NOW

00:40:42.273 --> 00:40:43.440
THAT WENT
THROUGH THE SCHOOL SYSTEM,

00:40:43.524 --> 00:40:44.775
THEY SPEAK GOOD ENGLISH.

00:40:44.859 --> 00:40:47.778
SO YOU START SEEING
A MORE YOUNGER GENERATION

00:40:47.862 --> 00:40:53.784
THAT ARE LEGAL,
BORN AND RAISED IN THIS TOWN.

00:40:53.868 --> 00:40:57.580
Alejandra Deharo:
WHEN I WAS, LIKE, 13, 14,

00:40:57.663 --> 00:41:01.292
WE STARTED SEEING ALL
THE LATINOS COME INTO DALTON.

00:41:01.375 --> 00:41:03.127
SO, TO US, THAT WAS AWESOME.

00:41:03.210 --> 00:41:05.880
LIKE, YOU KNOW, OUR PEOPLE
WERE COMING, YOU KNOW.

00:41:05.963 --> 00:41:07.047
IT WAS MORE OF US,

00:41:07.131 --> 00:41:11.802
AND YOU MADE
MORE FRIENDS IN SCHOOL.

00:41:11.886 --> 00:41:13.304
WE WERE ALL WELCOMED HERE.

00:41:13.387 --> 00:41:15.514
[SALAICES SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:41:19.310 --> 00:41:22.938
Narrator: JORGE SALAICES' FAMILY
GREW TO INCLUDE 6 CHILDREN,

00:41:23.022 --> 00:41:27.610
ALL BORN IN DALTON,
ALL U.S. CITIZENS.

00:41:27.693 --> 00:41:31.071
Salaices: MY TWO
OLDEST DAUGHTERS,
THEY'RE IN HIGH SCHOOL.

00:41:31.155 --> 00:41:32.948
THEY HAVE GOOD GRADES.

00:41:33.032 --> 00:41:34.825
THEY'VE BEEN INVOLVED
IN THE BAND PROGRAMS

00:41:34.909 --> 00:41:36.827
SINCE THEY WERE
IN MIDDLE SCHOOL.

00:41:36.911 --> 00:41:39.288
I'VE BEEN HERE
20-SOMETHING YEARS,

00:41:39.371 --> 00:41:43.334
25, 26 YEARS,
AND THIS IS HOME.

00:41:43.417 --> 00:41:45.920
[TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWING]

00:41:46.003 --> 00:41:47.338
Narrator:
BUT THE BOOM TIMES THAT DREW

00:41:47.421 --> 00:41:51.759
SO MANY IMMIGRANT FAMILIES
TO DALTON WOULD NOT LAST.

00:41:51.842 --> 00:41:53.802
A DECLINE IN HOUSING
CONSTRUCTION COUPLED

00:41:53.886 --> 00:41:56.639
WITH THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC
SLUMP IN 2008

00:41:56.722 --> 00:41:59.350
DEEPLY AFFECTED
THE CARPET INDUSTRY.

00:41:59.433 --> 00:42:01.852
THE MILLS BEGAN TO CUT BACK.

00:42:01.936 --> 00:42:05.356
HUNDREDS WERE LAID OFF.

00:42:05.439 --> 00:42:08.150
Deharo: IT SEEMS
THAT THEY'VE BLAMED

00:42:08.234 --> 00:42:16.116
THE LATINOS FOR A LOT
OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT.

00:42:16.200 --> 00:42:20.120
I'VE HEARD MANY TIMES
THAT THEY SAY THAT

00:42:20.204 --> 00:42:23.999
WE STOLE THEIR JOBS.

00:42:24.083 --> 00:42:27.336
THINGS STARTED GETTING
REALLY ROUGH HERE IN DALTON.

00:42:27.419 --> 00:42:30.172
CARS THAT PASSED BY,
THEY'D FLIP US OFF

00:42:30.256 --> 00:42:32.925
AND TELL US TO GO BACK
TO MEXICO, YOU KNOW,

00:42:33.008 --> 00:42:36.178
CALL US ALL KINDS OF NAMES.

00:42:36.262 --> 00:42:40.808
IT'S JUST AMAZING TO SEE
HOW THINGS HAVE CHANGED.

00:42:40.891 --> 00:42:44.228
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF 2011,
THE STATE OF GEORGIA ENACTED

00:42:44.311 --> 00:42:48.857
ITS OWN VERSION
OF ARIZONA'S S.B. 1070.

00:42:48.941 --> 00:42:51.151
ANYONE STOPPED
WITHOUT A DRIVER'S LICENSE

00:42:51.235 --> 00:42:54.363
OR PROOF OF LEGAL RESIDENCY
COULD BE HANDED OVER

00:42:54.446 --> 00:42:56.740
TO IMMIGRATION AUTHORITIES.

00:42:56.824 --> 00:42:58.075
Salaices:
NORMALLY EVERY MORNING,

00:42:58.158 --> 00:43:00.661
I WOULD TAKE ALL MY KIDS
TO SCHOOL BEFORE I GO TO WORK.

00:43:00.744 --> 00:43:03.914
THAT MORNING, I NEEDED TO
GO IN A LITTLE BIT EARLY

00:43:03.998 --> 00:43:05.708
BECAUSE WE HAD A BIG PROJECT,

00:43:05.791 --> 00:43:07.918
SO I WENT IN AT 7:00,
AND I ASKED THE KIDS

00:43:08.002 --> 00:43:09.586
TO GO ON THE BUS.

00:43:09.670 --> 00:43:11.547
UNFORTUNATELY, THEY DIDN'T
MAKE IT TO THE BUS,

00:43:11.630 --> 00:43:14.758
SO MY WIFE WIND UP DRIVING
ONE TO SCHOOL

00:43:14.842 --> 00:43:18.095
WHEN SHE GOT PULLED OVER
BY THE POLICE.

00:43:18.178 --> 00:43:22.891
Narrator: MRS. SALAICES HAD NO
DRIVER'S LICENSE AND NO PAPERS.

00:43:22.975 --> 00:43:24.226
SHE WAS HELD
IN A FEDERAL DETENTION CENTER

00:43:24.310 --> 00:43:28.272
IN ATLANTA FOR TWO MONTHS WHILE
HER FAMILY AND THEIR ATTORNEY

00:43:28.355 --> 00:43:31.859
APPEALED HER CASE.

00:43:31.942 --> 00:43:36.113
SHE LOST AND WAS SENT
BACK TO MEXICO.

00:43:40.451 --> 00:43:42.745
Salaices: AND THIS--
THIS HAS CREATED

00:43:42.828 --> 00:43:45.789
A BIG IMPACT ON MYSELF
THAT I'M AN AMERICAN CITIZEN,

00:43:45.873 --> 00:43:49.126
ON MY 6 CHILDREN THAT
ARE AMERICAN CITIZENS.

00:43:51.462 --> 00:43:54.298
HAVING SOMEBODY LIKE
THAT TAKEN AWAY,

00:43:54.381 --> 00:43:56.258
THEY TAKE YOUR WHOLE LIFE AWAY.

00:44:00.804 --> 00:44:03.015
Marta Tienda: THIS IS
THE TRAGEDY OF IMMIGRATION.

00:44:03.098 --> 00:44:06.268
COUNTRIES WANT WORKERS,
BUT THEY GET PEOPLE.

00:44:06.352 --> 00:44:07.978
THEY GET FAMILIES,

00:44:08.062 --> 00:44:10.314
AND SOMEHOW, WE HAVEN'T BEEN
ABLE TO COME TO TERMS

00:44:10.397 --> 00:44:12.941
WITH THAT AS A NATION.

00:44:13.025 --> 00:44:14.443
WERE TALKING ABOUT PEOPLE
WHO MAY HAVE DONE NOTHING MORE

00:44:14.526 --> 00:44:18.822
THAN JAYWALKED
WHO END UP GETTING

00:44:18.906 --> 00:44:21.658
CAUGHT UP IN THIS MORASS,

00:44:21.742 --> 00:44:23.786
AND THEY END UP HAVING
THEIR LIVES RUINED

00:44:23.869 --> 00:44:27.748
AND NOT JUST THEIR LIVES
BUT THEIR FAMILIES' LIVES,

00:44:27.831 --> 00:44:31.377
AND THAT, I THINK, IS REALLY
NOT THE AMERICAN WAY.

00:44:34.213 --> 00:44:37.257
Narrator: SINCE 2005,
AN UNSTABLE ECONOMY

00:44:37.341 --> 00:44:39.968
HAS SLOWED THE MIGRANT FLOW.

00:44:40.052 --> 00:44:43.055
THE NUMBER OF MEXICANS
ENTERING THE U.S.
ROUGHLY EQUALED

00:44:43.138 --> 00:44:46.850
THE NUMBER OF THOSE
WHO RETURNED TO MEXICO.

00:44:46.934 --> 00:44:49.019
YET THERE ARE MORE THAN
11 MILLION UNDOCUMENTED LATINOS

00:44:49.103 --> 00:44:55.859
STILL LIVING IN THE U.S.,
AND THEIR FUTURE IS UNCERTAIN.

00:44:55.943 --> 00:44:59.863
Chávez: NOW I HAVE NO PROBLEM
WITH WEEDING THROUGH

00:44:59.947 --> 00:45:02.032
THAT 11 MILLION PEOPLE
AND FINDING PEOPLE

00:45:02.116 --> 00:45:03.200
WHO HAVE BROKEN OTHER LAWS.

00:45:03.283 --> 00:45:05.953
THEY SHOULD BE DEPORTED,
BUT IF WE'RE TALKING

00:45:06.036 --> 00:45:07.579
ABOUT PEOPLE WHO HAVE
BUILT LIVES HERE,

00:45:07.663 --> 00:45:09.790
WHO HAVE HAD, YOU KNOW,
GOOD RECORDS,

00:45:09.873 --> 00:45:14.294
WHO HAVE PAID THEIR TAXES,
THEY ARE GOOD AMERICANS.

00:45:14.378 --> 00:45:17.714
THEY ARE THE PEOPLE THAT WE
SHOULD WANT HERE,

00:45:17.798 --> 00:45:19.174
AND SO WE NEED
TO COME UP WITH A SYSTEM

00:45:19.258 --> 00:45:23.011
THAT GIVES THEM LEGAL STATUS.

00:45:23.095 --> 00:45:26.265
THEY ARE OFTEN PART
OF FAMILIES IN WHICH

00:45:26.348 --> 00:45:28.183
THEY'RE NOT ALL
ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS.

00:45:28.267 --> 00:45:32.646
MANY OF THEM ARE U.S. CITIZENS
EITHER THROUGH NATURALIZATION

00:45:32.730 --> 00:45:35.190
OR THROUGH HAVING
BEEN BORN HERE.

00:45:35.274 --> 00:45:38.902
THERE ARE ALSO A NUMBER
OF THESE PEOPLE WHO ARE

00:45:38.986 --> 00:45:41.405
CHILDREN WHO WERE BROUGHT
HERE AS BABES IN ARMS.

00:45:41.488 --> 00:45:43.824
THEY DIDN'T BREAK THE LAW.

00:45:43.907 --> 00:45:45.659
THEY WERE NOT ABLE
TO BREAK THE LAW.

00:45:45.742 --> 00:45:48.287
THEY WERE
UNDER THE AGE OF REASON,

00:45:48.370 --> 00:45:50.289
AND YET WE HAVE THEM HERE.

00:45:54.960 --> 00:45:57.212
Narrator: EVEN AS IMMIGRATION
ISSUES DOMINATED THE HEADLINES

00:45:57.296 --> 00:45:59.882
IN RECENT YEARS,
LATINOS WERE TRANSFORMING

00:45:59.965 --> 00:46:03.552
THE NATION, MAKING THEIR MARK
IN EVERY SPHERE OF PUBLIC LIFE.

00:46:03.635 --> 00:46:07.890
I AM SO PROUD
TO BE YOUR MAYOR.

00:46:07.973 --> 00:46:11.018
Narrator: IN 2005,
ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA BECAME

00:46:11.101 --> 00:46:11.894
THE FIRST
MEXICAN-AMERICAN MAYOR

00:46:11.977 --> 00:46:15.105
OF LOS ANGELES
IN OVER A CENTURY.

00:46:15.189 --> 00:46:17.900
FLY YOUR FLAG WITH PRIDE!

00:46:17.983 --> 00:46:19.526
[APPLAUSE]

00:46:19.610 --> 00:46:22.070
Narrator: IN 2010, MARCO RUBIO,
A SECOND-GENERATION

00:46:22.154 --> 00:46:27.367
CUBAN-AMERICAN, WAS ELECTED
U.S. SENATOR FROM FLORIDA.

00:46:31.121 --> 00:46:33.457
I SONIA SOTOMAYOR
DO SOLEMNLY SWEAR...

00:46:33.540 --> 00:46:35.959
THAT I WILL...

00:46:36.043 --> 00:46:39.213
AND A YEAR EARLIER,
THE FIRST LATINA JUSTICE
OF THE SUPREME COURT

00:46:39.296 --> 00:46:40.422
HAD BEEN SWORN IN.

00:46:40.506 --> 00:46:43.884
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION
AND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.

00:46:43.967 --> 00:46:45.135
SO HELP ME GOD.

00:46:45.219 --> 00:46:46.303
SO HELP ME GOD.

00:46:46.386 --> 00:46:48.222
CONGRATULATIONS,
AND WELCOME
TO THE COURT.

00:46:48.305 --> 00:46:50.015
[APPLAUSE]

00:46:50.098 --> 00:46:53.977
Narrator: BORN IN THE BRONX TO
A HUMBLE PUERTO RICAN FAMILY,

00:46:54.061 --> 00:46:57.981
JUSTICE SONIA SOTOMAYOR HAD MADE
HER WAY THROUGH PRINCETON, YALE,

00:46:58.065 --> 00:47:00.108
AND A SERIES
OF JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS

00:47:00.192 --> 00:47:03.445
TO REACH THE PINNACLE
OF HER PROFESSION...

00:47:07.157 --> 00:47:10.160
BUT THERE ARE MILLIONS
OF YOUNG LATINOS,

00:47:10.244 --> 00:47:12.538
THE CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN
OF IMMIGRANTS,

00:47:12.621 --> 00:47:16.625
WHO ARE IN DANGER OF BEING
LEFT BEHIND BY SOCIETY

00:47:16.708 --> 00:47:20.754
AND COULD EASILY SLIDE
INTO THE UNDERCLASS.

00:47:20.837 --> 00:47:22.130
Tienda: THE CHILDREN
OF IMMIGRANTS ARE

00:47:22.214 --> 00:47:27.594
THE MAIN FACTOR DRIVING
THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES,

00:47:27.678 --> 00:47:29.805
BUT FOR THAT TO BE
A POSITIVE FACTOR

00:47:29.888 --> 00:47:32.182
FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IN THE FUTURE,

00:47:32.266 --> 00:47:36.937
IT IS ABSOLUTELY INDISPENSABLE
TO INVEST IN EDUCATION,

00:47:37.020 --> 00:47:40.691
AND IF WE DON'T CAPITALIZE
ON THIS OPPORTUNITY,

00:47:40.774 --> 00:47:44.027
WE WILL LOSE WHAT I CALL
THE HISPANIC MOMENT.

00:47:45.862 --> 00:47:47.698
IN SOUTH FLORIDA,
MIAMI DADE COLLEGE

00:47:47.781 --> 00:47:50.200
IS THE LARGEST
OF MANY INSTITUTIONS

00:47:50.284 --> 00:47:54.037
AROUND THE COUNTRY FOCUSED
ON THE HISPANIC MOMENT.

00:47:54.121 --> 00:47:58.166
THE COLLEGE IS LED BY AN ALUMNUS
DR. EDUARDO PADRÓN,

00:47:58.250 --> 00:48:04.047
WHO HIMSELF HAD EMIGRATED
FROM CUBA AT THE AGE OF 15.

00:48:04.131 --> 00:48:06.633
Padrón: I CAME
TO THIS COUNTRY AS A REFUGEE,

00:48:06.717 --> 00:48:11.138
AND THE ONLY THING THAT GOT
ME OUT OF POVERTY WAS EDUCATION.

00:48:11.221 --> 00:48:12.931
MY MOTHER ALWAYS TOLD ME
THAT'S THE ONLY THING

00:48:13.015 --> 00:48:15.601
THAT NOBODY WILL BE ABLE
TO TAKE AWAY FROM YOU.

00:48:15.684 --> 00:48:18.061
AND I FOLLOWED THAT ADVICE,
AND I MADE THROUGH ALL KINDS

00:48:18.145 --> 00:48:23.233
OF SACRIFICES,
WENT TO SCHOOL, WENT TO COLLEGE,

00:48:23.317 --> 00:48:24.901
GOT A Ph.D. IN ECONOMICS,

00:48:24.985 --> 00:48:27.154
AND THEN THERE WAS
A SENSE OF DUTY

00:48:27.237 --> 00:48:32.200
THAT ASKED ME TO COME HERE
AND DO THE SAME FOR OTHERS.

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IF WE DON'T EDUCATE
THE LATINO POPULATION

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IN THE UNITED STATES,
WE'RE MISSING

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A TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITY.

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WE WILL LOSE OUR COMPETITIVENESS
INTERNATIONALLY,

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AND WE WILL NOT BE
ABLE TO PROVIDE

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THE STANDARD OF LIVING
THAT PEOPLE LIKE ME

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HAVE ENJOYED UP TO NOW.

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Man: BELINDA GONZALEZ.

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Woman: MELVIN RAPHAEL PEREIRA.

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Man: CARLOS RAPHAEL RIVERA.

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Padrón: THE EDUCATION
OF LATINOS IN AMERICA TODAY,

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IT'S SOMETHING THAT SHOULD
NOT ONLY BE THE CONCERN

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OF LATINOS BUT SHOULD
BE THE CONCERN OF ALL AMERICANS.

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[CHEERING AND APPLAUSE]

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Narrator: TODAY, HISPANICS
MAKE UP ABOUT 1/6

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OF THE U.S. POPULATION,
NEARLY 51 MILLION PEOPLE.

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BY THE MIDDLE OF THE CENTURY,
THE LATINO POPULATION

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IS EXPECTED TO REACH
127 MILLION,

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NEARLY 30%
OF THE PROJECTED POPULATION

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OF THE COUNTRY.

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Salinas:
WE'RE A YOUNG COMMUNITY.

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OUR MEDIAN AGE IS 26.

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SO WE ARE THE FUTURE
OF THIS COUNTRY.

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Suarez: THERE'S A LOT AT STAKE
FOR THE LATINO COMMUNITY

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IN THE NEXT 10 OR 20 YEARS,

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BUT THERE'S SO MUCH AT STAKE
FOR ALL AMERICANS

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IN HOW LATINOS
IN THE UNITED STATES DO.

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OUR FUTURE GROWTH
AND MOMENTUM DEPENDS

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ON THE CHILDREN
WHO ARE BORN HERE

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TO IMMIGRANTS
AND TO THE SECOND GENERATION,

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AND IF WE DON'T USE
THAT FOUNDATION TO
REBUILD OUR COUNTRY,

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THEN WE'RE MISSING
AN OPPORTUNITY.

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Medina: WE ARE THE WORKERS
OF TODAY AND TOMORROW,

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WE ARE THE CONSUMERS
OF TODAY AND OF TOMORROW,

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AND NO COUNTRY CAN
CONTINUE TO SURVIVE AND PROSPER

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UNLESS IT MAKES FULL USE
OF ALL THE TALENTS

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AND SKILLS OF ITS POPULATION,

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AND WE ARE A GROWING PART
OF THAT POPULATION.

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Estefan: I SEE IT
AS THIS AMAZING QUILT

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WITH ALL THESE DIFFERENT COLORED
THREADS WEAVING

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THIS COMMON STORY.

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IT'S VERY CRUCIAL
THAT WE KNOW WHO WE ARE,

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WHERE WE COME FROM,
AND WHAT IT'S BEEN LIKE.

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I THINK THAT THAT'S IMPORTANT
FOR GENERATIONS TO COME.

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Lila Downs:
♪ IT'S A MIGHTY LONG ROAD ♪

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♪ THAT MY POOR HANDS
HAVE HOED ♪

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♪ MY POOR FEET HAVE TRAVELED ♪

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♪ A LONG DUSTY ROAD ♪

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♪ AT THE EDGE OF YOUR CITES ♪

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♪ YOU WILL SEE US,
AND THEN ♪

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♪ WE COME WITH THE DUST ♪

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♪ AND WE'RE GONE
WITH THE WIND ♪

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♪ THIS LAND IS YOUR LAND ♪

00:51:33.507 --> 00:51:37.093
♪ AND MY LAND AND YOUR LAND ♪

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♪ FROM CALIFORNIA ♪

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♪ TO THE NEW YORK ISLANDS ♪

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♪ THIS LAND IS MY LAND ♪

00:51:45.185 --> 00:51:47.729
♪ AND YOUR LAND AND MY LAND ♪

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♪ AND YOUR LAND, TOO ♪

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I CAN'T BELIEVE IT!

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♪ AND IT'S ALWAYS WE'VE ♪

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♪ RAMBLED THIS RIVER ♪

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♪ AND I, ALL ALONG
YOUR GREEN VALLEYS ♪

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♪ I WILL WORK TILL I DIE ♪

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♪ AND THIS LAND I'LL DEFEND ♪

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♪ WITH MY LIFE IF NEED BE ♪

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♪ FOR MY PASTURES OF PLENTY ♪

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♪ MUST ALWAYS BE FREE ♪